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Journal articles on the topic 'Physics detectors'
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1
Balkova, Y., M. Urbaniak, A. Makhnev, S. Puławski, S. Kowalski, J. Kulawik, F. Guber, and D. Serebryakov. "New beam position detectors for NA61/SHINE experiment." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): C08019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/c08019.
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Abstract NA61/SHINE is a multi-purpose fixed-target experiment located at the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN. The main goals of the experiment include studies for physics of strong interactions, neutrino physics, and cosmic-rays physics. After the upgrade of the detector system, the experiment will collect data up to 1 kHz event rate. The development of new detectors, used to measure the positions of incoming beam particles in the transverse plane, is a crucial part of the upgrade. Two new kinds of beam position detectors are prepared and tested. One of them is the scintillating fiber detector with a multi-anode photomultiplier readout. It is built of two perpendicularly arranged ribbons, each consisting of two shifted layers of green-emitting scintillating fibers with a diameter of 250 μm. The second type of detector is based on single-sided silicon strip detector (Hamamatsu S13804). The paper gives an overview of both detectors’ design and readout concepts.
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Zareef, F., A. Oblakowska-Mucha, and T. Szumlak. "Silicon detectors beyond LHC — RD50 status report." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): C11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/c11004.
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Abstract The last decade showed the leading role of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments in particle physics. To fully exploit its physics potential, the significant increase of LHC luminosity is planned. At the High luminosity Phase-II Upgrade (HL-LHC), foreseen for 2027, a peak instantaneous luminosity of 5 × 1034 cm−2, with an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb−1 is expected. The experiments will be subjected to radiation levels up to 2 × 1016 neq/cm2 at the innermost layers of the detectors. Since more than a decade the RD50 collaboration has been conducting a significant R&D program across experimental boundaries to create silicon sensors with adequate radiation tolerance for HL-LHC trackers. HV-CMOS sensors, 3D detectors, and low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) are important areas of detector research and development. We will discuss the current state of research and development in numerous silicon detector domains, with a focus on 3D and LGAD detectors. We will also discuss the alternatives for detector selection experiments outside of the LHC, using the FCC as an example.
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Kohagura, J., T. Cho, M. Hirata, T. Okamura, T. Tamano, K. Yatsu, S. Miyoshi, K. Hirano, and H. Maezawa. "New methods for semiconductor charge-diffusion-length measurements using synchrotron radiation." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 874–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597017524.
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The extension of a new theory on the X-ray energy response of semiconductor detectors is carried out to characterize the X-ray response of a multichannel semiconductor detector fabricated on one silicon wafer. Recently, these multichannel detectors have been widely utilized for position-sensitive observations in various research fields, including synchrotron radiation research and fusion-plasma investigations. This article represents the verification of the physics essentials of a proposed theory on the X-ray response of semiconductor detectors. The three-dimensional charge-diffusion effects on the adjoining detector-channel signals are experimentally demonstrated at the Photon Factory for two types of multichannel detectors. These findings are conveniently applicable for measuring diffusion lengths for industrial requirements.
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Madejczyk, P., W. Gawron, A. Kębłowski, K. Mlynarczyk, D. Stępień, P. Martyniuk, A. Rogalski, J. Rutkowski, and J. Piotrowski. "Higher Operating Temperature IR Detectors of the MOCVD Grown HgCdTe Heterostructures." Journal of Electronic Materials 49, no. 11 (August 24, 2020): 6908–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08369-3.
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Abstract This paper summarizes progress in metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) technology achieved in recent years at the Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology and VIGO System S.A. MOCVD with a wide range of composition and donor/acceptor doping and without post-growth annealing is a very convenient tool for the deposition of HgCdTe epilayers used for uncooled infrared detectors. Particular attention is focused on: surface morphology improvement, doping issues, diffusion processes during growth study, substrate issues, crystallographic orientation selection. In this respect, MOCVD technology improvement influencing IR detector parameters is shown. CdTe buffer layer deposition allows HgCdTe heterostructure growth on GaAs substrates. Theoretical modelling using APSYS platform supports designing and better understanding of the carrier transport mechanism in detector’s structures. Secondary ion mass spectrometry profiles allows to compare projected and obtained structures and revealed diffusion processes of the elements. A wide range of different types of infrared detectors operating at high operating temperature conditions has been constructed: photoresistors, non-equilibrium photodiodes, dual-band photodiodes, barrier and multiple detectors. The methodical research efforts contributed to the time constant reduction are important in many detector applications. Future challenges and prospects are also discussed.
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Rothe, J., G. Angloher, F. Ardellier-Desages, A. Bento, L. Canonica, A. Erhart, N. Ferreiro, et al. "NUCLEUS: Exploring Coherent Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering with Cryogenic Detectors." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 199, no. 1-2 (December 10, 2019): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-019-02283-7.
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AbstractThe NUCLEUS experiment aims for the detection of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering at a nuclear power reactor with gram-scale, ultra-low-threshold cryogenic detectors. This technology leads to a miniaturization of neutrino detectors and allows to probe physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. A 0.5 g NUCLEUS prototype detector, operated above ground in 2017, reached an energy threshold for nuclear recoils of below 20 eV. This sensitivity is achieved with tungsten transition edge sensors which are operating at temperatures of 15 mK and are mainly sensitive to non-thermal phonons. These small recoil energies become accessible for the first time with this technology, which allows collecting large-statistics neutrino event samples with a moderate detector mass. A first-phase cryogenic detector array with a total mass of 10 g enables a 5-sigma observation of coherent scattering within several weeks. We identified a suitable experimental site at the Chooz Nuclear Power Plant and performed muon and neutron background measurements there. The operation of a NUCLEUS cryogenic detector array at such a site requires highly efficient background suppression. NUCLEUS plans to use an innovative technique consisting of separate cryogenic anticoincidence detectors against surface backgrounds and penetrating (gamma, neutron) radiation. We present first results from prototypes of these veto detectors and their operation in coincidence with a NUCLEUS target detector.
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Andreazza, Attilio. "Development of Detectors for Physics at the Terascale." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 46 (January 2018): 1860007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194518600078.
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The detector systems for particle physics experiment at the future high-energy and high-luminosity colliders will need to improve resolution, radiation hardness, and rate capability with respect to the current generation of experiments. Many promising technological solutions are being developed for both tracking detectors and calorimeters.
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Martyniuk, P., and A. Rogalski. "Theoretical modelling of MWIR thermoelectrically cooled nBn HgCdTe detector." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2013-0020.
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Abstract The paper reports on the medium wavelength infrared (MWIR) unipolar barrier infrared detector (UBIRD) nBn/B-n type (n-type barrier) HgCdTe detector’s photoelectrical performance. The UBIRD nBn/B-n type HgCdTe detector was modelled using commercially available software APSYS. Detailed analysis of the detector’s performance (such as dark current, photocurrent, responsivity, and detectivity) versus bias voltage, operating temperatures, and structural parameters (cap, barrier, and absorber’s doping as well as cap and barrier compositions) were performed pointing out optimal working conditions. Both conduction and valence band alignments of the HgCdTe nBn/B-n type detector structure was simulated stressing their importance on detectors performance. It was shown that higher operation temperature (HOT) conditions achieved by commonly used thermoelectric (TE) coolers allow to obtain detectivities of D* = (3-10)×109 cmHz1/2/W at T = 200 K for detectors with cut-off wavelength of 5.2 μm The differential resistance area product of RA = 0.15-0.4 cm2 at T = 230 K for bias voltage V = 50 mV was estimated. Finally, the state of the art of UBIRD HgCdTe nBn/B-n type detector performance was compared to InAs/GaSb/B-Al0.2Ga0.8Sb T2SLs nBn detector, InAs/GaSb T2SLs PIN and the HOT HgCdTe bulk photodiodes’ operated at near-room temperature (T = 230 K). It was shown that the RA product of the MWIR UBIRD nBn/B-n type HgCdTe detector can reach a comparable level to the state of the art of the HgCdTe HOT bulk photodiodes and two types of type-II superlattice detectors: PIN photodiodes and nBn detectors
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Fanelli, C. "Design of detectors at the electron ion collider with artificial intelligence." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): C04038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/04/c04038.
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Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) for design is a relatively new but active area of research across many disciplines. Surprisingly when it comes to designing detectors with AI this is an area at its infancy. The electron ion collider is the ultimate machine to study the strong force. The EIC is a large-scale experiment with an integrated detector that extends for about ±35 meters to include the central, far-forward, and far-backward regions. The design of the central detector is made by multiple sub-detectors, each in principle characterized by a multidimensional design space and multiple design criteria also called objectives. Simulations with Geant4 are typically compute intensive, and the optimization of the detector design may include non-differentiable terms as well as noisy objectives. In this context, AI can offer state of the art solutions to solve complex combinatorial problems in an efficient way. In particular, one of the proto-collaborations, ECCE, has explored during the detector proposal the possibility of using multi-objective optimization to design the tracking system of the EIC detector. This document provides an overview of these techniques and recent progress made during the EIC detector proposal. Future high energy nuclear physics experiments can leverage AI-based strategies to design more efficient detectors by optimizing their performance driven by physics criteria and minimizing costs for their realization.
9
Higinbotham, D. W. "EIC detector overview." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): C02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/c02018.
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Abstract The Electron Ion Collider will have two interaction regions that can be instrumented with detectors. The first region will be instrumented as part of the project and needs to be capable of delivering the physics that has been outlined by the National Academy of Sciences and ready at the start of beam commissioning near the end of this decade. Plans for a second complementary detector to be located at a second interaction region are already in progress and will hopefully come to fruition just few years after the first detector comes online. While the basic parameters of these detectors are being selected using conventional approaches, the optimization of the detectors is already being enhanced by making use of advanced optimization techniques.
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Dudas, D., V. Kafka, M. Marcisovsky, G. Neue, M. Marcisovska, P. Prusa, I. Koniarova, and M. Semmler. "Radiation hardness of PantherPix hybrid pixel detector." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): P12007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/p12007.
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Abstract Hybrid pixel detectors (HPD) are nowadays well known and widely used in fundamental research, e.g. in high energy physics experiments. Over the last decade, segmented semiconductor detectors have also found use in medicine. The total doses received by medical radiation detectors often reach a significant level (up to several hundreds of kGy per decade), especially in applications such as transmission portal in-vivo dosimetry. Such doses might affect detector properties. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate their performance after absorbing a significant radiation dose. PantherPix is a novel 2D hybrid pixel detector which is designed specifically for use in radiation therapy. As was concluded in earlier studies, it is suitable for radiotherapy quality assurance (QA) and portal dosimetry. In this paper, the PantherPix radiation hardness is investigated using a 60Co source. The dependence on dose of the full depletion voltage, leakage current, detector power consumption and detector response are provided. The PantherPix radiation tolerance has been shown to be adequate for common cumulative doses delivered to radiation detectors in radiotherapy over several decades and its performance has been verified for doses up to 3000 kGy.
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Bobrovnikov, V. S., G. V. Fedotovich, V. V. Kaminskiy, V. N. Kudryavtsev, T. V. Maltsev, I. B. Nikolaev, D. M. Nikolenko, et al. "Precision tracking micro-pattern gaseous detectors at Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 07 (July 1, 2022): C07015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/07/c07015.
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Abstract In this article a short overview of current micro-pattern gaseous detectors development and applications at Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics is presented. The triple-GEM detector for the Laser Polarimeter facility and the end-cap discs for the upgrade of the CMD-3 detector are considered in more details.
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Kania, D. R. "Radiation-induced conductivity: High-speed detection of X rays and neutrons." Laser and Particle Beams 9, no. 1 (March 1991): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600002354.
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Radiation-induced conductivity (RIC) is a generalized term for photoconductivity expanded to include nonelectromagnetic radiation. RIC offers several distinct advantages for the detection of high-energy radiation: (i) the speed of response of a detector is determined by a bulk property of the material, the carrier lifetime; (ii) the detector can be directly illuminated by the signal radiation-no dead layer; and (iii) the selection of the detector material and its geometry is very flexible. This paper will discuss the principles of RIC for X rays and neutrons, the fabrication of detectors, and applications. RIC detectors have been fabricated from Si, InP, GaAs, and diamond. Bulk and thin film materials have been used. The carrier lifetime was varied by the introduction of trapping sites in the material. This can be done in the material production process in the case of doping (e.g., Fe in InP) and thin films or produced from radiation damage of a pure crystalline material. Lifetimes as short as a few picoseconds have been observed. A variety of detectors have been tested using pulsed optical, X ray, and neutron sources. Absolute sensitivities and temporal response has been measured and compared to theoretical models of the detector's performance for both X rays and neutrons. Finally, applications of these detectors to inertial confinement fusion measurement will be shown.
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Saleem, M., Javed Rana, V. Gayathri, Aditya Vijaykumar, Srashti Goyal, Surabhi Sachdev, Jishnu Suresh, et al. "The science case for LIGO-India." Classical and Quantum Gravity 39, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 025004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/ac3b99.
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Abstract The global network of gravitational-wave detectors has completed three observing runs with ∼50 detections of merging compact binaries. A third LIGO detector, with comparable astrophysical reach, is to be built in India (LIGO-Aundha) and expected to be operational during the latter part of this decade. Such additions to the network increase the number of baselines and the network SNR of GW events. These enhancements help improve the sky-localization of those events. Multiple detectors simultaneously in operation will also increase the baseline duty factor, thereby, leading to an improvement in the detection rates and, hence, the completeness of surveys. In this paper, we quantify the improvements due to the expansion of the LIGO global network in the precision with which source properties will be measured. We also present examples of how this expansion will give a boost to tests of fundamental physics.
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Seiden, Abraham. "Characteristics of the ATLAS and CMS detectors." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1961 (February 28, 2012): 892–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0461.
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The goal for the detection of new physics processes in particle collisions at Large Hadron Collider energies, combined with the broad spectrum of possibilities for how the physics might be manifest, leads to detectors of unprecedented scope and size for particle physics experiments at colliders. The resulting two detectors, ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) and CMS (compact muon spectrometer), must search for the new physics processes within very complex events arising from the very high-energy collisions. The two experiments share many basic design features—in particular, the need for very selective triggering to weed out the bulk of the uninteresting events; the order in which detector types are arrayed in order to provide maximum information about each event; and the very large angular coverage required to constrain the energy carried by any non-interacting particles. However, within these basic constraints, the detectors are quite different given the different emphases placed on issues such as resolution and background rejection. Both common features and the distinct differences will be presented.
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Farnese, Christian. "NEUTRINOS FROM ICARUS." Acta Polytechnica 53, A (December 18, 2013): 776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2013.53.0776.
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Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers are very promising detectors for neutrino and astroparticle physics due to their high granularity, good energy resolution and 3D imaging, allowing for a precise event reconstruction. ICARUS T600 is the largest liquid Argon (LAr) TPC detector ever built (~600 ton LAr mass) and is presently operating underground at the LNGS laboratory. This detector, internationally considered as the milestone towards the realization of the next generation of massive detectors (~tens of ktons) for neutrino and rare event physics, has been smoothly running since summer 2010, collecting data with the CNGS beam and with cosmics. The status of this detector will be shortly described together with the intent to adopt the LAr TPC technology at CERN as a possible solution to the sterile neutrino puzzle.
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Adams, Corey, and Marco del Tutto. "TITUS: Visualization of Neutrino Events in Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers." Instruments 4, no. 4 (October 21, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments4040031.
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The amount and complexity of data recorded by high energy physics experiments are rapidly growing, and with these grow the difficulties in visualizing such data. To study the physics of neutrinos, a type of elementary particle, scientists use liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) detectors, among other technologies. LArTPCs have a very high spatial resolution and resolve many of the elementary particles that come out of a neutrino interacting within the argon in the detector. Visualizing these neutrino interactions is of fundamental importance to understanding the properties of neutrinos, but also monitoring and checking on the detector conditions and operations. From these ideas, we have developed TITUS, an event display that shows images recorded by these neutrino detectors. TITUS is a piece of software that reads data coming from LArTPC detectors (as well as the corresponding simulation) and allows users to explore such data in multiple ways. TITUS is flexible to enable fast prototyping and customization.
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Chekanov, S. V., and M. Demarteau. "Conceptual design studies for a CEPC detector." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 33 (November 22, 2016): 1644021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16440218.
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The physics potential of the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) can be significantly strengthened by two detectors with complementary designs. A promising detector approach based on the Silicon Detector (SiD) designed for the International Linear Collider (ILC) is presented. Several simplifications of this detector for the lower energies expected at the CEPC are proposed. A number of cost optimizations of this detector are illustrated using full detector simulations. We show that the proposed changes will enable one to reach the physics goals at the CEPC.
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Tan, Yuhang, Tao Yang, Kai Liu, Congcong Wang, Xiyuan Zhang, Mei Zhao, Xiaochuan Xia, et al. "Timing Performance Simulation for 3D 4H-SiC Detector." Micromachines 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010046.
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To meet the high radiation challenge for detectors in future high-energy physics, a novel 3D 4H-SiC detector was investigated. Three-dimensional 4H-SiC detectors could potentially operate in a harsh radiation and room-temperature environment because of its high thermal conductivity and high atomic displacement threshold energy. Its 3D structure, which decouples the thickness and the distance between electrodes, further improves the timing performance and the radiation hardness of the detector. We developed a simulation software—RASER (RAdiation SEmiconductoR)—to simulate the time resolution of planar and 3D 4H-SiC detectors with different parameters and structures, and the reliability of the software was verified by comparing the simulated and measured time-resolution results of the same detector. The rough time resolution of the 3D 4H-SiC detector was estimated, and the simulation parameters could be used as guideline to 3D 4H-SiC detector design and optimization.
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CURIONI, ALESSANDRO. "LIQUID ARGON DETECTORS FOR NEUTRINO PHYSICS." Modern Physics Letters A 24, no. 02 (January 20, 2009): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732309030126.
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In this paper we give a short review of liquid argon detectors for neutrino physics. We will first introduce noble liquid detectors with particular emphasis on liquid argon and detectors of the time projection chamber variety, and we will explain why liquid argon detectors are good for neutrino physics, in particular the measurement of the mixing angle θ13, CP-violating phase δ CP and determination of the mass hierarchy through νe appearance on a νμ beam. We will stress what we consider the main achievements and the main challenges facing liquid argon detectors for neutrino physics.
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Peoviti, Maria, Michail Axiotis, Efstathia Georgali, Sotirios Harissopulos, Anastasios Lagoyannis, and Nikolaos Patronis. "Characterisation of the new HPGe detectors at INPP/NCSR “Demokritos”... and future (n,2n) reactions to be studied." HNPS Advances in Nuclear Physics 28 (October 17, 2022): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.3580.
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Within the present work the HPGe detectors of the Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics at NCSR “Demokritos” were fully characterized in terms of their efficiency. The three n-type 80% relative efficiency HPGe were recently acquired in the framework of the CALIBRA project. All detectors are equipped with carbon epoxy windows that allow detection of low energy γ-rays. Beside the efficiency characterization, the three detectors were fully modeled by means of GEANT4. In all cases the simulated detector geometries were fine-tuned so as to fully reproduce the experimental efficiency data at different source-to-detector distances. Finally, as a demonstration of the new offered abilities, the efficiency characterization and the GEANT4 modeling of the three HPGe detectors was used for a feasibility study of possible/future (n,2n) activation measurements on medium-weight nuclei.
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Aalbers, J., S. S. AbdusSalam, K. Abe, V. Aerne, F. Agostini, S. Ahmed Maouloud, D. S. Akerib, et al. "A next-generation liquid xenon observatory for dark matter and neutrino physics." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 50, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 013001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/ac841a.
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Abstract The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for weakly interacting massive particles, while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector.
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Bélier, G., J. Aupiais, G. Sibbens, A. Moens, and D. Vanleeuw. "Use of active scintillating targets in nuclear physics experiments - Measurement of spontaneous fission." EPJ Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201819304001.
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A novel detector has been used, in order to perform measurements of spontaneous fission to α-decay ratios for 240Pu, 242Pu and 252Cf isotopes. The detectors are based on the well-known technique of liquid scintillating counting. The principle and advantages of the use of such detectors in nuclear physics is discussed. The application to the characterization of spontaneous fission is described and it is demonstrated that highly precise measurements are possible, and that the main limit is due to the isotopic content knowledge of the measured samples.
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LeCompte, T., and H. T. Diehl. "The CDF and DØ Upgrades for Run II." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50, no. 1 (December 2000): 71–177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.50.1.71.
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▪ Abstract The DØ and CDF collaborations are preparing their detectors for the Tevatron Run II. A 20-fold increase in integrated luminosity is planned for the first two years of the upcoming run, and the detector subsystems are undergoing substantial improvements to handle the higher rates as well as to better measure the products of the [Formula: see text], interactions. This review discusses the physics goals that motivate these detector enhancements and describes in detail the improvements being made to the charged particle tracking, calorimetry, muon identification, and trigger subsystems of both detectors.
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Breskin, A. "Novel electron and photon recording concepts in noble-liquid detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): P08002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/p08002.
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Abstract We present several novel ionization-electron and scintillation-photon recording concepts in noble-liquid detectors, for future applications in particle and astroparticle physics and in other fields. These involve both single- and dual-phase detector configurations with combined electroluminescence and small charge multiplication in gas and liquid media.
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Garzia, I., M. Alexeev, A. Amoroso, R. Baldini Ferroli, M. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, et al. "GEM detector performance with innovative micro-TPC readout in high magnetic field." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817001009.
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Gas detector development is one of the pillars of the research in fundamental physics. Since several years, a new concept of detectors, called Micro Pattern Gas Detector (MPGD), allowed to overcome several problems related to other types of commonly used detectors, like drift chamber and micro strips detectors, reducing the rate of discharges and providing better radiation tolerance. Among the most used MPGDs are the Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs). Invented by Sauli in 1997, nowadays GEMs have become an important reality for particle detectors in high energy physics. Commonly deployed as fast timing detectors and triggers, their fast response, high rate capability and high radiation hardness make them also suitable as tracking detectors. The readout scheme is one of the most important features in tracking technology. Analog readout based on the calculation of the center of gravity technique allows to overcome the limit imposed by digital pads, whose spatial resolution is limited by the pitch dimensions. However, the presence of high external magnetic fields can distort the electronic cloud and affect the performance. The development of the micro-TPC reconstruction method brings GEM detectors into a new prospective, improving significantly the spatial resolutionin presence of high magnetic fields. This innovative technique allows to reconstruct the 3-dimensional particle position, as Time Projection Chamber, but within a drift gap of a few millimeters. In these report, the charge centroid and micro-TPC methods are described in details. We discuss the results of several test beams performed with planar chambers in magnetic field. These results are one of the first developments of micro-TPC technique for GEM detectors, which allows to reach unprecedented performance in a high magnetic field of 1 T.
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Hauptman, John. "Detectors and experiments." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 33 (November 22, 2016): 1644020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16440206.
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The talks in the Program and the Conference parallel sessions make clear that high quality pixel vertex chambers are presently well developed and with continuing improvements (M. Caccia,1 X. Sun,2 M. Stanitzki,3 J. Qian4); that there are at least two major tracking chambers that are well studied, a TPC and silicon-strip chambers (H. Qi,[Formula: see text] C. Young,[Formula: see text] A. de Roeck[Formula: see text]); that the energy measurement of photons and electrons is generally very good (H. Yang,[Formula: see text] S. Franchino[Formula: see text]); and, that the last remaining detector that has not yet achieved the high precision required for good [Formula: see text] physics is the hadronic calorimeter for the measurement of jets, most importantly, jets from the decays of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] to quarks (S. Lee,[Formula: see text] M. Cascella,[Formula: see text] A. de Roeck[Formula: see text]). The relationship of the detectors to physics and the overall design of detectors was addressed and questioned (Y. Gao,[Formula: see text] M. Ruan,[Formula: see text] G. Tonelli,[Formula: see text] H. Zhu,[Formula: see text] M. Mangano,[Formula: see text] C. Quigg[Formula: see text]) in addition to precision time measurements in detectors (C. Tully[Formula: see text]).
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SCHREIBER, S. "THE TESLA DETECTOR." International Journal of Modern Physics A 13, no. 14 (June 10, 1998): 2455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x98001244.
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The joint ECFA/DESY Study "Physics and Detectors for a Linear Collider" has worked out a proposal for a detector for a next generation TeV e+e- linear collider. In this report, the principle design and layout of the proposed detector with emphasis on the TESLA version is reviewed. Examples of reference reactions studied to demonstrate the detector performance are given.
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Bäni, L., M. Artuso, F. Bachmair, M. Bartosik, H. Beck, V. Bellini, V. Belyaev, et al. "Radiation tolerance of diamond detectors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012172.
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Diamond is used as detector material in high energy physics experiments due to its inherent radiation tolerance. The RD42 collaboration has measured the radiation tolerance of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond against proton, pion, and neutron irradiation. Results of this study are summarized in this article. The radiation tolerance of diamond detectors can be further enhanced by using a 3D electrode geometry. We present preliminary results of a poly-crystalline CVD (pCVD) diamond detector with a 3D electrode geometry after irradiation and compare to planar devices of roughly the same thickness.
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Forty, Roger. "Physics with RICH detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 502, no. 1 (April 2003): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(03)00288-2.
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Zhu, Hailiang, Kai Wang, Ganyu Liu, Gengchen Wang, Jinchao Mou, Weiwei Zhang, and Gao Wei. "A Terahertz Optomechanical Detector Based on Metasurface and Bi-Material Micro-Cantilevers." Micromachines 13, no. 5 (May 21, 2022): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13050805.
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Terahertz imaging technology has shown great potential in many fields. As the core component of terahertz imaging systems, terahertz detectors have received extensive attention. In this paper, a metasurface-based terahertz optomechanical detector is proposed, which is made of two fabrication-friendly materials: gold and silicon nitride. The optomechanical detector is essentially a thermal detector composed of metasurface absorber, bi-material micro-cantilevers and heat insulation pillars. Compared with traditional thermal terahertz detectors, the optomechanical detector employs a metasurface absorber as the terahertz radiation coupler and obtains an absorptivity higher than 90% from 3.24 to 3.98 THz, which is much higher than that of traditional terahertz detectors with absorbers made from natural materials. Furthermore, the detector is fabricated by MEMS process and its responsivity has been verified by a specifically designed optical read-out system; the measured optomechanical responsivity is 24.8 μm/μW, which agrees well with the multi-physics simulation. These results indicated that the detector can be employed as a pixel to form a terahertz focal plane array in the future, and further realize real-time terahertz imaging at room temperature.
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Aulchenko, Vladimir M., Semen E. Baru, Mihail S. Dubrovin, Gennady A. Savinov, Lev I. Shekhtman, Vitaly M. Titov, Yury S. Velikzhanin, et al. "One- and Two-Coordinate Detectors in BINP." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049598001897.
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One- and two-coordinate detectors with proportional chambers developed at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP) are presented. The parallax-free 10 MHz one-coordinate OD-3.1 and OD-3.2 detectors are used in synchrotron radiation powder diffraction and SAXS experiments. The two-coordinate DED-3 detector with a multiwire proportional chamber (MWPC) is used in Laue diffraction. The latest modification of this detector, DED-5, with a working area of 384 × 384 mm, is briefly described. The micro-strip detector prototype MSGC-100 has passed test synchrotron radiation experiments and the next modification (MSGC-500), with 500 channels for high energy, is under construction. The one-coordinate MWPC OD-160 detector, with an angle aperture of 160° and a count rate of 3.3 GHz, is under construction. It will be used for high-resolution powder diffraction. Two types of gas chamber will be used: L for low energies (5–30 keV) and H for high energies (30–70 keV). A 16° section with an H-chamber has been produced and tested on the synchrotron radiation beamline.
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Härkönen, Jaakko, Esa Tuovinen, Panja Luukka, Eija Tuominen, Zheng Li, Vladimir Eremin, and Elena Verbitskaya. "Radiation Hard Silicon for Medical, Space and High Energy Physics Applications." Materials Science Forum 614 (March 2009): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.614.215.
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The objective of this paper is to give an overview on how silicon particle detector would survive operational in extremely harsh radiation environment after luminosity upgrade of the CERN LHC (Large Hadron Collider). The Super-LHC would result in an integrated fluence 1×1016 p/cm2 and that is well beyond the radiation tolerance of even the most advanced semiconductor detectors fabricated by commonly adopted technologies. The Czochralski silicon (Cz-Si) has intrinsically high oxygen concentration. Therefore Cz-Si is considered as a promising material for the tracking systems in future very high luminosity colliders. The fabrication process issues of Cz-Si are discussed and the formation of thermal donors is especially emphasized. N+/p-/p+ and p+/n-/n+ detectors have been processed on magnetic Czochralski (MCz-Si) wafers. We show measurement data of AC-coupled strip detectors and single pad detectors as well as experimental results of intentional TD doping. Data of spatial homogeneity of electrical properties, full depletion voltage and leakage current, is shown and n and p-type devices are compared. Our results show that it is possible to manufacture high quality n+/p-/p+ and p+/n-/n+ particle detectors from high resistivity Czochralski silicon.
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Patt, B. E., J. S. Iwanczyk, and C. R. Tull. "Characterization of Large-Area Silicon Drift Detectors at High Count Rates." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 728–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600036138.
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Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD) are being developed for analytical x-ray spectrometry having large active area, high-energy resolution and capability of operating at high counting rates. The development derives from the charged coupled device (CCD) for light-signal imaging, utilizing the extremely low capacitance of the detector and readout electronics and subsequent developments of silicon drift detectors for high-energy physics applications and more recently, x-ray spectroscopy applications. The now well-known advantage of the drift detector design is that, unlike traditional planar detectors, it allows for relatively large active area while still maintaining a very low anode capacitance (60 fF). This low value of detector capacitance results in a lowering of the series-noise component and hence the overall inherent electronic noise. Additionally, the reduction of the series noise leads to faster optimal shaping time, and as a consequence this provides for extremely high count rates.
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Srivastava, Varun, Derek Davis, Kevin Kuns, Philippe Landry, Stefan Ballmer, Matthew Evans, Evan D. Hall, Jocelyn Read, and B. S. Sathyaprakash. "Science-driven Tunable Design of Cosmic Explorer Detectors." Astrophysical Journal 931, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac5f04.
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Abstract Ground-based gravitational-wave detectors like Cosmic Explorer (CE) can be tuned to improve their sensitivity at high or low frequencies by tuning the response of the signal extraction cavity. Enhanced sensitivity above 2 kHz enables measurements of the post-merger gravitational-wave spectrum from binary neutron star mergers, which depends critically on the unknown equation of state of hot, ultra-dense matter. Improved sensitivity below 500 Hz favors precision tests of extreme gravity with black hole ringdown signals and improves the detection prospects while facilitating an improved measurement of source properties for compact binary inspirals at cosmological distances. At intermediate frequencies, a more sensitive detector can better measure the tidal properties of neutron stars. We present and characterize the performance of tuned CE configurations that are designed to optimize detections across different astrophysical source populations. These tuning options give CE the flexibility to target a diverse set of science goals with the same detector infrastructure. We find that a 40 km CE detector outperforms a 20 km in all key science goals other than access to post-merger physics. This suggests that CE should include at least one 40 km facility.
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Spannagel, S., and P. Schütze. "Allpix2 — silicon detector Monte Carlo simulations for particle physics and beyond." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): C09024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/c09024.
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Abstract Allpix2 is a versatile, open-source simulation framework for silicon pixel detectors. Its goal is to ease the implementation of detailed simulations for both single sensors and more complex setups with multiple detectors. While originally created for silicon detectors in high-energy physics, it is capable of simulating a wide range of detector types for various application scenarios, through its interface to Geant4 to describe the interaction of particles with matter, and the different algorithms for charge transport and digitization. The simulation chain is arranged with the help of intuitive configuration files and an extensible system of modules, which implement the individual simulation steps. Detailed electric field maps imported from TCAD simulations can be used to precisely model the drift behavior of the charge carriers, bringing a new level of realism to the Monte Carlo simulation of particle detectors. Recently, Allpix2 has seen major improvements to its core framework to take full advantage of multi- and many-core processor architectures for simulating events fully parallel. Furthermore, new physics models such as charge carrier recombination in silicon have been introduced, further extending the application range. This contribution provides an overview of the framework and its components, highlighting the versatility and recent developments.
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Rybarczyk, R. Joseph, Alexandria E. D. Federick, Oleksandr Kokhan, Ryan Luckay, and Giovanna Scarel. "Probing electromagnetic wave energy with an in-series assembly of thermoelectric devices." AIP Advances 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 045201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0082749.
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We study the interaction of radio waves, microwaves, and infrared laser light of power P and period τ with a macroscopic thermoelectric (TEC) device-based detector and probe the energy Pτ as being the energy of these electromagnetic (EM) waves. Our detectors are in-series assemblies of TEC devices. We treat these detectors as equivalent to capacitors and/or inductors. The energy Pτ enables characterizing detector’s parameters, such as equivalent capacitance, inductance, resistance, responsivities, effective power, and efficiency. Through various scaling procedures, Pτ also aids in determining the power P of the EM waves. We compare the performance of our detectors with that of other TEC devices and with radio- and microwave-sensitive devices reported in the current literature, such as spin–orbit torque and spin–torque oscillator devices, heterojunction backward tunnel diodes, and Schottky diodes. We observe that the performance of our detectors is inferior. However, the order of magnitude of our detector’s parameters is in reasonable agreement with those of other TEC and non-TEC devices. We conclude that TEC devices can be used to detect radio waves and that Pτ effectively captures the energy of the EM waves. Considering Pτ as the EM wave’s energy offers a classical approach to the interaction of EM waves with matter in which photons are not involved. With the EM wave’s energy depending upon two variables (P and τ), a similar response could be produced by, e.g., radio waves and visible light, leading to interesting consequences that we briefly outline.
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Dutta, Bhaskar, and Louis E. Strigari. "Neutrino Physics with Dark Matter Detectors." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 69, no. 1 (October 19, 2019): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023450.
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Direct dark matter detection experiments will soon be sensitive to neutrinos from astrophysical sources, including the Sun, the atmosphere, and supernovae, which will set an important benchmark and open a new window into neutrino physics and astrophysics. The detection of these neutrinos will be complementary to accelerator- and reactor-based experiments that study neutrinos over the same energy range. We review the physics and astrophysics that can be extracted from the detection of these neutrinos, highlighting the potential of identifying New Physics in the form of light mediators that arise from kinetic mixing and hidden sectors, as well as ∼eV-scale sterile neutrinos. We discuss how the physics reach of these experiments will complement searches for New Physics at the LHC and dedicated neutrino experiments.
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Shilpa, A., S. Singh, and N. V. L. Narasimha Murty. "Spectroscopic performance of Ni/4H-SiC and Ti/4H-SiC Schottky barrier diode alpha particle detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): P11014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/p11014.
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Abstract Advancement in the growth of 4H-SiC with low micropipe densities (∼ 0.11 cm-2) in achieving high pure epitaxial layers, enabled the development of high-resolution 4H-SiC alpha particle Schottky radiation detectors for harsh environments. In particular, the study considers two types of 4H-SiC radiation detectors having Ni and Ti as Schottky contacts. They are fabricated by depositing Ni and Ti on 25 μm thick n-type 4H-SiC by epitaxially growing on 350 μm thick conducting SiC substrates. Electrical characterization and alpha spectral measurements performed on Ni/4H-SiC and Ti/4H-SiC SBDs are reported in this work. The spectral measurements were carried out using 241Am alpha emitting radioactive source. Ni/ 4H-SiC Schottky detector showed a better spectral response with 22.87 keV FWHM (∼ 0.416%) at a reverse bias of 150 V for 5.48 MeV alpha particles while Ti/4H-SiC Schottky detector achieved a resolution of 38.25 keV FWHM (∼ 0.697%) at 170 V reverse bias. This work presented spectral broadening analysis to understand the various factors affecting the energy resolution of the detectors. The extracted charge collection efficiencies (CCEs) are approximately 99% in both the detectors. In addition, polarization effects are not noticed in any of the fabricated detectors. The diffusion length of minority carriers (Lp ) is computed based on the drift-diffusion model by fitting the CCE curve as a function of applied bias, and the values are close to 9 μm and 7 μm for Ni/4H-SiC SBD and Ti/4H-SiC SBD detectors, respectively. Annealing at 400°C for 5 minutes in N2 ambient resulted in resolution of 23.98 keV FWHM (∼ 0.436%) for Ni/4H-SiC SBD detector at -170 V and 36.21 keV FWHM (∼ 0.661%) for Ti/4H-SiC SBD detector at -150 V. Overall Ni/4H-SiC SBD detectors showed superior spectral characteristics and superior resolution when compared to Ti/4H-SiC SBD detectors. However, the Ti/4H-SiC SBD detector fabricated in this work performed better than the previously reported work on a similar device structure. Hence, future work aimed at improving resolution of radiation detectors could also consider Ti/4H-SiC SBDs along with Ni/4H-SiC SBDs.
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Ivanchenko, Vladimir, Alexander Bagulya, Samer Bakr, Marilena Bandieramonte, Denis Bernard, Marie-Claude Bordage, Helmut Burkhardt, et al. "Geant4 electromagnetic physics progress." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024502009.
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The Geant4 electromagnetic (EM) physics sub-packages are a component of LHC experiment simulations. During long shutdown 2 for LHC, these packages are under intensive development and we report progress of EM physics in Geant4 versions 10.5 and 10.6, which includes faster computation, more accurate EM models, and extensions to the validation suite. New approaches are developed to simulate radiation damage for silicon vertex detectors and for configuration of multiple scattering per detector region. Improvements in user interfaces developed for low-energy and the Geant4-DNA project are used also for LHC simulation optimisation.
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Chandler, G. A., C. L. Ruiz, G. W. Cooper, J. A. Torres, M. A. Mangan, G. M. Whitlow, D. J. Ampleford, et al. "Neutron time-of-flight detectors (nTOF) used at Sandia’s Z-Machine." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 113531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0101544.
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Neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) detectors have been used on Sandia National Laboratories’ Z-Machine for inertial confinement fusion and magnetized liner fusion experiments to infer physics parameters including the apparent fuel-ion temperature, neutron yield, the magnetic-radius product (BR), and the liner rho-r. Single-paddle, dual-paddle, and co-axial scintillation nTOF detectors are used in axial lines-of-sight (LOS) and LOS that are 12° from the midplane. Detector fabrication, characterization, and calibration are discussed.
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Chakraborty, A., R. Kshetri, and A. S. Patra. "Modeling of U-shaped composite detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): T12006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/t12006.
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Abstract We have investigated the basic operation of a composite detector comprising of elements arranged in the shape of an U-shaped rectangular well. Considering an isotropic scattering of gamma-rays and partial energy absorptions in up to four detector modules, expressions for the addback factor and the peak-to-total ratio have been obtained in terms of only one probability amplitude. We have compared the performance of two U-shaped detectors having different geometries and observed negligible gain in addback due to the longer arms. For completeness, comparisons have been made with composite detectors like the two element stacked detector and the two level pyramidal detector, both being embedded inside the U-shaped detector. Our pen-on-paper approach could be used to understand the operation of modern arrays having detector elements arranged in various sophisticated ways.
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Farinelli, Riccardo. "GRAAL: A novel package to reconstruct data of triple-GEM detectors." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024502021.
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Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs) are the new frontier among the gas tracking systems. Among them, the triple Gas Electron Multiplier (triple-GEM) detectors are widely used. In particular, cylindrical triple-GEM (CGEM) detectors can be used as inner tracking devices in high energy physics experiments. In this contribution, a new offline software called GRAAL (Gem Reconstruction And Analysis Library) is presented: digitization, reconstruction, alignment algorithms and analysis of the data collected with APV-25 and TIGER ASICs are reported. An innovative cluster reconstruction method based on charge centroid, micro-TPC and their merge is discussed, and the detector performance evaluated experimentally for both planar triple-GEM and CGEM prototypes.
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Uyar, E., G. Aksoy, H. Ünlü, and M. H. Bölükdemir. "Investigation of the effect of copper contact pin on efficiency in HPGe detectors using Monte Carlo method." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): T11003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/11/t11003.
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Abstract The full energy peak efficiency (FEPE) determined by experimental or Monte Carlo (MC) simulation methods is a very important parameter in HPGe detectors. Since FEPE depends on the detector's geometric parameters, the parameters provided by the manufacturer are of great importance in modeling the detector with the MC method. The most important reason for the discrepancy between MC and experimental calculations is the lack of accurate information about the detector's geometric properties. The thickness of the copper contact pin in the middle of the detector hole is not given by the manufacturer. In this study, the effect of copper contact pin thickness on detector efficiency was investigated by using the PHITS 3.24 MC simulation program both at different copper contact pin radii and at different detector-source distances. The efficiency values were calculated for photons in the energy range of 59.5 keV-1408 keV, at 4 different distances, namely 5 cm, 13.25 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm and for the radii of copper contact pins increased from 1 mm to 3.5 mm at 0.5 mm intervals. According to the results, it has been determined that the presence of copper contact pins causes a change in detector efficiency up to 1.9%, especially in the high energy region, and has no effect on the detector efficiency in the low energy region. In addition, it has been observed that the effect of copper contact pin thickness on detector efficiency is almost independent of the source-detector distance.
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Barlykov, N., V. Dudin, T. Enik, A. Ivanov, E. Kokoulina, A. Kutov, E. Martovitski, V. Nikitin, and V. Popov. "MiniSPD Stand for Testing Si-Detectors." Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems 25, no. 3 (October 17, 2022): 254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/1561-4085-2022-25-3-254-265.
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SPD (Spin Physics Detector) collaboration proposes to install a universal setup in the second interaction point of the NICA collider under construction (JINR, Dubna) to study the spin structure of the proton and deuteron. It plans to carry out research of spin-related phenomena with polarized proton and deuteron beams at a collision energy up to 27 GeV and a luminosity up to 1032 cm−2 s−1. MiniSPD stand is manufactured as a setup for testing SPD detector prototypes with cosmic muons at LHEP. It allows to carry out checkout of the Data Acquisition System (DAQ), the Detector Control System (DCS). Young physicists and students working at this test bench gain experience of work with real detectors of the future SPD setup. In this report, we give some information about the basic tasks of SPD projects. The results of simulation and comparison with data on cosmic rays at this stand for three modules of silicon plates are also presented.
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Wilson, Emma, Mike Anderson, David Prendergasty, and David Cheneler. "Comparison of CdZnTe neutron detector models using MCNP6 and Geant4." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 08008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817008008.
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The production of accurate detector models is of high importance in the development and use of detectors. Initially, MCNP and Geant were developed to specialise in neutral particle models and accelerator models, respectively; there is now a greater overlap of the capabilities of both, and it is therefore useful to produce comparative models to evaluate detector characteristics. In a collaboration between Lancaster University, UK, and Innovative Physics Ltd., UK, models have been developed in both MCNP6 and Geant4 of Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CdZnTe) detectors developed by Innovative Physics Ltd. Herein, a comparison is made of the relative strengths of MCNP6 and Geant4 for modelling neutron flux and secondary γ-ray emission. Given the increasing overlap of the modelling capabilities of MCNP6 and Geant4, it is worthwhile to comment on differences in results for simulations which have similarities in terms of geometries and source configurations.
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Angelone, M., and P. Raj. "Practical considerations in developing nuclear detectors for tokamak harsh environments." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 07 (July 1, 2022): C07004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/07/c07004.
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Abstract Fusion tokamaks (FT) and hybrid fusion-fission reactors (HFFR) present harsh working conditions characterized by intense neutron and gamma fluxes (>1012 cm−2 s−1), high working temperatures (up to 600 °C) and corrosive environment. The breeding blanket region (BB) of these plants are resulting very hostile to the detectors used to monitor/measure fundamental nuclear parameters such as neutron/gamma fluxes and energy spectra, and tritium production. Presently no detectors are ready for being hosted in the harsh environment of the BB and R&D activity is needed to develop and test the candidate detectors. Some important lessons can be learned from past activities carried out in the EU and devoted to studying and realizing nuclear detector prototypes for the European Test Blanket Modules (TBM) of ITER. Amongst the other, these studies pointed out the need for intense neutron fields and calibration facilities closely reproducing the expected working environments to be used for reliable testing and calibration of the prototypes. Accurate simulation by Monte Carlo technique of the proposed detectors allows to mimic and foresee the response and performances of the detectors pointing out several fundamental and critical aspects on the physical response of the detector so helping in understanding the detectors response. This can help in selecting the best performing detector. The selection is based upon a multi-step procedure. The lesson learned for ITER-TBM can be helpful to study and develop nuclear detectors to be used in HFFR reactors and in next fusion machines like DEMO this because, despite the difference, the ITER-TBMs and the BB of fusion devices and HFFR reactors experience a number of similarities in terms of radiation level, temperature and nuclear quantities to be measured. In this paper, after discussing the requirements to be fulfilled by the nuclear detectors that must operate in the harsh environments we will discuss an example of detector development by considering the case of a self-power neutron detector (SPND) with chromium emitter studied and developed for ITER-TBM. The detailed Monte Carlo analysis is also reported and the many issues not yet solved are highlighted and the possible follow up to HFFR instrumentation discussed.
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Monrabal, F. "Gaseous detectors for Neutrino-nucleus coherent scattering at the ESS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012112.
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Abstract The recent detection of the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEυNS) opens the possibility to use neutrinos to explore physics beyond standard model with small size detectors. However, the CEυNS process generates signals at the few keV level, requiring of very sensitive detecting technologies for its detection. The European Spallation Source (ESS) has been identified as an optimal source of low energy neutrinos offering an opportunity for a definitive exploration of all phenomenological applications of CEυNS. In this project I propose to apply the high pressure gas TPC technology to the detection of the CEυNS process at the ESS. This will require the development of very low-energy detectors and to improve the current knowledge of the quenching factor for nuclear recoils in gas at keV energies. The major goal of this project is to build a 20 kg xenon gaseous detector and operate it at the ESS, such detector will provide more than 7,000 CEυNS events per year, overtaking the sensitivities of much larger detectors in current spallations sources.
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ZHA, MIN. "ARGO-YBJ EXPERIMENT RESULTS AND PROSPECTS IN LHAASO PROJECT." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 10 (January 2012): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512005867.
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The ARGO-YBJ detector, a RPC carpet array at the high altitude of 4300 m has been stably operated since 2007. As a multi-purpose experiment the physics topics of ARGO-YBJ covers the VHE gamma-ray astronomy, cosmic ray physics and solar physics. Results of these experimental studies are reviewed. And as a future extension project, the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) is introduced, some research and development of detectors are described.
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J.Höhne, M. Altmann, G. Angloher, M. Bühler, F. v. Feilitzsch, T. Frank, P. Hettl, et al. "Cryogenic Microcalorimeters for High Resolution Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 604–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600016342.
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AbstractCryogenic detectors with excellent energy resolution and low energy threshold far beyond the level of semiconducting detectors open a variety of new. applications in physics including search for Dark Matter in the universe [2], neutrino physics [3], and IR-, UV- and X-ray astrophysics [4, 9]. Interdisciplinary fields where cryogenic detectors have already shown promising results are the detection of biomolecules [5] and X-ray spectroscopy at synchrotron beam lines [6] and in scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) [7]. For both, astrophysical and analytical use, the development of high resolution microcalorimeters based on iridium/gold phase transition thermometers and aluminum tunnel junctions for use in a compact and universal detector system was initiated.Our cryogenic microcalorimeters consist of an absorber, a temperature sensor and a weak coupling to a heat sink. An X-ray photon interacts with the absorber and raises its temperature. The sensor measures the temperature increase and the system then, mediated by the coupling, relaxes back to its operating temperature.
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Pierroutsakou, Dimitra. "Gas detectors for nuclear physics experiments." EPJ Web of Conferences 184 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818401015.
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In this lecture I will present the operation principle and the different kinds of gas detecting systems for charged particles employed in high-energy and low-energy physics environments, with particular focus on the requirements of nuclear physics experiments with low-energy Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs). I will show in more details an example of gas detector used at the RIB in-flight facility EXOTIC, for the ion beam tracking and for time of flight measurements. Finally, I will discuss the use of an active target in nuclear physics experiments with RIBs together with some key improvements of first generation devices required for facing the challenges of more intense RIBs.