Dissertations / Theses: 'Physiological characteristics'

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Embleton, Sally J. "Physiological and pathological human ocular perfusion characteristics." Thesis, Aston University, 2002. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14558/.

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There were three principle aims to this thesis. Firstly, the acquisition protocols of clinical blood flow apparatus were investigated in order to optimise them for both cross-sectional and longitudinal application. Secondly, the effects of physiological factors including age and systematic circulation on ocular blood flow were investigated. Finally, the ocular perfusion characteristics of patients diagnosed with ocular diseases considered to be of a vascular origin were investigated. The principle findings of this work are:- 1) Optimisation of clinical investigations Photodiode sensitivity of the scanning laser Doppler flowmeter should be kept within a range of 70-150 DC when acquiring images of the retina and optic nerve head in order to optimise the reproducibility of capillary blood flow measures. Account of the physiological spatial variation in retinal blood flow measures can be made using standard analysis protocols of the scanning laser Doppler flowmeter combined with a local search strategy. Measurements of pulsatile ocular blood flow using the ocular blood flow analyser are reproducible, however this reproducibility can be improved when consecutive intraocular pressure pulses are used to calculate pulsatile ocular blood flow. Spectral analysis of the intraocular pressure pulse-wave is viable and identifies the first four harmonic components of the waveform. 2) Physiological variation in ocular perfusion Age results in a significant reduction in perfusion of the retinal microcirculation, which is not evident in larger vessel beds such as the choroid. Despite known asymmetry in the systemic vasculature, no evidence of interocular asymmetry in ocular perfusion is apparent. 3) Pathological variation in ocular perfusion In primary open angle glaucoma, perfusion is reduced in the retinal microcirculation of patients classified as having early to moderate visual field defects. However, ocular pulsatility defects are masked when patients and subjects are matched for systemic variables (pulse rate and mean arterial pressure); differentiation is facilitated by the application of waveform analysis to the continuos intraocular pressure curve even in the early stages of disease. Diabetic patients with adequate glycaemic control, exhibit maintenance of macular blood flow, macular topography and visual function following phacoemulsification.

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Linaker, Kelly, and n/a. "Physiological and Performance characteristics of Elite Mountain Bike Cyclists." University of Canberra. Health Sciences, 2004. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20080916.141457.

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Cross-country (XC) mountain bike (MTB) riding is a new cycling discipline and research examining the physiological demands of MTB racing is limited. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively measure physiological characteristics, to identify the performance demands of XC and time trial (TT) MTB racing and to simulate a field MTB race in the laboratory to measure the physiological responses associated with racing. Twelve male and four female elite MTB cyclists volunteered to take part in this study. Subjects completed maximal aerobic power and, anaerobic power and capacity tests. MTB race data was collected during TT and XC competitions with SRM MTB power cranks fitted to the subjects MTB. Five male MTB cyclists (V . O2max 72.0 +/- 4.6 ml/kg/min-1, maximum power output (MPO) 5.40 +/- 0.30 W/kg-1, maximum heart rate (HRmax) 189 +/- 7 bpm) performed two laps of a MTB course in the field using their race bikes with MTB SRM power cranks fitted. A laboratory MTB race simulation was performed using a wind braked ergometer. Cyclists attempted to match the average and peak power output (W/kg-1) achieved in the field trial in the laboratory. Power output (PO), heart rate (HR) and cadence (revolutions per minute, rpm) were measured during field and laboratory trials, while oxygen uptake (V . O2) was determined only during the laboratory simulation. Results showed TT MTB racing is significantly shorter in duration and distance than XC racing and significantly higher for power output and heart rate, with more time spent above anaerobic threshold (16.0 +/- 2.4 and 22.8 +/- 4.3% time) and MPO (38.4 +/- 5.2 and 26.5 +/- 9.4% time) than XC racing (p<0.05). Mean power output and heart rate between the field and laboratory trials were similar (4.18 +/- 0.55 and 4.17 +/- 0.15 W/kg-1 respectively, 175 +/- 9 and 170 +/- 8 bpm). Time spent below 2 W/kg-1 and above 6 W/kg-1 for the field and laboratory trials accounted for ~32% and ~30% of the total time, respectively. During field and laboratory trials, cyclists utilised 77.8 and 77.3% of MPO, 93 and 90% of HRmax, respectively. There was a significant difference between mean cadence in the field and laboratory trials (60.3 +/- 9.1 and 75.2 +/- 7.0 rpm, respectively, p<0.05). The cadence band of 60-69 rpm showed a significant difference between the time spent in that band from the field (14.6%) to the laboratory (4.6%). The time spent above a cadence of 80 rpm in the field was 29.8% compared to the laboratory at 62.0% of the time. Mean and peak V . O2 for the simulation was 57.5 +/- 3.3 and 69.3 +/- 4.4 ml/kg-1/min-1 respectively, with cyclists sustaining an average of ~80% V . O2max. In summary, MTB competition requires multiple short-high intensity efforts and places high demands on both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. The power output and heart rate responses to a MTB field race are similar when simulated in the laboratory, although in the laboratory higher cadences are selected for the higher power outputs than the field.

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Trepanier, Alex. "Physiological characteristics and performance of NHL entry draft players." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0005/MQ43964.pdf.

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Trépanier, Alex. "Physiological characteristics and performance of NHL entry draft players." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20480.

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This study examined the relationship between the physical fitness of National Hockey League (NHL) entry draft players and performance in the NHL. Physiological profiles were compared by level (NHL vs non-NHL) and position (forwards vs defense). The fitness level was determined by an assessment of body composition, anaerobic fitness, strength, power, muscular endurance, flexibility, and aerobic fitness. Subjects were 422 male hockey players, consisting of NHL entry draft (n = 310), minor league professional (n = 59) and NHL professional (n = 53) players. Results revealed that when drafted, physiological profiles of players who reach the NHL were significantly different from non-NHL players. Players that eventually made the NHL tended to be heavier and had higher peak power (W), mean power (W), VO2max (L/min), grip strength and leg power. The fitness variables in the test battery had low predictive power to identify players who played in the NHL. Physiological profiles of forwards were significantly different from defense. Defense were taller, heavier, and fatter than forwards. Defense had higher peak power (W), grip strength and leg power compared to forwards. The forwards were higher in VO2max when expressed relative to body weight. NHL entry draft players were lower in upper body strength than minor league professionals and NHL players.

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Tennant, Brian Prichard. "Biosynthesis and physiological characteristics of endogenous ouabain-like substance." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272367.

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Leslie, Vikki. "Physiological and match performance characteristics of field hockey players." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9822.

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This thesis aimed to examine the physiological and match performance characteristics of field hockey players in relation to age, sex and playing standard. The relationship between the physiological and match performance characteristics of players was also investigated. In Chapter 4, the physiological characteristics of 159 elite male international U16, U18, U21 and senior (mean±S.E. age, 15±0.1; 16.9±0.2; 20.1±0.2 and 24.9±0.7 years respectively) players were profiled. Seventy-seven players completed a series of lab tests including: treadmill VO2peak, repeated 10 x 6 s cycle ergometer sprints, maximum blood lactate concentration and running economy during submaximal treadmill running. Eighty-two players completed a 15 m sprint and a multi-stage fitness test. Field test characteristics of successful (went on to compete at senior international level) and unsuccessful (did not compete beyond junior international level) players were compared. Directly determined VO2peak was not different when squads were compared (U16 vs. U18 vs. U21 vs. senior; 58.7±0.9 vs. 60.5±0.8 vs. 60.9±0.9 vs. 59.7±0.9; ml.kg-1.min-1; P>0.05). Successful U21 players were faster over 15 m than unsuccessful U21 players (successful U21 vs. unsuccessful U21; 2.37±0.02 vs. 2.44±0.02; s; P<0.05). These findings suggest that a high peak oxygen uptake of approximately 60 ml.kg-1.min-1 is a prerequisite for elite male hockey players from at least U16 level onwards. Sprint speed may be a key factor determining progression from junior to senior international level. Chapter 5 examined the match performance characteristics of male U16 (16.0±0.3 years, n=8), U18 (17.8±0.1 years, n=14) and senior (25.7±0.6 years, n=16) elite level players. Players wore a non-differential GPS device (SPI Elite, GPSports, Australia) during at least one full match. Duration, distance covered, mean speed and maximum speed were obtained for the total match and the 1st and 2nd halves. Match activities were analysed in absolute terms and also relative to an individual's maximal speed. Results showed players from all age groups covered similar total distances (5385.0±315.7; 6608.4±317.9; 6260.4±296.2, m, U16 vs. U18. vs. senior, P>0.05) at similar mean speeds (8.0±0.2 vs. 8.1±0.3 vs. 7.6±0.1, km.h-1, U16 vs. U18. vs. senior, P>0.05) and the majority of the movements completed by players could be categorised as low-moderate intensity (<14.5 km.h-1) during match play (87.6 %, 86.7 % and 87.8 % for U16, U18 and senior players respectively). All age groups demonstrated fatigue during the second half of a match, but senior players exhibited the highest decrement in high intensity activity (>14.5 km.h-1). Results from this study suggest that the activities associated with elite level hockey competition are predominantly low intensity. Similar demands are placed on elite players from U16 to senior level. Age-related differences in exercise metabolism are likely to account for differences in the fatigue profiles of high intensity activity over the course of a game. Using the same methodology as Chapter 5, Chapter 6 sought to profile the match performance characteristics of elite female U16 (16.2±0.1 years, n=7), U18 (17.6±0.2 years, n=5) and senior (24.5±0.8 years, n=15) players. Amongst female players there were no differences between age groups in the distance covered (4962.3±295.1 vs. 5202.5±155.5 vs. 5581.1±208.8 m, U16 vs. U18 vs. senior, P>0.05) the mean speed (23.3±0.6 vs. 23.5±0.7 vs. 24.3±0.3 km.h-1, U16 vs. U18 vs. senior, P>0.05) during a match. While senior females completed more high intensity movement (>14.5 km.h-1) than U16 players (5.0±0.8 vs. 7.5±0.6 %, P<0.05), there were no other differences in the match activity profiles between age groups (analysed in absolute and relative terms). Senior females demonstrated a reduction in the amount of high intensity activity during the second half of a match. These results suggest that, similar to elite male hockey, elite female competition predominantly involves activity that can be classified as low-moderate intensity. The decrement in high intensity activity during the second half of a match in senior players may be related to performing significantly more high intensity bouts over the course of a game than younger players. In Chapter 7, the relationship between the physiological and performance characteristics of 26 university level female players (20.8±0.5 years) was examined. The distance travelled during games in terms of low (0-6 km.h-1), moderate (6-14.5 km.h-1) and high intensity (>14.5 km.h-1) movements was examined. Players also completed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIRT), the Interval Shuttle Run Test (ISRT), the Multi-Stage Fitness Test (MSFT) and a laboratory assessment of speed at 4 mmol.L-1 blood lactate concentration and a VO2max test. The total distance covered during a match was associated with VO2max, speed at 4 mmol.L-1, YYIRT, ISRT and MSFT performance (Pearson's correlation coefficients; 0.58; 0.67; 0.67; 0.61; 0.58, respectively, P<0.05 in all cases). Mean speed was also related to VO2max, speed at 4 mmol.L-1, YYIRT, ISRT and MSFT (Pearson's correlation coefficients: 0.58; 0.71; 0.61; 0.62; 0.54 respectively, P<0.05 in all cases). The amount of high intensity activity, which may be an indicator of the quality of match performance was most closely associated with VO2max, YYIRT and ISRT (Pearson's correlation coefficients: 0.60; 0.60; 0.54 respectively, P<0.01 in all cases). These results suggest that player performance during a match is related to their physiological characteristics. Such characteristics can be examined using both field and laboratory tests. Chapter 8 examined the physiological, skill and match performance characteristics of three different competitive levels of female field hockey players. The players were recruited from the 1st (n=13), 2nd (n=10) and 3rd (n=16) teams of Loughborough University Ladies Hockey Club. Players completed field based physiological assessments (YYIRT, ISRT, MSFT and 5,10, 20 and 30 m sprints) and a field based hockey specific dribbling test. Laboratory measures included treadmill VO2max and a submaximal speed lactate test. Results from comparisons between teams did not indicate any differences based on any physiological or match performance parameters (P>0.05 in all cases). Superior dribbling skill, as assessed during a hockey-specific skill test, discriminated 1st team from 2nd and 3rd team players (2.58±0.22 vs. 4.43±0.28 and 3.90±0.27 s, P<0.01, 1st vs. 2nd and 1st vs. 3rd). These results suggest that skill is crucial to determining success in competitive field hockey. Based on the investigations outlined above it appears a relatively high maximal oxygen uptake is a prerequisite for elite level players from junior to senior levels, although it probably does not distinguish between playing standards. In contrast both short distance speed and skill would seem to discriminate between different standards of field hockey performance. Therefore, in order to succeed at the elite level of field hockey players must possess a certain degree of speed, aerobic power and hockey specific dribbling ability. In terms of match play, it would appear that the demands placed on elite junior and senior players during match play are very similar and this observation may explain why a relatively high aerobic power is required even at junior level. Match performance (in particular with respect to high intensity activities) may be different between elite and sub-elite players and because there appears to be a strong link between physiological and match performance characteristics, laboratory and field based assessments may be used to provide an indication of a player's likely physical performance during a match.

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Eaton, Sharyn. "The technical and physiological characteristics of the vibromyographic signal." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/47621/.

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Skeletal muscle contractions emit a low frequency sound (<100Hz) that can be detected by vibromyography (VMG) or mechanomyography (MMG). The aim of this study was to determine the future application of the VMG signal as a clinical tool in reflecting the physiological state or function of muscle during rehabilifation and diagnosis. In order to achieve this aim, the following was investigated. A) The technical characteristics: Three different transducers (the capacitance and piezoelectric accelerometers and the contact sensor) and the transducer/ amplifier system. B) The repeatability of the VMG signal at different force levels. C) Physiological characteristics of the VMG signal comparing 'normal' and 'abnormal' muscle function. Past studies on VMG have revealed that these three areas have received little attention. The VMG signal was taken from the biceps brachii muscle at different contraction levels 10%, 50% and 80% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) for within day (n=3) and between day (n=17) recordings. The signal from asymptomatic (n=29) and symptomatic (n=23) low back pain subjects was then compared. Recordings were taken from the erector spinae muscle at an incremental increase in voluntary contraction (10%-100%MVC). These recordings were repeated on the next day. Results from this study have revealed the following: A) Technical characteristics : the lower cut-off frequency is important and insufficient attention in past studies has been given to the transducer-amplifier system. Additionally, the capacitance accelerometer was the favoured transducer due to its greater sensitivity to low frequencies, simplicity of use and ease of stabilising and coupling techniques to the skin. B) Repeatability of the VMG signal: For successive recordings, compared with precision (%C.O.V and L.O.A) and reliability (I.C.C), correlation (r value) of the VMG signal appears a much stronger and a more consistent statistic in the time and frequency domains. C) Physiological Characteristics: Although having a high individual variation, the erector spinae demonstrated a strong curvilinear relationship with increasing submaximal voluntary contraction (%MVC) reflecting the recruitment and rate coding strategies for this muscle. The VMG RMS for symptomatic low back pain subjects was considerably less than asymptomatic subjects suggesting a deficiency in muscle function. In contrast, the PSD was less favourable in distinguishing between the two subject groups. Reasons for these findings are discussed. In future, the clinical application of the VMG RMS values may quantitatively assess paraspinal muscle force reflecting physiological changes in recruitment and rate coding strategies in 'normal' and 'abnormal' muscle function during rehabilitative care.

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Wynn, Persephone M. "Physiological and psychological characteristics of elite female adolescent athletes." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34163.

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The elite female adolescent athletes in this study were late maturers and had a later onset of menarche than the non-elite female adolescent athletes. They had less adipose tissue and more muscle than the non-elite athletes, though they were similar in height and body mass. The elite athletes had higher VO2 peak (l.min-1) and lower maximum heart rates (beat.min-1) when analysed by age and maturation status. VO2 peak (ml.kg-1min-1) was higher in the elite athletes but there was no effect of age or maturation. The elite athletes were less economical than the non-elite athletes during submaximal running, yet had lower blood lactate concentrations (mmol.l-1), lower heart rates (beats.min-1), worked at a lower percentage of their maximum heart rates, reported lower rates of perceived exertion and had lower R values. During the 30 s cycle maximal sprint the groups were similar for peak power (W) but there were independent effects of age and maturation. The elite girls had higher mean power output (W and W.kg-1). Blood lactate concentrations were similar for both groups though there was an independent effect of age and maturation. The elite athletes had higher combined leg press, higher left leg press and higher arm press than the non-elite athletes. There was an independent effect of age and maturation power and strength. The elite athletes were more skilled at using psychological strategies in training and competition and perceived that the significant others around them were both task- and ego-oriented with regards to their sporting success.

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Danielsson, Sebastian. "Physiological characteristics of sodium lactate infusion during resistance exercise." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-5782.

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Previous studies that utilized sodium lactate infusion did not use resistance exercise protocol or analyzed muscle biopsies, or performed sex specific analysis. Aim: We initiated a project where resistance exercise was performed with low and high levels of lactate, acquired by venous lactate infusion where the specific aim of this study was to investigate and chart the physiological characteristics of sodium lactate infusion during a bout of resistance exercise on whole group level and sexes separated Method: A randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over design was implemented where male (n = 8) and female (n = 8) subjects accustomed to resistance exercise visited the laboratory three times for preliminary testing and training familiarization. In the following two experimental trials subjects arrived in an overnight fasted state. A resting state muscle biopsy was extracted from m. vastus lateralis and repeated blood samples were initiated which followed by 20 minute of baseline infusion of either infusate in resting state at 0.05 mmol/kg/min infusion rate with additional bolus doses during subsequent exercise. Following a brief warm up, unilateral knee-extensions (6 x 8-10 reps at 75% of 1-RM) were performered with or without venous infusion of sodium lactate, with volume matched saline as control. Exercise load and volume were matched between trials. Four additional biopsies were extracted at post-exercise, recovery period, and 24-hour post-exercise. Results: Sodium lactate infusion vs saline infusion respectively during resistance exercise yielded significantly higher blood lactate with sodium lactate (6.78 ± 0.33 mmol/l vs 2.99 ± 0.17 mmol/l), plasma lactate (8.86 ± 0.39 mmol/l vs 4.39 ± 0.22 mmol/l), blood sodium (143 ± 0.4 mmol/l vs 142 ± 0.3 mmol/l), blood pH (7.42 ± 0.01 vs 7.34 ± 0.01), but lower blood potassium (3.9 ± 0.1 mmol/l vs 4.2 ± 0.1 mmol/l), all immediately following exercise. Sodium lactate infusion elicited main effect of trials and muscle lactate increased from baseline (8.5 ± 0.9 mmol·kg-1 dw vs 7.0 ± 0.6 mmol·kg-1 dw) to post-exercise (31.5 ± 2.8 mmol·kg-1 dw vs 26.9 ± 3.2 mmol·kg-1 dw) with sodium lactate and saline infusion respectively. Blood glucose, hemoglobin and muscle pH was not affected by sodium lactate infusion. Conclusions: Utilization of the sodium lactate infusion method during a bout of resistance exercise may be used as tool to effectively increase blood/plasma lactate and, to lesser extent, muscle content of lactate. However, a concomitant slightly alkalizing effect of blood likely will occur.
Tidigare studier som använt natriumlaktat infusion använde inte styrketräningsprotokoll, eller analyserade muskelbiopsier eller utförde könsspecifika analyser. Syfte och frågeställningar: Vi initierade ett projekt där styrketräning utfördes med låga eller höga nivåer av laktat som erhölls genom venös natriumlaktat infusion med det specifika syftet att undersöka och kartlägga fysiologisk karakteristiska av naturiumlaktat infusion under styrketräningsövning på helgrupps- och könsseparerad nivå. Följande frågeställningar inrättades; hur påverkar natriumlaktat infusion under styrketräning helblod- och plasma laktat, glukos, natrium, kalium, plasma volym genom hemoglobin och hematokrit, blod pH, muskellaktat- och muskel pH samt om skillnader i respons finns efter att könsspecifika analyser utförts på dessa variabler. Metod: En randomiserad, placebokontrollerad cross-over design implementerades där styrketräningsvana män (n = 8) och kvinnor (n = 8) besökte laboratoriet tre gånger för preliminäraför tester och träningsfamiliarisering. I efterföljande två experimentella försök anlände försökspersonerna i ett över nattligt fastande tillstånd. En baslinje biopsi extraherades från m. vastus lateralis och repeterade blodprover initierades med efterföljande 20 minuter av baslinje infusion av endera infusat i vilotillstånd med 0.05 mmol/kg/min infusionshastighet med ytterligare bolusdoser under efterföljande träning. Efter en kort uppvärmning utfördes unilaterala knäextensioner (6 x 8-10 reps vid 75% av 1-RM) med eller utan venös infusion av natrium laktat, med volymmatchande saltlösning som kontroll. Träningsbelastning och volym matchades mellan försök. Ytterligare fyra biopsier extraherades vid efter-träning, återhämtningsperiod, och efter 24 timmar. Resultat: Natriumlaktat respektive saltlösnings infusion under styrketräning gav signifikant högre blodlaktat med natriumlaktat infusion (6.78 ± 0.33 mmol/l mot 2.99 ± 0.17 mmol/l), plasmalaktat (8.86 ± 0.39 mmol/l mot 4.39 ± 0.22 mmol/l), blodnatrium (143 ± 0.4 mmol/l mot 142 ± 0.3 mmol/l), blod pH (7.42 ± 0.01 mot 7.34 ± 0.01), men lägre blod kalium (3.9 ± 0.1 mmol/l mot 4.2 ± 0.1 mmol/l), alla direkt efter träning. Natriumlaktat infusion framkallade huvudeffekt av försök och muskellaktat ökade från baslinje (8.5 ± 0.9 mmol·kg-1 dw mot 7.0 ± 0.6 mmol·kg-1 dw) till efter-träning (31.5 ± 2.8 mmol·kg-1 dw mot 26.9 ± 3.2 mmol·kg-1 dw) med natriumlaktat respektive saltlösnings infusion. Blodglukos, hemoglobin och muskel pH påverkades inte av natriumlaktat infusion. Slutsats: Användande av natriumlaktat infusion som metod under styrketräning kan effektivt användas som verktyg för att höja blod/plasma laktat, och i mindre utsträckning, muskellaktat. Emellertid är samtidig alkalisering av blod en sannolik följd.
Potential sex differences in the molecular response to resistance exercise with lactate infusion

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Hugg, Peter J., and n/a. "The selection of Australian youth soccer players based on physical and physiological characteristics." University of Canberra. Human & Biomedical Sciences, 1996. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060726.172530.

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The purpose of this study was to develop a physiological profile of elite Australian Youth soccer players. Over three years, 150 players from the U'17, U'20 and U'23 national squads were tested for six measurements - height, weight, sum of eight skinfolds, vertical jump, maximum oxygen consumption and speed over twenty metres. Comparisons were made between those selected in the final team (classified as Successful) and those who failed to be selected (classified as Unsuccessful) to determine any significant differences between the two groups A physical and physiological profile was obtained for each player - expressed as a single value in both numerical and graphical formats. Players were ranked based on this score to determine significant differences between successful and unsuccessful players. Several significant differences (p<0.05) were found between Successful and Unsuccessful groups for a number of the variables primarily in the performance area rather than in the anthropometry parameters. For all squads, significant differences (P<0.05) were found between those who made the squad and those who did not when ranked based on their physical and physiological score. This study highlights the importance of the application of scientific testing to soccer Furthermore, it provides a system by which players' results can be analysed and ranked, and expressed in a format that provides the coach with immediate feedback as to an individual's specific strengths and weaknesses as a basis for training and team selection.

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Plush, Matthew. "Understanding physical and physiological characteristics in mixed martial arts athletes." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2021. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2429.

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Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport that includes striking and grappling contested under a unified ruleset. While research exists investigating various physical and physiological characteristics that are potential indicators of greater performance in MMA, there is no consensus on which characteristics are essential to performance and best practice for assessment of such characteristics. Strength has been identified as a predictor of performance in combat sports including MMA, wrestling, and Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ). Aerobic and anaerobic conditioning has been explored in combat sports including BJJ, judo, boxing, kickboxing, and MMA and have varying relationships to higher-level performance. Characteristics such as repeat effort ability, flexibility and body composition have also been investigated but the literature lacks depth and nuance. It may also be important to consider athletes from diverse combat backgrounds may show a range of physiological profiles, while still being competitive under the same unified ruleset. As such, there are a multitude of technical and physiological characteristics that contribute to competitive success. Developing a single scientific assessment that can predict competitive outcomes poses great difficulty due to the complexity of MMA. While previous research has investigated some important physiological characteristics, there is no accepted best-practice for a comprehensive testing battery. As such, this study aimed to design and utilize a battery of physiological assessments to cover aerobic and anaerobic function, maximal strength, force generation, body composition and repeat effort ability in Australian MMA athletes. Six participants (height: 174.5 ± 5.7 cm, body mass: 84.5 ± 23.4 kg, age: 25.7 ± 4.7 years) with differing competitive experience were recruited. Testing involved one familiarization and three experimental sessions. Experimental session one encompassed countermovement jump assessment and a Wingate anaerobic test, experimental session two included the isometric midthigh pull and repeat sled push test while experimental session three concluded with a DEXA scan and a graded treadmill exercise test. Each experimental session was separated by 48 hours. The battery designed for this study was comprehensive based on the characteristics identified by previous research and considerate of current best practice methods in athlete testing. We found that the comprehensive battery was feasible for athletes to complete within seven days including familiarisation days and could be used in both practical and research settings Results showed that regional Australian MMA athletes possess similar physiological characteristics to elite standards in measures including strength (mean strength 3.32 ± 0.67 N/kg; range 2.44 – 4.09 N/kg), anaerobic capacity (mean average power 614.17 ± 89.15 W; range 510 – 770 W) and aerobic capacity (mean VO2max 54.06 ± 13.83 ml/kg/min; range 31.15 – 70.14 ml/kg/min) while countermovement jumps (mean jump height 27.02 ± 6.3 cm; range 17.85 – 33.34 cm) were well under elite standards compared with values taken from a range of sources. While comparisons to other populations should be seen as speculative due to the small sample size, this is the first Australian-only sample of MMA athletes assessed using these measures. The results of this thesis can help inform athletes, researchers, and support staff alike when deciding upon which testing protocols to use for MMA athletes. Future research should aim to develop normative data using the battery proposed in the current study.

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Hong, Wee Pheng. "Physiological characteristics and time-motion analysis of young soccer players." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2009. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1900.

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The majority of the literature on physiological testing and time-motion analysis (TMA) of soccer performance has been conducted on elite senior soccer players. Few TMA studies have focused on young soccer players and currently, there is nothing focusing on global positioning system (GPS) derived data in this cohort. This study aimed to assess in a group of youth soccer players, the reliability of the selected physiological variables, establish a physiological profile of essential performance characteristics, quantify match-related performance such as time motion characteristics, positional roles and physical demands, and examine the relationship between criterion measures acquired from physiological testing and GPS data during match-play. Thirty-four male outfield players (mean ± standard deviation; age 16.5 ± 1.1 years; height 175.2 ± 6.0 cm; weight 65.3 ± 7.2 kg) from three Premier Division 18s soccer teams in the Western Australia State League were recruited and split according to playing position; centre-backs (n=6), fullbacks (n=6), central midfielders (n=7), wide midfielders (n=8) and strikers (n=7). Test-retest reliability and the performance of physiological variables such as peak force, rate of force development (RFD), peak power, vertical jump (VJ) height, agility, aerobic endurance, sprint performance and repeated sprint ability (RSA) were established. The participants from each team were tracked by GPS (GPSports SPI Elite, ACT, Australia) over the entire playing time of four consecutive matches, and in total, GPS data was accumulated from twelve league games for TMA of soccer performance. All variables of the RFD, static jump (SJ), Soccer Specific Agility Test (SSAT), 20 m and 10 m sprint times, and percent sprint decrement of RSA (RSAdec), were associated with low intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values, suggesting poor test-retest reliability. No significant differences were revealed by one way repeated measures ANOVA for the mean performance of any of the physiological variables between playing positions with the exception of one criterion measure of the SSAT, while numerous significant main effects across positional groupings were found in the GPS data acquired during match-play (p < 0.05). Paired t tests identified a number of significant main effects among match-related performance between playing halves (p < 0.05). In addition, many large and moderate effect size (ES) values for performance measures between playing positions and halves were detected. Pearson product correlations were used to examine relationships with significant and strong inverse correlations evident between the variables of the 30 m sprint, RSA test and SSAT, and sprint performance during match-play (r = -0.506 to -0.644; p < 0.05). This study showed that the physiological profiles of essential performance characteristics for young soccer players were similar across playing positions. There were numerous significant main effects between playing positions and halves during match-play, and hence, position-specific testing and conditioning protocols may be efficacious in effectively preparing young soccer players for competition. More TMA studies of young soccer players using larger sample sizes are warranted to substantiate the findings of this study.

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Ma, Mingwen. "A study of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of liver spheroids." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407320.

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Huwe, Jillian Rae. "Suites of Behavioral and Physiological Characteristics of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Japonica)." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27592.

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The concept of personalities is used as a way to understand suites of behaviors associated with how animals cope with change. Animal personalities can be described along a continuum from bold to shy and describe suites of behaviors unique to the type of personality. The relationship between a specific behavior and its underlying physiological state has been well studied, however, we do not have an understanding of the potential continuum of physiological traits associated with animal personalities. In this study, I evaluated the relationships between the behaviors and physiological traits associated with bold and shy personalities in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). I focused on metabolic and endocrine traits, which provide an integrated measure of energetic demand and use, and response to stress. My data show a continuum of bold to shy personalities, but do not correlate with the physiological traits.

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Chriki, Lyvia. "Characteristics of Worriers as a Function of Individual Differences in Effortful Control." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1436434892.

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Moss, Samantha. "The physical, physiological and performance characteristics of English youth team handball players." Thesis, University of Chester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/550901.

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This theses includes 4 case studies covering - (1)an examination of the anthropometric and physical characteristics of youth female team handball players (16.07 ± 1.30 y) in non-elite (n= 47), elite (n= 37) and top-elite players (n= 29); (2) a comprehensive analysis of team handball match play in youth English U18 Men’s National League players through the assessment of player movement demands, technical actions and heart rate during match play and secondly, the impact of team handball competition on fatigue during and after matches; (3) an investigation into neuromuscular fatigue and well-being of English handball players during a training camp and an international tournament; (4) the effect of two different interchange strategies on performance and pacing strategy during a simulated team-sports protocol.

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Nati, Julie Jeanne Helene. "Invasion physiology : do physiological characteristics facilitate the spread of invasive fish species?" Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8104/.

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A considerable number of abiotic (e.g. temperature) and biotic factors (e.g. intra-interspecific interactions) contribute in shaping species’ distribution and invasiveness but knowledge is still lacking regarding the importance of physiological and behavioural traits in determining the distributions of ectotherms and especially the invasion success of non-native species into novel habitats. With rising temperatures, distribution shifts in many of fish species have been observed. Additionally, changing thermal conditions are facilitating the colonisation of invasive species. It is crucial that we gain an increased understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of environmental change on the distribution of aquatic species and the ecological damage caused by invasive species. Physiological traits are likely to present a fundamental constraint on the environments that are habitable to a given species. Whole animal traits associated with energy metabolism and locomotory performance are especially likely to be important in this regard. Nevertheless, the effects of traits such as metabolic rate and aerobic scope (AS) on the distributions of native and invasive species have not been thoroughly studied. In a first step toward understanding these effects, I performed a phylogenetically-informed analysis of links between AS and absolute latitudinal distribution range in 86 fish species. From the results obtained in Chapter 2, I found no evidence for the direct implication of AS in the currently observed distributions of fishes. Moreover, no association between AS and invasion success in 59 freshwater fish species (23 invasive and 36 native species) was found. These results suggested that peak AS is not a constraining or determining factor in the distribution range and invasion success in fish. Following on from these results, there is a possibility that there could be a trade-off between peak and breadth of performance for AS across temperatures in fishes. Species with a higher peak AS might only be able to function normally over a narrow range of temperatures. In Chapter 3, I collected AS data from literature and conducted phylogenetical-informed analysis to test the trade-off theory in AS across 28 fish species. No evidence could be found for a trade-off between peak and breadth performance in AS for fish. Interspecific competition between invasive and native fish species might cause changes in the structure of native fish communities. Furthermore, these interactions can vary over competitive context (e.g. for prey or cover), differ over a range of environmental factors (e.g. in response to temperature variation) and be linked directly or indirectly to species’ metabolic capacity (e.g. aerobic scope). With increasing temperatures, invasive species might gain a competitive advantage over the native species though shifts or changes in competitive behaviour and traits such as AS. After having investigated broad patterns among AS and geographical distributions in fishes, the remainder of my thesis focused on trade-offs in energy allocation and tolerance to environmental stressors in a pair of species to determine the role of aerobic capacity as a factor in competition between these two species. Specifically, I examined interactions between native stone loaches (Barbatula barbatula) and invasive bullheads (Cottus gobio), two species which occupy the same ecological niche and that are believed to compete for similar habitats. Physiological and behavioural traits could play an essential role in the spread of invasive species, particularly the internal underlying mechanisms that modulate an organism’s response to environmental changes. In Chapter 4, I examined physiological and behavioural responses of invasive bullheads and native stone loaches to acute and acclimated temperature shifts (13-21°). I found that invasive bullheads had a lower AS than stone loaches over all temperatures tested. Bullheads were also less active overall and preferred colder temperatures (17.5-19°C) than stone loaches (21-22.4°C). Therefore, changes in AS in response to thermal variation are unlikely to be a contributing factor in invasion success of bullheads in Scottish rivers. In Chapter 5, I investigated the direct competitive interactions between bullheads and stone loaches at three different temperatures (13°C, 17°C and 21°C). Overall, native stone loaches were better competitors for shelter use and in particular at colder temperatures. There was no clear causal effect of temperature or AS on competitive outcomes between these two species. Low competitive ability found in invasive bullheads suggests that bullheads may not be actively displacing stone loaches. It has been suggested that a successful invader should have a wide tolerance range for different environmental factors. For example, invasive species might be more tolerant to hypoxic events as compared to native species. In Chapter 6, I looked at the hypoxia tolerance and avoidance behaviour of bullheads and stone loaches over different dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 30%, 25% and 20% DO levels). Surprisingly, I found that bullheads were less tolerant to hypoxic conditions with a Pcrit value of 4.96 mg O2 l-1 at 14°C. Avoidance behaviour towards progressive hypoxia was similar between bullheads and stone loaches; both species spent most of their time utilising the shelter even in hypoxic conditions. Low tolerance towards hypoxia did not give an advantage to invasive bullheads over native stone loaches in particular during harsh environmental conditions. The results from this thesis suggest that metabolic traits may not play as strong a role in constraining species distributions as previously suspected, particularly in the specific case of interactions between native stone loaches and invasive bullheads in Scotland. Instead, other physiological factors, life history traits, and population demographics may play a primary role in affecting invasion success in this case.

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Jin, Su. "Physiological characteristics and applications of Lactobacillus pentosus strains in selected dairy products." AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/55/22/70/PDF/These_Su_JIN.pdf.

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Deux souches de Lactobacillus pentosus, Ind1 et Ind3, ont été isolées à partir de « Naigeda », un fromage traditionnel Chinois produit dans la région du Xinjiang. Les propriétés probiotiques de L. Pentosus étant peu connues, la présente étude a été conduite afin de déterminer si ces 2 souches, Ind1 et Ind3, sont susceptibles d’être utilisées comme probiotiques. Les propriétés physiologiques de L. Pentosus Ind1 et Ind3 ont fait l’objet d’essais in vitro afin de déterminer leur tolérance à l’environnement gastro-intestinal et leur adhérence à l’épithélium intestinal. Leurs propriétés de dégradation de 3 substances carcinogènes (phénol, p-crésol et indole ; concentrations comprises entre 50 et 150 µg/mL) ainsi que leur inhibition éventuelle par ces mêmes substances ont été étudiées. Les effets des 2 souches de L. Pentosus sur la microflore intestinale de souris, après administration orale de 109cfu/mL dans 0. 5mL de lait écrémé, ont été analysés. A cet effet, les populations de Lactobacilles, Bifidobactéries, Entérobacilles, Entérocoques et Clostridium perfringens, contenues dans les fèces des souris, avant, pendant et après leur alimentation en probiotiques, ont été considérées. Enfin, les capacités des 2 souches de L. Pentosus à produire de l’acide -amino butyrique ont été étudiées, et les conditions de milieu et de culture assurant la meilleure production définies. Les résultats montrent que les 2 souches de L. Pentosus, Ind1 et Ind3, présentent des taux de survie élevés : plus de 90 % en milieu acide et de 80% dans une solution de bile. Les aptitudes à l’adhérence sont souches dépendantes, avec pour Ind3 un potentiel similaire à celui de souches probiotiques reconnues (NCFM et Lp115). Ind1 et Ind3 ont également montré une bonne résistance aux substances carcinogènes (phénol, p-crésol, indole à 150 μg/mL). Enfin, ces 2 souches permettent un accroissement des concentrations de Lactobacilles et de bifidobactéries, dans le tractus intestinal des souris, tout en inhibant la croissance des Entérobacilles et de C. Perfringens. Ces résultats démontrent les aptitudes potentielles des deux souches de L. Pentosus étudiées pour une utilisation comme souches probiotiques au sein de régimes diététiques ou pour l’élaboration de produits laitiers fermentés
Two Lactobacillus pentosus strains, Ind1 and Ind3, were isolated from a traditional Chinese cheese product called Naigeda, collected from Xinjiang region of China. Since there is little information regarding the probiotic properties of L. Pentosus strains, this study was designed to provide more supporting data for L. Pentosus as a potential probiotic strain application. The physiological properties of the two L. Pentosus strains, Ind1 and Ind3, such as the in vitro test on the intolerance under the gastro-intestinal environment, the ability of adherence on the intestinal epithelium were studied. Their intolerance as well as inhibition and degradation ability under presence of pre-carcinogenic substances existing in human gut such as phenol, p-cresol and indole at different concentrations were also determined. The effects of the two L. Pentosus strains on modulation of the mice intestinal micro flora, by oral administration of 109cfu/ml of strains in 0. 5ml of skim milk, were investigated: the amounts of Lactobacillus spp. , Bifidobacterium spp. , Enterobacilli, Enterococcus and Clostridium perfringens in the feces of mice during and after the feeding of probiotic strains were counted. Furthermore, the technological properties of the two L. Pentosus strains on their GABA producing ability were studied: the medium and process parameters optimization was carried out in order to try to obtain the highest GABA content in the fermented dairy products. Results showed that the two L. Pentosus strains had high survival rates (higher than 90% in acid and 80% in bile solution). The adhesive ability is strain independent: Ind3 adherence was comparable with those of two commercial probiotic strains (NCFM and Lp115). Ind1 and Ind3 showed good resistance mutagenic substances phenol, p-cresol, indole at concentration below 150 μg/mL). Ind1 and Ind3 also showed certain effect on promoting the increase of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria counts, and inhibiting the growth of Enterobacilli and Clostridium in mice gut. These results displayed positive properties that the two L. Pentosus strains can be good candidates to be used as probiotic strains potentially used in dietary supplement application or Chinese-style dairy products

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Hemmings, Stephanie. "Physiological characteristics of the elite adolescent athlete : effect of age and maturity." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13544.

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This thesis examined the physiological characteristics of elite adolescent male and female sports perfonners compared to non-elite adolescents in relation to age and maturity. The determinants of endurance perfonnance in adolescent males was also investigated. In Chapter 3a the reliability of the laboratory tests employed in the thesis were examined. Seven male and 11 female adolescents (age: 13.6 ± 0.7 and 13.3 ± 0.5 years, respectively) perfonned a submaximal oxygen uptake CV02)-blood lactate test and a peak V 02 test on a treadmill, and a maximal 30 s cycle ergometer sprint, on 2 days, 6 weeks apart. Pearson correlation coefficients for male and female data combined were: peak V 02, r = 0.93 (p < 0.01); submaximal V02 at 8.8 km.h-l,r = 0.91 (p < 0.01); and peak power output, r = 0.90 (p < 0.01). T-tests revealed a difference between submaximal V02 of males (t = 8.51; p < 0.01). Mean difference and limits of agreement for peak V 02, submaxima1 V O2 and peak power output, were -0_03 ± 6.4 rnl.kg-l_min-l, -0.8 ± 2.7 rnl.kg-l.min-l, and -11 ± 91 W, respectively_ The laboratory tests employed within this thesis were deemed suitably reliable for use in detecting any physiological differences between elite and non-elite adolescents. In Chapter 4 the physical characteristics and sexual maturity of 109 elite (67 male, 42 female) and 123 non-elite (65 male, 58 female) adolescents (aged 12 to 16 years) were examined. Height, body mass, sum of 4 skinfolds and sexual maturity were compared. Sexual maturity was more advanced in the elite males (main effect group: p < 0.05; main effect group: p = 0.08, n.s.; genital and pubic hair developmerIt, respectively)_ Elite females were older at stages of pubic hair (main effect group:p < 0_01) and breast development (main effect group: p < 0.05) and age at menarche (13.2 ± 0.9 vs. 12.3 ± 0.9 yrs; p < 0.01). The results suggest that elite males were more advanced in sexual maturity with elite females characteristic of late maturers. Chapter 5 examined peak V Oz in 101 elite (65 male, 36 female) and 114 non-elite (62 male, 52 female) adolescents, aged 12 to 16 years. Absolute (A) and relative (R) peak V O2 were higher in elite males and females when compared by age (main effect group: p < 0.01). Also, when compared by sexual maturity absolute and relative peakV02 were higher in elite males (A - main effect group: p < 0.05; genital development; R - main effect group: p < 0.01; pubic hair / genital development) and elite females (A - main effect group: p < 0.01; pubic hair / breast development; R - main effect group: p < 0.01; pubic hair / breast development). Differences in peak V02 between elite and non-elite adolescent males and females cannot be wholly attributed to differences in maturity. Chapter 6 examined submaximal V 02 and blood lactate concentration in 108 elite (66 male, 42 female) and 120 non-elite (64 males, 56 females) adolescents, aged 12 to 16 years. Running at 7, 8.8 and 10.6 km_h-l, non-elite males were more economical (lower submaximal V02; rnl.kg-l.min-l) than elite males when compared by age (main effect group: p < 0.05) and maturity (main effect group: p < 0.01; pubic hair development). In contrast non-elite females were less economical than elite females at equivalent ages (main effect group: p < 0.01) and stages of sexual maturity (main effect group: p < 0.05; p < 0.01; pubic hair and breast development, respectively). Submaxima1 blood lactate concentration was lower in elite males and females when compared by age (main effect group: p < 0.01) and by stage of pubic hair (main effect group: p < 0.01) and genital (main effect group: p < 0.05) and breast development (main effect group: p < 0.01). Superior running economy in the non-elite males may be due to a greater body fatness improving economy, or be due to an uneconomical running gait in the elite males. Superior running economy in the elite girls may have been related to biomechanical factors or the relative contribution from aerobic and anaerobic energy sources. Lower submaximal blood lactate concentration in both elite males and females may be related to the lower relative exercise intensities at each work rate. Chapter 7 examined the determinants of 3 km run performance in 13 active adolescent males aged 15.3 ± 0.4 yrs. Peak V02 (59.8 ± 4.1 m1.kg-1.min-1; range: 52.9 - 67.1) was most highly associated with running performance (13:02 ± 01:27 min:s; range: 10:35- 16:07; r = - 0.90; P < 0.01). Running velocity at peak V02 (16.9 ± 2.2 km.h-1; range: 13.4 - 21.0) also demonstrated a high correlation (r = -0.77; P < 0.01) with performance. Endurance capacity run time (running at a treadmill speed which elicited 83 ± 2 % (range: 81 - 87 %) of peak V~) was the only other variable examined to relate to 3 km performance time (r = -0.77; P < 0.01). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed the best predictor of 3 km running time (s) to be a combination of peak V02 (ml.kg-1.min-1) and body mass (kg). Chapter 8 investigated the short-term maximal power output in 63 elite and 39 non-elite males and 39 elite and 57 non-elite females aged 12 to 16 years. Absolute (W) and ratio scaled (W.kg-1) peak power were higher in elite males (p = 0.063, n.s.; p < 0.05; absolute and ratio scaled, respectively) when compared by age. Absolute peak power was lower at age 13 years in elite females, yet higher at subsequent ages compared to non-elite (age x group interaction: p < 0.01). Elite females demonstrated a lower fatigue index (%) when compared by sexual maturity (main effect group: p < 0.05). Superior short-term power output of elite males may be related to advanced sexual maturity and possibly differences in body composition. The [mal chapter examined the longitudinal development of peak V O2, submaximal V O2 (ml.kg-1.min-1), and power output in 11 elite and 5 non-elite males over 2 or 3 consecutive years. Linear additive multilevel regression modeling revealed that sum of skinfolds remained the same in the elite group yet increased in the non-elite. Peak V O2 was greater in the elite males by 9.1 ml.kg-1.min-1, with no change in age. Oxygen uptake at 10.6 km.h-1 declined by 1.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 per yr in each group. Percentage peak V O2 at the same running speed was 12 % lower in the elite and declined by 1.3 % each year in both groups. Also at the same treadmill speed, blood lactate concentration was 1.5 mmoU1 lower in the elite males compared to the non-elite, however there was no decline with age. Optimum running economy and that at 65 and 85 % peak V O2 declined by 8.0, 9.2 and 6.6 ml.kg-1.km-1, respectively, each year, yet was not different between groups. Both peak and mean power output increased disproportionately in the elite group, with percentage fatigue increasing similarly in both groups. Blood lactate 2 min post-sprint increased by 0.94 mmol.r1 per year in both groups, yet increased by - 3.0 mmor at Tanner (1962) pubic hair stage 3. The athletic superiority of young elite male and female performers may be related to advanced maturity in males but later maturity in females. A high peak V 02 is an important characteristic of young elite athletes, and also an important determinant of endurance performance. The influence of running economy upon performance remains to be elucidated, however, young elite athletes are characterised by lower blood lactate concentrations during submaximal exercise. The role of power output to performance appears to be influenced by a maturity-related factor, in addition to training.

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Henriksson, Tommy. "Physiological- and Socio-Cultural Conditions for Performance in Women's Ice Hockey." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Idrottsmedicin, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-142866.

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Background: The ice hockey community is founded on masculine norms and values, and the hockey rink is often described as “the home of men’s ice hockey”. Despite a growing popularity, women’s ice hockey has low priority in comparison to the men’s game. On top of that, the women’s game does not allow body checking, which makes it deviant from what some see as “the real game of ice hockey”. The checking prohibition causes physiological requirements to differ from the men’s game, and since women are underrepresented in ice hockey research, not much is known regarding the physiological- and socio-cultural conditions of women’s ice hockey. The overall aim of this doctoral thesis is to investigate physiological- and socio-cultural conditions important for performance in women’s ice hockey. Methods: This thesis is unique in terms of the interdisciplinary approach between physiology and gender science, and the inclusion of studies based on both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative thematic interviews with ice hockey coaches from Sweden, Canada, and the United States were used to explore socio-cultural conditions in relation to performance and sport development (Paper I). Relative age effect (RAE) in relation to maturity status was examined through anthropometric measurements and a player questionnaire (Paper II). Physiological field- and laboratory assessments were used to investigate physiological conditions and performance in female competitive ice hockey players from Sweden (Paper III-IV), and players from Canada (Paper IV). Results: The findings from Paper I suggest that coaches need to maintain a holistic approach to coaching to be able to coordinate and optimize the effects based on available conditions. Socio-cultural conditions, such as structural and financial support, are mentioned as important to support opportunities in women’s ice hockey. Furthermore, the results (Paper I) show that female players in Canada and the United States have superior opportunities compared to female players in Sweden. These advantages are mainly attributed to the support provided by the North American education systems. The findings from Paper II suggest that the relative age effect (RAEs) in women’s hockey are also influenced by socio-cultural conditions. Significant RAE (p<.05) was found for Swedish players born in the third quartile (Q3) and for Canadian player born in the second quartile (Q2). Players born in the fourth quartile (Q4) are significantly (p<.05) underrepresentated in both countries. Players tend to be average or late maturers, but no differences can be found by country or position. The findings from Paper III show that field-based assessments are comparable to laboratory assessments with the purpose of predicting skating performance. The Prediction models accounted for 13.6 % to 42 % (laboratory-based models) and 24.4 to 66.3 % (field-based models) of the variance in skating time. Regardless of assessment method, uni-lateral assessments are superior to bi-lateral assessments. The results support the use of field-based assessments in Paper IV. The findings from Paper IV show various physiological profiles for female Swedish and Canadian players. Swedish players had less body fat (p=.007), more lean mass (p=.005), and greater aerobic fitness measured with the20-meter shuttle run beep test (p=<.001). Canadian players had greater maximal isometric leg strength (p=.026), exhibit a greater running acceleration (p=<.001), performed better in single leg standing long jumps (right leg p=.002, left leg p=.030), and showed better anaerobic endurance (p=.029) on- ice. No significant differences can be found between forwards and defenders. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that physiological- and socio-cultural conditions should both be considered in relation to performance in women’s ice hockey. For example, the various physiological profiles are probably an effect of the different socio-cultural conditions in Sweden and Canada. The Canadian profile may be better adapted to performance in ice hockey, but further research is needed to establish a relationship. Since women’s ice hockey often has somewhat limited resources, this knowledge may help optimize the effect of the available resources, and thus improve performance. Improved performance may have a positive long-term effect on the symbolic view of women’s ice hockey. Women can probably further optimize their physical performance in relation to their current conditions. But for permanent changes to occur, power structures in sport must also change. Women themselves have limited opportunities to affect the dominating gender norms and values in ice hockey.
Bakgrund: Ishockeysamhället är grundat på maskulina normer och värderingar, och hockeyrinken beskrivs ofta som "herrishockeyns hem ". Trots en växande popularitet är damishockey lågt prioriterad i jämförelse med herrishockey. Tacklingar är inte tillåtna i damishockey, vilket gör att den skiljer sig från herrishockey som ofta benämns som "riktig ishockey". Tacklingsförbudet innebär att de fysiologiska kraven förändras gentemot om tacklingar skulle vara tillåtna, och det medför att studier gjorda på herrishockey inte är generaliserbara till damishockey. Eftersom kvinnor är underrepresenterade i ishockeyforskning så saknas det kunskap om de fysiologiska såväl som sociokulturella förutsättningarna inom damishockey. Det övergripande syftet med denna doktorsavhandling är att undersöka fysiologiska och sociokulturella förhållanden som är viktiga för prestation i damishockey. Metod: Denna avhandling är unik när det gäller det tvärvetenskapliga tillvägagångssättet mellan fysiologi och genus, samt att den inkluderar studier gjorda med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. Kvalitativa tematiska intervjuer med ishockeytränare från Sverige, Kanada och USA användes för att utforska sociokulturella förhållanden i förhållande till prestation och idrottsutveckling (Studie I). Relativ ålderseffekt (RAE) i förhållande till mognadsstatus undersöktes genom antropometriska mätningar och en spelarenkät (Studie II). Fysiologiska fält- och laboratorietester användes för att undersöka fysiologiska förhållanden och prestation hos kvinnliga ishockeyspelare från Sverige (Studie III-IV) samt Kanada (Studie IV). Resultat: Resultaten från Studie I visar att tränare måste försöka ha ett helhetsperspektiv för att kunna samordna resurser och optimera effekterna av dessa utifrån sina förutsättningar. Sociokulturella förhållanden, såsom strukturellt och ekonomiskt stöd, nämns som viktiga faktorer för att skapa utvecklingsmöjligheter inom damishockey. Dessutom visar resultaten (Studie I) att kvinnliga ishockeyspelare i Kanada och USA har överlägsna förutsättningar jämfört med kvinnliga ishockeyspelare i Sverige. Dessa fördelar uppkommer främst på grund av det ekonomiska och strukturella stöd som de nordamerikanska utbildningssystemen bidrar med. Resultaten från Studie II föreslår att även relativ ålderseffekt (RAE) i damishockey påverkas av sociokulturella förhållanden. Signifikant RAE (p <.05) hittades för svenska spelare födda i tredje kvartilen (Q3) och för kanadensiska spelare födda i andra kvartilen (Q2). Spelare födda i fjärde kvartilen (Q4) är signifikant (p <0,05) underrepresenterade i båda länderna. Mognadsstatusen på spelarna uppmättes till medel eller sen utifrån tid för första menstruation, men inga skillnader hittades mellan länderna eller mellan positioner. Resultaten från Studie III visar att fälttester är jämförbara med laboratorietester när syftet är att prediktera skridskoåkningsförmåga. Prediktionsmodellerna förklarade 13.6 % to 42 % (laboratoriebaserade modeller) och 24.4 % to 66.3 % (fältbaserade modeller) av variansen i åktid. Oavsett bedömningsmetod visar sig unilaterala tester överlägsna bilaterala tester att prediktera skridskoåkningsförmåga. Resultaten stöder valet av fälttester i Studie IV. Resultaten från Studie IV visar att de svenska och kanadensiska spelarna hade olika fysiologiska profiler. De svenska spelare hade mindre kroppsfett (p = .007), mer fettfri massa (p = .005) och högre aerob kapacitet mätt genom beeptest (p = <.001). De kanadensiska spelare hade högre maximal isometrisk benstyrka (p = .026), bättre löpacceleration (p = <. 001), bättre hoppkapacitet i stående längdhopp på ett ben (höger ben p = .002, vänster ben p = .030) och högre anaerob uthållighet (p = 0,29) på MRSS. Inga signifikanta skillnader hittades mellan forwards och backar. Slutsats: Resultaten från denna avhandling visar att såväl fysiologiska som sociokulturella förhållanden bör beaktas i förhållande till prestation i damishockey. Till exempel är de olika fysiologiska profilerna troligen en effekt av de olika sociokulturella förhållandena i Sverige och Kanada. Den kanadensiska profilen kan vara bättre anpassad till prestation i ishockey men ytterligare forskning behövs för att fastställa om det finns ett verkligt samband. Eftersom damishockeyn ofta har begränsade resurser kan den här kunskapen bidra till att damlag kan nyttja sina resurser på ett mer effektivt sätt och därmed förbättra sin prestation. En förbättrad prestation skulle kunna ha en positiv effekt på damishockeyns symboliska värde, men för att permanenta förändringar ska uppstå måste maktstrukturerna i sporten också förändras. Kvinnorna själva har begränsade möjligheter att påverka den dominerande könsnormen i ishockey.

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Chan, Wai-him. "The anthropometrical and physiological characteristics of the elite age group swimmer in HK." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36996683.

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Chan, Wai-him, and 陳維謙. "The anthropometrical and physiological characteristics of the elite age group swimmer in HK." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/b40203773.

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Gonjo, Tomohiro. "A comparison of biomechanical and physiological characteristics between front crawl and back crawl." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25462.

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Front crawl (FC) and back crawl (BC) are similar in terms of having alternating contributions of the arms combined with a six beat kick. However, the reason for the faster swimming times of FC than BC has not yet been established. There have been several studies in which the energy expenditure (Ė) of FC and BC were investigated. However, few researchers have compared Ė between the strokes. Also, although there have been some studies for FC using 3D motion analysis, few researchers have applied 3D motion analysis for BC. There have also been some studies in which the relationship between isokinetic torque produced on an isokinetic dynamometer and FC performance has been investigated, however, the relationship between isokinetic torque and BC performance is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine why FC is faster than BC by investigating physiological and biomechanical differences between FC and BC. Ten Portuguese male national level swimmers were recruited for this study. Three studies were conducted to achieve the aim. In the first study, Ė of FC and BC at the same testing speed below the anaerobic threshold were investigated by measuring swimmers’ oxygen uptake. Kinematic variables of FC and BC below the anaerobic threshold were also measured by 3D motion analysis in the first study. In the second study, 3D motion kinematics of FC and BC at the same selected speeds were investigated. In the third study, kinematic differences between FC and BC at the same exercise intensities, and correlations between the kinematics and isokinetic muscular torques of the swimmer in FC and BC and their differences were assessed. Below the anaerobic threshold, Ė of the swimmers in BC was significantly greater than that in FC at the same speed although there were no differences in stroke frequency (SF), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI). Swimmers also had significantly higher Froude efficiency (ηF) in FC than in BC. Differences in several kinematic variables (range of motion of the foot, duration of non-propulsive phases, and intra-cycle velocity variation) suggested that swimmers expended greater energy in BC than in FC. Differences in other kinematic variables (body roll angle, hand speed/acceleration, yaw angle fluctuation, centre of mass displacement, and hand/foot displacements) suggested the possibility of resistive impulse being larger in BC than in FC during the stroke cycle. Thus, FC is more economical and efficient than BC because swimmers lose less energy to the water during the non-propulsive phase, and possibly have smaller resistive impulse in FC than in BC at speeds below the anaerobic threshold. At the same selected speeds above the anaerobic threshold, ηF in BC was significantly lower than that in FC, which was due to faster mean 3D hand speed during the stroke cycle in BC than in FC. The faster mean hand speed in BC than in FC was due to the faster 3D hand speed during the pull phase, and longer relative duration of the release and above-water phases in BC than in FC. SI was also larger in FC than in BC, which was due to longer SL in FC than in BC. The longer SL in FC than in BC was due to the longer duration of propulsive phases and probably smaller resistive impulse during the stroke cycle in FC than in BC. At the same selected exercise intensities, FC was faster than BC because of higher SF. The higher SF in FC than in BC was due to the longer duration of the above-water phase in BC than in FC, longer hand path distance during non-propulsive phases in BC than in FC, earlier timing of the hand entry in relation to the underwater phase of the other hand in FC than in BC. SF in both FC and BC was significantly correlated with shoulder adduction isokinetic torque of the swimmers, however, the effect of shoulder isokinetic torque on the difference in swimming performance between FC and BC required further investigation. In conclusion, FC is faster than BC because swimmers can achieve higher SF in FC than in BC, and FC is more economical and efficient than in BC with indirect evidence that resistive force are greater in BC than in FC.

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MU'ALLEM, ABUBAKER SALEM. "PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN COTTON GENOTYPES AS AFFECTED BY PLANT AGE AND PLANTING DENSITIES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184031.

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Physiological characteristics of three cotton genotypes were evaluated for their responses to plant aging under high and low planting density (HPD and LPD) treatments. In addition, the relationship of these physiological characteristics to fruit production were determined. Two genotypes are sympodia producing, "Pima S-6" (Gossypium barbadense L.) and "Deltapine 90" (DPL-90) (G. hirustum L.). The third, a "Cluster Selection" (G. barbadense L.) does not produce sympodia. These genotypes were grown on a Gila sandy loam soil at Tucson, Arizona in 1984 and 1985. Plant physiological characteristics were measured under field conditions at 5 intervals. Leaf physiological characteristics were determined at 7 different leaf ages. LPD treatment significantly reduced total dry weight (TDW), fruit dry weight (FDW), and leaf area index (LAI) in each genotype, but reductions were more pronounced in Pima S-6 and Cluster Selection in both seasons. However, LPD treatment significantly increased plant leaf area, but had no effect on specific leaf weight (SLW), petiole nitrate-nitrogen (Petiole NO₃-N) concentration, leaf area ratio (LAR), and fruiting index (FI), for all genotypes in both seasons. The aging patterns of all physiological characteristics were similar in both planting density treatments, regardless of genotype or season. Regression analyses showed that photosynthetic rate was curvilinearly correlated with leaf age (r² = 0.65 to 0.77, P < 0.01). However, petiole NO₃-N concentration decreased linearly with increasing leaf age (r² = 0.90 to 0.91, P < 0.01). Photosynthetic rate increased curvilinearly with increasing petiole NO₃-N concentration (r² = 0.61 to 0.79, P < 0.01). SLW was not correlated with leaf age, or other leaf physiological characteristics regardless of planting density treatment in 1985. TDW, FI, and LAI were directly related, while petiole NO₃-N concentration and LAR were inversely related to fruit production for all genotypes in both seasons. Multiple regression analyses showed that excluding planting density treatment effect, TDW, FI, and LAI were the most important variables incorporated for fruit prediction in both seasons.

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Adukwu, Emmanuel. "Investigating physiological and genetic characteristics of community acquired infections and potential antimicrobial interventions." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2013. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/8842/.

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Myburgh, S. J. (Susanna Johanna). "Morphological and physiological characteristics for the evaluation of claw quality in Bonsmara cattle." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46074.

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The functional efficiency of beef cattle including sound claws are essential given that it has a marked influence on functional longevity and subsequent performance. The aim of this study was firstly to analyse Bonsmara inspection data to determine the extent of claw problems in the breed. Secondly, the evaluation of morphological and physiological claw characteristics with specific reference to major bioregions. Inspection data analyses indicated that 2.84% of Bonsmara cattle exhibited claw problems at inspection over a period of 11 years. Logistic regression models on a subset of inspection data revealed a significant influence (P <0.05) of sex and bioregion on claw problems with the sire effect insignificant. Breeder had the most significant effect on claw problems implying stricter selection policies of certain breeders with regard to claws as well as possible differences in management practices. Normal claws of 89 Bonsmara stud animals were collected from the three main bioregions where Bonsmara cattle are farmed (Mesic Highveld Grassland (Gm), Eastern Kalahari Bushveld (SVk) and Central Bushveld (SVcb) bioregions). The majority of the claws obtained were from Bonsmara bulls slaughtered after phase D testing with a few claws from older cows. Lateral toe length (LL), medial toe length (ML), claw circumference, colour coding and tensile strength (TS) were determined on fore and hind claws and mineral composition only on fore claws. Multiway ANOVA models indicated that bioregion, moisture content, calcium (Ca), selenium (Se) and claw position (fore versus hind) had a significant effect (P <0.05) on tensile strength. Bioregion, AgeSex and ForeHind effects were significant (P <0.05) with regards to the respective morphological measurements (LL, ML and claw circumference). The research serves as a benchmark for claw traits in the Bonsmara breed and will assist in future studies.
Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
MScAgric
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Thomas, Kathy Wright. "Voice Onset Time Characteristics of Selected Phonemes in Young and Old Male Speakers." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500707/.

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The purpose of the investigation was to compare mean voice onset time in young and old male subjects, as well as to examine variability of VOT productions with age for prevocalic bilabial, alveolar, and velar voiced and voiceless stop consonants. Forty-five Caucasion.males were divided equally into three.age groups. Ten tokens of six stimulus words were recorded and wide band spectrograms were made. Results of an analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in VOT with age when averages of the phonemes were used for analysis; however, a significant interaction between age and voiced phonemes was found when individual trials of phoneme productions were used for analysis.

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Lee, Hamilton, and n/a. "Competitive mountain bike and road cycling: physiological characteristics of athletes and demands of competition." University of Canberra. Health Sciences, 2003. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050523.110406.

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Despite many studies describing the physiological characteristics of professional road cyclists and recent work describing the demands of competition, there is a paucity of similar information regarding elite mountain bike (MTB) cyclists. The aim of the present work was to describe the physiological characteristics and the demands of competition for successful MTB cyclists relative to successful road cyclists. Internationally competitive cyclists from both disciplines (seven MTB and seven road) completed the following laboratory tests: anthropometric measurements, an incremental cycle ergometer test and a 30 minute laboratory time trial. In addition, the power output profile obtained in the field from a world-class MTB cyclist riding a simulated race were compared to successful road cycling performances (placing top 3) in flat (FLAT), semi-mountainous (SEMO), high-mountainous (HIMO), individual time trial (ITT) and criterium (CRIT) road races. Due to conversion problems, 6 sentences have been omitted. For full abstract, see 01front.pdf. These results indicate that success in international MTB racing requires high power-to-weight characteristics complemented by a light and lean physique. MTB racing is associated with greater torque at the pedal crank, a more constant effort with less time at lower power outputs and a higher frequency of highintensity surges than road racing. Therefore coaches should take into account these unique MTB racing characteristics when devising training programs for elite athletes.

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Wang, Yingfang. "Low temperature effects on physiological characteristics of dormant white spruce (Picea glauca) bareroot seedlings." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ34854.pdf.

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Watkins, Andrew. "A survey of culturable methanogens in contrasting marine sediments, their substrates and physiological characteristics." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/29046/.

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Few culture-based surveys have been undertaken on methanogens in contrasting marine sediments. This project conducted a comprehensive study of methanogens in a range of marine sediments including tidal-flats, a shallow bay, deep-water mud volcanoes and Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments. Nine of the sixteen recognised methanogen genera were cultured ranging from only one methanogen genus at mud volcano sites to eight in tidal-flats. At a number of these sites, culture-independent techniques (16S rRNA and mcrA gene sequences) had either failed to detect the presence of methanogens or had under-estimated the methanogen diversity. Acetate and hydrogen utilizing methanogens (including two strains of the genus Methanococcus) were cultured from marine sediments with high sulphate content. But by far the most abundant genus was Methanococcoides being isolated from seven of the sites investigated, including the deepest (in terms of water depth) non-thermophilic methanogens so far isolated. Study of the isolated Methanococcoides strains has extended the substrate range of the genus by identifying of two new directly utilized methylated substrates (betaine and choline). The substrate range of this genus has been further extended by demonstrating dimethylsulphide utilization, a compound only previously known as a growth substrate in closely related genera. In addition to substrate tests, representative strains from each of the sites investigated were physiology characterized including temperature, pH and Na+ concentration ranges. Members of the genus Methanococcoides are mesophilic/ psychrotolerant, neutrophilic and halotolerant. Their substrates are limited to methylated compounds. For the first time strains of mesophilic methanogens (Methanococcoides) were tested for their ability to grow under elevated hydrostatic pressure, up to 70 MPa. In conclusion, methylotrophic methanogens play an important role in marine sediment methanogenesis with the methylotrophic genus Methanococcoides being widespread. The range of methylotrophic substrates is wider than previously described and further work is required to determine the full extant of methylated compounds as substrates for methanogenesis. Molecular based studies often fail to identify the presence of methanogens that are subsequently detected in culture-based studies.

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Gabbert, Morgan Lee. "SPEED ACCURACY IN MOTOR PERFORMANCE AND RISK-TAKING CHARACTERISTICS." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1514989039606869.

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Wood, Douglas M. (Douglas Michael). "Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Cocaine: Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance Characteristics." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500536/.

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Rats were trained to discriminate an injection of cocaine, 5.0 mg/kg, from an injection of saline, using a two-lever choice paradigm: one lever was correct after cocaine injection, the other lever was correct after a saline injection. After training, cocaine and methamphetamine were generalized to the cocaine lever, but phenethylamine (PEA) was only partially generalized. Cocaine was injected every 8 hrs, 20.0 mg/kg, and the discriminability of 5.0 mg/kg was tested every other day. Redetermination of the cocaine generalization curve after 6 days of chronic administration showed a shift to the right, from an ED50 of 4.1 mg/kg in the pre-chronic condition to 10.0 mg/kg. Tolerance did not develop to the behavioral effects of cocaine, measured by time to the first reinforcement and response rate. There was cross-tolerance to methamphetamine; however, no evidence for cross-tolerance to PEA was obtained. Following the acquisition of tolerance, chronic administration of cocaine was terminated, and the discriminability of 5.0 mg/kg was tested every other day for loss of tolerance. After 8 days the ED50 returned to 5.0 mg/kg.

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El-Majbari, Farag Ali Mustafa 1946. "Effect of soil moisture stress on photosynthesis and other physiological characteristics of seven sorghum cytoplasms." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277168.

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The experiment was conducted at the University of Arizona Campus Agricultural Center to evaluate the effect of soil moisture stress on photosynthesis, transpiration, diffusive resistance, temperature differential, leaf temperature, and specific leaf weight of seven sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cytoplasms represented by nine lines. As soil moisture stress increased, diffusive resistance and leaf temperature increased whereas photosynthesis and transpiration decreased. Temperature differential was highest under high soil moisture stress and lowest under medium soil moisture stress. Specific leaf weight was highest under medium soil moisture stress. Three lines, AKS37, AKS38, and A2Tx398, representing two different germplasms under high soil moisture stress exhibited high photosynthesis and transpiration rates, high specific leaf weights, and low diffusive resistance. Differences in photosynthesis rates under non-soil moisture stress between A1 and A2 cytoplasmic sterility systems were significant.

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Brown, Hannah. "Physical, physiological and performance characteristics associated with close quarter battle expertise in special forces soldiers." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2022. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2609.

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Andersson, Erik. "PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL FACTORS DETERMINING CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING PERFORMANCE." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för hälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-27898.

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Cross-country (c.c.) skiing is a complex sport discipline from both physiological and biomechanical perspectives, with varying course topographies that require different proportions of the involved sub-techniques to be utilised. A relatively new event in c.c. skiing is the sprint race, involving four separate heats, each lasting 2-4 min, with diverse demands from distance races associated with longer durations. Therefore, the overall aim of the current thesis has been to examine the biomechanical and physiological factors associated with sprint c.c. skiing performance through novel measurements conducted both in the field (Studies I-III) and the laboratory (Studies IV and V). In Study I sprint skiing velocities and sub-techniques were analysed with a differential global navigation satellite system in combination with video recording. In Studies II and III the effects of an increasing velocity (moderate, high and maximal) on the biomechanics of uphill classical skiing with the diagonal stride (DS) (Study II) and herringbone (HB) (Study III) sub-techniques were examined. In Study I the skiers completed the 1,425 m (2 x 712 m) sprint time trial (STT) in 207 s, at an average velocity of 24.8 km/h, with multiple technique transitions (range: 21-34) between skiing techniques (i.e., the different gears [G2-7]). A pacing strategy involving a fast start followed by a gradual slowing down (i.e., positive pacing) was employed as indicated by the 2.9% faster first than second lap. The slower second lap was primarily related to a slower (12.9%) uphill velocity with a shift from G3 towards a greater use of G2. The maximal oxygen uptake ( O2max) was related to the ability to maintain uphill skiing velocity and the fastest skiers used G3 to a greater extent than G2. In addition, maximal speed over short distances (50 and 20 m) with the G3 and double poling (DP) sub-techniques exerted an important impact on STT performance. Study II demonstrated that during uphill skiing (7.5°) with DS, skiers increased cycle rate and cycle length from moderate to high velocity, while cycle rate increased and cycle length decreased at maximal velocity. Absolute poling, gliding and kick times became gradually shorter with an elevated velocity. The rate of pole and leg force development increased with elevated velocity and the development of leg force in the normal direction was substantially faster during skiing on snow than previous findings for roller skiing, although the peak force was similar in both cases. The fastest skiers applied greater peak leg forces over shorter durations. Study III revealed that when employing the HB technique on a steep uphill slope (15°), the skiers positioned their skis laterally (“V” between 25 to 30°) and planted their poles at a slight lateral angle (8 to 12°), with most of the propulsive force being exerted on the inside forefoot. Of the total propulsive force, 77% was generated by the legs. The cycle rate increased across all three velocities (from 1.20 to 1.60 Hz), while cycle length only increased from moderate to high velocity (from 2.0 to 2.3 m). Finally, the magnitude and rate of leg force generation are important determinants of both DS and HB skiing performance, although the rate is more important in connection with DS, since this sub-technique involves gliding. In Studies IV and V skiers performed pre-tests for determination of gross efficiency (GE), O2max, and Vmax on a treadmill. The main performance test involved four self-paced STTs on a treadmill over a 1,300-m simulated course including three flat (1°) DP sections interspersed with two uphill (7°) DS sections. The modified GE method for estimating anaerobic energy production during skiing on varying terrain employed in Study IV revealed that the relative aerobic and anaerobic energy contributions were 82% and 18%, respectively, during the 232 s of skiing, with an accumulated oxygen (O2) deficit of 45 mL/kg. The STT performance time was largely explained by the GE (53%), followed by O2 (30%) and O2 deficit (15%). Therefore, training strategies designed to reduce energetic cost and improve GE should be examined in greater detail. In Study V metabolic responses and pacing strategies during the four successive STTs were investigated. The first and the last trials were the fastest (both 228 s) and were associated with both a substantially larger and a more rapid anaerobic energy supply, while the average O2 during all four STTs was similar. The individual variation in STT performance was explained primarily (69%) by the variation in O2 deficit. Furthermore, positive pacing was employed throughout all the STTs, but the pacing strategy became more even after the first trial. In addition, considerably higher (~ 30%) metabolic rates were generated on the uphill than on the flat sections of the course, reflecting an irregular production of anaerobic energy. Altogether, a fast start appears important for STT performance and high work rates during uphill skiing may exert a more pronounced impact on skiing performance outdoors, due to the reduction in velocity fluctuations and thereby overall air-drag.

Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 5 inskickat

At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 5 submitted

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Kawamori, Naoki. "Sprint acceleration performance in team sports : biomechanical characteristics and training methods." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/224.

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Sprinting is a fundamental activity in many team sports such as soccer, rugby, football, field hockey, and basketball. Specifically, the ability to rapidly increase sprint running velocity over short distances, which is often referrcd to as sprint acceleration ability, is of major importance to team-sport athletes since sprint efforts during team-sport matches are typically of short duration (e.g., 10-20 m, 2-3 s). Biomechanical characteristics of the acceleration phase of sprinting has previously been studied in track sprinters from a block start, but there is a dearth of research exploring tile biomechanieal charactcristics of sprint acceleration in team-sport athletes from starting positions that are specific to team-sport match situations (e.g., standing start). In addition, resisted sprint training such as weighted sled towing is a popular training modality that athletes often use in an effort to improve sprint acceleration ability, but its use is largely based on choaches' observation and lacks experimental evidence. In particular, the optimal training load for resisted sprint training is currently unknown. This thesis explored to fill the research gap in such areas.

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Ren, Chengwei. "Characteristics and physiological causes of a precocious germination mutant of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. Pekinensis)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ27466.pdf.

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Gokul, Arun. "Impact of vanadium stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics in heavy metal susceptible and tolerant Brassicaceae." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3582.

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There is an influx in heavy metals into soils and ground water due to activities such as increased mineral mining, improper watering and the use of heavy metal contaminated fertilizers. These heavy metals are able to increase the ROS species within plants which may result in plant metabolism deterioration and tissue damage. Heavy metals may also directly damage plants by rendering important enzymes non-functional through binding in metal binding sites of enzymes. The heavy metal focused on in this study was vanadium due to South Africa being one of the primary produces of this metal. Two related Brassica napus L cultivars namely Agamax and Garnet which are economically and environmentally important to South Africa were exposed to vanadium. Physiological experiments such as cell death, chlorophyll and biomass determination were conducted to understand how these cultivars were affected by vanadium toxicity. A low cost, sensitive and robust vanadium assay was developed to estimate the amount of vanadium in samples such as water, soils and plant material. The oxidative state as well as the antioxidant profile of the two cultivars were also observed under vanadium stress. A chlorophyll assay which was conducted on the two cultivars xiv exposed to vanadium showed a marked decrease in chlorophyll A in the suspected sensitive cultivar which was Garnet. However, the suspected tolerant cultivar Agamax fared better and the decrease in chlorophyll A was much less. A similar trend was observed for the two cultivars when the cell death assay was conducted. The vanadium assay showed that Garnet had higher concentrations of vanadium within its leaves and lower concentrations in its roots when compared to Agamax. This observation displayed that Agamax had inherent mechanisms which it used to localize vanadium in its roots and which assisted in its tolerance to the vanadium stress. The oxidative state was determined by doing assays for the specific reactive oxygen species namely hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. It was observed that vanadium treated Garnet leaves had higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production when compared to the Agamax treated leaves. In-gel native PAGE activity gels were conducted to determine the antioxidant profile for the two cultivars which were exposed to vanadium. The antioxidant enzymes which were under investigation were ascorbate peroxide (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-dependent peroxidases (GPX-like) as these enzymes are known to be responsible for controlling the ROS produced in the plants. The GPX-like profile consisted of three isoforms. No isoforms were inhibited by vanadium treatments but one isoform had increased activity in both the Garnet and Agamax treated samples. The SOD profile for Garnet consisted of six isoforms xv and Agamax had seven isoforms. One isoform which was visualized in both Agamax as well as Garnet was inhibited by vanadium treatments. Agamax also had two isoforms which were up-regulated however the corresponding isoforms in Garnet showed no change. The Ascorbate peroxidase profile consisted of seven isoforms for both Garnet and Agamax. No isoforms were inhibited by vanadium treatment. Three isoforms were up-regulated in Garnet and Agamax under vanadium treatments. Here, it is illustrated that Garnet lacked certain mechanisms found in Agamax (and thus experienced more cell death, yield and chlorophyll loss) and performed worst under high vanadium concentrations. Although Garnet increased the activity of some of its antioxidant isoforms in response to increasing ROS levels it was not adequate to maintain a normal oxidative homeostasis. This disruption in oxidative homeostasis lead to plant damage. Agamax was observed to produce less ROS than Garnet and was able to control the ROS produced more effectively than Garnet and thus less damage was observed in Agamax.
Magister Scientiae - MSc

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Al-Munajed, Mohamad Kusai. "The effect of the physiological characteristics of the periodontal ligament on the bonding of orthodontic brackets." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419701.

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Mazloumi, Gavgani Alireza. "Clinical and physiological characteristics of cybersickness." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1405200.

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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
In the last two decades there have been substantial advances in the development of virtual reality (VR) technology for various applications such as entertainment, education and training. However, limited knowledge is available about the side effects of this technology including cybersickness - a form of motion sickness that is caused by immersion in VR. My present study is aimed at providing an insight into cybersickness in order to better understand the physiological characteristics of this averse phenomenon. In this study, a total of 79 healthy volunteers (41 females, 38 males) were exposed to cybersickness provoking VR content (virtual ride on a rollercoaster using Oculus Rift head-mounted display) in four independent research experiments. In the first experiment (described in Chapter 2), we investigated the symptom profile of cybersickness and explored if desensitization can occur with repetitive exposure. We found that gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea are the most common symptoms associated with cybersickness followed by other - central, peripheral and sopite-like symptoms. We found that these symptoms can last over 3 hours after exposure. Our results clearly demonstrate that repetitive exposure to virtual environments can result in habituation to cybersickness. Our findings demonstrate that forehead sweating increases significantly with increasing nausea and therefore, forehead sweating can be a reliable biomarker for cybersickness in general and nausea in particular. In the second experiment (described in Chapter 3), we examined the effects of visual content on the intensity of cybersickness symptoms. We found that changes in the direction of visual flow of the same VR content has a significant effect on the severity of sickness such that moving forward in a virtual environment is more provocative than moving backward. In the third experiment (described in Chapter 4), two different imaging modalities were used to analyse brain hemodynamic during cybersickness. We found that cybersickness is associated with variations in brain activity (region-specific increases and decreases) in a complex network in numerous cortical regions related to the cognitive, evaluative and sensory discriminative aspects of this syndrome. Our results demonstrate that overall sensitivity to cybersickness was significantly higher in females than males. In the fourth experiment (described in Chapter 5), we compared the subjective symptoms and physiological effects of cybersickness induced by virtual reality and “classic” motion sickness triggered by vestibular stimulation (Coriolis cross-coupling). We found that despite fundamental differences in provoking stimuli, cybersickness and motion sickness are clinically identical. We conclude that cybersickness is a complex syndrome, and that its symptoms and physiological effects are far beyond the common gastrointestinal symptoms. My work represents detailed characterisation of symptoms and physiological changes that accompany cybersickness. The major impact of my work is, firstly, in the identification of a selective and sensitive biomarker that will allow detection, monitoring and quantification of cybersickness in future studies. Secondly, my finding of similarity between cybersickness and “classical” motion sickness opens opportunity for translational work, namely developing of a simple test for assessing motion sickness susceptibility, and a novel approach for motion sickness desensitization.

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Metcalfe, Stephen R. "The physiological characteristics of elite women's basketball." Thesis, 1998. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/17881/.

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Increasing numbers of Australians are playing the sport of basketball. The game's ability to be played both indoors and outdoors, and the international popularity of the game make it an appealing sport for people of all ages. With an impressive 198 countries affiliated with the International Basketball Federation and an incredible 100,000,000 (one hundred million) women throughout the world playing basketball, the position of women's basketball has never looked stronger. According to Basketball Australia, females constitute 50% of the registered basketball playing population in Australia with approximately 350,000 participants. Participation rates have doubled in the last seven years. One of the factors believed to have contributed to the growth in the number of women playing basketball in Australia, is the increased profile of the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL). According to Leanne Grantham, Chief Executive of the WNBL, record crowds were recorded throughout the 1995/96 seasons with a subsequent rise in the level of media interest. The WNBL was one of Australia's first full home and away sporting competitions for women and is considered to be one of the three most competitive female basketball competitions in the world. This is reflected in the high number of overseas players (imports) who seek to join the competition each year. Tom Maher, Head Coach of the Australian Senior Women's Basketball Team (Opals), advocates that the standard of the WNBL is in a large way responsible for the success of Australian Junior and Senior Teams at international competitions. The Australian Junior Women's Team (Gems) won a silver medal at the 1997 World Junior Championships and is currently ranked two in the World and the Senior Women's Team, which won its first ever Olympic medal (bronze) at the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games, is currently ranked three. Given the increase in the profile of women's basketball both in Australia and overseas, it is interesting to note the limited number of studies which have investigated the physiological requirements of the game. A physiological investigation of elite women's basketball may provide answers to questions such as: What is the nature of the physiological strain incurred by elite players during performance? Which system does the majority of energy contribution during performance come from? What type of specific strength and conditioning is required? Do the physiological stresses placed on elite women basketballers vary according to position?

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沈家玉. "Study of morphological and physiological characteristics in picoplankton." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35645263926585907557.

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碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
生命科學研究所
96
Planktonic organisms can be subdivided based on dimensional criteria, and picoplankton are defined on 0.2-5 μm size-scale organisms. Picoplankton are distributed worldwide and are ubiquitous in all types of waters, including autotrophic picoplankton and heterotrophic picoplankton. Autotrophic picoplankton are major players in carbon production in all aquatic ecosystems. Recently picoplankton are popular subjects in research, and most of them are interested in nutritive values, physiological characterizations, ecological roles, and categorization. In those studies, most are aimed at known picoplankton, but there are lots of unknown species in biosphere. In this study, picoplankton were isolated in water samples, and furthermore be categorized by morphology and physiological characterizations. There are three parts in this study: (I) Morphological observations in microscopy and scanner electric microscopy. (II) Categorization by blasting of 16S sequence. (III) Physiological characterizations by determining growth rates and the level of photosynthetic pigments of isolated picoplankton in different light conditions. According to the data of this study, picoplankton from different depth of the water in Fei Cui reservoir are also different in morphology and physiological characterizations, suppose the pressure of the depth of the water affect. In addition, the conclusion also advice that the best length of 16S sequence is more than 1500 bp for more effective blasting.

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SU, RONG-TING, and 蘇融廷. "Physiological Characteristics and Fruiting Development of Dictyophora indusiata." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22149771032749076864.

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碩士
亞洲大學
生物科技學系
103
Dictyophora indusiata belonging to Basidiomycota, Agaromycetes, Phallales, Phallaceae and Dictyophora , is an edible mushroom widely used in Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Southern Japan, China and Taiwan. It was called “veiled lady mushroom” or “queen of the mushrooms” due to its beautiful appearance, delicious taste and health function. Many studies suggested that D. indusiata polysaccharide is β-d-glucan. This natural polysaccharide possessed excellent potential bioactivities such as anticancer, antitumor, immunomodulation activity, antioxidant activities, and so forth. Although its edible and medicinal value was extremely high, however the yield produced in Taiwan is rarely, mostly rely on importing from China. D. indusiata imported from China was expensive and added an excess of sulfur dioxide. This study was to investigate the D. indusiata mycelial growth and fruiting body development on agar plate medium and sawdust substrate, preserved fresh fruiting bodies of D. indusiata and tried to find out the most optimum methods in cultivation. Results showed the best environment for mycelial growth on PDA medium was 26℃ and pH 5.5. On sawdust substrate, results showed the best temperature for mycelial growth were 28℃. The suitable substrate formulations were to add 20% wheat middling, with small amount of CaSO4 and sucrose. Studies on sawdust medium substituted with Moso bamboo shavings or paddy straw. Showed the mycelium of D. indusiata grew faster by Moso bamboo shavings but slower by paddy straw. In this study, substrate formulation of sawdust(78%), wheat middlings(20%), CaSO4(1%) and sucrose(1%) have the higher mycelial growth. Alternative suitable formulations were sawdust(19.5%), bamboo shavings(58.5%), wheat middlings(20%), CaSO4(1%) and sucrose(1%) showed the highest mycelial growth. Test on fruiting development revealed that mycelium grown in substrates which covered with sawdust and organic fertilizer produced the highest yield. The gulei stored at 4℃ still could develop the normal fruiting body at room temperature. The fruiting body of D. indusiata treated with 1000 ppm Vitamins C solution for 1 minute prolonged its shelf life 10 days.

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Wang, Ren-Xuan, and 王仁軒. "Luteolin affects the physiological characteristics of dendritic cells." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/v8g833.

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碩士
國立嘉義大學
微生物免疫與生物藥學系研究所
107
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells. They are the key to initiate immune responses and induce immune tolerance. The generated tolerogenic DCs might be a useful tool for the induction of specific unresponsiveness. Luteolin is a kind of flavonoid that exists in many types of plants including vegetables, fruits, and medicinal herbs. It has multiple biological activities like anti-cancer and anti-oxidation. Besides, luteolin has been evidenced its anti-inflammatory effect through blockade of NF-κB activation in macrophages. Whether luteolin treated DCs can differentiate to suppressive status is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the influence of luteolin on the physiological characteristics and functions of DCs, and evaluate their ability to modulate T cell responses. Mouse DCs were matured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Allogeneic T cells, isolated from spleens of BALB/c mice, were co-cultured with luteolin-treated DCs, and then the proliferation of T cells was assessed. After treatment with luteolin, the expression of surface molecules (MHC-II, CD80, CD86, CD83, CD40, CD54 and CD274) of DCs was determined by FACS analysis. Besides, the level of mRNA in luteolin-treated DCs was also measured. The results showed that luteolin-treated DCs could strongly inhibit allogenic T-cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with non-treated DCs, the treatment of luteolin clearly decreased the expression of CD80 and CD86 molecules on DCs. Furthermore, the cytokine mRNA of IL-12p40, IL-10 and STAT-3 in DCs were inhibited by luteolin, and the cytokine mRNA of TGF-β was increased. These results suggested that luteolin changed the DCs to suppressive properties. It might be a tool to use in transplantation or DC-associated disease.

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Walsh, Richard John. "Physiological characteristics, activity patterns and physiological responses of elite women field hockey players during competition." Thesis, 1996. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15361/.

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Despite the popularity of field hockey very little research has investigated the physical requirements of, and the responses to, a game of field hockey. This study investigated the physiological characteristics of six elite women hockey players, their movement patterns during a game and the accompanying acute physiological responses. Players were chosen from the Victorian State Women's Field Hockey team on the basis of playing positions characterised by a high work-rate.

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Cheng, Ronshan. "Growth, physiological characteristics and plasmid profiles of Bifidobacterium species." Thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/27146.

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The fecal flora of healthy bottle or breast-fed infants was examined for the presence of Bifidobacterium. Identification was based on the presence of fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase, which is found only in these bacteria. No bifidobacteria were recovered from bottle-fed infants. However, bifidobacteria were readily isolated from 15 day to 3 month old breast-fed infants. Further characterization revealed B. breve and B. longum were the dominant species in feces of breast-fed infants, but atypical strains also were found. A whey-based medium (7% sweet whey, 0.05% cysteine and 0.3% yeast extract, WCY-0.3) was developed to grow Bifidobacterium species without use of anaerobic incubation conditions. Freshly pasteurized WCY-0.3 was inoculated with 0.2% (10⁶ to 10⁷ CFU/ml) of the following active cultures of bifidobacteria: B. bifidum 15696, B. breve 15700, B. longum 15707, B. breve 15698, B. longum L10, B. longum L12, and B. longum 3j. Following incubation for 12 hours, most strains reached cell densities of 10⁹ to 5 x 10⁹ CFU/ml, except B. bifidum 15696 and B. longum 3j. Addition of Oxyrase to the WCY (WC with any level of yeast extract) at 0.03 unit/ml (WCYO) reduced the lag phase of all strains, allowing maximum populations to be reached more quickly. A higher population density (2 to 7 times) could be achieved in the WCOY-0.3 medium with strains 15696, 15700, 15707, and L10 by incorporating 1.9% sodium glycerophosphate or trimagnesium phosphate with incubation for 12 hours at 37°C. Also, viability of these strains was retained throughout a 24-hour incubation period, in contrast to rapid death of cells grown without the neutralizing agents. Inoculation of WCY-0.3 or WCOY-0.3 medium with frozen concentrates (10⁷ to 10⁸ CFU/ml) of bifidobacteria allowed equal growth of all species, except B. bifidum 15696, which grew much better in WCOY-0.3 than in WCY- 0.3. Survival stability of whey-based medium-grown bifidobacteria when resuspended in pasteurized skim milk and refrigerated at 4°C was strain dependent and enhanced by the presence of 0.05% cysteine; generally ATCC strains were more stable than strains freshly isolated from baby feces. In this regard, B. breve 15700, B. longum 15707, and B. breve 15698 did not lose viability in 11% skim milk with 0.05% cysteine within 10 days of storage. Stability of whey-based medium-grown bifidobacteria in WCY with 15% glycerol during six months storage at -40°C was strain dependent. Bifidobacterium bifidum 15696, B. breve 15700, B. longum 15707, B. breve 15698, and B. longum L12 did not lose viability; however B. bifidum L6 lost about 50% viability, while B. longum L10, B. breve T10, and B. breve T2 lost about one log population density. The plasmid profiles of 35 strains of bifidobacteria from human sources were examined. Only one strain, B. breve 15698, harbored a 5.8Kb plasmid. A curing process using UV-light treatment to remove the plasmid was carried out but characterictics of the cured strain were identical to those of the parent strain, indicating the plasmid is cryptic.
Graduation date: 1991

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WANG, JUN-LI, and 王均琍. "Physiological characteristics ofendomycorrhizae odzuki bean infected with glomus species." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37833420528197573681.

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Liu, Fang-Yi, and 劉芳宜. "The physiological characteristics of tibial cartilage in poultry embryos." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92619125698610654202.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
動物科學技術學研究所
95
The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the physiological parameters of bone growth and to establish the avian tibial chondrocyte culture system. Native chicken, broiler, mule duck and Pekin duck were used as the experiment materials. In order to understand the tibial development process in the embryonic stage, type II collagen and glycosaminoglycans were assayed for studying of different sources morphology of chondrocyte in vivo. Growth plate from tibial cartilages of chicken embryos(12 days of incubation), Pekin duck embryos(16 days of incubation) and mule duck embryos(18 days of incubation) were cultured in vitro for 15 days. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and type II collagen contents in chondrocytes were measured every 3 days during the culturing period. Alizarin red S was used to measure the degree of mineralization. The results showed that we could not only recognize meat-type poultry tibia growth characteristics in the embryonic post-stage, but also understand the secretion of extracellular matrix. We found that meat-type chicken group had a significant longer tibia length and the amount of glycosaminoglycan in tibia at day14-15 after incubation. We also found that in meat-type duck group at day 23-24 after incubation in vitro experiment, we found ALP activity of native chickens were higher than that of broilers from day 6 to day 12（P<0.05）after culturing. The ALP activity of Pekin ducks were higher than those of mule ducks (437.67 vs. 265.81 U/mg), and ALP activity of native chickens were higher than those of broilers (390.13 vs. 171.41 U/mg) in chondrocytes. The protein concentration of type II collagen in ducks was higher than that of chickens in chondrocytes. The results revealed that the duck chondrocyte had earlier characteristics of mineralization in embryo stage than those of chickens. The established culture system may be used for the study of factors that affect the chondrocytes growth in poultry.

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SUN, MING-DE, and 孫明德. "Eco-physiological characteristics of greenery plants on stony slope." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46922378678371757378.

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Lo, Hui-Fang, and 羅慧芳. "Breeding of cellulose-fermenting new yeasts and physiological characteristics." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59987050973170736384.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
食品科學系所
95
The results showed the optimum culture conditions of F1 were the medium contained 1.5%yeast extract and 1.5%cellulose powder at pH6 and growing at 30℃. F1 could assimilate citric acid and salicin which parent strain FusantAAR3 without the ability. F1 utilized organic nitrogen was better than inorganic nitrogen. Doing simple fermenting test, F1 have a little fermenting ability. Cellulose prowder pretreated with phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid make cellulose powder like-gel for improving cellulose-fermenting ability of F1. So used after washed and filted to get rid of acid. So that utilizing ability and fermenting ability of cellulose will enhance. Presaccharification or saccharification and fermentation in same vessel were applied for cellulose fermentation, fermentation rate can achieved to 59.2％. The study was tried to breed the cellulose-fermenting yeast by protoplast fusion. The fusion was carried out between the protoplasts of FusantAAR3 ( Schizosaccharomyces pombe × Aspergillus niger × Rhizopus delemer ) and mushroom which can digest the cellulose such as Lentinula edodes . The method of protoplasts preparation for removing the cell wall of two parents strains, the cell wall lytic enzyme from Trichoderma viride was used. Then, the protoplasts fusion was promoted by polyethylene glycol (PEG), and cell wall regeneration of fusants was carried out in regeneration medium. So, new yeasts of fusant were isolated. Thus, the first time isolated fusant was named F1.Morphology of F1 were investigated. The assimilation and fermentation ability of carbon sources, and assimilation ability of nitrogen were investigated, too.

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