Journal articles: 'Physicochemical methodologies'

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Mombeshora, Edwin T., and Edigar Muchuweni. "Dynamics of reduced graphene oxide: synthesis and structural models." RSC Advances 13, no. 26 (2023): 17633–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra02098c.

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Historical structural modelling and recent merits/demerits of physicochemical properties from synthesis methodologies as well as the prospects of using reduced graphene oxide in modern devices from the perspective of graphene oxide.

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Brill, Adam R., Elad Koren, and Graham de Ruiter. "Molecular functionalization of 2D materials: from atomically planar 2D architectures to off-plane 3D functional materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 35 (2021): 11569–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc01534f.

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The functionalization of 2D materials (2DMs) holds great promise future applications. Here we review the various ways in which 2DMs can be functionalized and how these methodologies influence the physicochemical properties of resulting 2DM composites.

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Barman, Biraj Kumar, Kanak Roy, and Mahendra Nath Roy. "Probing Inclusion Complexes of Pentoxifylline and Pralidoxim inside Cyclic Oligosaccharides by Physicochemical Methodologies." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 233, no. 8 (August 27, 2019): 1109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2017-1020.

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Abstract Structurally different Molecules namely Pentoxifylline and Pralidoxim were chosen along with α-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin to study host-guest inclusion phenomena. The formations of host guest inclusion complexes were confirmed by studying 1H-NMR spectra, FT-IR spectra, apparent molar volume and viscosity co-efficient. The stabilities of inclusion complexes were compared calculating the binding constant from UV-VIS spectroscopic study. The 1:1 stoichiometry of the inclusion complexes were also determined by analysing the Jobs plot and surface tension data. The values for Gibbs’ free energy were found negative for both the processes. Based on all the above experiments the inclusion processes were found feasible for both the compounds. These types of inclusion complexes are of high interest in the field of research and industry as these are used as drug delivery systems.

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Cambra-López, María, Verónica Moset, María del Carmen López, Juan Sebastián Mesa, Laura Carpintero, Andrés Donadeu, Javier Dupuy, et al. "Evaluation of Phosphorus Digestibility from Monocalcium and Dicalcium Phosphate Sources and Comparison between Total Tract and Prececal Digestibility Standard Methods in Broilers." Animals 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 3427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123427.

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The objective of this study was to compare the total tract (total excreta and marker) and prececal methodologies to determine phosphorus (P) digestibility and to evaluate its variation as a function of the physicochemical characteristics of the inorganic phosphate used (monocalcium, MCP and dicalcium, DCP) from different commercial sources. A total of 176 1-day-old male broilers were used in two digestibility experiments. In Experiment 1, one MCP and one DCP were incorporated in the basal diet at two levels. In Experiment 2, MCP and DCP from three commercial sources were incorporated to the basal diet at one level. Physicochemical characteristics of inorganic phosphates were examined, as well. Additionally, bone mineralization and growth performance traits were investigated in both trials. The digestibility of MCP ranged from 75.2 to 87.4% and from 80.5 to 86.6% for DCP amongst methodologies, but differences between total tract and preceal methodologies were not statistically significant. Particle size, surface area, degree of crystallinity and impurities varied amongst commercial sources. The P digestibility of the three tested commercial sources of MCP was 79.6% (MCP1), 70.2% (MCP2) and 65.6% (MCP3); p > 0.05. The P digestibility of the 3 tested commercial sources of DCP was 80.1% (DCP1), 77.4% (DCP2) and 71.4% (DCP3); p > 0.05.

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Carvajal-Mena, Nailín, Gipsy Tabilo-Munizaga, Marleny D. A. Saldaña, Mario Pérez-Won, Carolina Herrera-Lavados, Roberto Lemus-Mondaca, and Luis Moreno-Osorio. "Three-Dimensional Printing Parameter Optimization for Salmon Gelatin Gels Using Artificial Neural Networks and Response Surface Methodology: Influence on Physicochemical and Digestibility Properties." Gels 9, no. 9 (September 20, 2023): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9090766.

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This study aimed to optimize the 3D printing parameters of salmon gelatin gels (SGG) using artificial neural networks with the genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) and response surface methodology (RSM). In addition, the influence of the optimal parameters obtained using the two different methodologies was evaluated for the physicochemical and digestibility properties of the printed SGG (PSGG). The ANN-GA had a better fit (R2 = 99.98%) with the experimental conditions of the 3D printing process than the RSM (R2 = 93.99%). The extrusion speed was the most influential parameter according to both methodologies. The optimal values of the printing parameters for the SGG were 0.70 mm for the nozzle diameter, 0.5 mm for the nozzle height, and 24 mm/s for the extrusion speed. Gel thermal properties showed that the optimal 3D printing conditions affected denaturation temperature and enthalpy, improving digestibility from 46.93% (SGG) to 51.52% (PSGG). The secondary gel structures showed that the β-turn structure was the most resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis, while the intermolecular β-sheet was the most labile. This study validated two optimization methodologies to achieve optimal 3D printing parameters of salmon gelatin gels, with improved physicochemical and digestibility properties for use as transporters to incorporate high value nutrients to the body.

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Maciel-Fritoli, Gisele Pereira, Ana Paula dos Santos Silva, Erickson Luiz De Moura, Rafaela Kropzak Schmoeller Hamm, and Elisa Perez. "Comparability study between downstream methodologies using physicochemical characteristics of hyperimmune serum for human use." Brazilian Journal of Health Review 6, no. 3 (May 9, 2023): 9096–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv6n3-059.

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This study compared two downstream methodologies of antivenom production and statistically evaluated the results of quality control between batches of Antiloxoscelic Serum (approved or not) of these methods. The methodologies present significant downstream differences related to the quality control results. The document analysis and statistical evaluation of the results were obtained using a control chart. All batches showed physical-chemical results within the specification limits, but not all downstream B results were within the process control limits. In all quantitative results analyzed (total protein, non-protein nitrogen, phenol, total solids, pH, chloride), it was possible to verify that the downstream B samples did not meet the process control criteria established by the control chart. The conclusion is that method B is outside the control of the stipulated production process.

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Shah, Harsh S., Kaushalendra Chaturvedi, Shanming Kuang, and Jian Wang. "Accelerating pre-formulation investigations in early drug product life cycles using predictive methodologies and computational algorithms." Therapeutic Delivery 12, no. 11 (November 2021): 789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/tde-2021-0043.

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Precisely developed computational methodologies can allow the drug product lifecycle process to be time-efficient, cost-effective and reliable through a thorough fundamental understanding at the molecular level. Computational methodologies include computational simulations, virtual screening, mathematical modeling and predictive tools. In light of current trends and increased expectations of product discovery in early pharmaceutical development, we have discussed different case studies. These case studies clearly demonstrate the successful application of predictive tools alone or in combination with analytical techniques to predict the physicochemical properties of drug substances and drug products, thereby shortening research and development timelines. The overall goal of this report is to summarize unique predictive methodologies, which can assist pharmaceutical scientists in achieving time-sensitive research goals and avoiding associated risks that can potentially affect the drug product quality.

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Monteiro, Nelly M. F., Noel H. Akissoe, Laurent Adinsi, Paul Houssou, Polycarpe Kayode, Mohamed M. Soumanou, and Joseph D. Hounhouigan. "Processing Capability of Maize Varieties Through Free Sorting and CATA Methodologies and Physicochemical Characteristics." Journal of Food Research 6, no. 3 (May 10, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v6n3p102.

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Maize varieties have specific food processing abilities, with reference to the production of gambari-lifin, lifin, mawe and ogi, four major intermediate products in Benin. Except for the gambari-lifin, these products are widely known in the most of African countries. The recent development of gambari-lifin in relation with the maize grains quality suggests the screening of appropriate maize cultivars for minimizing failure during processing. Panelists comprising 77 maize food processors sorted fifteen maize varieties of which fourteen improved and one local ecotype, and then described each group with their own words. Additionally, 70 maize food processors performed the CATA (Check All That Apply) questions test with a list of sensory terms on the maize varieties. Furthermore, selected physicochemical and rheological parameters were determined on seven representative maize varieties. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) and hierarchical cluster analysis and multiple factorial analyses (MFA) were performed on sensory descriptors and instrumental data. Based on MDS, four groups of maize varieties were identified being specifically appropriate for one or more of these intermediate products. Grains size and weight, endosperm texture and in a lesser extent colour were the major group descriptors of maize varieties. Vitreous character or average size were positively correlated to processing yield as far as gambari-lifin is concerned while floury character was associated to “ability for pasting”. This study confirms that food processors perception is very helpful and useful tools for maize breeders since it early provides consistent information for the end-uses products.

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Palacios-Hugo, Rosario, José Luis Calle-Maravi, Mary Flor Césare-Coral, Joshua Iparraguirre, and Paul Virú-Vásquez. "Physicochemical Characterization and Stability of Biochar Obtained from 5 Species of Forest Biomass in Peru." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 79, no. 3 (October 13, 2023): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.79.3.33084.

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The maintenance of the extensive parks at National Agrarian La Molina University (UNALM) generates a large amount of forest biomass, with high treatment costs. For this reason, the pyrolysis of the forest biomass is an alternative for valorization, allowing proper management producing biochar. The aim of the research was to evaluate the stability of biochar at 300°C and 500°C from forest biomass of five predominant species at UNALM, Grevillea robusta, Schinus molle, Casuarina cunninghamiana, Ficus benjamina and Eucalyptus spp. To determine the stability of biochar produced, two methodologies were used (IBI and an adaptation of the López et al.(2010) method), for which organic, labile, oxidizable, recalcitrant carbon on biochar were determined. The results showed a decrease in biochar yield of 6.50% with an increasing pyrolysis temperature. Regarding physicochemical characteristics, the biochar produced was alkaline (pH above 8); besides, the pH and electrical conductivity increased with temperature, by 0.64 and 0.38 ds/m, respectively. However, in the case of nitrogen and ashes, the opposite occurred. It was concluded that all the biochar produced complied with the stability limits according to the applied methodologies, and BSM500 had the highest value of stability considering the applied methodologies. This may indicate that it could have the greatest sequestration of C once applied to the soil and also the reduction of emissions; for that reason, it would be important to carry out future research to estimate the potential for C sequestration in the long term.

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Coelho, Ana Paula de Freitas, Flavia Fracalossi Baioco, Camilla Sena da Silva, and Luis Cesar da Silva da Silva. "Obtaining and physicochemical characterization of yacon derivatives." Revista Engenharia na Agricultura - REVENG 31, Contínua (October 30, 2023): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v30i1.15122.

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The present study aimed to develop and evaluate methodologies of yacon root processing for the production of whole juice, syrup and flour. The physicochemical and color attributes of the derivatives were evaluated through the parameters L*, b*, h. C. ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used to analyze the obtained data, at a 5% significance level. The bleaching treatment was effective in the preparation of the juices by keeping the color coordinates constant and preserving the physicochemical characteristics. Regarding the color coordinates, the syrup with citric acid presented a higher L* value, which indicates greater clarity than the others; a h value near 90°, which indicates greater proximity to the yellow color; and a higher C value, which reveals greater color purity. The pie flour presented high crude fiber content and, together with the control syrup, the highest ash content. The syrup with the antioxidant citric acid presented the best color coordinates and a pH close to 4.5, which makes it the best yacon derivative among those analyzed in this study.

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Díaz-Alejo, Luis A., E. Carmina Menchaca-Campos, J. Uruchurtu Chavarín, R. Sosa-Fonseca, and Miguel A. García-Sánchez. "Effects of the Addition ofOrtho- andPara-NH2Substituted Tetraphenylporphyrins on the Structure of Nylon 66." International Journal of Polymer Science 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/323854.

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The synthetic tetrapyrrole macrocycles, such as porphyrins (H2P) and phthalocyanines (H2Pc), exhibit interesting physicochemical properties suitable to be used in modern technology. For many applications, those species should be trapped or fixed inside graphite, hydrotalcites, silica, TiO2, or polymers. Methodologies for the optimization of the properties of porphyrins, trapped or fixed inside polymers, have been barely developed. Our research works in the development of methodologies for the optimization of incorporation and display of properties of tetrapyrrole macrocycles inside inorganic, polymeric, or hybrid networks. This paper shows some results about the effect of the spatial disposition of the amine (–NH2) groups attached on the periphery of substituted tetraphenylporphyrins, on the Nylon 66 structure and on the display of the physicochemical properties of the trapped macrocycles. Nylon 66 was synthesized from adipoyl chloride and hexamethylenediamine in presence of tetraphenylporphyrins substituted with –NH2groups localized at theortho- orpara-positions of the phenyls. Cobalt complexes formation was used to quantify the amount of porphyrins in the polymer fibers. Characterization results show that the spatial position of amine groups of the porphyrins has important structural and textural effect on the Nylon 66 fibers and on the fluorescence of the porphyrins integrated into the fibers.

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López-Hortas, Lucía, María Dolores Torres, Elena Falqué, and Herminia Domínguez. "Physicochemical Evaluation of Personal Care Products Developed with Chondrus crispus Fractions Processed by Ecofriendly Methodologies." Marine Drugs 20, no. 11 (November 6, 2022): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20110695.

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Novel personal care products are necessary to cope with the growing market demand for sustainable green products. In this context, this work deals with the formulation and fundamental physicochemical and rheological characterization of different natural personal care products using bioactive fractions from Chondrus crispus red macroalgae extracted under optimized green conditions. Body milks, body oils and shampoos were supplemented with soluble extracts with antioxidant features recovered after hydrothermal (200 °C) and microwave (170 °C)- and ultrasound (80 °C)-assisted extraction of the red macroalgae used as raw material. Formulated products were also compared with those prepared using (±)-α-tocopherol and butylhydroxytoluene standards. Body scrubs were formulated with the remaining solids (<2.25 %) after microwave hydrodiffusion and gravidity treatment of the macroalgae. Results indicated that selected extracts provided personal care products with similar or even better physicochemical, color and viscous features than those supplemented with (±)-α-tocopherol or butylhydroxytoluene commercial antioxidants. Rheological profiles indicated that it is possible to develop personal care products with adequate viscous behavior (102–105 mPa s, at 1 s−1), comparable with their synthetic counterparts. To conclude, the addition of antioxidant extracts led to lower apparent viscosity values suggesting an advantage from the skin applicability point of view, jointly with the absence of both the hysteresis phenomenon and water syneresis of the proposed formulations.

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Verboni, Michele, Diego Romano Perinelli, Alessandro Buono, Raffaella Campana, Maurizio Sisti, Andrea Duranti, and Simone Lucarini. "Sugar-Based Monoester Surfactants: Synthetic Methodologies, Properties, and Biological Activities." Antibiotics 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2023): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12101500.

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Glycolipids are biocompatible and biodegradable amphiphilic compounds characterized by a great scientific interest for their potential applications in various technological areas, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and food production. This report summarizes the available synthetic methodologies, physicochemical properties, and biological activity of sugar fatty acid ester surfactants, with a particular focus on 6-O-glucose, 6-O-mannose, 6-O-sucrose, and 6′-O-lactose ones. In detail, the synthetic approaches to this class of compounds, such as enzymatic lipase-catalyzed and traditional chemical (e.g., acyl chloride, Steglich, Mitsunobu) esterifications, are reported. Moreover, aspects related to the surface activity of these amphiphiles, such as their ability to decrease surface tension, critical micelle concentration, and emulsifying and foaming ability, are described. Biological applications with a focus on the permeability-enhancing effect across the skin or mucosa, antimicrobial and antifungal activities, as well as antibiofilm properties, are also presented. The information reported here on sugar-based ester surfactants is helpful to broaden the interest and the possible innovative applications of this class of amphiphiles in different technological fields in the future.

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Forero-Sossa, P. A., I. U. Olvera-Alvarez, J. D. Salazar-Martinez, D. G. Espinosa-Arbelaez, B. Segura-Giraldo, and A. L. Giraldo-Betancur. "Biogenic hydroxyapatite powders: Effects of source and processing methodologies on physicochemical properties and bioactive response." Materials Characterization 173 (March 2021): 110950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.110950.

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Gao, Xinyang. "Research Progress on Preparation of SnO2 Gas-Sensing Materials and Modification by Metal Ions Doping." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (March 27, 2024): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/je31me29.

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This paper delineates the developmental trajectory of SnO2-based gas sensing sensors and conducts an in-depth analysis of the prevalent preparation methodologies employed for nano-powder and thin film SnO2 materials. Recent investigations underscore that the doping of metal ions primarily operates through atomic substitution and solid solution mechanisms, where partial distortions in the crystal structure and the creation of oxygen vacancies emerge as pivotal factors augmenting the gas sensing capabilities of doped SnO2. Future research endeavors aimed at refining the modification of SnO2 through doping are anticipated to pivot towards mitigating its susceptibility to cross-sensitivity when confronted with mixed gas environments, while concurrently exploring physicochemical and biologically inspired preparation methodologies to imbue the process with greater eco-friendliness.

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Estudillo-Wong, Luis Alberto, Claudia Guerrero-Barajas, Jorge Vázquez-Arenas, and Nicolas Alonso-Vante. "Revisiting Current Trends in Electrode Assembly and Characterization Methodologies for Biofilm Applications." Surfaces 6, no. 1 (January 18, 2023): 2–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces6010002.

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Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a sustainable technology resulting from the synergism between biotechnology and electrochemistry, exploiting diverse fundamental aspects for the development of numerous applications, including wastewater treatment and energy production. Nevertheless, these devices currently present several limitations and operational restrictions associated with their performance, efficiency, durability, cost, and competitiveness against other technologies. Accordingly, the synthesis of nD nanomaterials (n = 0, 1, 2, and 3) of particular interest in MFCs, methods of assembling a biofilm-based electrode material, in situ and ex situ physicochemical characterizations, electrochemistry of materials, and phenomena controlling electron transfer mechanisms are critically revisited in order to identify the steps that determine the rate of electron transfer, while exploiting novel materials that enhance the interaction that arises between microorganisms and electrodes. This is expected to pave the way for the consolidation of this technology on a large scale to access untapped markets.

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Shchupakova, Yulia, Fedor Vasilevich, and Yulia Petrova. "Using modern research methods for identifying specific falsification of prepared lamb meat products marked as “Halal”." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700206.

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Development prospects of relatively new segment of meat industry producing confessional products also known as Halal are discussed in the article. Problems of inconsistency to quality and safety requirements are highlighted. Results of organoleptic and physicochemical tests are represented. Results of laboratory test using methods of polymerase chain reaction, enzyme immunodetection, immunochromatographic assay are shown. These methods are aimed at identifying specific falsification of prepared meat products marked as Halal. Comparative analysis of these methodologies is given.

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Mohamadzade Namin, Saeed, Sampat Ghosh, and Chuleui Jung. "Honey Quality Control: Review of Methodologies for Determining Entomological Origin." Molecules 28, no. 10 (May 22, 2023): 4232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104232.

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Honey is a widely consumed natural product, and its entomological origin can significantly influence its market value. Therefore, traceability of the entomological origin of honey should also be considered in honey quality control protocols. Although several methods exist, such as physicochemical characterization and bioactivity profiling of honey of different entomological origins, the most promising three methods for entomological authentication of honey include protein-based identification, chemical profiling, and a DNA-based method. All of these methods can be applied for reliable identification of the entomological origin of honey. However, as the honey is a complex matrix, the inconsistency of the results obtained by these methods is a pragmatic challenge, and therefore, the use of each method in all the cases is questionable. Most of these methodologies can be used for authentication of newly harvested honey and it is worth understanding the possibility of using these methods for authentication of relatively old samples. Most probably, using DNA-based methods targeting small fragments of DNA can provide the best result in old samples, however, the species-specific primers targeting short fragments are limited and not available for all species. Therefore, using universal primers in combination with a DNA metabarcoding approach can be a good solution that requires further investigation. This present article describes the applications of different methods, their pros, and their cons to identify honey based on entomological origin.

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Srivastava, Deepchandra, Olivier Favez, Emilie Perraudin, Eric Villenave, and Alexandre Albinet. "Comparison of Measurement-Based Methodologies to Apportion Secondary Organic Carbon (SOC) in PM2.5: A Review of Recent Studies." Atmosphere 9, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110452.

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Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is known to account for a major fraction of airborne particulate matter, with significant impacts on air quality and climate at the global scale. Despite the substantial amount of research studies achieved during these last decades, the source apportionment of the SOA fraction remains difficult due to the complexity of the physicochemical processes involved. The selection and use of appropriate approaches are a major challenge for the atmospheric science community. Several methodologies are nowadays available to perform quantitative and/or predictive assessments of the SOA amount and composition. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the most commonly used approaches to evaluate secondary organic carbon (SOC) contents: elemental carbon (EC) tracer method, chemical mass balance (CMB), SOA tracer method, radiocarbon (14C) measurement and positive matrix factorization (PMF). The principles, limitations, challenges and good practices of each of these methodologies are discussed in the present article. Based on a comprehensive—although not exhaustive—review of research papers published during the last decade (2006–2016), SOC estimates obtained using these methodologies are also summarized for different regions across the world. Conclusions of some studies which are directly comparing the performances of different methodologies are then specifically discussed. An overall picture of SOC contributions and concentrations obtained worldwide for urban sites under similar conditions (i.e., geographical and seasonal ones) is also proposed here. Finally, further needs to improve SOC apportionment methodologies are also identified and discussed.

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Baldrich, Carlos A., Luz A. Novoa, and Alexis Bueno. "COMPARISON BETWEEN NIR AND UVVIS SPECTRA CHEMOMETRICS FOR PREDICTING FCC FEEDSTOCKS PROPERTIES." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.444.

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In this paper a comparison is made between the performance of models developed by applying chemometric analysis to NIR and UVVIS spectral data obtained from feedsctock samples corresponding to the different Ecopetrol S.A., Barrancabermeja Refinery FCC units for predicting some important physicochemical properties. The results show the utility of both methodologies here evaluated to follow up the quality of these types of refinery streams and present the advantages and disadvantages of each methodology for predicting the feedstock properties here evaluated.

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Viana Maurat da Rocha, Lizandra, Paulo Sergio Rangel Cruz da Silva, Diego De Holanda Saboya Souza, and Maria Inês Bruno Tavares. "Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3): a scoping review of its properties, synthesis and applications." Concilium 24, no. 6 (April 3, 2024): 443–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-3190-24f41.

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Molybdenum trioxide is an inorganic compound of great scientific and technological relevance due to its unique characteristics, which result in wide applicability. This review article discusses several synthesis methodologies and applications of MoO3, highlighting its physicochemical properties, especially crystalline structure, oxidizing activity and thermal behavior. Furthermore, the industrial specificity of this oxide is addressed, from the areas of catalysis, electrochemistry and electronics, to optics, corroborating the relevance, future research perspectives and potential innovations related to it, especially in the context of nanotechnology.

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Khatib, Isra, and Paul M. Young. "Technegas, A Universal Technique for Lung Imaging in Nuclear Medicine: Technology, Physicochemical Properties, and Clinical Applications." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 4 (March 30, 2023): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041108.

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Technegas was developed in Australia as an imaging radioaerosol in the late 1980s and is now commercialized by Cyclomedica, Pty Ltd. for diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE). Technegas is produced by heating technetium-99m in a carbon crucible for a few seconds at high temperatures (2750 °C) to generate technetium–carbon nanoparticles with a gas-like behaviour. The submicron particulates formed allow easy diffusion to the lung periphery when inhaled. Technegas has been used for diagnosis in over 4.4 m patients across 60 countries and now offers exciting opportunities in areas outside of PE, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The Technegas generation process and the physicochemical attributes of the aerosol have been studied over the past 30 years in parallel with the advancement in different analytical methodologies. Thus, it is now well established that the Technegas aerosol has a radioactivity aerodynamic diameter of <500 nm and is composed of agglomerated nanoparticles. With a plethora of literature studying different aspects of Technegas, this review focuses on a historical evaluation of the different methodologies’ findings over the years that provides insight into a scientific consensus of this technology. Also, we briefly discuss recent clinical innovations using Technegas and a brief history of Technegas patents.

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Braga, Rangel Santos, Marcos Bernazzolli De Assis, Elaine da Silva Ramos, and Tiago André Denck Colman. "Analysis of the methodology described in the thermoanalytical characterization involving aceclofenac compounds and their derivatives: what does the literature say?" Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo 16, no. 1 (January 17, 2024): 1298–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/cuadv16n1-068.

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The thermoanalytical characterization of aceclofenac compounds and their derivatives is essential for understanding their physical and chemical properties. Thermoanalytical techniques offer critical insights into these compounds' thermal behavior, stability, and decomposition patterns, providing vital information for their formulation, processing, and storage. Aceclofenac, a diclofenac derivative, is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for treating inflammatory diseases. This physicochemical characterization is pivotal for assessing their stability, solubility, and bioavailability, involving various analytical techniques like melting point determination, decomposition temperature assessment, and heat capacity analysis. Thermoanalytical methods like thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are frequently employed in pharmaceutical compound characterization, offering insights into thermal stability, decomposition kinetics, and molecular structure. This review summarizes recent literature on thermoanalytical methodologies characterizing Aceclofenac and its derivatives. A bibliographic review was conducted using the SciFinder web platform, resulting in the selection of ten relevant articles published between 2016 and 2023. The analysis reveals that thermal analysis is crucial for studying pharmaceuticals, providing insights into various physicochemical properties. Despite the importance of experimental methodologies in scientific publications, some studies lack adequate pre-experimental information, hindering reproducibility. In this review, it was observed that out of eight studies, twelve thermoanalytical techniques were employed for aceclofenac characterization, with DSC being the most used method. However, one author omitted crucial information about experimental procedures, highlighting the need for transparent reporting in scientific research.

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Vilar Junior, José Carlos, Daylin Rubio Ribeaux, Carlos Alberto Alves da Silva, and Galba Maria De Campos-Takaki. "Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Chitosan Extracted from Waste Shrimp Shells." International Journal of Microbiology 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5127515.

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This research aims to study the production of chitosan from shrimp shell (Litopenaeus vannamei) of waste origin using two chemical methodologies involving demineralization, deproteinization, and the degree of deacetylation. The evaluation of the quality of chitosan from waste shrimp shells includes parameters for the yield, physical chemistry characteristics by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), the degree of deacetylation, and antibacterial activity. The results showed (by Method 1) extraction yields for chitin of 33% and for chitosan of 49% and a 76% degree of deacetylation. Chitosan obtained by Method 2 was more efficient: chitin (36%) and chitosan (63%), with a high degree of deacetylation (81.7%). The antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-negative bacteria (Stenotrophomonas maltophiliaandEnterobacter cloacae) and Gram-positiveBacillus subtilisand the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined. Method 2 showed that extracted chitosan has good antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and that the process is viable.

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Jones, Tim, Teresa Moreno, Kelly BéruBé, and Roy Richards. "The physicochemical characterisation of microscopic airborne particles in south Wales: A review of the locations and methodologies." Science of The Total Environment 360, no. 1-3 (May 2006): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.055.

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D’Aria, Federica, Bruno Pagano, Luigi Petraccone, and Concetta Giancola. "KRAS Promoter G-Quadruplexes from Sequences of Different Length: A Physicochemical Study." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010448.

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DNA G-quadruplexes (G4s) form in relevant genomic regions and intervene in several biological processes, including the modulation of oncogenes expression, and are potential anticancer drug targets. The human KRAS proto-oncogene promoter region contains guanine-rich sequences able to fold into G4 structures. Here, by using circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry as complementary physicochemical methodologies, we compared the thermodynamic stability of the G4s formed by a shorter and a longer version of the KRAS promoter sequence, namely 5′-AGGGCGGTGTGGGAATAGGGAA-3′ (KRAS 22RT) and 5′-AGGGCGGTGTGGGAAGAGGGAAGAGGGGGAGG-3′ (KRAS 32R). Our results show that the unfolding mechanism of KRAS 32R is more complex than that of KRAS 22RT. The different thermodynamic stability is discussed based on the recently determined NMR structures. The binding properties of TMPyP4 and BRACO-19, two well-known G4-targeting anticancer compounds, to the KRAS G4s were also investigated. The present physicochemical study aims to help in choosing the best G4 target for potential anticancer drugs.

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Cheng, Xiaolong, Dongjun Li, Yu Jiang, Fangzhi Huang, and Shikuo Li. "Advances in Electrochemical Energy Storage over Metallic Bismuth-Based Materials." Materials 17, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17010021.

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Bismuth (Bi) has been prompted many investigations into the development of next-generation energy storage systems on account of its unique physicochemical properties. Although there are still some challenges, the application of metallic Bi-based materials in the field of energy storage still has good prospects. Herein, we systematically review the application and development of metallic Bi-based anode in lithium ion batteries and beyond-lithium ion batteries. The reaction mechanism, modification methodologies and their relationship with electrochemical performance are discussed in detail. Additionally, owing to the unique physicochemical properties of Bi and Bi-based alloys, some innovative investigations of metallic Bi-based materials in alkali metal anode modification and sulfur cathodes are systematically summarized for the first time. Following the obtained insights, the main unsolved challenges and research directions are pointed out on the research trend and potential applications of the Bi-based materials in various energy storage fields in the future.

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Coderch, Luisa, Ilaria Collini, Victor Carrer, Clara Barba, and Cristina Alonso. "Assessment of Finite and Infinite Dose In Vitro Experiments in Transdermal Drug Delivery." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030364.

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Penetration, usually with finite dosing, provides data about the total active amount in the skin and permeation, being the most used methodology, usually with infinite dosing, leads to data about pharmacokinetic parameters. The main objective of this work is to assess if results from permeation, most of them at finite dose, may be equivalent to those from penetration usually at infinite dose. The transdermal behavior of four drugs with different physicochemical properties (diclofenac sodium, ibuprofen, lidocaine, and caffeine) was studied using penetration/finite and kinetic permeation/infinite dose systems using vertical Franz diffusion cells to determine the relationships between permeation and penetration profiles. Good correlation of these two in vitro assays is difficult to find; the influence of their dosage and the proportion of different ionized/unionized compounds due to the pH of the skin layers was demonstrated. Finite and infinite dose regimens have different applications in transdermal delivery. Each approach presents its own advantages and challenges. Pharmaceutical industries are not always clear about the method and the dose to use to determine transdermal drug delivery. Being aware that this study presents results for four actives with different physicochemical properties, it can be concluded that the permeation/infinite results could not be always extrapolated to those of penetration/finite. Differences in hydrophilicity and ionization of drugs can significantly influence the lack of equivalence between the two methodologies. Further investigations in this field are still needed to study the correlation of the two methodologies and the main properties of the drugs that should be taken into account.

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Wazed, M. A., S. Yasmin, P. Basak, A. Hossain, M. M. Rahman, M. R. Hasan, M. M. Khair, and M. N. Khatun. "Evaluation of physicochemical parameters of edible oils at room temperature and after heating at high temperature." Food Research 7, no. 4 (August 3, 2023): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.7(4).900.

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Edible oils and fats are recognized as vital constituents of our daily diet and contribute significantly to the regulation of different body functions. Edible oil quality is largely determined by physicochemical characteristics and sensory evaluation due to its nature and processing procedure. The present study includes evaluation of different physicochemical parameters of soybean, palm, mustard and bran oil at room temperature and after heating at 180oC for 10 mins using different analytical methodologies. These properties were studied to evaluate the compositional quality of oils and also to investigate the effect of heating as it ultimately changes the physicochemical and sensory properties of the oil. Results revealed that there was a significant difference in physicochemical parameters among four types of oils before and after heating. Peroxide, free fatty acid and acid value were increased with the increase of temperature at 180oC. The iodine value was highest in soybean oil (133.17 mg/g), followed by mustard oil (110.59 mg/g) but was lowest in palm oil (46.18 mg/g). In addition, saponification value was found to be 187.1, 202.39, 191.38 and 181.6 mg/g in soybean, palm, mustard and bran oil, respectively. The study also indicated that the L*, a* and b* values of oil decreased significantly with heating temperature. However, sensory evaluation results also found that soybean oil and bran oil were more preferable to cooking than the other two oils. Taking consideration of all parameters the study concluded that soybean oil and bran oil had the superior quality to other samples.

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Cavalcante, Kiany S. B., Mitchell G. S. Da Silva, Francisco S. M. Sifrônio, Renata R. S. Valois, Adeilton P. Maciel, Antonio G. Souza, and Fernando C. Silva. "OXYGENATED GLYCEROL DERIVATIVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF ENERGY: A REVIEW." Eclética Química Journal 36, no. 4 (October 31, 2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v36.4.2011.p54-61.

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Due to the excessive production of crude glycerol by the Brazilian biodiesel industries, the commercial interest for glycerol derivatives has widely increased. Therefore, several methodologies have been proposed for such purpose, combining the reuse of this abundant raw material with new applications. In such context, this review summarizes a number of works focused on oxygenated glycerol derivatives production, regarding the reactions mechanisms (etherification, acetalization, esterification, and fermentation) and the physicochemical chemical properties and application. Thus, this work aims to contribute to future studies in chemical modification of crude glycerol; hence most of the scientific publications have discussed additives yielded from pure glycerol.

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Trifautan, Viorica, Olga Cataraga, and Viorica Coada. "The main sources of pollution of Valea Morilor lake which caused the asphygation of fish." Acta et commentationes: Ştiinţe Exacte şi ale Naturii 13, no. 1 (November 2022): 82–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36120/2587-3644.v13i1.82-99.

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The paper illustrates the role of bioindicators applied to identify the sources and degree of pollution of a water basin. The laboratory test reports, standard methodologies and scientific literature considered as an auxiliary tool for the preparation and planning the sampling campaigns for the assessment of the ecological status of the aquatic environment (including sampling, analysis and microscopy) served as support. There were applied the results of the laboratory analyses from the reports on quality indices and technical report, which include qualitative elements of the general physicochemical conditions, hydromorphological and biological qualitative components from Valea Morilor lake.

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Alves, E. O. S., C. B. M. Cerqueira-Silva, A. M. Souza, C. A. F. Santos, F. P. Lima Neto, and R. X. Corrêa. "Short Communication Comparison of efficiency of distance measurement methodologies in mango (Mangifera indica) progenies based on physicochemical descriptors." Genetics and Molecular Research 11, no. 1 (2012): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2012.march.14.2.

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Castiglioni, Michele, Luca Rivoira, Irene Ingrando, Massimo Del Bubba, and Maria Concetta Bruzzoniti. "Characterization Techniques as Supporting Tools for the Interpretation of Biochar Adsorption Efficiency in Water Treatment: A Critical Review." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 5063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165063.

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Over the past decade, biochar (BC) has received significant attention in many environmental applications, including water purification, since it is available as a low-cost by-product of the energetic valorisation of biomass. Biochar has many intrinsic characteristics, including its porous structure, which is similar to that of activated carbon (AC), which is the most widely used sorbent in water treatment. The physicochemical and performance characteristics of BCs are usually non-homogenously investigated, with several studies only evaluating limited parameters, depending on the individual perspective of the author. Within this review, we have taken an innovative approach to critically survey the methodologies that are generally used to characterize BCs and ACs to propose a comprehensive and ready-to-use database of protocols. Discussion about the parameters of chars that are usually correlated with adsorption performance in water purification is proposed, and we will also consider the physicochemical properties of pollutants (i.e., Kow). Uniquely, an adsorption efficiency index BC/AC is presented and discussed, which is accompanied by an economic perspective. According to our survey, non-homogeneous characterization approaches limit the understanding of the correlations between the pollutants to be removed and the physicochemical features of BCs. Moreover, the investigations of BC as an adsorption medium necessitate dedicated parallel studies to compare BC characteristics and performances with those of ACs.

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Rusdin, Agus, Amirah Mohd Gazzali, Nur Ain Thomas, Sandra Megantara, Diah Lia Aulifa, Arif Budiman, and Muchtaridi Muchtaridi. "Advancing Drug Delivery Paradigms: Polyvinyl Pyrolidone (PVP)-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersion for Enhanced Physicochemical Properties and Therapeutic Efficacy." Polymers 16, no. 2 (January 20, 2024): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16020286.

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Background: The current challenge in drug development lies in addressing the physicochemical issues that lead to low drug effectiveness. Solubility, a crucial physicochemical parameter, greatly influences various biopharmaceutical aspects of a drug, including dissolution rate, absorption, and bioavailability. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) has emerged as a widely explored approach to enhance drug solubility. Objective: The objective of this review is to discuss and summarize the development of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-based amorphous solid dispersion in improving the physicochemical properties of drugs, with a focus on the use of PVP as a novel approach. Methodology: This review was conducted by examining relevant journals obtained from databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, since 2018. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select suitable articles. Results: This study demonstrated the versatility and efficacy of PVP in enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Diverse preparation methods, including solvent evaporation, melt quenching, electrospinning, coprecipitation, and ball milling are discussed for the production of ASDs with tailored characteristics. Conclusion: PVP-based ASDs could offer significant advantages in the formulation strategies, stability, and performance of poorly soluble drugs to enhance their overall bioavailability. The diverse methodologies and findings presented in this review will pave the way for further advancements in the development of effective and tailored amorphous solid dispersions.

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Nisterenko, Wiktor, Damian Kułaga, Mateusz Woziński, Yash Raj Singh, Beata Judzińska, Karolina Jagiello, Katarzyna Ewa Greber, Wiesław Sawicki, and Krzesimir Ciura. "Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Ipsapirone Derivatives Based on Chromatographic and Chemometric Approaches." Molecules 29, no. 8 (April 19, 2024): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29081862.

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Drug discovery is a challenging process, with many compounds failing to progress due to unmet pharmacokinetic criteria. Lipophilicity is an important physicochemical parameter that affects various pharmacokinetic processes, including absorption, metabolism, and excretion. This study evaluated the lipophilic properties of a library of ipsapirone derivatives that were previously synthesized to affect dopamine and serotonin receptors. Lipophilicity indices were determined using computational and chromatographic approaches. In addition, the affinity to human serum albumin (HSA) and phospholipids was assessed using biomimetic chromatography protocols. Quantitative Structure–Retention Relationship (QSRR) methodologies were used to determine the impact of theoretical descriptors on experimentally determined properties. A multiple linear regression (MLR) model was calculated to identify the most important features, and genetic algorithms (GAs) were used to assist in the selection of features. The resultant models showed commendable predictive accuracy, minimal error, and good concordance correlation coefficient values of 0.876, 0.149, and 0.930 for the validation group, respectively.

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Moreno-Madrid, Francisco, Natalia Martín-González, Aida Llauró, Alvaro Ortega-Esteban, Mercedes Hernando-Pérez, Trevor Douglas, Iwan A. T. Schaap, and Pedro J. de Pablo. "Atomic force microscopy of virus shells." Biochemical Society Transactions 45, no. 2 (April 13, 2017): 499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20160316.

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Microscopes are used to characterize small objects with the help of probes that interact with the specimen, such as photons and electrons in optical and electron microscopies, respectively. In atomic force microscopy (AFM), the probe is a nanometric tip located at the end of a microcantilever which palpates the specimen under study just as a blind person manages a walking stick. In this way, AFM allows obtaining nanometric resolution images of individual protein shells, such as viruses, in a liquid milieu. Beyond imaging, AFM also enables not only the manipulation of single protein cages, but also the characterization of every physicochemical property capable of inducing any measurable mechanical perturbation to the microcantilever that holds the tip. In the present revision, we start revising some recipes for adsorbing protein shells on surfaces. Then, we describe several AFM approaches to study individual protein cages, ranging from imaging to spectroscopic methodologies devoted to extracting physical information, such as mechanical and electrostatic properties. We also explain how a convenient combination of AFM and fluorescence methodologies entails monitoring genome release from individual viral shells during mechanical unpacking.

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Verboni, Michele, Simone Lucarini, and Andrea Duranti. "6′-O-Lactose Ester Surfactants as an Innovative Opportunity in the Pharmaceutical Field: From Synthetic Methods to Biological Applications." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14121306.

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Glycolipid surfactants are biocompatible and biodegradable compounds characterized by potential applications in various sectors including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and food production. A specific overview regarding synthetic methodologies and properties of 6′-lactose-based surfactants is presented herein, particularly all the synthetic approaches to this class of lactose esters, such as enzymatic and traditional organic syntheses. Moreover, detailed descriptions of physicochemical data and biocompatibility properties of these molecules, that is, surface tension, critical micelle concentration, emulsifying ability, foaming, particle size distribution, biocompatibility, and safety, are described. Biological applications with a focus on permeability enhancing, antimicrobial activity, and antibiofilm properties of 6′-lactose-based esters are also reported.

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Turkten, Nazli, Yunus Karatas, and Miray Bekbolet. "Conducting Polymers and Photocatalysis: A Mini Review on Selected Conducting Polymers and Photocatalysts as TiO2 and ZnO." Journal of Photocatalysis 2, no. 4 (November 2021): 252–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2665976x02666211201121530.

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: This work covers a comprehensive mini review of the recent studies on the use of composites consisting of conducting polymers coupled with photocatalysts. The selected photocatalysts were TiO2 and ZnO and conducting polymers were polyaniline, polypyrrole and polythiophene. Based on the reference studies, preparation and characterization methodologies were presented along with reaction conditions. Assessment of photocatalytic performance of the composites was based on i. light intensity, band gap energy and effective wavelength region, ii. surface area and initial adsorption, iii. zeta potential and the pH of point of zero charges (pHzpc), with respect to selected substrate physicochemical properties. Conclusive remarks covered recommendations for future studies to fulfill the misconceptions.

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Szabadi, András, Robert Klausser, Oliver Spadiut, and Christian Schröder. "Inclusion Bodies in Ionic Liquids." Liquids 4, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/liquids4010001.

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The pivotal role of proteins in pharmaceuticals is challenged by stability issues, making the study of inclusion bodies—a source of insoluble protein aggregates—increasingly relevant. This review outlines the critical procedures in inclusion body processing, focusing on ’mild solubilization concepts’ and refolding methodologies. Attention is afforded to the emerging role of ionic liquids with unique and tunable physicochemical properties in optimizing protein unfolding and refolding processes. The review critically assesses the existing literature at the intersection of inclusion bodies and ionic liquids, identifying recent advancements, potential applications, and avenues for future research. This comprehensive analysis aims to elucidate the complexities in efficient protein processing from inclusion bodies.

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Bonechi, Claudia, Gabriella Tamasi, Alessandro Donati, Gemma Leone, Marco Consumi, Lorenzo Cangeloni, Vanessa Volpi, Agnese Magnani, Andrea Cappelli, and Claudio Rossi. "Physicochemical Characterization of Hyaluronic Acid and Chitosan Liposome Coatings." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 12071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112412071.

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Hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan (CH) are biopolymers that are widely used in many biomedical applications and for cosmetic purposes. Their chemical properties are fundamental to them working as drug delivery systems and improving their synergistic effects. In this work, two different protocols were used to obtain zwitterionic liposomes coated with either hyaluronic acid or chitosan. Specifically, the methodologies used to perform vesicle preparation were chosen by taking into account the specific chemical properties of these two polysaccharides. In the case of chitosan, liposomes were first synthesized and then coated, whereas the coating of hyaluronic acid was achieved through lipidic film hydration in an HA aqueous solution. The size and the zeta-potential of the polysaccharide-coated liposomes were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). This approach allowed coated liposomes to be obtained with hydrodynamic diameters of 264.4 ± 12.5 and 450.3 ± 16.7 nm for HA- and CH-coated liposomes, respectively. The chemical characterization of the coated liposomal systems was obtained by surface infrared (ATR-FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. In particular, the presence of polysaccharides was confirmed by the bands assigned to amides and saccharides being in the 1500–1700 cm−1 and 800–1100 cm−1 regions, respectively. This approach allowed confirmation of the efficiency of the coating processes, evidencing the presence of HA or CH at the liposomal surface. These data were also supported by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), which provided specific assessments of surface (3–5 nm deep) composition and structure of the polysaccharide-coated liposomes. In this work, the synthesis and the physical chemistry characterization of coated liposomes with HA or CH represent an important step in improving the pharmacological properties of drug delivery systems.

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Deborah Ebunoluwa Adedire, Adijat Ozohu Jimoh, Zainab Kashim-Bello, Bilyaminu Adam Wase Shuaibu, Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola, Kabiru Isa Pate, Onyinyechi Stainless Uzor, et al. "Physicochemical attributes and bacteriome diversity of Lake Tunari, Taraba State, Nigeria." International Journal of Science and Technology Research Archive 6, no. 2 (May 30, 2024): 059–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijstra.2024.6.2.0043.

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Physicochemical parameters of aquatic habitats can play an influential part in shaping the microbial communities of water bodies. In this study, water samples from Lake Tunari were analysed for its microbiome and physicochemical attributes, using spectrophotometric and culture-dependent methodologies respectively. The temperature of the lake ranged from 28.00 – 29.00 (°C), while the pH ranged from 6.50 – 7.20. Heavy metals such as Manganese (0.48 ppm), Lead (0.14 ppm) and Selenium (0.10 ppm) showed significantly high values in selected parts of the lake, surpassing limits set by the World Health Organisation. Microbiome analysis revealed the largest phylum across sample sites as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetota with peak relative abundance values of 64.13%, 45.29% and 16.11% respectively. Bacterial genera such as Exiguobacterium, Methylocystis and Rhodoferax were detected from designated sites. The presence of these genera capable of tolerating, utilizing or degrading metal ions in water samples of the Lake might be indicative of chemical and metal trickles into the water body. In addition, relatively new and understudied bacterial phyla such as Gemmatimonadota, as well as unknown bacterial clades were identified from water samples of the lake. This study has revealed that Lake Tunari is not impervious to pollution, caused by either anthropogenic activities or from adjoining water channels. Environmental health awareness programs can be introduced to enlighten the populace, while scheduled microbial and physicochemical surveillance can be adopted, to control microbial contamination and curtail toxic material inflow into the Lake.

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Xagoraris, Marinos, Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou, Eleftherios Alissandrakis, Petros A. Tarantilis, and Christos S. Pappas. "Greek Honey Authentication: Botanical Approach." Encyclopedia 1, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 1322–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040099.

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Honey is a functional, honeybee product with a useful role in human nutrition and several health benefits. Greece is a Mediterranean region with several types of monofloral honey. Today, Greek honey has acquired an important position in national and international markets. Due to this increased industrialization and globalization, quality control is a necessity. Mislabeling constitutes one of the most notable types of fraudulence, while most consumers are looking for authentic honey. Moreover, producers and suppliers are searching for rapid and analytical methodologies to secure Greek honey in a competitive environment. In this context, we aimed to describe the classical (melissopalynological, physicochemical) and analytical (chromatographic, spectrometric, and spectroscopic) methods for the standardization of the botanical origin of Greek honey.

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A, ANITA. "A STUDY ON THE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN LEAVES OF DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA." Green Chemistry & Technology Letters 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2016): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/gctl.2015.214.

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Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products interest particularly in edible plants has grown throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of active components in leaves of Dichrostachys cinerea. The analysis of bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts involve the application of common phytochemical screening tests, physicochemical tests, chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and TLC were discussed.

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Verleysen, Eveline, Nadia Waegeneers, Frédéric Brassinne, Sandra De Vos, Isaac Ojea Jimenez, Stella Mathioudaki, and Jan Mast. "Physicochemical Characterization of the Pristine E171 Food Additive by Standardized and Validated Methods." Nanomaterials 10, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10030592.

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E171 (titanium dioxide) is a food additive that has been authorized for use as a food colorant in the European Union. The application of E171 in food has become an issue of debate, since there are indications that it may alter the intestinal barrier. This work applied standardized and validated methodologies to characterize representative samples of 15 pristine E171 materials based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). The evaluation of selected sample preparation protocols allowed identifying and optimizing the critical factors that determine the measurement of the particle size distribution by TEM. By combining optimized sample preparation with method validation, a significant variation in the particle size and shape distributions, the crystallographic structure (rutile versus anatase), and the physicochemical form (pearlescent pigments versus anatase and rutile E171) was demonstrated among the representative samples. These results are important for risk assessment of the E171 food additive and can contribute to the implementation of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidance on risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain.

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Fuenmayor, Carlos A., Omar G. Baron-Cangrejo, and Paula A. Salgado-Rivera. "Encapsulation of Carotenoids as Food Colorants via Formation of Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes: A Review." Polysaccharides 2, no. 2 (June 5, 2021): 454–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides2020028.

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The use of natural carotenoids as food colorants is an important trend of innovation in the industry due to their low toxicity, their potential as bio-functional ingredients, and the increasing demand for natural and organic foods. Despite these benefits, their inclusion in food matrices presents multiple challenges related to their low stability and low water solubility. The present review covers the main concepts and background of carotenoid inclusion complex formation in cyclodextrins as a strategy for their stabilization, and subsequent inclusion in food products as color additives. The review includes the key aspects of the molecular and physicochemical properties of cyclodextrins as complexing agents, and a detailed review of the published evidence on complex formation with natural carotenoids from different sources in cyclodextrins, comparing complex formation methodologies, recovery, inclusion efficiency, and instrumental characterization techniques. Moreover, process flow diagrams (PFD), based on the most promising carotenoid-cyclodextrin complex formation methodologies reported in literature, are proposed, and discussed as a potential tool for their future scale-up. This review shows that the inclusion of carotenoids in complexes with cyclodextrins constitutes a promising technology for the stabilization of these pigments, with possible advantages in terms of their stability in food matrices.

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Landeta-Escamilla, Ofelia, Oscar Sandoval-Gonzalez, Albino Martínez-Sibaja, José Flores-Cuautle, Rubén Posada-Gómez, and Alejandro Alvarado-Lassman. "Intelligent Spectroscopy System Used for Physicochemical Variables Estimation in Sugar Cane Soils." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020240.

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The current condition of soils is a major area of interest due to the lack of certainty in their physicochemical properties, which can guarantee the quality and the production of a specific crop. Additionally, methodologies to improve land management must be implemented in order to address the consequences of many environmental issues. To date, many techniques have been implemented to improve the accuracy—and more recently the speed—of analysis, in order to obtain results while in the field. Among those, Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been widely used to achieve the objectives mentioned above. Nevertheless, it requires particular knowledge, and the cost might be high for farmers who own the fields and crops. Thus, the present work uses a system that implements capacitance spectroscopy plus artificial intelligence algorithms to estimate the physicochemical variables of soil used to grow sugar cane. The device uses the frequency response of the soil to determine its magnitude and phase values, which are used by artificial intelligence algorithms that are capable of estimating the soil properties. The obtained results show errors below 8% in the estimation of the variables compared to the analysis results of the soil in laboratories. Additionally, it is a portable system, with low cost, that is easy to use and could be implemented to test other types of soils after evaluating the necessary algorithms or proposing alternatives to restore soil properties.

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Murawski, Steven A., and Sherryl Gilbert. "Closing the Knowledge Gap for Ultra Deep Blowouts: Foci of the C-IMAGE Research Consortium." Marine Technology Society Journal 52, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.52.6.13.

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AbstractThe Center for Integrated Modeling and Analysis of Gulf Ecosystems (C-IMAGE) is a research consortium of 19 U.S. and international partners focused on examining the effects of oil spills on marine environments. Through its continued funding from GoMRI, our researchers have developed innovative methodologies and technologies to examine the near and far field nature of deep blowouts with their unique physicochemical properties. Laboratory studies at our high-pressure facilities have mimicked the release of gas saturated oil under deep sea initial conditions and provided data critical for oil transport models. The results from these far-field transport models are used to inform the extensive field effort to examine the short- and long-term impact of marine oil spills on the environment.

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Razura-Carmona, Francisco Fabián, Alejandro Perez-Larios, Sonia Guadalupe Sáyago-Ayerdi, Mayra Herrera-Martínez, and Jorge Alberto Sánchez-Burgos. "Biofunctionalized Nanomaterials: Alternative for Encapsulation Process Enhancement." Polysaccharides 3, no. 2 (May 14, 2022): 411–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides3020025.

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In recent years, interest in the development of nanometric materials with specific characteristics has grown; however, there are few scientific contributions that associate encapsulation methodologies and matrices with the particle objective (metabolic directions, type of administration, biological impact, and biocompatibility). This review focuses on describing the benefits and disadvantages of different techniques for designing custom particles and alternatives for the biofunctionalization nanomaterials regarding the biological impact of a nanomaterial with potential use in foods known as nutraceuticals. The study of optical properties, physicochemical factors, and characteristics such as rheological can predict its stability in the application matrix; however, not only should the characterization of a nanocomposite with applications in food be considered, but also the biological impact that it may present.

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Olguín-Hernández, Zacnicté, Quinatzin Yadira Zafra-Rojas, Nelly del Socorro Cruz-Cansino, Jose Alberto Ariza-Ortega, Javier Añorve-Morga, Deyanira Ojeda-Ramírez, Reyna Nallely Falfan-Cortes, Jose Arias-Rico, and Esther Ramírez-Moreno. "Comparison of Vegetables of Ecological and Commercial Production: Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (March 14, 2023): 5117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065117.

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This research aimed to compare some physicochemical and antioxidant properties in vegetables (chard, beet, coriander, spinach, lettuce, radish, carrot, and tomato) of ecological and commercial production. The ecological products were cultivated and obtained from three harvests in an ecology garden with standardized methodologies for implementation while the commercial samples were obtained from a local supplier. On the same purchase or harvest day, the color, texture, moisture, and ashes parameters were measured in the fresh produce without unpeeling. In the lyophilized samples, bioactive compounds (total phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll a and b, β-carotenes, anthocyanins, betalains, and lycopene) were determined, and antioxidant activity was found using the 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+), 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, and chelating activity. The ecological vegetables presented better color (high luminosity and intensity) than commercial samples, and, according to the value of ΔE, this is a difference that can be perceived by the human eye. In the same way, the ecological vegetables were more turgid than the commercial samples (p < 0.05). The content of bioactive compounds was found in higher concentrations in ecologically produced vegetables and this was correlated positively with antioxidant capacity. It is important to carry out more studies to determine the effect on health of these vegetables when they are integrated into the diet and thus to be able to recommend their inclusion in the diet as a sustainability strategy in the production of vegetables for self-consumption.

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Fonseca, Rita, Catarina Pinho, Teresa Albuquerque, and Joana Araújo. "Environmental Factors and Metal Mobilisation in Alluvial Sediments—Minas Gerais, Brazil." Geosciences 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11030110.

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In areas contaminated by potentially toxic elements (PTEs), knowledge of processes of metal mobilisation is the basis for the choice of appropriate remediation methodologies. The mobilisation of metals is a function of several factors, and the response to these factors must be well known during the planning of remediation strategies. The activity of an ore metallurgical plant in South-East Brazil resulted in major contamination by several heavy metals. Reversing the contamination’s negative impact required geochemical assessment of the area, including the physicochemical characterisation, quantification, and delimitation of PTEs, and the rating of the solubilisation/mobilisation capacity of these elements. The definition of spatial patterns for PTEs’ distribution allowed the construction of contamination risk maps which work as a tool for the mitigation and control of the contamination plume. The chemical analysis of interstitial water and selective and sequential extraction methodologies showed that elements that occur in the environment in critical concentrations (Zn, Cd, Pb, As) are mostly associated with easily mobilised forms (soluble, exchangeable cations, associated with Mn oxides). Given the great mobility of the contamination plume, any process of removal of contaminated material becomes unfeasible, thus the strategy of remediation for the stream and associated alluvial deposits must be based on methods of in situ decontamination.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Physicochemical methodologies'

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