Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Physicochemical properties of food proteins'

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 16, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Probiotic dairy foods, especially non- and low-fat dairy products, are becoming popular in the US. A non-fat goat's milk yogurt containing probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.) was developed using heat-treated whey protein concentrate (HWPC) as a fat replacer and pectin as a thickening agent. Yogurts containing non-heat treated whey protein concentrate (WPC) and pectin as well as one with only pectin were also produced. A fat-free cow's milk yogurt with pectin was also used as a control yogurt. The yogurts were analyzed for chemical composition, water holding capacity (syneresis), microstructure, changes in pH and viscosity, mold, yeast and coliform counts, and probiotic survivability during storage at 4°C for 10 weeks. The results showed that the non-fat goat's milk yogurt made with 12% HWPC (12.5% WPC solution heated at 85°C for 30 min at pH 8.5) and 0.35% pectin, had a significantly higher viscosity (P<0.01) than any of the other yogurts and low syneresis than the goat’s yogurt with only pectin added (P<0.01). After 10 weeks in storage, viscosity and pH remained constant throughout all of the yogurts. Mold, yeast, and coliform counts were negative throughout the 10 week study. Bifidobacterium spp. remained stable and counts remained above 10⁶CFU g⁻ ¹ during the 10 week storage. However, the population of Lactobacillus acidophilus dropped below 10⁶CFU g⁻ ¹ after 2 weeks of storage. Microstructure analysis of the non - fat goat’s milk yogurt determined by scanning electron microscopy revealed that HWPC interacted with casein micelles to form a more comprehensive network in the yogurt gel. The results indicate that HWPC could be used as a fat replacer to improve the consistency of non - fat goat’s milk yogurt and other products alike.

Scientific evidence shows that dietary intake of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is beneficial to human health. Fish oil is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids. However, fish oil with high levels of omega-3 PUFA is very susceptible to oxidative deterioration during storage. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of xanthan gum (XG)-locust bean gum (LBG) mixtures on the physicochemical properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) stabilized oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions containing 20% v/v menhaden oil. The O/W emulsions containing XG/LBG mixtures were compared to emulsions with either XG or LBG alone. The emulsions were prepared using a sonicator by first mixing menhaden oil into the WPI solution and then either XG, LBG or XG/LBG mixtures were added. WPI solution (2 wt%) and gum solutions (0.0,0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.5 wt%) were prepared separately by dissolving measured quantities of WPI in distilled water. XG and LBG gums were blended in a synergistic ratios of 50:50 for the mixture. The emulsions were evaluated for apparent viscosity, microstructure, creaming stability and oxidative stability. Addition of 0.15, 0.2 and 0.5 wt% XG/LBG mixtures greatly decreased the creaming of the emulsion. The emulsion with 0.15, 0.2 and 0.5 wt% XG/LBG mixtures showed no visible serum separation during 15 d of storage. The apparent viscosity of the emulsions containing XG/LBG mixtures was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the emulsions containing either XG or LBG alone. The viscosity was sharply enhanced at higher concentrations of XG/LBG mixtures. Microstructure images showed depletion flocculation for LBG (0.05-0.5 wt%), XG (0.05- 0.2 wt%) and XG/LBG mixtures (0.05 and 0.1 wt%) emulsions. Flocculation was decreased with the increased biopolymer concentration in the emulsion. The decrease in flocculation was much pronounced for the emulsion containing XG/LBG mixtures. The rate of lipid oxidation for 8 week storage was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in emulsions containing XG/LBG mixtures than in emulsions containing either of the biopolymer alone. The results suggested that the addition of XG/LBG mixtures greatly enhanced the creaming and oxidative stability of the WPI-stabilized menhaden O/W emulsion as compared to either XG or LBG alone.

Bibliography: leaves 182-198. Improvements in the current production system of inclusion bodies and the downstream processing sequence are essential to maintain a competitive advantage in the market place. Optimisation of fermentation is considered to improve production yield; then flotation as a possible inclusion body recovery method.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第15416号
農博第1801号
新制||農||978(附属図書館)
学位論文||H22||N4515(農学部図書室)
27894
京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻
(主査)准教授 丸山 伸之, 教授 松村 康生, 教授 谷坂 隆俊
学位規則第4条第1項該当

The effect of infra-red heating (micronization) on the composition and textural properties of full-fat soybeans and its product (soy isolate, soymilk and tofu) were investigated. There was little difference in the overall proximate composition between the micronized and processed soybeans. Yield, protein content and textural properties of tofu made from micronized beans using standard procedures (70$ sp circ$C and CaSO$ sb4$.2H$ sb2$O as coagulating agent) were lower than those of tofu from unprocessed beans; tofu prepared from micronized beans and coagulated at 90$ sp circ$C using a mixture of citric acid (0.01M) and calcium sulphate (0.03M) showed improved characteristics. The microstructure of tofu prepared from micronized beans lacked the regularity of honeycomb-like structure as shown by tofu from unprocessed beans.
Functional, biochemical and nutritional properties of the micronized soybeans, soy isolate, soymilk and tofu were studied. The results indicate the following: the digestibility of micronized soybean (84.3%) was higher compared to the unprocessed soybean (76.5%); the available lysine content of soy isolate, soymilk and tofu from micronized soybeans were higher than the corresponding products derived from unprocessed beans; the unprocessed soybean flour displayed maximum foam capacity at pH 9.0 while the micronized soybean flour showed no foam capacity at pH 3.0 and 5.0; polyacrylamide-disc gel electrophoresis showed that heat treatment by micronization had little effect on the protein constitution of the soybean and on the protein-carbohydrate interaction but induced some interactions of protein and lipid components in the soybeans.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(農学)
乙第11587号
論農博第2547号
新制||農||903(附属図書館)
学位論文||H17||N3991(農学部図書室)
22886
UT51-2004-U484
(主査)教授 井上 國世, 教授 安達 修二, 教授 伏木 亨
学位規則第4条第2項該当

Proteins are important building blocks of all living organisms. They are composed of a defined sequence of different amino acids, and fold into a specific three-dimensional, ordered structure. The three-dimensional structure largely determines the function of the protein, but protein function always requires motion. Small movements within the protein structure govern the functional properties, and this thesis aims to better understand these discrete protein movements. The motions within the protein structure are governed by thermodynamics, which therefore is useful to predict protein interactions. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool to study proteins at atomic resolution. Therefore, NMR is the primary method used within this thesis, along with other biophysical techniques such as Fluorescence spectroscopy, Circular Dichroism spectroscopy and in silico modeling. In paper I, NMR in combination with molecular engineering is used to show that the folding of the catalytical subdomains of the enzyme Adenylate kinase does not affect the core of the protein, and thus takes a first step to linking folding, thermodynamic stability and catalysis. In paper II, the structure of the primary allergen from Brazil nut, Ber e 1, is presented along with biophysical measurements that help explain the allergenic potential of the protein. Paper III describes the need for a specific Brazil nut lipid fraction needed to induce an allergenic response. NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy is used to show that there is a direct interaction between Ber e 1 and one or several components in the lipid fraction.

The phenolic compounds as food components represent the largest group of secondary metabolites in plant foods. The phenolic compounds, e.g. chlorogenic acid (CQA), are susceptible to oxidation by enzymes specially, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and at alkaline conditions. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidations occur in the presence of oxygen and produce quinone, which normally further react with other quinone to produce colored compounds (dimers), as well as is capable of undergoing a nucleophilic addition to proteins. The interactions of proteins with the phenolic compounds have received considerable attention in the recent years where, plant phenolic compounds have drawn increasing attention due to their antioxidant properties and their noticeable effects in the prevention of various oxidative stress associated diseases. Green coffee beans are one of the richest sources of chlorogenic acids. Therefore, a green coffee extract would provide an eligible food relevant source for phenolic compounds for modification of proteins. The interaction between 5-CQA and amino acid lysine showed decrease in both free CQA and amino acid groups and only a slight effect on the antioxidative capacity depending on the reaction time was found. Furthermore, this interaction showed a large number of intermediary substances of low intensities. The reaction of lysine with 5-CQA in a model system initially leads to formation of 3-CQA and 4-CQA (both are isomers of 5-CQA), oxidation giving rise to the formation of a dimer which subsequently forms an adduct with lysine to finally result in a benzacridine derivative as reported and confirmed with the aid of HPLC coupled with ESI-MSn. The benzacridine derivative containing a trihydroxy structural element, was found to be yellow, being very reactive with oxygen yielding semiquinone and quinone type of products with characteristic green colors. Finally, the optimal conditions for this interaction as assessed by both the loss of CQA and free amino groups of lysine can be given at pH 7 and 25°C, the interaction increasing with incubation time and depending also on the amount of tyrosinase present. Green coffee bean has a higher diversity and content of phenolics, where besides the CQA isomers and their esters, other conjugates like feruloylquinic acids were also identified, thus documenting differences in phenolic profiles for the two coffee types (Coffea arabica and Coffea robusta). Coffee proteins are modified by interactions with phenolic compounds during the extraction, where those from C. arabica are more susceptible to these interactions compared to C. robusta, and the polyphenol oxidase activity seems to be a crucial factor for the formation of these addition products. Moreover, In-gel digestion combined with MALDI-TOF-MS revealed that the most reactive and susceptible protein fractions to covalent reactions are the α-chains of the 11S storage protein. Thus, based on these results and those supplied by other research groups, a tentative list of possible adduct structures was derived. The diversity of the different CQA derivatives present in green coffee beans complicates the series of reactions occurring, providing a broad palette of reaction products. These interactions influence the properties of protein, where they exposed changes in the solubility and hydrophobicity of proteins compared to faba bean proteins (as control). Modification of milk whey protein products (primarily b-lactoglobulin) with coffee specific phenolics and commercial CQA under enzymatic and alkaline conditions seems to be affecting their chemical, structural and functional properties, where both modifications led to reduced free amino-,thiol groups and tryptophan content. We propose that the disulfide-thiol exchange in the C-terminus of b-lactoglobulin may be initiated by the redox conditions provided in the presence of CQA. The protein structure b-lactoglobulin thereupon becomes more disordered as simulated by molecular dynamic calculation. This unfolding process may additionally be supported by the reaction of the CQA at the proposed sites of modification of -amino groups of lysine (K77, K91, K138, K47) and the thiol group of cysteine (C121). These covalent modifications also decreased the solubility and hydrophobicity of b-lactoglobulin, moreover they provide modified protein samples with a high antioxidative power, thermally more stable as reflected by a higher Td, require less amount of energy to unfold and when emulsified with lutein esters, exhibit their higher stability against UV light. The MALDI-TOF and SDS-PAGE results revealed that proteins treated at alkaline conditions were more strongly modified than those treated under enzymatic conditions. Finally, the results showed a slight change in emulsifying properties of modified proteins.
Für die Verbesserung von Nahrungsmitteleigenschaften können Modifikationen an verschiedenen Inhaltsstoffen vorgenommen werden. Beispielsweise werden bereits Proteine miteinander verknüpft und bilden sogenannte „Crosslinks“ oder vernetzte Biomoleküle. Diese werden für die Herstellung fester, viskoelastischer Produkte, die zum Verdicken als auch zum Stabilisieren von Emulsionen oder Schäumen eingesetzt werden, genutzt. Da die Verbraucher sich Zunehmens mit gesundheitsfördernden Lebensmitteln befassen, ist das Einbringen von gesundheitsfördernden Inhaltsstoffen wie z.B. phenolische Verbindungen, immer mehr in den Fokus der Forschung gerückt. Demnach ist das wissenschaftliche Bestreben phenolische Verbindungen in die Vernetzung von Proteinen mit einzubeziehen und deren positive Wirkungen (antioxidativ) auszunutzen, vorteilhaft. Als Phenole werden Verbindungen bezeichnet, die eine oder mehrere Hydroxygruppen am Benzolring aufweisen. Phenole liegen in der Enolform vor, da diese, bedingt durch den Erhalt des aromatischen Benzolringes, energetisch begünstigt ist. Kaffeesäure ist eine Hydroxyzimtsäure und in Kaffeebohnen zu finden. Der am häufigsten anzutreffende Ester besteht aus Kaffee- und Chinasäure. Der einfachste Vertreter ist die Chlorogensäure (5-Caffeoylchinasäure, 5-CQA), die in vielen Pflanzenteilen enthalten ist. Chlorogensäure und ihre Derivate besitzen ebenfalls antioxidative Eigenschaften. Zusätzlich wirken sie auf Enzyme, die an entzündlichen- oder allergischen Reaktion teilnehmen, inhibierend. Während Verarbeitungs- und Lagerungsprozessen können phenolische Komponenten pflanzlicher Lebensmittel mit den Aminosäuren der Proteine in Lebensmitteln reagieren. Solche Reaktionen können die physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften von Proteinen verändern und deren ernährungsphysiologische Wertigkeit vermindern. Proteine weisen verschiedene reaktive Seitengruppen (Sulfhydryl-, Hydroxyl-, Aminogruppen) auf, mit denen sie über kovalente und nicht-kovalente Wechselwirkungen mit Phenolen Verbindungen eingehen können. Zu den nicht-kovalenten Verbindungen gehören u. a. Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen, hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen und Ionenbindungen. Phenole (z.B. Chlorogensäuren) können bei Anwesenheit von Sauerstoff enzymatisch bzw. nichtenzymatisch oxidiert werden. Die Reaktionsprodukte (Chinone) bilden anschließend mit reaktiven Thiol- bzw. Aminogruppen von Proteinen Addukte. Die Erfassung dieser verschiedenen Facetten von Interaktionen stellt somit die primäre Forschungsaufgabe im Rahmen dieser Arbeit. Die primäre Aufgabe der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht demzufolge in der Etablierung der Analysen- und der Charakterisierungsmöglichkeiten solcher Wechselwirkungen (Bindung) pflanzlicher Verbindungen bzw. deren Reaktionsprodukten mit Proteinen u.a. über massenspektrometrische Methoden. Da die Wechselwirkung mit Proteinen auch zu Veränderungen der Proteinstruktur führt, können deren funktionelle Eigenschaften auch verändert sein. Dies soll anhand der Messung von isolierten Proteinen die an der Wechselwirkung beteiligt sind, nachgewiesen werden. Anschließend sollen über Docking-Untersuchungen die entsprechenden Bindungsstellen näher charakterisiert werden. Durch die vorliegenden Ergebnisse wurden mögliche Reaktionen von phenolischen Verbindungen mit Proteinen, näher charakterisiert. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Apfelsorte Braeburn über die höchste PPO- Enzymaktivität beim gleichzeitigen niedrigen CQA Gehalt im Vergleich zu den anderen untersuchten Sorten verfügt. Die PPO/Tyrosinase modulierte Reaktionen zwischen CQA und Lysine wurden in Abhängigkeit der vorherrschenden Bedingungen optimiert und die Reaktionsprodukte analysiert. In dem zweiten Teil wurden solche Reaktionsmöglichkeiten in den Grünen Kaffeebohnen lokalisierte und modelliert. Dazu wurden die sortenabhängige CQA-Zusammensetzung ermittelt und die möglichen Reaktionen mit den Hauptspeicherproteinen des Kaffees dargestellt. Im letzten Teil wurden dann diese Reaktionen mit Molkenproteinen simuliert und Einflüsse auf die Struktur und die funktionellen Eigenschaften erfasst. Die Ergebnisse belegen eine umfangreiche und sehr heterogene Adduktbildung mit den Aminoseitenketten des Lysins und Cysteins. Ein Katalog der unterschiedlichen Reaktionsprodukte wurde erstellt und am Protein modelliert. Die entsprechende Veränderung an die Proteinstruktur wurde experimentell belegt und der Einfluss wurde in den technofunktionelle Eigenschaften (wie die Löslichkeit, Emulgierbarkeit usw.) wiederspiegelt. Ein Anstieg des antioxidativen Potentials der Proteine wurde erreicht und diese so modifizierten Proteine wurden weiter zur Stabilisierung und Produktentwicklung getestet. Die ersten Ergebnisse eröffnen Nutzungsmöglichkeiten der modifizierten Proteine zur Verkapselung von bioaktiven Sekundären Pflanzenstoffen.

Protein-lipid complexes are known to result from complex molecular interactions which contribute to physiochemical and functional properties of foods. To identify the interactions of food proteins with lipids and the associated changes in properties, the following factors were investigated: incubation temperature, pH, type of lipids (phospholipid, triglyceride and fatty acids) and different proteins (ovalbumin and soybean glycinin). The effects of lipids on physiochemical and functional characteristics of ovalbumin and glycinin were investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), fluorescence, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and emulsification and gelation properties.
The results showed that pH, temperature and the type of lipids affected both ovalbumin-lipid interactions and physiochemical properties of ovalbumin. Changes in the electrophoretic behavior of ovalbumin were related to the presence of lipids, and the relative fluorescence of ovalbumin decreased in the presence of lipids at different pH values. In addition, lipids increased the stability of ovalbumin as revealed by the thermal denaturation (Td) and by the enthalpy transition (DeltaH). FTIR spectra in the amide I absorption region revealed that lipids affected the secondary structure of ovalbumin. Changes in the integrated intensity of the amide II band between (1520--1555) cm -1 in the presence of D2O showed that H-D exchange of ovalbumin decreased in the presence of lipids. Emulsifying properties, gel strength and water holding capacity (WHC) of ovalbumin increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the presence of lipids. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed difference in the microstructure of ovalbumin gel in the presence of different lipids. The more pronounced effect of lipids was observed with lecithin and the lowest was with stearic acid. The order of magnitude for the effects of lipids on physiochemical and functional properties of ovalbumin was: lecithin > cocoa butter > oleic acid > linoleic acid > linolenic acid > stearic acid. It is likely that the degree of polarity of lipids play an important role in protein-lipid interactions and in the enhancement of the functional properties of ovalbumin.
The effects of soybean oil (SO), soybean lecithin (SL) and a mixture of both (SOL) on physiochemical and functional properties of soybean glycinin were studied at pH 8.0, with incubation at 40°C. Changes in the electrophoretic behavior were related to the presence of lipids. Relative fluorescence of glycinin decreased in the presence of lipids. Lipids increased the thermal stability (Td) of glycinin from 89.7°C to 92.0°C, 94.3°C and 93.4°C with SO, SL and SOL respectively. FTIR spectra indicated changes in both; the secondary structure and H-D exchange of glycinin in the presence of lipids. Gel strength, WHC and emulsifying properties of glycinin increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the presence of lipids; the order of consequence increase was: SL > SOL > SO. SEM showed difference in the microstructure of glycinin gels with the different lipids used. Overall, the results demonstrate both quantitative and qualitative effects on the physiochemical and functional properties of ovalbumin and glycinin as a result of protein-lipid interactions.

Camel milk plays a central role in the food supply of Eastern African and Middle Eastern countries (e.g. Kenya, Somalia, Saudi, and Ethiopia), home to the majority of the world’s camel population. Raw, and traditionally fermented camel milk has become increasingly commercialised and consumed in urban areas. This has led to an increased interest in the processing of camel milk for the urban market, with skimmed camel milk casein and whey powders soon to be commercialised, in a manner similar to the already widely available bovine dairy powders. However, little information is currently available concerning the effects of different processing methods (e.g. thermal treatment) on camel milk fractions. Currently there are no camel milk derived products, such as yoghurt or cheese, available in local Saudi supermarkets. Furthermore, the abundance of bioactive substances in camel milk have been reported to have useful effects; one of the most prominent is the anti-diabetic benefits revealed by in vivo studies. However, the presence of insulin in camel milk still remains to be proven. The aims of this thesis are twofold. The first area (Chapters 2, 3 and 4) describe the effect of heat treatment on camel milk components and their functional properties in an oil and water emulsion, and in yoghurt. In order to test these functional properties, camel skimmed milk, whey and casein were prepared and freeze dried. The key novel findings include: skimmed milk that had been heat treated and freeze dried showed significantly improved functionality for use in emulsions and yoghurts, whereas heat treated whey did showed no significantly enhanced functional properties. Furthermore, non-heated freeze dried casein significantly enhanced curd formation in yoghurt, and resulted in a smooth texture. Two fermented yoghurts were developed containing heat treated skimmed milk powder or casein with similar textural properties to bovine milk commercial yoghurt, that were acceptable in taste and texture, as determined by an independent study for sensory evaluation. The second area of this study (Chapter 5) concerned the characterisation of insulin in camel milk. As it was confirmed by previous studies that the presence of high concentration of insulin in camel milk comparing to bovine milk. Key findings were that no protein with a characteristic molecular weight similar to bovine or human insulin (5.8 KDa) could be detected using Western Blotting; however, a 62 KDa protein showed consistent immune reactivity. ELISA results showed high immune reactivity in camel whey. An in vivo assay showed biological insulin like activity in camel milk, but the validity of the assay still needs to be confirmed.

Common and important cosolutes of whey proteins include NaCl, CaCl and NaCl at pH 3.0 and 7.0. In the first study, the dynamic surface tension of at levels up to 0.1 M increased the initial rate of adsorption due to a reduction of the electrostatic barrier to protein adsorption. The effect of lactose concentration was minimal.For the second study, the addition of CaCl when compared to equivalent concentrations of NaCl. At pH 3.0, neither salt at any concentration significantly affected yield stress; however, overrun was generally higher at pH 3.0 as compared to pH 7.0. The relationship between overrun and surface tension with yield stress as predicted by a previously described theoretical model did not hold for this data. Specific divalent cationic effects were thought to be partially responsible for improved yield stress values. Dynamic surface tension measurements of the foaming solutions lent credence to this ion specific hypothesis.

ABSTRACT The application of pulsed electric fields (PEF) in food processing is a novel technique that requires careful study. An improved understanding of the effects of PEF treatments on structural modification, surface hydrophobicity, thermal properties and rheological properties of food proteins is needed for the application of this method to the improvement of functional properties of food proteins in food systems. Two main PEF parameters were studied: electric field intensity ranging from 12 to 25 kV cm-1, and number of pulses ranging from 10 to 120. PEF effects on the structural modification, surface hydrophobicity, thermal properties and rheological properties for selected food proteins were investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) along with rheological measurements. Whey protein isolate (WPI), soy protein isolate (SPI), soy milk and reconstituted skim milk were used in this study. The structural modification, surface hydrophobicity and thermal properties of WPI and SPI all changed with PEF treatments. The enthalpy of whey protein isolate decreased with PEF treatments. The apparent enthalpy and denaturation temperatures of WPI samples were modified by PEF treatments. The remaining native whey protein was about 56% by a PEF treatment of 20 kV cm-1 and 30 pulses. The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence intensity and the extrinsic fluorescence intensity of whey protein and soy protein all increased with PEF treatments. The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of whey protein and soy protein appeared as a red shift of 2-6 nm. The extrinsic fluorescence of whey protein and soy protein appeared as a blue shift of 2-6 nm with
RÉSUMÉ L'utilisation de champs électriques pulsés (CEP) dans la transformation d'aliments est une technique de pointe qui nécessite des études approfondies. Une meilleure compréhension de l'effet de traitements CEP sur les modifications structurales, l'hydrophobicité en surface et les propriétés rhéologiques de protéines alimentaires est nécessaire à l'application de cette méthode pour l'amélioration des propriétés fonctionnelles de protéines alimentaires dans les systèmes alimentaires. Deux principaux paramètres CEP furent étudiés: l'intensité du champ électrique, variant de 12 à 25 kV cm-1, et le nombre de pulsions, variant de 10 to 120. L'effet de traitements CEP sur les modifications structurales, l'hydrophobicité en surface et les propriétés rhéologiques de certaines protéines alimentaires furent étudiés par spectroscopie fluorescente et analyse calorimétrique à compensation de puissance (ACCP) et diverses techniques rhéologiques Un isolat de protéine lactosérique (IPL), un isolat de protéine de fève soja (IPFS), du lait de soja et du lait écrémé reconstitué servirent dans cette étude. La modification structurale, l'hydrophobicité en surface et les propriétés thermiques de l'IPL et de l'IPFS furent modifiées par les traitements CEP. L'enthalpie Un isolat de protéine lactosérique (IPL) a diminué avec les traitements CEP. L'enthalpie apparente et les températures de dénaturations des échantillons de IPL ont été modifié après les traitements. La lactalbumine indigène restante était environ de 56% après un traitement de PEF de 20 kV cm-1 et 30 pulsions. Ces traitements augmentèrent à la fois la fluorescen

This study investigated the feasibility of oxidative modification with glucose oxidase (GluOx) to enhance the rheological and gelling properties of myofibrillar protein. Differential oxidative modifications of myofibrillar protein (MP) by hydroxyl radicals generated in an enzymatic system with glucose oxidase (GluOx) in the presence of glucose/FeSO4 compared to a Fenton system (H2O2/FeSO4) were investigated. Firmer and more elastic MP gels were produced by the GluOx-oxidizing system than by the Fenton system at comparable H2O2 levels due to an altered radical reaction pathway. The study further explored the effect of GluOx-mediated oxidation on the efficacy of transglutaminase (TGase) cross-linking of MP in 0.6 M NaCl and the rheological properties of GluOx oxidation/TGase treated MP in MP–lipid emulsion composite gels. The GluOx-mediated oxidation promoted the formation of both soluble and insoluble protein aggregates via disulfide bonds and occlusions of hydrophobic groups. The subsequent TGase treatment converted protein aggregates into highly cross-linked polymers. MP–lipid emulsion composite gels formed with such polymers exhibited markedly enhanced gelling capacity: up to a 4.4-fold increase in gel firmness and a 3.5-fold increase in gel elasticity over untreated protein. Microstructural examination showed small oil droplets dispersed in a densely packed gel matrix when MP was oxidatively modified, and the TGase treatment further contributed to such packing. Comparison of the modification of MP via GluOx oxidation/TGase cross-linking pathway under different salt concentrations (0.3 and 0.6 M NaCl) showed different patterns of MP cross-linking, resulting in different extents of aggregation. Under low-salt condition (0.3 M NaCl), the GluOx/TGase treatment increased the gel strength to the same level as those treated with TGase in 0.6 M NaCl, suggesting a potential application of GluOx/TGase for improving gel strength in low ionic strength conditions. Finally, the application of GluOx oxidation in the development of emulsion-type sausages was studied. The GluOx oxidation/TGase cross-linking improved the textural properties (firmness, chewiness, and rupture force) of emulsion-type sausages under both salt levels (P < 0.05). Under low-salt condition (1.5% NaCl), GluOx/TGase treatment can increase the sausage binding strength to the same level as the control sample under high-salt condition (3% NaCl). The GluOx oxidation/TGase treatment shows promise to improve the textural properties of emulsified meat products. However, the significant decrease of a* value and increase of b* value indicated GluOx-induced color deterioration.

This study evaluated the effect of heat and high pressure processing of whey protein isolate, beta-lactoglobulin, egg albumen, ovalbumin and their binary mixtures. Rheological studies of whey proteins (15% w/w) in distilled water indicated that gels made by heating at 90°C for 30 min were stronger and more elastic compared with pressure-treated gels (400-600 MPa for 20 min). Gel strengths at higher pressure (650-800 MPa) were similar to heated samples, hi contrast, egg albumen proteins (15% w/w) in distilled water showed no gelation below 500 MPa but increased in strength with increasing pressure, although values remained below those of heat- induced gels. Heat and pressure treatment of whey/egg albumen protein mixtures (10:5) produced gels stronger than expected indicating synergistic interactions. Sucrose influenced gelation and interactions, with 20% sucrose being the optimal for egg albumen and whey proteins. Sucrose addition produced weaker pressure-treated gels compared with heated gels. Addition of 1% NaCl produced stronger whey protein gels compared with egg albumen but weaker mixed whey/egg albumen gels. Combined heat (50°C or 60°C) and pressure (600 MPa) produced weaker gels compared with heat treatment alone, but stronger gels than pressure treatment alone for both whey and egg albumen proteins and mixtures. Values increased with increasing temperature due to greater protein unfolding, as shown by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. FT Raman spectroscopy indicated that both heat and high pressure affected alpha-helix, beta-sheet structure, hydrophobic interactions and disulphide bonds. Heat caused greater changes in disulphide bonds and beta-sheet structures but pressure produced greater changes in hydrophobic interactions. Self deconvolution of the Amide I band showed quantitative changes in secondary structures. Random coil increased in high pressure treated (600 MPa, 30 min) beta-lactoglobulin, whereas, for ovalbumin, beta-turns doubled. The different mechanisms of gelation observed for heating and high pressure treated egg albumen, whey proteins and their mixtures can provide novel textures.

Organics recycling is increasing in New England as multiple states have enacted laws to divert organic materials, including food scraps and food processing residuals, away from landfills. Anaerobic digesters on dairy farms represent an attractive approach to food waste recycling because existing infrastructure is in place and co-digestion of dairy manure with food waste can increase renewable biogas production. In addition, anaerobic digestion results in effluents that can be separated into solid and liquid residual materials, or 'digestates'. Screw-press separated solids consist of lignocellulosic biomass resistant to microbial degradation during anaerobic digestion. These separated solids are typically recycled on farms as animal bedding before returning to the digester, whereas remaining liquid digestates are typically spread as fertilizer for nearby feed crops or pasture fields. Within this model, anaerobic digestion is not a nutrient management solution and repeated land application of digestate nutrients can create eutrophication risk over time. Alternative models are needed where digestate materials are converted into valuable products to be sold off-farm, enabling the removal of nutrients to help meet nutrient management goals. In this thesis, I address two research questions related to the pursuit of such alternative models. First, how do physicochemical characteristics of digestate materials vary across full-scale systems in the region, including systems with and without food waste as a substantial proportion of feedstock, and how do these variations affect the potential for conversion of digestates into valuable products (e.g., soil amendments)? Second, can separated digestate solids be used for commercial cultivation of gourmet oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) to produce food for human consumption, providing synchronous nutrient recovery and food production? Results from my first research chapter indicate that increasing food waste inputs (and thus diversification of feedstock recipes) will likely increase the variability of some solid and liquid digestate characteristics and can result in greater contamination with synthetic particles, with implications for nutrient recovery efforts and associated products. My second research chapter shows that screw-press separated digestate solids can offset non-local substrate ingredients to a degree while achieving oyster mushroom yields comparable to commercial recipes. Furthermore, this strategy could divert nutrients away from land adjacent to digesters and directly into safe, nutritious, protein-rich food for humans, while also producing a useful spent mushroom substrate product.

In this research, beta-lactoglobulin was chemically modified by attaching different levels of stearic acid to the protein. The effect of this modification on hydrophobic!ty, emulsifying and foam properties, digestibility and allergenicity of the protein was investigated. It was found that the effect of fatty acid attachment or lipophilization depended on the amount of fatty acids attached to the protein. Incorporation of the hydrophobic ligands led to increased hydrophobic interactions, resulting in a decreasing solubility with extent of incorporation. Furthermore, the surface hydrophobicity measurements showed that the two fluorescence probes 8-anilinonaphthalene-l-sulfonate (ANS) and cis-parinaric acid (CPA) used for the surface hydrophobicity measurements were not equivalent This may support the. observation by earlier workers that ANS measures aromatic hydrophobicity and CPA aliphatic hydrophobicity. The studies on surface functional properties i.e. emulsifying and foaming properties, indicated that there was some improvement in these functional properties at low and medium levels of incorporation which decreased as the extent of fatty acid attachment further increased. The improvement, of these functional properties could be attributed to improved amphiphilicity of the proteins at these levels of incorporation. This research also showed that both high solubility and high ANS surface hydrophobicity is needed for the best emulsifying properties. In vitro digestibility studies showed a decrease in digestibility of the modified proteins with increased lipophilization. From the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis experiments, it was found that the level of fatty acid attachment to the protein had a significant effect on its ability to elicit IgE antibodies. Increased ability to elicit IgE antibodies was observed at a low level of fatty acid. When a medium level of fatty acid was attached the ability to elicit antibodies was reduced and almost completely destroyed when a higher level of fatty acid was incorporated. The above observations could be explained by the fact that the low level incorporation of fatty acid led to changes in the protein structure which exposed more allergenic sites. The almost complete destruction of the allergenicity could be attributed to denaturation of the protein which reduced or destroyed available allergenic sites. The antigenicity or binding of the modified proteins to the IgG antibodies raised against the native protein was studied by both direct and competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. It was found that at low and medium levels of incorporation, the proteins demonstrated increased binding ability compared to the native protein. This was attributed to the increased exposure of antigenic sites on the protein with fatty acid incorporation. However, the protein with high level of incorporated fatty acid showed decreased binding ability.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

The effects of oxidation by sodium hypochlorite (0, 0.8, 2, and 5%, NaOCl), the presence of endogenous proteins, and amylose content on waxy and common rice flours (WF, CF) and starches (WS, CS) were investigated in terms of in vitro starch digestibility, morphology and surface properties, and thermal and rheological characteristics. The concentration of NaOCl had an effect on all the samples including WF, CF, WS, and CS. The carbonyl and carboxyl group contents increased up to 25 and 10 folds (P < 0.05) of oxidized starches (WS, CS), respectively. Only mild oxidation (P < 0.05) occurred in flours (WF, WS). In addition, endogenous proteins were oxidized according to amino acid analysis and SDS–PAGE results. Glu+Gln, Gly, His, Arg, Tyr, and Lys were more sensitive to NaOCl oxidation. Disulfide bonds, hydrophobic force, and hydrogen bonds were involved in protein polymerization after NaOCl oxidative modification. In granular state, the in vitro starch digestibility of WF, WS, and CS decreased by 5% NaOCl oxidation. After gelatinization, only 2 and 5% oxidized WS had lower digestibility. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy further demonstrated that protein existed on the surface of starch granules and had aggregation by oxidation. X-ray diffraction patterns showed the crystallinity of 5% oxidized flours and starches was reduced compared with all their non-oxidized samples. Thermal and rheological properties were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and rheometer, respectively. Starch gelatinization peak temperature of flours (WF, RF) was increased by 3 °C, but starches (WS, CS) had a significantly decrease by 8 °C. Viscoelastic patterns were dramatically changed by oxidation. Oxidized WF and CF had increased in both viscosity and elasticity by oxidation, whereas both WS and CS had significantly lower viscoelasticity after oxidative modification.

Master of Science
Department of Food Science
Karen A. Schmidt
People who suffer from swallowing disorders are diagnosed with dyphasgia. The beverage for the dyphagia patients should have the apparent viscosity in the range of nectar-like (51 to 350 mPa•s) or honey-like (351 to 1750 mPa•s). Due to the swallowing problems, dysphagia patients usually consume beverages slowly. Thus, the apparent viscosity of beverage for such patients should be high enough to be in the suitable range during the entire time of consumption. Three ratios of α-lactalbumin (α-la)/β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) (3:8, 1:1 and 8:3) were used to prepare the milk systems. These ratio adjusted milk systems were either processed at 70, 80, and 90ºC for 30 min or at 25ºC, and cooled to 25 ± 1ºC. After the process was completed, the milk systems were set quiescently 120 min at 25 ±1ºC. Physical and chemical properties were assessed at various time. For the milk systems at 0 min, the apparent viscosity increased in all 90°C processed-samples, and the increase was in the order of 8:3 (15.96%), 1:1 (6.38%) and 3:8 (2.11%) compared with the 25ºC samples at each ratio. When the milk systems set for 120 min, apparent viscosity increased slightly by 3.7%. The maximum apparent viscosity was 2.18 mPa•s, which was less than nectar-like. Therefore, xanthan gum was added at 0.15 w/w % to enhance rheological properties of the milk systems. α-La/β-lg ratio adjusted milk systems either with or without xanthan gum were prepared, and processed at 90ºC or 25ºC, and cooled to 25 ± 1ºC. Apparent viscosity increased by 48.61 and 89.61% in 3:8 and 8:3 milk systems, respectively for those at 0.15% xanthan gum concentration and processed at 90ºC compared with at 25ºC. Apparent viscosity of 8:3 milk systems at xanthan gum concentration of 0.15% processed at 90°C was 58.7 ± 2.12 mPa•s which was within the nectar-like range. When the samples were set for 120 min, no changes were found in the apparent viscosity of the milk systems. If the rheological properties of the milk systems can be controlled by ingredients interactions, this can be used to develop nutritious products with different forms for dysphagia patients.

[ES] Las microalgas son organismos unicelulares fotosintéticos microscópicos que se encuentran en gran variedad de ambientes y son muy eficientes en la transformación de energía solar en biomasa. Los estudios realizados hasta el momento hacen referencia a posibles beneficios de la incorporación de microalgas en la dieta, por la mejora del sistema cardiovascular, las propiedades adelgazantes y energizantes, capacidad antioxidante, o la reducción del colesterol y los triglicéridos. La forma más habitual de consumir las microalgas es como suplemento dietético en forma de tabletas, cápsulas o polvo. La incorporación de biomasa de microalgas en productos tradicionales se ha enfrentado al reto de la aparición de colores verdes fuertes, así como su consistencia pulverulenta que puede afectar la textura y percepción del producto. Todos estos aspectos constituyen las principales áreas de mejora para conseguir un mayor grado de aceptación de productos con microalgas, y son la base del reto de este proyecto. El objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral fue el desarrollo de nuevos productos alimentarios incorporando las propiedades nutricionales de la biomasa de microalgas, incrementando o mejorando con ello, las propiedades nutricionales del alimento original. Para conseguir este objetivo se evaluaron a nivel fisicoquímico, reológico y textural, la incorporación de diferentes especies de microalgas (Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina), Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella salina y Nannochloropsis gaditana) en distintas matrices alimentarias (productos horneados, emulsiones y extrusionados). Por otra parte, se evaluó y caracterizó la incorporación de las microalgas utilizando diferentes tecnologías como la impresión 3D o la extrusión. Además de cómo afecta la incorporación de las microalgas a los productos obtenidos, se evaluaron los aspectos nutricionales de su incorporación, en cuanto al aporte de minerales y su biodisponibilidad. Las propiedades reológicas de las masas y emulsiones enriquecidas con microalgas (Spirulina, Chlorella y Dunaliella) indicaron que su comportamiento viscoelástico fue modificado y mejorado, mostrando características aptas para este tipo de productos. La adición de microalgas (Spirulina y Chlorella) a las masas utilizadas para la impresión 3D de galletas y snacks, permitió una mejor extrusión o impresión de éstas, obteniendo muestras impresas en 3D de forma cilíndrica, más precisas en cuanto a sus dimensiones con respecto a la estructura cilíndrica diseñada. Además, las muestras impresas presentaron mayor estabilidad y resistencia, antes y después del proceso de horneado comparadas con la muestra control. Para los productos horneados, tanto para las rosquilletas como los snacks impresos en 3D, la adición de microalgas (Spirulina y Chlorella) permitió mayor estabilidad en términos de textura. Ligeros cambios en los parámetros fisicoquímicos y de expansión se produjeron por la adición de Spirulina y Chlorella en los productos extrusionados. Además, los extrusionados enriquecidos con Nannochloropsis, mostraron parámetros similares a los de la muestra de control. Todos los productos presentaron colores luminosos y apariencias innovadoras y atractivas. En cuanto a los minerales, se observó un aumento de P, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe y Se con la adición de Spirulina y Chlorella, junto con el aumento de la concentración adicionada de microalgas. Siguiendo la normativa sobre etiquetado nutricional de los alimentos, el enriquecimiento con microalgas en rosquilletas se puede clasificar como un alimento "rico en hierro (Fe)". De igual forma, las rosquilletas y galletas enriquecidas con microalgas pueden considerarse un alimento "alto en selenio (Se)". Además, la incorporación de Spirulina y Chlorella en las formulaciones de galletas, permitió una mayor bioaccesibilidad del contenido de P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn y Se para la absorción en el cuerpo comparado con las muestras control.
[CAT] Les microalgues són organismes unicellulars fotosintètics microscòpics. Són molt eficients a l'hora de transformar l'energia solar en biomassa. Els estudis realitzats fins ara fan referència a possibles beneficis de la incorporació de microalgues en la dieta per produir una millora del sistema cardiovascular, per presentar propietats per aprimar i donar energia, per mostrar capacitat antioxidant o per afavorir una reducció del colesterol i els triglicèrids. La forma més habitual de consumir microalgues és com a suplement dietètic en forma de tauleta, càpsula o en pols. La incorporació de biomassa de microalgues en productes tradicionals s'ha afrontat al repte de l'aparició d'un color verd fosc i d'una consistència polsosa que pot afectar a la textura i, per tant, a la percepció del producte. Aquests aspectes constituïxen les principals àrees de millora per aconseguir un major grau d'acceptació de productes amb microalgues i són la base del repte d'aquest projecte. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral és el desenvolupament de nous productes alimentaris que incorporen les propietats nutricionals de la biomassa de microalgues, de manera que s'incrementen o es milloren les propietats nutricionals de l'aliment original. Per aconseguir aquest objectiu s'avaluaren a escala fisicoquímica, reològica i de textura la incorporació de diferents espècies de microalgues (Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina), Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella salina i Nannochloropsis gaditana) en diferents matrius alimentàries (productes fornejats, emulsions i extrudits). D'altra banda, s'avaluà i caracteritzà la incorporació de les microalgues utilitzant diferents tecnologies com la impressió en 3D o l'extrusió. A banda de valorar com afecta la incorporació de microalgues als productes elaborats, s'avaluaren els aspectes nutricionals, pel que fa a l'aportació i biodisponibilitat de minerals. Les propietats reològiques de les masses i emulsions enriquides amb microalgues (Spirulina, Chlorella i Dunaliella) indicaren que el seu comportament viscoelàstic fou modificat i millorat, de tal manera que mostrà característiques aptes per aquest tipus de productes. L'addició de microalgues (Spirulina i Chlorella) en les masses utilitzades per a la impressió 3D de galetes i snacks permeté una millor impressió, ja que s'obtingueren mostres impreses de forma cilíndrica amb unes dimensions més precises respecte a l'estructura cilíndrica dissenyada. A més, les mostres impreses presentaren una major estabilitat i resistència abans i després del procés de fornejat en comparació amb la mostra control. Respecte als productes fornejats, l'addició de microalgues (Spirulina i Chlorella) a les rosquilletes i els snacks impresos en 3D permeté una major estabilitat en termes de textura. Lleugers canvis als paràmetres fisicoquímics i d'expansió es produïren per l'addició d'Spirulina i Chlorella en els productes extrudits. A més, els extrudits que foren enriquits amb Nannochloropsis mostraren paràmetres similars als de la mostra control. Tots els productes presentaren colors lluminosos i aparences innovadores i atractives. Pel que fa als minerals, s'observà un augment de P, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe i Se quan s'afegí Spirulina i Chlorella, directament relacionat amb l'augment de la concentració de microalgues. Seguint la normativa sobre etiquetatge nutricional dels aliments, l'enriquiment amb microalgues en rosquilletes ens permet classificar-les com a aliment "ric en ferro (Fe)". De la mateixa manera, les rosquilletes i galetes enriquides amb microalgues poden considerar-se un aliment "alt en seleni (Se)". A més a més, la incorporació de Spirulina i Chlorella en les formulacions de galetes, permeté una major bioaccessibiltat del contingut de P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn i Se comparat amb les mostres control.
[EN] Microalgae are microscopic unicellular and photosynthetic organisms that can be found in a wide variety of environments. These microorganisms are very efficient when transforming solar energy into biomass, due to their cellular structure, which is completely submerged in an aqueous medium, forming an adequate surface for the exchange of nutrients and gases. Microalgae compounds are now known to exhibit cardioprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, cognitive, neurobehavioral and antimicrobial properties, amongst others. Researchers have shown possible benefits of the incorporation of microalgae in the diet so far. The most common way to consume microalgae is as a dietary supplement in the form of tablets, capsules or powder. The incorporation of microalgae biomass in traditional products has faced the challenge of the appearance of strong green colours, as well as its powdery consistency that can affect the texture and perception of the product. All these aspects constitute the main areas for improvement the development of microalgae-based products, and they are the challenges faced of this project. The main objective of this PhD Thesis was the development of novel food products incorporating the nutritional properties of microalgae biomass, thereby increasing or improving the nutritional properties of the original food matrix. To achieve this goal, the effect of the addition of different species of microalgae (Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina), Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella salina and Nannochloropsis gaditana) on the physicochemical, rheological and textural properties of different food matrices (baked products, emulsions and extrudates) was evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of the incorporation of microalgae using different technologies such as 3D printing or extrusion to obtain food products was studied. In addition, how the incorporation of microalgae affects the nutritional aspects of the food products in terms of the contribution of minerals and their bioavailability was also evaluated. The rheological properties of doughs, batters and emulsions enriched with microalgae (Spirulina, Chlorella and Dunaliella) indicated that their viscoelastic behaviour was modified and improved, showing characteristics suitable for this type of products. The addition of microalgae (Spirulina and Chlorella) to the doughs and batters used for the 3D printing of cookies and snacks, allowed a better extrusion or printing behaviour. This allowed obtaining cylindrical 3D printed samples, more precise in terms of their dimensions with respect to the designed cylindrical structure. In addition, the 3D microalgae-printed sample structures presented greater stability and resistance, before and after the baking process compared to the control sample. For baked products, both for breadsticks and 3D printed snacks, the addition of microalgae (Spirulina and Chlorella) allowed greater stability in terms of texture. Slight changes in the physicochemical and expansion parameters were produced by the addition of Spirulina and Chlorella in the extruded products. In addition, the extrudates enriched with Nannochloropsis, showed similar parameters to those of the control sample. Microalgae-enriched obtained products showed bright colours with appealing appearances. Regarding minerals, an increase in P, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe and Se was observed with the addition of Spirulina and Chlorella, along the increase of concentration of microalgae addition. Following the regulations on nutrition labelling for food stuffs, breadstick enrichment with microalgae are a food "high in iron (Fe)" In the same way, breadsticks and cookies enriched with microalgae can be considered a "high in selenium (Se)" food. Going a step further, Spirulina and Chlorella vulgaris incorporation in cookie formulations allowed for greater bioaccessibility of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Se content for absorption in the body than control cookies.
Uribe Wandurraga, ZN. (2020). Microalgae as novel ingredients for the formulation of food products [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/158743
TESIS

Dans le contexte de pénurie des ressources, croissance démographique, dégradation de l’environnement, la production d’aliments riches en protéines (en particulier) pour l’homme et les animaux devrait augmenter pour répondre à la demande. De nouvelles ressources sont actuellement explorées : légumineuses, algues, insectes... Ces derniers représentent une source de protéines plus durable comparée aux sources conventionnelles. Bien qu’ils soient consommés par de nombreuses populations en Asie, en Afrique et en Amérique du Sud, ce n’est pas le cas en Europe. Ainsi, pour faciliter leur utilisation dans l’alimentation européenne, les insectes peuvent être transformés en ingrédients afin de les incorporer dans des formulations d’aliments. Cependant, il existe très peu de données sur les méthodes de transformation à l’échelle pilote ou industrielle et sur l’impact du procédé sur la qualité des produits finis. Ce travail avait pour objectifs de mettre au point à l’échelle pilote un procédé de production de farine d’insecte pour l’alimentation, de caractériser cette farine et les autres produits obtenus, de caractériser les propriétés de la fraction protéique soluble et d’étudier l’impact du procédé sur les propriétés de celle-ci. Le Tenebrio molitor, candidat à l’élevage industriel, a été sélectionné pour cette étude. Un procédé thermomécanique de production de farine a été mis au point à l’échelle pilote. Il a permis la production d’une farine d’insecte riche en protéines de 72% (bs) avec 14% (bs) de lipides et 4% (bh) d’eau. Le profil en acides aminés des protéines de cette farine répond aux besoins de la nutrition animale et de l’alimentation humaine avec une bonne efficacité protéique (estimée à 2,5). Le rendement de la production de 20% (bh) (64% bs) est semblable à celui de la production de farine de poisson (20% bh). Parallèlement, l’huile d’insecte, principale coproduit a également été produite. Elle est riche en acides palmitiques, et en acides gras essentiels ω9 et ω6. Elle peut être utilisée en alimentation ou dans d’autres domaines. Bien que le procédé ait un impact sur les propriétés physicochimiques des protéines solubles après la transformation des larves en farine, les fractions protéiques solubles de la farine et des larves ont les mêmes propriétés moussantes et émulsifiantes semblables à celles du lait et de ASB à 4 et 2% respectivement. Les protéines de la farine ou des larves peuvent être également utilisées pour leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. Ce travail contribue à la compréhension des protéines d’insectes et à l’extrapolation industrielle dans une perspective de conception de la bioraffinerie
In the context of resource scarcity, population growth, environmental degradation, and food supplies dependency, the production of protein-rich feed and food should increase in order to meet the demand. New resources are currently being explored as vegetal, algae, insects... This last one is environmentally friendly and represents a more sustainable protein source as compared to conventional livestock farming. Although insects are consumed by a lot of people in Asia, Africa and South-America, this is not the case in Europe. In order to meet European consumers' preferences, they need to be processed or transformed into ingredients to become a part of formulation products (i.e. powders). However, very little knowledge regarding processing methods at a pilot or industrial scale, and the composition and impact of process on the properties of insect-based ingredient exists and is available. The aim of this work was to design a process for the production of meal rich in proteins from insect at a pilot scale, to characterize it for feed and food applications, to characterize the properties of its soluble proteins, and to study the impact of the process on these properties. The Tenebrio molitor, candidate for rearing at an industrial scale, was chosen in the frame of this study. A thermo-mechanical process was designed at a pilot scale. It allowed the production of a protein-rich insect meal of 72% (bs) with 14% (bs) of lipids and 4% (bh) of water. The amino acid profile of this meal proteins meets the needs of animal nutrition and human nutrition with good protein efficiency (estimated at 2.5). The production yield of 20% (bh) (64% bs) is similar to that of fishmeal production (20% bh). In parallel, insect oil (co-product) were also produced. It is rich in acid palmitic, and essential fatty acids ω9 and ω6. It can be used in feed, food, cosmetic or bioenergy. Although the process has an impact on the physicochemical properties of soluble proteins after the transformation of larvae into flour, the soluble protein fractions of flour and of larvae have the same foaming and emulsifying properties similar to those of milk and BSA at 4 and 2% respectively. The meal proteins could be used in feed and food for their functional properties. This work contributes to insect protein understanding and the industrial extrapolation in a perspective of biorefinery designing

The aim of the study was to evaluate the nutritional value and functional properties of several bovine whey proteins concentrate (WPC35 and WPC80), hydrolysate (WPH) and isolate (WPI), casein was used as control. Physicochemical (chemical composition, essential and non-essential aminoacids, minerals) and biological assays were performed to assess the biological quality of proteins and their metabolic responses. After determination of essential and non-essential amino acids, it was found that all protein sources meet the recommendations of FAO/WHO (2007), with the exception of WPC35, probably due to its reduced protein content. The determination of macro and microelements revealed that proteins from bovine milk can be considered not only a source of essential and non-essential amino acids, but also minerals (Ca, Mg and K). Iodine concentration was about one order of magnitude greater for whey proteins and sodium was found in large quantities in these proteins, which can reach 70% and 59% of DRIs, respectively. The biological assay allowed the monitoring of weight gain, food consumption, feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein intake of animals, evaluate the quality and the metabolic response of protein sources, and the integrity of certain organs and the morphology of the small intestine animals. These studies revealed that all protein sources are of high nutritional value (except WPC35), but larger beneficial biological effects were observed for WPC80, WPH and WPI. Because of the bitter taste of WPH, microencapsulation was made by spray-drying, which significantly improved the taste of panel test (Triangular Test). Considering the presented results, it is concluded that the WPH offers favorable characteristics for use with ingredient in foods for special purposes and that the microencapsulation process yields a significant improvement in flavor, expanding the possibilities for development of foods purposes added hydrolysed proteins, such as infant formula. Some commercial formulations for infants were evaluated with respect to mineral content indicating that the amount of Ca, K and Zn found were considered out of standard of Brazilian law, while the Cu, Mn and Zn levels were very different from those described in label.
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o valor nutricional e propriedades funcionais das proteínas do soro de leite bovino concentrado proteico (WPC35 e WPC80), hidrolisado proteico (WPH) e isolado proteico (WPI), além de uma proteína do leite bovino, a caseína, utilizada como controle. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios físico-químicos (composição centesimal, aminoácidos essenciais e não-essenciais, minerais) e biológicos para avaliar a qualidade proteica e a resposta metabólica das fontes proteicas. Após determinação de aminoácidos essenciais e não-essenciais, foi verificado que todas as fontes proteicas atendem as recomendações estabelecidas pela FAO/WHO (2007), com exceção do WPC35 provavelmente em função do teor reduzido de proteínas. A determinação de macro e microelementos revelaram que as proteínas do leite bovino podem ser consideradas não apenas uma fonte de aminoácidos essenciais e não-essenciais, mas também de minerais (Ca, Mg e K). Para iodo a concentração foi cerca de uma ordem de magnitude superior para as proteínas do soro do leite e sódio foi encontrado em grande quantidade nas proteínas do soro do leite, podendo atingir até 70% e 59% das DRIs, respectivamente. O ensaio biológico permitiu acompanhar o ganho de peso, consumo alimentar, quociente de eficácia alimentar (QEA) e proteína ingerida dos animais, avaliar a qualidade proteica e a resposta metabólica das fontes proteicas, além da integridade de alguns órgãos e histomorfometria do intestino delgado dos animais. Estes estudos revelaram que todas as fontes proteicas são de alto valor nutricional (com exceção do WPC35), mas que maiores efeitos biológicos benéficos foram observados para WPC80, WPH e WPI. Devido ao sabor amargo do WPH, foi feita a microencapsulação por spray-drying, que melhorou de forma significativa o sabor na análise sensorial (Teste Triangular). Considerando-se os resultados apresentados, conclui-se que, o WPH contempla características favoráveis para ser utilizado com ingrediente em alimentos para fins especiais e que o processo de microencapsulação proporcionou uma melhoria significativa no sabor, ampliando as possibilidades de desenvolvimento de alimentos adicionados de proteínas hidrolisadas, tais como fórmulas infantis. Algumas formulações comerciais para lactentes foram avaliadas com relação ao teor de minerais indicando que a quantidade de Ca, K e Zn encontradas foram consideradas fora dos padrões da legislação brasileira, enquanto que os teores de Cu, Mn e Zn determinados foram muito diferentes daqueles descritos no rótulo.

La fraction composant 3 des protéose peptonés est une fraction protéique mineure du lait de vache. Une première étude immunologique a montré une relation antigénique entre la fraction hydrophobe des protéose-peptones contenant le composant 3 et la membrane des globules gras du lait. Un protocole à 3 étapes a été établi pour isoler une fraction contenant le composant 3, sans traitement thermique du lait. Il comprend une étape de précipitation au sulfate d'ammonium et 2 étapes successives de chromatographie sur colonne d'hydroxyapatite et de chromatographie en phase liquide sur colonne échangeuse d'anions. La fraction contenant le composant 3 ainsi isolée contient 2 glycoprotéines majeures associées à des protéines mineures de hauts poids moléculaires. Une comparaison des caractéristiques physico-chimiques et des compositions protéiques a été réalisée sur la fraction composant 3, obtenue avec ou sans chauffage du lait ; elle a montré l'hétérogènéité de cette fraction. Une seconde étude immunologique a montré une réaction antigénique entre la fraction contenant le composant 3 et le sérum sanguin bovin. L'électroimmunodiffusion a permis l'évaluation de la proportion de cette fraction dans différents milieux

L’objectif de ce travail est la mise au point d'un prédicateur de la qualité de la viande de porc. La concentration en protéines sarcoplasmiques de viandes maturées (48 h p. M) présente des différences significatives suivant la qualité de ces viandes: 33. 5 mg/g de muscle pour les viandes normales, 24. 8 mg/g pour les viandes exsudatives, 28. 7 mg/g pour les viandes acides et 38. 6 mg/g pour les viandes DFD. L'évolution comparée de la teneur en protéines sarcoplasmiques de viandes normales et de viandes exsudatives entre 4 h et 168 h p. M à 4°C montre que: 1) l'insolubilisation progressive des protéines est plus marquée pour les viandes exsudatives (39. 3% d'insolubilisation pour les viandes exsudatives contre 25. 7% pour les viandes normales); 2) ces différences ne semblent pas exister in vivo; 3) les conditions de pH et de température dans les premières heures après l'abattage conditionnent en grande partie la qualité de la viande; 4) la CPK, la PHb et la TPI sont les protéines les plus fragilisées par la condition PSE. À 48 h p. M, la CPK présente une concentration de 5. 2 mg/g pour les viandes normales, la PHb 1. 5 et la TPI 1. 0 contre 1. 4, 0. 1 et 0. 2 pour les viandes exsudatives. Le chauffage accentue les différences observées au cours du stockage. Les 50% de dénaturation sont atteints à 58. 9°C pour les viandes normales, 51. 4 pour les viandes exsudatives, 56. 0 pour les viandes acides et 62. 0 pour les viandes DFD. Par ailleurs, l'insolubilisation des protéines induit parallèlement l'inactivation enzymatique. Un test prédictif de la qualité de la viande pourrait consister à maturer un échantillon de viande prélevé par biopsie, par un traitement thermique approprié, avant d'apprécier l'insolubilisation protéique ou l'inactivation enzymatique en résultant

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Nas últimas décadas, têm aumentado substancialmente a quantidade de pesquisas focando no desenvolvimento e caracterização de materiais biodegradáveis, particularmente, filmes comestíveis. O uso de polímeros de fontes renováveis, preparados a partir de produtos vegetais, vem ganhando importância nessa abordagem. O concentrado de proteína de soja e amido de mandioca podem ser considerados uma alternativa aos polímeros petroquímicos. O processamento pela radiação ionizante pode ser empregado para a modificação de polímeros e macromoléculas, resultando em novos materiais com grandes perspectivas de utilização industrial. A indústria de alimentos, uma das indústrias tradicionalmente mais inovadoras, exige o desenvolvimento constante de novos produtos. A capacidade de proteínas e polissacarídeos de formar filmes, amplamente conhecida, é um ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais que atendam os variados requerimentos dessa pungente indústria. Neste trabalho elaboraram-se filmes a base de fécula de mandioca e proteína isolada de soja em duas proporções diferentes e posteriormente irradiados e analisados quanto às suas propriedades mecânicas, cor, absorção de água, permeabilidade ao vapor de agua, análise térmica TGA e DSC entre outros. Os filmes tornaram-se aparentemente mais solúveis e menos resistentes a perfuração com o aumento da dose de radiação aplicada. Com relação às propriedades térmicas observou-se que os filmes com maior proporção de proteína são mais resistentes. Os filmes apresentaram-se menos permeáveis na dose de 40 kGy, e, com relação a absorção de água, esta foi reduzida em função da dose de radiação. Filmes com boa resistência ao vapor de água e com reduzida absorção podem ser considerados adequados para embalagens de alimentos. A radiação mostrou ser uma ferramenta conveniente na modificação de materiais poliméricos principalmente para elaboração de filmes solúveis onde esta é uma nova tendência para embalagens bioativas.
Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Identification, dans les microvillosites de l'intestin grele de rat, de quatre proteines possedant une activite phosphatasique et phosphorylables par l'atp et le phosphate inorganique. Comparaison de leurs proprietes electrophoretiques, catalytiques et de phosphorabilite avec celles de phosphatases alcalines

Cette these se situe dans le cadre des modelisations chimiques de proteines fer-soufre, plus particulierement les proteines fer-soufre a haut potentiel (hipip). L'objectif est de synthetiser des centres 4fe-4s dans les deux etats d'oxydation physiologiques 4fe-4s#2+ et 4fe-4s#3+ et de les caracteriser d'un point de vue physico-chimique. L'hypothese a partir de laquelle le sujet a ete aborde consiste a supposer qu'il est necessaire d'etablir une zone steriquement encombree et hydrophobe autour de l'agregat afin de proteger le centre 4fe-4s#3+ d'une degradation oxydante. Pratiquement, un tel environnement encombre et hydrophobe a ete realise grace a l'utilisation de ligands thiolates riches en noyaux aromatiques et tres encombres. Pour chaque ligand utilise, le centre 4fe-4s#2+ a ete synthetise et caracterise par les spectroscopies uv-visible, rmn et mossbauer, et l'etude de sa susceptibilite magnetique a aussi ete effectuee. Dans un deuxieme temps, des etudes d'oxydation sont realisees sur ces nouveaux composes modeles 4fe-4s#2+ dans le but d'obtenir des centres 4fe-4s#3+. Des phenythiolates d'une part et des benzylhtiolates d'autre part, tous tres hydrophobes, ont ete utilises comme ligands. Dans chacun des cas, un nouveau modele de hipip a ete obtenu et completement caracterise dans les deux etats redox. Celui avec le ligand de type benzylthiolate est un meilleur modele chimique de ces proteines car il utilise des ligands plus biomimetiques. Par ailleurs, l'influence exercee par l'encombrement sterique a ete etudiee de facon systematique. En utilisant une serie de ligands encombres de facon croissante, il a pu etre montre tres clairement que la presence d'un environnement encombre (et toujours tres hydrophobe) au voisinage immediat de l'agregat assure la protection du centre 4fe-4s#3+ vis-a-vis des degradations ulterieures. L'ensemble des resultats obtenus autorisent a conclure sur la validite de l'hypothese de depart, laquelle preconisait l'emploi de ligands encombres pour l'obtention de tels modeles stables. Ce travail permet alors egalement de confirmer l'hypothese sur les proteines qui consiste a dire que l'hydrophobicite est un critere fondamental pour qu'une proteine a 4fe-4s fonctionne comme une hipip plutot que comme une ferredoxine

Nutritional oil-in-water emulsion products are usually fortified with minerals, which can interact with other ingredients and cause physiochemical instability reducing product shelf-life. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of mineral-ingredient interactions on properties and stability of protein stabilized emulsion in order to find potential approaches to prevent the emulsion instability. Commercial nutritional beverages had mean particle diameters between 0.5–11 μm and pH values around 7. The monovalent and divalent minerals present in the products at the highest average concentrations were potassium and calcium, respectively. Both calcium and potassium ions induced droplet aggregation in a model emulsion, which had a mean particle size of 0.6–0.7 μm, pH value at 7, 7% oil, and was stabilized by whey protein isolate (WPI). The aggregation led to an increase in emulsion particle size, apparent viscosity, shear-thinning behavior, and creaming instability with increasing mineral concentration. The critical concentration of the aggregation was 3–7 mM for calcium and 200 mM for potassium. The emulsion particle surface charge was decreased by minerals, probably because of electrostatic screening and binding of the mineral ions to negatively charged adsorbed proteins. Calcium binding affinity and enthalpy of EDTA was greater than those of citrate and WPI, respectively. EDTA and citrate bound calcium ions in 1:1 ratio, whereas WPI bound to calcium ions in about 1:3 to 1:4 ratio. WPI that was heated at 70–90°C had an increase in calcium binding affinity and enthalpy. Citrate consisted of two types of binding sites. EDTA, citrate, and non-adsorbed WPI prevented or reduced calcium-induced droplet aggregation with increasing their concentration. EDTA was more effective than citrate and WPI, respectively. The chelating agents lowered free-calcium concentration and magnitude of particle surface charge. The emulsions had less free-calcium ions to induce the instability. Heat treatment of non-adsorbed WPI at 70 or 90°C did not improve the performance of non-adsorbed WPI. EDTA, citrate, and non-adsorbed WPI could not prevent droplet aggregation induced by thermal treatment, when emulsions containing calcium were heated at 80–120°C for 15 min. It was suggested that hydrophobic attraction upon heating induced droplet aggregation.

A wide variety of food products exist in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The bulk physicochemical properties and sensory properties of these products is largely determined by the type of emulsifier used to stabilize them. In this study the major factors which influence the properties of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate (WPI) are examined. WPI is a value-added ingredient derived from the waste water produced during cheese manufacturing. The properties of emulsions is influenced by the processing and environmental conditions they experience during production, storage and use, for example homogenization, heating, pH, and ingredient interactions. The aim of this study was to examine these factors in a systematic way. During this study it was found that WPI forms stable emulsions above 0.8 wt%, at pH values away from its isoelectric point (pH $<$ 4 or pH $>$ 6) and temperatures below its denaturation temperature (T $<$ 75$\sp\circ$C). The emulsion stability is influenced by the ionic strength, nature of surfactant (e.g. Tween 20, SDS) and polysaccharide (e.g. dextran sulfate) concentration. These changes are induced through modification of the colloidal interactions, interfacial characteristics and/or modification of the aqueous phase. Emulsion stability was monitored through creaming, rheological, light scattering, UV-visible absorption spectroscopic and ultrasonic techniques. The results were interpreted in terms of colloidal interactions, which act between the droplets. The knowledge gained from this research project will enable food manufacturers to improve product quality, reduce manufacturing costs and enhance energy efficiency, by providing a strong scientific foundation for understanding the properties of complex food products.

碩士
國立交通大學
資訊科學與工程研究所
104
Human bodies protected by our immune system resist viruses, bacteria, parasites etc. We call any foreign substance or organism that provokes an immune response an immunogen. Common immune-related diseases include allergies, autoimmune diseases and several infectious diseases. Allergens, autoantigens and pathogens are the immunogens that cause the three immune-related diseases. In recent years, the number of people suffering from immune-related diseases has been increasing because of the factors such as geographical locations, environment pollutions, etc. Patients who have diseases of the immune system often require several months to recover, but some may even die if the health condition is too serious. Therefore, it is important not only to reduce the chance of the body exposure to the immunogens that cause the diseases, but also to distinguish the diseases provoked by different immunogenes so that we can provide the appropriate treatments. While there are some studies on the disease caused by allergens, little research has been conducted on other immune-related diseases caused by autoantigens and pathogens. The objective of this thesis is two-fold: (a) studying the physicochemical properties of immunogenes, and (b) comparing computational methods that classify immune-related diseases based on the physicochemical properties. For this study, we collected 172 immunogens with known B-cell epitopes, including 35 allergens, 34 autoantigens and 103 pathogens. Experimental results show that 1-NN outperforms both C4.5 and SVM for the classification accuracy, and the attribute, flexibility, plays the key role in disease classification.

碩士
淡江大學
化學學系
93
We have developed a novel analytical method combining Poiseuille’s Law, Taylor-Aris Dispersion method and capillary electrophoretic technique for the simultaneous measurements of buffer viscosity and protein diffusion coefficient and mobility. The hydrodynamic radius and the effective charge of protein in buffer solutions with different pH values and ionic strengths can thus be calculated by using this method. For the same protein in buffer solutions with pH values higher than 5.6, the measured protein sizes did not change significantly. For monomeric proteins with spherical shape, the calculated protein volumes had good linear relationship with their corresponding molecular weights. This implicated that the measured proteins had similar densities at that pH value. At pH values lower than 4.6, no linear relationship between protein volume and molecular size was found for the studied proteins, which we attributed to the different partially denatured conformations possessed by different proteins. At relatively low ionic strength it was found that the measured diffusion coefficient of protein increased with decreasing ionic strength, which was mainly due to the increase in electrostatic repulsion force among protein molecules. Under these conditions the value of diffusion coefficient was not only affected by the size of protein, but also affected by the electrostatic repulsion among protein molecules. Therefore, the hydrodynamic radius of protein could not be calculated directly by using the Stoke-Einstein equation. In this research, we discussed the binding behaviors between protein and sodium dodecylsulfate(SDS) by using the newly developed analytical method as described above. We found that the measured sizes and mobility of protein-SDS complexes were affected by protein property, the concentration of SDS, and the buffer solutions with different pH, ionic strength and viscosity.

碩士
國立陽明大學
生物醫學資訊研究所
105
Hub proteins are proteins with a large number of partners in a protein-protein interaction network. They are often regarded as potential drug targets for diseases such as cancers. This theses describes a hub protein prediction tool by using machine learning techniques, specifically the random forest that was implemented in the ‘caret’ R package. The training protein sequences were collected from the Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD). Proteins with ten or more interaction partners are labeled as the hub proteins, and those with exactly one interaction partner are labeled as the end proteins. Three types of feature sets were used in this study: (i) structure-based features supported by earlier studies, for example, the intrinsic disorder regions and the protein functional domains; (ii) sequence-based features, including amino acid composition, dipeptide composition and pseudo-amino acid composition; (iii) to incorporate information regarding amino acid’s physicochemical properties, the 20 amino acid compositions for any given protein are substituted by a single numerical value that can be considered as the sum of a specific amino acid physicochemical property (taken from the AAindex database) but weighted by the 20 composition values. The Random Forest Recursive Feature Elimination (RF-RFE) technique was used to select the optimal features from the combination of the three feature types. The final predictor is able to achieve a performance of 0.77 and 0.76 in terms of the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves using a 10-fold cross validation and an independent testing experiment, respectively. Furthermore, we are to demonstrate that the proposed hub protein predictor and the selected features indeed suggest new insights into the hub and end protein classification. Our prediction tool is freely accessible at http://bsaltools.ym.edu.tw/predHub.

The mechanism of molecular mass transport processes such as solubilization and Ostwald ripening in surfactant stabilized oil-in-water emulsions and the effect on their bulk physicochemical properties was investigated. Solubilization was slightly influenced by the initial emulsion droplet size. The smaller the droplets were, the faster the oil molecules were incorporated into surfactant micelles. During solubilization, the droplet size of the emulsion increased. This increase was more pronounced for emulsions with low oil droplet concentrations and small droplet sizes. Solubilization was influenced by the nature of the dispersed phase. Small molecular weight n-hydrocarbons were rapidly solubilized. Triglycerides could not be incorporated in micelles due to their large molecular weight. The nature and concentration of surfactant micelles; also influenced solubilization kinetics. Surfactant micelles with HLB numbers close to seven incorporated more oil more rapidly than surfactants with larger HLB numbers. The growth of oil droplets in surfactant stabilized emulsions during solubilization experiments was due to Ostwald ripening. Ostwald ripening depended on the nature of the oil droplets. Low molecular weight hydrocarbons had a higher solubility in the aqueous phase and therefore aged more quickly than high molecular weight compounds. Ostwald ripening was accelerated by the presence of surfactant micelles that acted as carriers between emulsion droplets. A larger number of surfactant micelles therefore resulted in increased Ostwald ripening rates. Surfactants that were highly surface-active and consequently had a higher diffusion coefficient accelerated Ostwald ripening strongly. Both Ostwald ripening and solubilization were accelerated in emulsions were surfactant micelles were present. In comparison, solubilization proceeded faster than Ostwald ripening. Finally, the effect of mass transport processes emulsion rheology and color was investigated. Ostwald ripening influenced the rheology of emulsions. Emulsions made with n-hexadecane exhibited a rapid solid-liquid. like transition whereas the rheological properties of n-octadecane emulsion droplets did not change significantly during the course of the experiment. Ostwald ripening also influenced the color of emulsions that contained a red dye in the aqueous phase. Aging experiments conducted on n-hexadecane emulsion droplets did show significant color changes with time whereas n-octadecane emulsion droplets retained their color during the course of the experiment.

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) gum (FG) is a material with many potential food and non-food applications. Consistent performance is critical for FG utilization and this is possible through selection of genotype, characterization and optimization of constituents, and chemical modification. Physico-chemical and functional properties of FG aqueous solutions from six Canadian flaxseed cultivars were investigated. FG yield, carbohydrate composition, protein content, and zeta potential (ζ) varied among these cultivars. FG solution properties were also affected by temperature, solution pH, NaCl concentration, and sucrose concentration. Detailed studies were conducted on CDC Bethune FG (FGB) proteins that were separated by 2D-gel electrophoresis. Conlinin was identified as the major protein. Protease treatment decreased FGB solution emulsification properties suggesting that conlinin might enhance emulsification. Formation of BSA-FGB coacervates was monitored by turbidimetric analysis as a function of solution pH, biopolymer mixing ratio, NaCl and urea. Coacervates were stabilized primarily by attractive electrostatic forces and secondarily by hydrogen bonds. Further, anionic carboxymethyl ether moieties were introduced to FGB structure through ether forming reactions using monochloroacetic acid (MCA) to produce products with uniform properties. The highest degree of substitution (DS) was obtained at 70 °C, 7.0 M NaOH, and a molar ratio of MCA to FGB of 10:1 over 3 h. Carboxymethylated FGB (CMFG) exhibited both modified surface morphology and thermal behaviour. Solutions of CMFG demonstrated shear-thinning behaviour and apparent viscosity decreased with increased DS. A more liquid-like flow behaviour was observed for CMFG as DS increased. Findings here will introduce and expand FG applications in food or related fields with targeted performance.

A novel approach for the production of soy protein isolates was investigated integrating electroacidification and membrane ultrafiltration. The effect of electroacidification on the ultrafiltration performance and physicochemical properties of the soy protein extracts was obtained by comparing an electroacidified (pH 6) and a non-electroacidified (pH 9) soy protein extract. The effect of membrane fouling on the permeate flux decline was studied in a hollow fiber and a dead end ultrafiltration system. Due to more significant membrane fouling, the permeate flux was always lower for the electroacidified extract, resulting in at least 1.5-fold increase in the total fouling resistance compared to the non-electroacidified extract. The total amount of protein deposited on the membrane surface during unstirred dead-end ultrafiltration was comparable (about 7 mg/cm2) for both soy protein extracts. The discrepancy between the total fouling resistance and the protein deposition estimates was attributed to the formation of denser (less permeable) fouling deposit for the electroacidified extract, which was supported by scanning electron microscopy studies of fouled membranes. The removal of carbohydrates and minerals was evaluated for direct ultrafiltration and two-stage discontinuous diafiltration using a hollow fiber system. The carbohydrate removal results were always consistent with the theoretical predictions, indicating that the carbohydrates were freely permeable across the membrane. In contrast, the minerals were partially retained by the membrane, but to a higher extent for the non-electroacidified extract, which demonstrated that the electroacidification pretreatment enhanced the mineral removal during the ultrafiltration. Incorporation of the diafiltration step improved the ash (mineral) and carbohydrate removal. Stronger electrostatic interactions between soy proteins, calcium/magnesium, and phytic acid (antinutrient) at alkaline pH resulted in less efficient removal of calcium, magnesium, and phytic acid during the ultrafiltration of the non-electroacidified extract compared to the electroacidified extract. Consequently, the soy protein isolates produced by electroacidification and the hollow fiber ultrafiltration had a lower mineral and phytic acid content. The protein content was at least 88 % (dry basis), with or without the electroacidification pretreatment. The study of the viscosity revealed that the electroacidification pretreatment reduced the viscosity of the soy protein extract, which resulted in a lower axial pressure drop increase during the ultrafiltration of the electroacidified extract compared to the non-electroacidified extract. Adjusting the pH of the electroacidified extract to 9 and the pH of the non-electroacidified extract to 6 had a great impact on the particle size distribution but only a marginal effect on the viscosity of the pH adjusted extracts. This indicated that the pH and the particle size distribution were not responsible for the viscosity difference between the electroacidified and the non-electroacidified soy protein extracts. It was proposed that the electroacidification pretreatment had some impact on the water hydration capacity of the soy proteins, which consequently affected the viscosity.