Academic literature on the topic 'Physiological drive'
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Journal articles on the topic "Physiological drive"
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Leonard, Janet L., and Ken Lukowiak. "The Behavior of Aplysia Californica Cooper (Gastropoda; Opisthobranchia): I. Ethogram." Behaviour 98, no. 1-4 (1986): 320–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853986x01035.
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AbstractAplysia californica has been extremely popular with neurophysiologists interested in understanding the neural basis of behavior. The major drawback to neuroethological work on this species has been the lack of information on its behavior. We present the first ethogram of this species and a model of the physiological organization of drives (motivational systems) in Aplysia. The ethogram of A. californica contains 45 action patterns, most of which involve relatively subtle movements or postures of the head. Some of these action patterns have been studied physiologically and we summarize that information. The action patterns are superimposable and an individual may perform several action paterns simultaneously. A. californica has five distinct "drives" or motivational systems: feeding, escape, reproduction as a male, reproduction as a female and spawning. The sequence of events involved in escape behavior in response to attack by Navanax (a natural predator) or other mechanical stimuli to the rear is described. Each "drive" activates a particular sequence of action patterns, and certain "drives" are superimposable. Aplysia can copulate as a female while copulating as a male, feeding, or laying eggs. On the other hand, escape is incompatible with female sexual behavior. The available physiological evidence suggests that neuropeptides may play an important role in the organization of drives and their interactions. We present a model which combines the available physiological and behavioral data with the classical ethological drive hypothesis to produce a testable model of the physiological organization of motivation in Aplysia.
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Hood, Sharon M. "Physiological responses to fire that drive tree mortality." Plant, Cell & Environment 44, no. 3 (January 19, 2021): 692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pce.13994.
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Toparlak, Ö. Duhan, Jacopo Zasso, Simone Bridi, Mauro Dalla Serra, Paolo Macchi, Luciano Conti, Marie-Laure Baudet, and Sheref S. Mansy. "Artificial cells drive neural differentiation." Science Advances 6, no. 38 (September 2020): eabb4920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb4920.
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We report the construction of artificial cells that chemically communicate with mammalian cells under physiological conditions. The artificial cells respond to the presence of a small molecule in the environment by synthesizing and releasing a potent protein signal, brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Genetically controlled artificial cells communicate with engineered human embryonic kidney cells and murine neural stem cells. The data suggest that artificial cells are a versatile chassis for the in situ synthesis and on-demand release of chemical signals that elicit desired phenotypic changes of eukaryotic cells, including neuronal differentiation. In the future, artificial cells could be engineered to go beyond the capabilities of typical smart drug delivery vehicles by synthesizing and delivering specific therapeutic molecules tailored to distinct physiological conditions.
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Radhakrishnan, Vishnu, Natasha Merat, Tyron Louw, Michael G. Lenné, Richard Romano, Evangelos Paschalidis, Foroogh Hajiseyedjavadi, Chongfeng Wei, and Erwin R. Boer. "Measuring Drivers’ Physiological Response to Different Vehicle Controllers in Highly Automated Driving (HAD): Opportunities for Establishing Real-Time Values of Driver Discomfort." Information 11, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11080390.
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This study investigated how driver discomfort was influenced by different types of automated vehicle (AV) controllers, compared to manual driving, and whether this response changed in different road environments, using heart-rate variability (HRV) and electrodermal activity (EDA). A total of 24 drivers were subjected to manual driving and four AV controllers: two modelled to depict “human-like” driving behaviour, one conventional lane-keeping assist controller, and a replay of their own manual drive. Each drive lasted for ~15 min and consisted of rural and urban environments, which differed in terms of average speed, road geometry and road-based furniture. Drivers showed higher skin conductance response (SCR) and lower HRV during manual driving, compared to the automated drives. There were no significant differences in discomfort between the AV controllers. SCRs and subjective discomfort ratings showed significantly higher discomfort in the faster rural environments, when compared to the urban environments. Our results suggest that SCR values are more sensitive than HRV-based measures to continuously evolving situations that induce discomfort. Further research may be warranted in investigating the value of this metric in assessing real-time driver discomfort levels, which may help improve acceptance of AV controllers.
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Heinke, Paula, Fabian Rost, Julian Rode, Thilo Welsch, Kanar Alkass, Joshua Feddema, Mehran Salehpour, et al. "Diploid hepatocytes drive physiological liver renewal in adult humans." Journal of Hepatology 73 (August 2020): S247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(20)30998-3.
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Faw, Bill. "Non-Drive-Reductive Hedonism and the Physiological Psychology of Inspiration." Philosophy in the Contemporary World 15, no. 2 (2008): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/pcw200815223.
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Creemers, Noortje, and Jos J. de Koning. "The physiological mechanism behind the talk test." Kinesiology 49, no. 1 (2017): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.49.1.15.
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The Talk Test (TT) is a very simple marker of exercise intensity, which has been shown to be a useful surrogate of the ventilatory (VT) and respiratory compensation (RCT) thresholds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a potential mechanism behind the TT. Healthy, college-aged subjects (n=20) performed a maximal and two sub-maximal cycle ergometer tests. The two submaximal tests were performed: with the Talk Test (EXP) and without speaking (the control trial – CON). Oxygen uptake (VO2), CO2 output (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), breathing frequency (BF), end-tidal CO2 pressure (PETCO2) and TT times were recorded. VO2, VCO2 and VE were reduced during the TT and increased immediately after it. BF was reduced during the TT. PETCO2 values (a surrogate of PaCO2) were highest during the TT and lowest before the TT. The time to complete the TT increased across progressive stages. This study supports the hypothesis that talking causes CO2 retention, which may cause ventilatory drive to increase. Since the ventilatory drive is already high above the VT, the apparent CO2 retention associated with speech may cause talking to become uncomfortable
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Reher, Stephanie, Hajatiana Rabarison, B. Karina Montero, James M. Turner, and Kathrin H. Dausmann. "Disparate roost sites drive intraspecific physiological variation in a Malagasy bat." Oecologia 198, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-05088-2.
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AbstractMany species are widely distributed and individual populations can experience vastly different environmental conditions over seasonal and geographic scales. With such a broad ecological reality, datasets with limited spatial and temporal resolution may not accurately represent a species and could lead to poorly informed management decisions. Because physiological flexibility can help species tolerate environmental variation, we studied the physiological responses of two separate populations of Macronycteris commersoni, a bat widespread across Madagascar, in contrasting seasons. The populations roost under the following dissimilar conditions: either a hot, well-buffered cave or within open foliage, unprotected from the local weather. We found that flexible torpor patterns, used in response to prevailing ambient temperature and relative humidity, were central to keeping energy budgets balanced in both populations. While bats’ metabolic rate during torpor and rest did not differ between roosts, adjusting torpor frequency, duration and timing helped bats maintain body condition. Interestingly, the exposed forest roost induced extensive use of torpor, which exceeded the torpor frequency of overwintering bats that stayed in the cave for months and consequently minimised daytime resting energy expenditure in the forest. Our current understanding of intraspecific physiological variation is limited and physiological traits are often considered to be fixed. The results of our study therefore highlight the need for examining species at broad environmental scales to avoid underestimating a species’ full capacity for withstanding environmental variation, especially in the face of ongoing, disruptive human interference in natural habitats.
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Largent-Milnes, Tally M., Deborah M. Hegarty, Sue A. Aicher, and Michael C. Andresen. "Physiological temperatures drive glutamate release onto trigeminal superficial dorsal horn neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 11 (June 1, 2014): 2222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00912.2013.
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Trigeminal sensory afferent fibers terminating in nucleus caudalis (Vc) relay sensory information from craniofacial regions to the brain and are known to express transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. TRP channels are activated by H+, thermal, and chemical stimuli. The present study investigated the relationships among the spontaneous release of glutamate, temperature, and TRPV1 localization at synapses in the Vc. Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) were recorded from Vc neurons ( n = 151) in horizontal brain-stem slices obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurons had basal sEPSC rates that fell into two distinct frequency categories: High (≥10 Hz) or Low (<10 Hz) at 35°C. Of all recorded neurons, those with High basal release rates (67%) at near-physiological temperatures greatly reduced their sEPSC rate when cooled to 30°C without amplitude changes. Such responses persisted during blockade of action potentials indicating that the High rate of glutamate release arises from presynaptic thermal mechanisms. Neurons with Low basal frequencies (33%) showed minor thermal changes in sEPSC rate that were abolished after addition of TTX, suggesting these responses were indirect and required local circuits. Activation of TRPV1 with capsaicin (100 nM) increased miniature EPSC (mEPSC) frequency in 70% of neurons, but half of these neurons had Low basal mEPSC rates and no temperature sensitivity. Our evidence indicates that normal temperatures (35–37°C) drive spontaneous excitatory synaptic activity within superficial Vc by a mechanism independent of presynaptic action potentials. Thus thermally sensitive inputs on superficial Vc neurons may tonically activate these neurons without afferent stimulation.
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Funk, Jennifer L., and Kathryn L. Amatangelo. "Physiological mechanisms drive differing foliar calcium content in ferns and angiosperms." Oecologia 173, no. 1 (February 16, 2013): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2591-1.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Physiological drive"
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Schaeffer, Michele. "Physiological mechanisms of sex differences in exertional dyspnea: role of neural respiratory motor drive." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119732.
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Dyspnea, the awareness of an increase in breathing discomfort, is commonly experienced during physical activity in healthy individuals and in patients with cardiopulmonary disease. It is well established that the intensity of perceived dyspnea is consistently higher during exercise in healthy women compared to men, regardless of age, height, and weight. However, the mechanism(s) of this sex-related difference in activity-related dyspnea is/are poorly understood and represented the primary focus of this thesis.Compared to men, women have smaller lungs, narrower airways, and weaker breathing muscles. These anatomical differences manifest as greater mechanical constraints on ventilation, particularly during the stress of exercise when ventilatory requirements are high. In addition, the amount of work the breathing muscles must perform in order to move a given volume of air into and out of the lungs during exercise is considerably higher in women than men. It is reasonable to predict that, because of these differences, the central nervous system must activate the respiratory muscles (particularly the diaphragm) to a greater extent during exercise in women compared to men to achieve the same level of ventilation and that this higher respiratory muscle activation may account for the increased perception of activity-related dyspnea in women. While it is not feasible to directly measure the neural output of the brains' respiratory control center at rest or during exercise in humans, central neural respiratory motor drive can be assessed indirectly by quantifying the electromyogram of the crural diaphragm (EMGdi) using a special electrode catheter positioned in an individual's esophagus. To date, no previous study, in health or disease, has examined whether the combination of relatively greater dynamic mechanical ventilatory constraints and a higher EMGdi (i.e., neuromechanical uncoupling of the respiratory system) during exercise in women is responsible, at least in part, for sex differences in activity-related dyspnea. To address this important question we compared detailed assessments of EMGdi, respiratory muscle function, ventilation, breathing pattern, operating lung volumes, cardio-metabolic function, and dyspnea intensity and unpleasantness ratings during symptom-limited incremental bicycle exercise testing in 25 healthy, young (20-40 yrs) women and 25 age-matched men. Our results demonstrated relatively greater mechanical constraints on tidal volume expansion at any given ventilation during exercise in women compared to men. The present study was the first to demonstrate that esophageal electrode catheter-derived measures of EMGdi were consistently higher at any given ventilation during exercise in women compared with men and that these differences reflected, in large part, the presence of relatively greater dynamic mechanical ventilatory constraints in women. In keeping with the results of previous studies, sensory intensity and unpleasantness ratings of dyspnea were higher at any given ventilation during submaximal exercise in women compared to men. However, in contrast to our a priori hypothesis, these perceptual differences could not be readily explained by greater neuromechanical uncoupling of the respiratory system, but primarily reflected the awareness of a relatively higher EMGdi (or central neural respiratory motor drive) needed to achieve any given ventilation during exercise in the setting of greater dynamic mechanical ventilatory constraints in women. These findings may have implications for our understanding of the physiological mechanisms of sex differences in activity-related dyspnea in variants of health (e.g., aging) and in patients with cardiopulmonary disease.La dyspnée, définie comme la conscience d'une augmentation de gêne respiratoire, est souvent connu pendant l'activité physique chez les sujets sains ainsi que chez les patients ayant une maladie cardio-pulmonaire. Il est bien établi que l'intensité de la dyspnée perçue est systématiquement plus élevée au cours de l'exercice chez les femmes en bonne santé par rapport aux hommes, indépendamment de l'âge, de la taille et du poids. Cependant le/les mécanisme(s) de cette différence sont mal compris et la clarification de ceux-ci comportent l'objet principal de la thèse en question.Comparativement aux hommes, les femmes ont de plus petits poumons, des voies respiratoires plus étroites et des muscles respiratoires plus faibles. Ces différences anatomiques se manifestent par de plus grandes contraintes mécaniques sur la ventilation, en particulier pendant le stress de l'exercice lorsque les besoins ventilatoires sont élevés. Par conséquent, le travail que les muscles respiratoires doivent effectuer afin de déplacer un volume défini d'air dans les poumons pendant l'exercice est considérablement plus élevé chez les femmes que chez les hommes. En raison de ces différences, nous prévoyons que le système nerveux central doit activer les muscles respiratoires (notamment le diaphragme) dans une plus grande mesure chez les femmes pour atteindre le même niveau de ventilation et que cette activation supérieure peut expliquer la perception accrue de la dyspnée liée à l'activité chez les femmes. Même s'il n'est pas possible de mesurer directement les signaux envoyés par le centre de contrôle respiratoire chez l'homme, le contrôle moteur de la respiration peut être évalué indirectement en quantifiant l'électromyogramme du diaphragme crural (EMGdi) en utilisant un cathéter à électrode spécialisée placée dans l'oesophage d'un individu. À ce jour, aucune étude n'a examiné si la combinaison de contraintes ventilatoires mécaniques plus grandes et d'un EMGdi plus élevé pendant l'exercice chez les femmes est responsable des différences de sexe dans la dyspnée liée à l'activité. Nous avons donc comparé des évaluations détaillées de EMGdi, de fonction musculaire respiratoire, de ventilation, de modèle de respiration, de volumes pulmonaires opérationnels, de fonction cardio-métabolique, et d'intensité de la dyspnée et des cotes de désagréments lors de tests d'exercice incrémental de vélo dans 25 jeunes (20-40 yrs) femmes saines et 25 hommes sains du même âge. Nos résultats démontrent des contraintes mécaniques sur l'expansion du volume courant pendant l'exercice plus fortes chez les femmes par rapport aux hommes. La présente étude est la première à démontrer que les mesures de cathéter à électrodes œsophagiennes dérivés de EMGdi étaient systématiquement plus élevés peu importe le niveau de ventilation au cours de l'exercice chez les femmes par rapport aux hommes et que ces différences reflètent, en grande partie, la présence de contraintes ventilatoires mécaniques dynamiques relativement plus grande chez les femmes. En accord avec les résultats d'études antérieures, l'intensité sensorielle et le désagrément de dyspnée ont été supérieurs à n'importe quelle ventilation donnée au cours de l'exercice sous-maximal chez les femmes par rapport aux hommes. Cependant, contrairement à notre hypothèse a priori, ces différences de perception ne peuvent être facilement expliquées par un plus grand découplage neuromécanique du système respiratoire et reflètent la conscience d'une EMGdi relativement élevée (ou moteur d'entraînement respiratoire neural central) nécessaire pour atteindre une ventilation donnée pendant l'exercice dans le cadre de contraintes ventilatoires mécaniques dynamiques plus grande chez les femmes. Ces résultats pourraient avoir des implications dans notre compréhension des mécanismes de différences de sexe dans la dyspnée liée à l'activité dans les variantes de la santé et chez les patients ayant une maladie cardio-pulmonaire.
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Murphy, Patrick Brian. "Physiological assessment of the load-capacity-drive relationship in chronic respiratory failure and outcomes following domiciliary non-invasive ventilation." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/physiological-assessment-of-the-loadcapacitydrive-relationship-in-chronic-respiratory-failure-and-outcomes-following-domiciliary-noninvasive-ventilation(1076e7eb-c590-4f37-8b9b-24077437e5e2).html.
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Background: Acute and chronic respiratory failure occurs as a consequence of an imbalance in the load-capacity-drive relationship of the respiratory system. Despite the high morbidity and mortality of these patients, clear clinical strategies for assessment and subsequent management have been lacking due to the limited high quality data available. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate novel techniques to monitor patients with acute respiratory deterioration as well as the use of specific monitoring and non-invasive ventilation strategies in patients with chronic respiratory failure, which could translate into important clinical benefits. Methods: Three clinical physiological studies were performed. Firstly, a randomised controlled trial evaluated an automated novel hybrid pressure-volume mode of non-invasive ventilation to treat obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Although the primary outcome measure was gas exchange at three months, important physiological measures including physical activity, sleep quality and their relationship to weight loss were also investigated. Secondly, an observational cohort trial investigated the role of a novel advanced physiological biomarker, neural respiratory drive, to identify treatment failure and readmission risk in patients admitted to hospital with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The third physiological trial investigated, in patients with persistent hypercapnic respiratory failure following an acute exacerbation of COPD as part of a large randomised controlled trial, the efficacy and mechanism of action of home mechanical ventilation and its effect on sleep quality compared with standard oxygen therapy. Results: The automated volume targeted mode of ventilation demonstrated no advantage in physiological and clinical outcomes above a nurse-led protocolised standard set up of non-invasive ventilation in the management of obesity hypoventilation syndrome. The trial was the first to demonstrate that the management of sleep disordered breathing and chronic respiratory failure in obesity hypoventilation syndrome confers an improvement in objectively assessed physical activity as well as weight loss, which has important clinical implications. In the second trial, neural respiratory drive was validated as a novel physiological biomarker to monitor acute clinical change during hospital treated exacerbations of COPD. Furthermore, patients in whom neural respiratory drive failed to fall in response to treatment prior to hospital discharge had a significantly higher risk of hospital readmission within 14 days, again, highlighting the important clinical implications of detailed physiological observations. The third physiological trial confirmed previous data indicating that an important mechanism of action of home mechanical ventilation in COPD is through improvements in central respiratory drive, but this conclusion was given greater confidence by the use of advanced physiological monitoring. Conclusion: The data presented in this thesis provide clinically important information on the physiological targeting of set-up of non-invasive ventilation in patients with chronic respiratory failure secondary to obesity hypoventilation syndrome and severe COPD. Important markers of treatment success in the management of chronic respiratory failure in obesity hypoventilation syndrome have been identified including physical activity, sleep quality and weight loss. These data have also established the potential clinical role of advanced physiological biomarkers of neural respiratory drive to monitor clinical change and to risk stratify patients during acute exacerbations of COPD. Finally, the data in this thesis provides further evidence that the major mechanism of action of home mechanical ventilation in hypercapnic COPD patients is the modification of central respiratory drive.
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Mendonca, Cassandra. "Physiological mechanisms of dyspnea during exercise in the presence of external thoracic restriction: role of increased neural respiratory motor drive." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121504.
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Background & rationale. "Dyspnea" refers to the awareness of breathing discomfort that accompanies an increase in physical activity in health and across various diseases. It is arguably the most severe and burdensome symptom experienced by patients with chronic pulmonary disorders and is an important contributor to physical activity-limitation and adverse health outcomes, including hospitalization and death. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of dyspnea on exertion in health and disease remain partially understood. Accumulating evidence implicates neuromechanical uncoupling of the respiratory system as a likely mechanism of activity-related dyspnea, particularly in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases. According to this hypothesis, sensory intensity and unpleasantness ratings of dyspnea increase as a function of the widening disparity (as exercise progresses) between neural respiratory drive and the simultaneous response of the respiratory system, particularly as it relates to tidal volume (VT) expansion. An alternative and largely untested hypothesis states that the increased perception of dyspnea during exercise may reflect the awareness of increased neural respiratory drive needed achieve any given ventilation (V· E) in the presence of "abnormal" restrictive constraints on VT expansion. To date, the contribution of pathophysiological abnormalities in neural respiratory drive, dynamic respiratory mechanics and their interaction to the symptom of dyspnea during exercise in patients with chronic pulmonary disorders has proved difficult to study (beyond correlation) due to the presence of multiple co-morbidities that may independently contribute to the perception of dyspnea. Research Objectives. In light of the information cited above, the objectives of this research project were to better understand the physiological mechanisms of exertional dyspnea. Methods. This randomized cross-over study examined the acute effects of external thoracic restriction by chest wall strapping (CWS) – an accepted model of the "abnormal" restrictive constraints on VT expansion typical of patients with chronic pulmonary disorders - on detailed assessments of V· E, breathing pattern, dynamic respiratory mechanics, neural respiratory drive (as assessed by changes in the diaphragm electromyogram; EMGdi), and sensory intensity and unpleasantness ratings of dyspnea during symptom-limited incremental cycle exercise testing in 20 healthy, young men with normal lung function and cardiorespiratory fitness. Results. The key findings of this study include: [1] relatively greater dynamic mechanical constraints on VT expansion were evident during exercise with vs. without CWS; [2] EMGdi was consistently higher during exercise with vs. without CWS; [3] CWS had no effect on neuromechanical coupling of the respiratory system, as evidenced by relative preservation of the relationship between increasing EMGdi and VT expansion (adjusted for CWS-induced reductions in vital capacity) during exercise; [4] sensory intensity and unpleasantness ratings of dyspnea were significantly higher during exercise with vs. without CWS; and [5] CWS had no effect on the relationship between increasing EMGdi and each of the intensity and unpleasantness of dyspnea during progressive exercise. Conclusions & implications. We concluded that the increased perception of dyspnea during exercise with CWS could not be readily explained by increased neuromechanical uncoupling of the respiratory system, but that it likely reflected the awareness of increased neural respiratory drive needed to overcome the "abnormal" restrictive constraints on VT expansion. These findings may have implications for our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of exertional dyspnea causation in patients with chronic restrictive lung disorders. This information, in turn, may aid in the development of more effective dyspnea relieving interventions for use in these patients.Contexte et raisonnement. La «dyspnée» désigne une prise de conscience de gêne respiratoire se manifestant généralement à l'effort autant chez ceux en santé que ceux atteints de diverses maladies. Sans doute, il est symptôme le plus lourdement ressenti par patients atteints de maladies pulmonaires chroniques (MPC) pour son effet limitant sur l'activité physique et effet nocif sur la santé, y compris l'hospitalisation et la mort. Néanmoins, les mécanismes de la dyspnée d'effort en temps de santé et maladie restent que partiellement comprises. Des étudies ultérieurs suggèrent le découplage neuromécanique du système respiratoire comme mécanisme de dyspnée d'effort, en particulier chez patients atteints de MPC. Selon cette hypothèse, l'intensité sensorielle et le sentiment de malaise augmentent en fonction d'une disparité croissante entre pulsion respiratoire neuronale et réaction simultanée du système respiratoire, concernant notamment le volume courant (VT) d'extension. Une hypothèse alternative et largement non vérifiée suggère qu'une perception de la dyspnée élevée durant exercice reflète une prise de conscience d'une pulsion respiratoire neuronale nécessaire pour atteindre une ventilation (V· E) donnée lors de contraintes "anormales" sur l'expansion VT. À ce jour, la contribution des anomalies physiopathologiques sur la pulsion respiratoire neural, mécanique respiratoire dynamique et symptôme de la dyspnée au cours de l'exercice chez patients atteints de MPC s'est révélée difficile à étudier (au-delà de corrélation) en raison de présence de multiples comorbidités contribuant indépendamment à la perception de la dyspnée. Objectif. En guise de l'information présentée précédemment, nous tentons de mieux comprendre les mécanismes physiologiques de dyspnée d'effort. Méthode. Cette étude randomisée, contrôlée et croisée a permis d'examiner les effets aigus de la restriction thoracique externe par le cerclage de paroi thoracique (chest wall strapping, CWS),- un modèle accepté qui assimile les contraintes restrictives "anormales" sur l'expansion du VT de patients avec troubles pulmonaires chroniques - sur la V· E, mode de respiration, mécanique respiratoire dynamique, pulsion respiratoire neural (évaluée par changements dans l'électromyogramme du diaphragme; EMGdi), cotes d'intensité sensorielle et malaise accompagnant la dyspnée au cours d'épreuve incrémental d'effort limitée par symptômes, dans 20 jeunes hommes en santé et à fonctions pulmonaire et cardiorespiratoire normaux. Résultats. Les résultats principaux furent : [1] Les contraintes mécaniques dynamiques sur l'expansion du VT étaient relativement plus grandes durant effort avec CWS que sans; [2] L'EMGdi était systématiquement plus élevé lors de l'effort avec CWS que sans; [3] Le CWS n'avait aucun effet sur le découplage neuromécanique du système respiratoire, comme la relation entre EMGdi et expansion du VT (normalisée selon la réduction de la capacité vitale causée par le CWS) durant effort a été maintenue. [4] L'intensité sensorielle et le sentiment de malaise accompagnant la dyspnée étaient sensiblement plus élevés durant effort avec CWS que sans; et [5] Le CWS n'a eut aucun effet sur la relation entre une l'EMGdi augmentée, et l'intensité sensorielle et malaise ressentie, pris séparément durant l'effort progressif. Conclusions. Nous concluons que la perception accrue de la dyspnée durant effort avec CWS n'est pas aisément expliquée par découplage neuromécanique du système respiratoire élevé, mais qu'elle reflète plutôt la prise de conscience de la pulsion respiratoire neural supplémentaire nécessaire pour surmonter les contraintes restrictives « anormales » sur l'expansion du VT. Nos résultants permettent d'approfondir notre compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques causant la dyspnée d'effort chez patients à troubles pulmonaires chroniques, et s'avère important pour le développement de modalités soulageant la dyspnée chez ces patients dans le futur.
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Azman, Afizan. "Physiological measurement based automatic driver cognitive distraction detection." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12566.
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Vehicle safety and road safety are two important issues. They are related to each other and road accidents are mostly caused by driver distraction. Issues related to driver distraction like eating, drinking, talking to a passenger, using IVIS (In-Vehicle Information System) and thinking something unrelated to driving are some of the main reasons for road accidents. Driver distraction can be categorized into 3 different types: visual distraction, manual distraction and cognitive distraction. Visual distraction is when driver's eyes are off the road and manual distraction is when the driver takes one or both hands off the steering wheel and places the hand/s on something that is not related to the driving safety. Cognitive distraction whereas happens when a driver's mind is not on the road. It has been found that cognitive distraction is the most dangerous among the three because the thinking process can induce a driver to view and/or handle something unrelated to the safety information while driving a vehicle. This study proposes a physiological measurement to detect driver cognitive distraction. Features like lips, eyebrows, mouth movement, eye movement, gaze rotation, head rotation and blinking frequency are used for the purpose. Three different sets of experiments were conducted. The first experiment was conducted in a lab with faceLAB cameras and served as a pilot study to determine the correlation between mouth movement and eye movement during cognitive distraction. The second experiment was conducted in a real traffic environment using faceAPI cameras to detect movement on lips and eyebrows. The third experiment was also conducted in a real traffic environment. However, both faceLAB and faceAPI toolkits were combined to capture more features. A reliable and stable classification algorithm called Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) was used as the main algorithm for analysis. A few more others algorithms like Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), AdaBoost and Static Bayesian Network (SBN) were also used for comparison. Results showed that DBN is the best algorithm for driver cognitive distraction detection. Finally a comparison was also made to evaluate results from this study and those by other researchers. Experimental results showed that lips and eyebrows used in this study are strongly correlated and have a significant role in improving cognitive distraction detection.
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Barua, Shaibal. "Intelligent Driver Mental State Monitoring System Using Physiological Sensor Signals." Licentiate thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Inbyggda system, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-28902.
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Driving a vehicle involves a series of events, which are related to and evolve with the mental state (such as sleepiness, mental load, and stress) of the driv- er. These states are also identified as causal factors of critical situations that can lead to road accidents and vehicle crashes. These driver impairments need to be detected and predicted in order to reduce critical situations and road accidents. In the past years, physiological signals have become conven- tional measures in driver impairment research. Physiological signals have been applied in various studies to identify different levels of mental load, sleepiness, and stress during driving. This licentiate thesis work has investigated several artificial intelligence algorithms for developing an intelligent system to monitor driver mental state using physiological signals. The research aims to measure sleepiness and mental load using Electroencephalography (EEG). EEG signals, if pro- cessed correctly and efficiently, have potential to facilitate advanced moni- toring of sleepiness, mental load, fatigue, stress etc. However, EEG signals can be contaminated with unwanted signals, i.e., artifacts. These artifacts can lead to serious misinterpretation. Therefore, this work investigates EEG arti- fact handling methods and propose an automated approach for EEG artifact handling. Furthermore, this research has also investigated how several other physiological parameters (Heart Rate (HR) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) from the Electrocardiogram (ECG), Respiration Rate, Finger Tem- perature (FT), and Skin Conductance (SC)) to quantify drivers’ stress. Dif- ferent signal processing methods have been investigated to extract features from these physiological signals. These features have been extracted in the time domain, in the frequency domain as well as in the joint time-frequency domain using wavelet analysis. Furthermore, data level signal fusion has been proposed using Multivariate Multiscale Entropy (MMSE) analysis by combining five physiological sensor signals. Primarily Case-Based Reason- ing (CBR) has been applied for drivers’ mental state classification, but other Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques such as Fuzzy Logic, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) have been investigat- ed as well. For drivers’ stress classification, using the CBR and MMSE approach, the system has achieved 83.33% classification accuracy compared to a human expert. Moreover, three classification algorithms i.e., CBR, an ANN, and a SVM were compared to classify drivers’ stress. The results show that CBR has achieved 80% and 86% accuracy to classify stress using finger tempera- ture and heart rate variability respectively, while ANN and SVM reached an accuracy of less than 80%.Vehicle Driver Monitoring
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Ukozehasi, Celestin. "A physiological basis to crop improvement and agronomic development." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/248744.
Full textAbstract:
Despite of the documented impacts of the so-called green revolution, food security in the world faces new challenges in terms of population growth, increases in no-agricultural land use (urbanization), and climate change. Trends in food security show that the world community is operating within two limits of food system: (i) the quantity of food that can be produced under a given climate; and (ii) the quantity of food needed by a growing and changing population. Therefore, taking food security successfully into the future requires novel approaches to boost agricultural productivity in order to balance food supply and demand without expanding the agricultural land. To date, progress in wheat yield has been largely the result of the development of dwarf varieties through introgression of reduced height (Rht) genes. The height reductions arising from the presence of these genes increased yield by alteration of partitioning of dry matter and nitrogen in favour of the spike. However, increased partitioning through additional reductions in plant height is not likely; as comparative studies indicate that wheat yield is reduced when plants are shortened beyond a threshold, and most of the modern cultivars have reached the optimal height. Therefore, this dissertation aimed to identify the physiological attributes able to produce yield increases in the Rht genotypes with the optimal heights. Approaches based on physiological understanding of yield are necessary for developing genotypes combining high yielding potential and agronomic traits of superior adaptation, and for understanding yield limiting factors. Yet, direct measurement of physiological variables is often difficult or expensive; as an example, measuring plant water status in the field is problematic, with techniques such as psychrometry generally only being suitable for laboratory studies. Therefore, proxy such as tissue RWC may be a good alternative measure of plant water status. We aimed to address these questions with three components of experimental research :(i) proxy-based screening to increased photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency in wheat; (ii) determinants of increased HI in lines with different Rht genes (b, c) when incorporated into contrasting background wheat genomes (B, D), and the relative effect on N partitioning during grain filling; (iii) analyses of stable isotopes (δ²H, δ¹⁸O, δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) in an agronomic perspective in alley cropping systems associated with adjacent N₂ fixing trees, in terms of hydraulic redistribution, N availability and crop yields. In this thesis, the proxy-based approach to crop selection was defined as a surrogate-based (proxy and surrogate used interchangeably) screening of cultivars for morphological, anatomical, and physiological traits of performance or crop environmental responses. The research proposed steps for conducting a proxy-based crop selection programme. A comparative screening of 23 Eps cultivars and ranking for traits of photosynthetic and water use efficiency showed the correlative relationships of SLA to An, WUEi, leaf N, Δ¹³C, Kh, leaf RWC, and IVD. Additionally, it was observed that IVD may influence WUE and Amax. It was suggested that these relationships of SLA to traits of photosynthesis possibly resulted from the association of SLA and the leaf biochemical characteristics. Attention was also given to examining the mechanistic foundations that determine the relationship between plant height and yield. The results showed the straw-shortening significantly correlated both with Amax and Kh; and SLA decreased with the level of dwarfing; and the Amax related both Kh and SLA. Therefore, it was proposed that the straw-shortening may affects Amax by exerting a controlling influence over Kh through SLA. Moreover, both the partitioning of N to spike and the flag leaf N were related to plant height and growth stage. Additionally, the increased post-anthesis partitioning of N to grain associated with high N uptake rate and high MRT of N were probably the traits behind increased NUE and NHI. The data also indicated that increased grain number per spike, kernel weight and reduced peduncle length might be the driver of the increased HI in this experiment. The test of the hypothesis that there might be practical application of the analyses of the natural abundance of stable isotopes (δ²H, δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C, and δ¹⁵N) and isotopic mixing model by IsoSource to understand plant interactions in terms of water redistribution and nitrogen transfer and uptake in agroforestry systems, indicated a consistent gradient in depletion of wheat xylem water δ²H, δ¹⁸O, and δ¹⁵N in leaf as moving further away from the tree line. The data also reflected a consistent pattern of isotopic values (δ²H, δ¹⁸O, and δ¹⁵N) in wheat in the proximity of the tree being similar to that of the tree, suggesting they were using the same source of water and N. Similarly, an isotopic mixing model data showed that the crops in the proximity of the trees accessed considerably amounts of the water and nitrogen redistributed by trees. The study also indicated the improvement in water use efficiency, chlorophyll content, grain number per spike, and grain yield for the crops nearest to the trees for a distance up to 5 m. In conclusion, selection for increased HI should shift focus from reduced plant height to include increased grain number and kernel weight, increased partitioning of N to spike, reduced peduncle length, and low SLA. Finally, the hypothesis that efflux of water and N in agroforestry system from tree roots in topsoil and influences a number of physiological functions of neighbouring crops was confirmed by isotopic and physiological data.
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PiQUILLOUD, IMBODEN Lise. "Apport de la physiologie dans l’optimisation de l’assistance ventilatoire : l’exploration de la commande respiratoire Information conveyed by electrical diaphragmatic activity during unstressed, stressed and assisted spontaneous breathing: a physiological study A diaphragmatic electrical activity-based optimization strategy during pressure support ventilation improves synchronization but does not impact work of breathing Accuracy of P0.1 measurements performed by ICU ventilators: a bench study." Thesis, Angers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANGE0042.
Full textAbstract:
Les centres respiratoires du tronc cérébral régulent la ventilation. Les signaux qu’ils émettent sont transmis aux muscles inspiratoires. La commande respiratoire peut être monitorée au lit du patient au moyen de l’activité électrique diaphragmatique (Eadi) ou de la pression d’occlusion à 100 ms (P0.1). Le monitorage de ces paramètres devrait permettre d’optimiser l’assistance ventilatoire délivrée.Il n’existe que peu de données relatives aux valeurs normales d’Eadi et de P0.1 et à leurs variations en situations non physiologiques. La question de la fiabilité des mesures réalisables au lit du patient reste également débattue. Ce projet de thèse visait à augmenter les connaissances relatives à l’Eadi et à la P0.1.Les travaux réalisés ont permis de : 1. mieux caractériser l’amplitude de l’Eadi en situations physiologique et non physiologiques, 2. démontrer que la valeur maximale d’Eadi reflète bien l’intensité de la commande, 3. démontrer que le monitorage de l’Eadi est complémentaire à celui du profil ventilatoire et de l’effort inspiratoire, 4. démontrer que Eadi et P0.1 sont bien corrélés,5. démontrer que l’Eadi peut être utilisé pour optimiser les réglages en aide inspiratoire et que ceci améliore la synchronisation patient-ventilateur, 6. démontrer que les variations de P0.1 sont bien reflétées par les mesures de P0.1 réalisées par les ventilateurs et 7. démontrer que les ventilateurs sous-estiment les P0.1 de référence. Des études complémentaires sur de plus grands collectifs et portant sur le devenir des patients doivent être réalisées avant que le monitorage de l’Eadi et de la P0.1 puissent être recommandés comme techniques de routine chez les patients ventilésThe brainstem respiratory centers are in charge of breathing regulation. Their output is transmitted to the inspiratory muscles. Respiratory drive monitoring can be performed using the electrical activity of the diaphragm (Eadi) or the measurement of the occlusion pressure at 100 ms (P0.1). Monitoring these parameters should allow improving the delivered ventilator assist. Few data regarding the normal values of Eadi and P0.1 and their variations in non-physiological situations are available. The question of the reliability of the bedside measurements also remains opened.This thesis project aimed at increasing our knowledge on Eadi and P0.1 measurements. The studies performed allowed 1. better characterizing Eadi and P0.1 normal values in physiological and non-physiological situations. 2. demonstrating that Eadi maximal value well reflects inspiratory drive intensity, 3. demonstrating that Eadi monitoring provides additional information compared to respiratory profile and inspiratory effort monitoring, 4. demonstrating that Eadi and P0.1 are well correlated, 5. demonstrating that Eadi can be used to improve the ventilator settings during pressure support and that this strategy allows improving patient-ventilator synchrony. 6. showing that the P0.1 variations are well reflected by the P0.1 measured by the ventilators, 7. demonstrating that overall the P0.1 measured by the ventilators underestimate the reference P0.1. Additional studies in more patients and studies designed to assess the impact on patient’s outcome of using Eadi and P0.1 monitoring should be perform before recommaending these monitorings as a standard procedure in ventilated patients
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Hardee, Helen Lenora. "A comparison of three subsidiary tasks used as driver drowsiness countermeasures." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54294.
Full textAbstract:
Two previous studies performed at Virginia Tech have shown that it is feasible to detect drowsy drivers using driving performance and physiological measures. Therefore, assuming that drowsiness can be detected, it becomes important to develop methods (countermeasures) by which drivers can regain and maintain alertness. The current study was thus undertaken in an attempt to evaluate three subsidiary tasks which differed only in regard to input modality (auditory, tactual, or visual) in terms of: 1) the degree to which they aided the driver by maintaining or restoring alertness; and 2) the degree to which the responses to these tasks could be used to detect drowsiness. Subjective measures of drowsiness were also obtained to provide an additional source of verification of level of drowsiness.
To accomplish these objectives, a total of 12 male and female driver-subjects drove a moving-base simulator continuously from 12:30 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. During this time, the subjects performed each of the subsidiary tasks for a 30-minute period; they also drove for a 30-minute period during which no subsidiary task was performed. During the simulated, nighttime, highway driving scenario, 20 driving performance, behavioral, and physiological measures were collected for each 3-minute driving interval, along with 5 subsidiary task measures and subjective alertness ratings.
The experimental results indicated that none of the three subsidiary tasks provided an effective means of maintaining driver alertness. However, the results of a second series of discriminant analyses did indicate that driver impairment due to drowsiness could be reliably detected with linear combinations of subsidiary task and driving measures. In fact, promising discriminant models for the auditory and visual tasks were identified which employed a subsidiary task response measure of the number of correct responses to the subsidiary task during each 6-minute driving interval as well as a physiological measure of the subject's heart rate variance; these models showed overall classification error percentages as low as 3% and 8%. Finally, the analyses of the subjective alertness ratings indicated that subjects' ratings were not significantly affected by either the type of subsidiary task performed or time-on-task.Ph. D.
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Skipper, Julie Hamilton. "An investigation of low-level stimulus-induced measures of driver drowsiness." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49799.
Full textAbstract:
Few attempts have been made to use physical and
physiological driver characteristics to predict driver
drowsiness. As a result, a reliable drowsy driver detection
system has yet to be devised. Thus, the primary objectives
of this research were to determine whether driving
characteristics and response variables could be used to
detect eyelid closure associated with edrowsiness, and. to
provide ‘potential measures of driver· drowsiness. In. the
study, eyelid closure was defined as the measurement
standard of drowsiness. Eyelid closure, in studies
conducted at Duke University, was a reliable measure of
drowsiness.
A computer simulated nighttime driving task introduced
90 minutes of typical highway driving to twenty
driver/subjects seated ixx a moving-base driving simulator.
Each driver/subject drove under two conditions--rested and after 19 hours of being awake. During the 90 minutes of
driving, two types of low—level stimuli, steering wheel
torque and front wheel displacement, were applied to the
simulation. Responses to these stimuli as well as driving
I measures from the intervals between stimuli were analyzed
for variations associated with eyelid closure. Seventeen
dependent variables were investigated.Ph. D.
incomplete_metadata
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Wreggit, Steven S. "The development and validation of algorithms for the detection of driver drowsiness." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39041.
Full textBooks on the topic "Physiological drive"
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Mowery, Ann C. Techniques for determining segmental characteristics in a kinematic analysis of the golf drive. Eugene: Microform Publications, College of Human Development and Performance, University of Oregon, 1986.
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Association, Canadian Medical, ed. Physicians' guide to driver examination. 5th ed. Ottawa: Canadian Medical Association, 1991.
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Forensic aspects of driver perception and response. Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Pub. Co., 1996.
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Olson, Paul L. Forensic aspects of driver perception and response. 2nd ed. Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Pub. Co., 2003.
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Forensic aspects of driver inexperience and accident causation. Tucson, Ariz: Lawyers & Judges Pub. Company, 2011.
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Peterson, Melinda M. Modifying hostility-causing beliefs, aggression, danger ratings, and physiological arousal with an aggressive driver prevention program. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Psychology, 2002.
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Robert, Dewar, and Farber Gene, eds. Forensic aspects of driver perception and response. 3rd ed. Tucson, Ariz: Lawyers & Judges Pub., 2010.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Fatigue, alcohol, other drugs, and medical factors in fatal-to-the-driver heavy truck crashes. Washington, D.C: The Board, 1990.
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J, Hanowski Richard, United States. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration., and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Transportation Institute., eds. Impact of local short haul operations on driver fatigue. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, 2000.
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Automotive ergonomics: Driver-vehicle interaction. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2013.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Physiological drive"
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Karran, Alexander J., and Ute Kreplin. "The Drive to Explore: Physiological Computing in a Cultural Heritage Context." In Human–Computer Interaction Series, 169–95. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6392-3_8.
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Henning, Robert A., and Andrea M. Bizarro. "Shared Ventilatory Drive as a Measure of Social Physiological Compliance During Team Decision Making." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 377–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96059-3_42.
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Bolton, Amy, Gwendolyn Campbell, and Dylan Schmorrow. "Towards a Closed-Loop Training System: Using a Physiological-Based Diagnosis of the Trainee’s State to Drive Feedback Delivery Choices." In Foundations of Augmented Cognition, 409–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73216-7_47.
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Roy, Debarshi. "Physiological Dimensions of Empathic Behaviour." In Empathy-Driven School Systems, 31–44. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003262268-4.
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Cardamone, Luca, and Jay D. Humphrey. "Arterial growth and remodelling is driven by hemodynamics." In Modeling of Physiological Flows, 187–203. Milano: Springer Milan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1935-5_7.
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Soguero-Ruiz, Cristina, Pablo de Miguel-Bohoyo, and Inmaculada Mora-Jiménez. "A Data-Driven Model Based on Support Vector Machine to Identify Chronic Hypertensive and Diabetic Patients." In Physiological Computing Systems, 110–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27950-9_7.
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Liapis, Aggelos. "OMOGENIA: A Semantically Driven Collaborative Environment." In Recent Advances in the 3D Physiological Human, 211–22. London: Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-565-9_14.
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Pfaff, Donald W., and Charles V. Mobbs. "Some Concepts deriving from the Neural Circuit for a Hormone-Driven Mammalian Reproductive Behaviour." In Advances in Physiological Research, 233–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9492-5_13.
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Tao, Ran, Shane Xie, and Wei Meng. "EMG-Driven Physiological Model for Upper Limb." In Biomechatronics in Medical Rehabilitation, 107–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52884-7_6.
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Salva, Angela M., Antonio J. Alban, Mark D. Wiederhold, Brenda K. Wiederhold, and Lingjun Kong. "Physiologically Driven Rehabilitation Using Virtual Reality." In Foundations of Augmented Cognition. Neuroergonomics and Operational Neuroscience, 836–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02812-0_94.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Physiological drive"
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Kiracofe, Daniel R., and Arvind Raman. "Non-Linear Dynamics of Microcantilevers in Liquid Environment Atomic Force Microscopy When Operating at the Second Eigenmode: Subharmonics, Multiple Impacts, and Chaos." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28451.
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Many newer atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods aim to excite higher-order eigenmodes of the microcantilevers in multi-frequency excitation/detection schemes for improving compositional contrast in nanoscale imaging. Yet, before moving to multi-mode excitation schemes it is important to understand how, if at all, operating the microscope at eigenmodes beyond the fundamental is different from operating at the fundamental eigenmode. This question becomes particularly relevant for biological applications when cantilevers are operated in liquid environments, which is critical for studying biological processes under physiological “native” conditions. In this work, the dynamics of AFM cantilevers in liquids are investigated when the cantilever is driven at its second natural frequency — a situation, which from prior work in air or vacuum, ought not be essentially different from operating at the first natural frequency. The dynamics of cantilevers in liquids tapping on samples are in fact found to be surprisingly different when operating at the second eigenmode. A complex set of behaviors are found including sub-harmonic (e.g. only one impact every four drive cycles), drum-roll like multiple-impacts (e.g.two or three impacts every drive cycle) and chaotic. The subharmonic behaviors, in particular, have not been studied before in liquids and are not accounted for in any current method. These behaviors are demonstrated through numerical simulations and confirmed with experiments.
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Wu a, Hsin-Chieh, Chin-Ting Lin a, Min-Chi Chiu b, and Yu-Cheng Linc. "Usability Evaluation for Driving with the Joystick and Mechanical Hand Controllers." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/10043.
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For lower limb disabled driving a car, mechanical manual controllers are mostly used to control the brake and accelerator. However, the joystick is mostly used to drive an airplane; is seldom used in driving a car. This study was aimed at evaluating usability of the joystick-style controller and mechanical manual controller for the lower-limb disabled driving a car. 20 participants were divided into experimental and control groups (10 persons for each group). The experimental group was lower limb disabled and the control group was non-disabled. Each subject performed driving simulator experiment with these two hand controllers, respectively. Driving performance, physiological load and subjective evaluation data were collected during the experiment. Both groups had significantly better driving performance with the joystick-type hand controller than that of the mechanical manual one. They also had significantly lower physiological load (percent of maximal heart rate) with the joystick-type hand controller than that of the mechanical manual one. However, they had similar subjective assessment between these two controllers. This study provides an advanced investigation for applying joystick in driving a car. But, further experiment should be conducted in the real road for confirming safety and efficiency.
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Stewart, Sherry, Kayla Joyce, Phillip Tibbo, Nacera Hanzal, and Kimberley Good. "PMS Affective Symptoms Indirectly Linked to Cannabis Use Frequency and Problems via Cannabis Coping Motives." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.34.
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Background: Women with PMS have higher rates of substance use disorders but underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Research on the links of PMS to problematic substance use has largely omitted consideration of cannabis use. Design/Method: To fill these gaps, 87 cannabis using women (mean age = 28.9 years) completed a cross-sectional survey involving self-reports on their PMS symptoms on the Pre-Menstrual Scale – Short Form (PMS-SF), their usual motives for cannabis use on the Marijuana Motives Measure (MMM), their frequency of cannabis use in the last 30 days on the Cannabis Timeline Followback (C-TLFB), and their level of cannabis use problems on the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test (CUDIT). Analyses/Results: A series of multiple regressions were performed, along with Sobel tests of indirect effects, to examine the potential mediational role of cannabis motives in explaining the expected links of PMS symptoms with cannabis use frequency and problems. Separate models were run with cannabis use frequency and problems as outcomes, and with PMS affective and physiological symptoms as predictors. In each case, both coping motives and social motives (as a control to determine specificity) were tested as simultaneous mediators. PMS Affective (but not Physiological) symptoms were indirectly positively related to both cannabis use frequency and problems through Coping (but not Social) motives for use (Sobel tests = 2.01 and 2.26, respectively, p’s < .05). Discussion: Findings suggest that it is the affective symptoms of PMS (e.g., depressed mood), rather than the physiological symptoms (e.g., bloating, pain), that drive more frequent and problematic cannabis use in women. Moreover, the mechanism to explain this link appears to be coping (but not social) motives for cannabis use. Thus, those women with greater levels of PMS affective symptoms appear to use cannabis more frequently and problematically than other women by way of their greater use of cannabis to cope with negative mood.
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Maunsell, John H. R. "Motion processing in visual cortex." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.tuj2.
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Many lines of anatomical and physiological evidence have shown that the visual system contains a distinct pathway that is responsible for most motion analysis. In primates this pathway originates in the retinal ganglion cells that send their axons to the magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The outputs from the magnocellular LGN layers directly provide the primary excitatory drive to structures like layer 4B in striate cortex and the middle temporal area (MT) in extrastriate cortex. Both of these structures contain a high proportion of neurons that are selective for the direction of stimulus motion. Later stages of motion processing in parietal cortex appear to contribute to analyzing more complex types of movement such as rotation or looming.
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Tahmassebi, Amirhessam, Behshad Mohebali, Lisa Meyer-Baese, Philip Philip Solimine, Katja Pinker, and Anke Meyer-Baese. "Determining driver nodes in dynamic signed biological networks." In Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XVI, edited by Brian M. Cullum, Eric S. McLamore, and Douglas Kiehl. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2519550.
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Ollander, Simon, Christelle Godin, Sylvie Charbonnier, and Aurélie Campagne. "Feature and Sensor Selection for Detection of Driver Stress." In 3rd International Conference on Physiological Computing Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005973901150122.
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Vavrinsky, E., V. Tvarozek, V. Stopjakova, P. Solarikova, and I. Brezina. "Monitoring of car driver physiological parameters." In Microsystems (ASDAM). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asdam.2010.5667021.
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Crowley, Katie, and Nora Balfe. "Investigation of Train Driver Physiological Responses." In Proceedings of the 32nd International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference. BCS Learning & Development, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/hci2018.5.
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Partin, Dale L., Michel F. Sultan, Christopher M. Thrush, Ray Prieto, and Steve J. Wagner. "Monitoring Driver Physiological Parameters for Improved Safety." In SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-1322.
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Morozova, E. Yu, L. V. Yakovlev, N. V. Syrnikov, and A. Yu Gorovaya. "The effectiveness of BCI-driven functional electrostimulation with a change in the excitability of the sensorimotor cortex during multidirectional feedback." In MODERN PROBLEMS IN SYSTEMIC REGULATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. NPG Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24108/5-2019-confnf-86.
Full textReports on the topic "Physiological drive"
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Casey, Therese, Sameer J. Mabjeesh, Avi Shamay, and Karen Plaut. Photoperiod effects on milk production in goats: Are they mediated by the molecular clock in the mammary gland? United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598164.bard.
Full textAbstract:
US scientists, Dr. Theresa Casey and Dr. Karen Plaut, collaborated with Israeli scientists, Dr. SameerMabjeesh and Dr. AviShamay to conduct studies proposed in the BARD Project No. US-4715-14 Photoperiod effects on milk production in goats: Are they mediated by the molecular clock in the mammary gland over the last 3 years. CLOCK and BMAL1 are core components of the circadian clock and as heterodimers function as a transcription factor to drive circadian-rhythms of gene expression. Studies of CLOCK-mutant mice found impaired mammary development in late pregnancy was related to poor lactation performance post-partum. To gain a better understanding of role of clock in regulation of mammary development studies were conducted with the mammary epithelial cell line HC11. Decreasing CLOCK protein levels using shRNA resulted in increased mammary epithelial cell growth rate and impaired differentiation, with lower expression of differentiation markers including ad herens junction protein and fatty acid synthesis genes. When BMAL1 was knocked out using CRISPR-CAS mammary epithelial cells had greater growth rate, but reached stationary phase at a lower density, with FACS indicating cells were growing and dying at a faster rate. Beta-casein milk protein levels were significantly decreased in BMAL1 knockout cells. ChIP-seq analysis was conducted to identify BMAL1 target genes in mammary epithelial cells. Studies conducted in goats found that photoperiod duration and physiological state affected the dynamics of the mammary clock. Effects were likely independent of the photoperiod effects on prolactin levels. Interestingly, circadian rhythms of core body temperature, which functions as a key synchronizing cue sent out by the central clock in the hypothalamus, were profoundly affected by photoperiod and physiological state. Data support that the clock in the mammary gland regulates genes important to development of the gland and milk synthesis. We also found the clock in the mammary is responsive to changes in physiological state and photoperiod, and thus may serve as a mechanism to establish milk production levels in response to environmental cues.
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Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long, and Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.
Full textAbstract:
To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.