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Journal articles on the topic 'Physico-Mechanical and hygro-Thermal properties'

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Published: 1 June 2024

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1

Cao, Rulong, Juhani Marttila, Veikko Möttönen, Henrik Heräjärvi, Pekka Ritvanen, and Erkki Verkasalo. "Mechanical properties and water resistance of Vietnamese acacia and rubberwood after thermo-hygro-mechanical modification." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 78, no. 5 (June 18, 2020): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01552-7.

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Abstract Low density and poor mechanical performance often limit utilisation of sawn wood from fast-growing plantation forests. Thermo-hygro-mechanical modification (THM) of timber is one innovation for improving the properties of light-weight wood species. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of THM and subsequent thermal treatment on dry density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), compression strength, Brinell hardness, and swelling behaviour in immersion tests on two fast-growing Vietnamese species, acacia (Acacia mangium) and rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis). Test boards were modified in an industrial kiln, in which a tangential thickness compression of 14% and 12% were aimed for acacia and rubberwood, respectively, either with or without subsequent thermal treatment at 210 °C. Dry density, MOE, Brinell hardness, compression strength, and dimensional changes in water immersion tests of specimens were measured from the modified and unmodified reference materials, the latter ones being kiln dried at 50 °C. The results showed that the responses of the mechanical properties were more evident for rubberwood than for acacia. In rubberwood, the MOE and compression strength of wood thermo-hygro-mechanically modified with or without thermal treatment were higher than those of kiln-dried reference specimens throughout the thickness profile. In case of acacia, similar differences between the modified and reference specimens were observed only in the surface layer. Density and Brinell hardness of thermo-hygro-mechanically modified rubberwood were higher than those of reference specimens, but after thermal treatment they did not differ from (acacia) or were lower (rubberwood) than those of THM specimens. Post-compression thermal treatment increased the hydrophobicity of THM specimens.
2

Nshimiyimana, Philbert, Adamah Messan, and Luc Courard. "Physico-Mechanical and Hygro-Thermal Properties of Compressed Earth Blocks Stabilized with Industrial and Agro By-Product Binders." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 3769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173769.

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This study investigated the engineering properties of compressed earth blocks (CEBs) stabilized with by-product binders: calcium carbide residue (CCR) and rice husk ash (RHA). The dry mixtures were prepared using the earthen material and 0–25 wt% CCR, firstly, and 20 wt% CCR partially substituted by the RHA (CCR:RHA in 20:0–12:8 ratios), secondly. The appropriate amount of water was thoroughly mixed with the dry mixtures. The moistened mixtures were manually compressed into CEBs, cured, dried, and tested. The stabilization of CEBs with CCR increased the dry compressive strength (CS) from 1.1 MPa with 0% CCR to 4.3 MPa with 10% CCR and above; decreased the bulk density (ρb: 1800–1475 kg/m3) and increased the total porosity (TP:35–45%). This resulted in the improvement of the coefficient of structural efficiency (CSE: 610–3050 Pa∙m3/kg). It also improved the thermal efficiency given the decrease of the thermal conductivity (λ: 1.02–0.69 W/m∙K), thermal diffusivity (a: 6.3 × 10−7 to 4.7 × 10−7 m2/s) and thermal penetration depth (δp: 0.13–0.11 m). The RHA further improved the CS up to 7 MPa, reaching the optimum with 16:4 CCR:RHA (ρb: 1575 kg/m3 and TP: 40%). The latter reached higher CSE (4460 Pa∙m3/kg) than cement stabilized CEBs (3540 Pa∙m3/kg). It reached lower λ (0.64 w/m∙K), a (4.1 × 10−7 m2/s) and δp (0.11 m) than cement CEBs (1.01 w/m∙K, 6.8 × 10−7 m2/s, and 0.14 m). Additionally, the stabilization of CEBs with by-products improved the moisture sorption capacity. The improvement of the structural and thermal efficiency of CEBs by the stabilization with by-product binders is beneficial for load-bearing capacity and thermal performances in multi-storey buildings.
3

Hsu, Hsiang Chen, Li Ming Chu, Lih Shan Chen, and Shen Li Fu. "Comprehensive Hygro-Thermo-Vapor Pressure Model for CMOS Image Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.493.

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A combined effect of moisture diffusion, heat transfer, and hygro-thermo-vapor pressure modeling for pre-mold QFN CMOS Image Sensor (CIS) package has been developed in this study. Hygroscopic swelling properties such as saturation, coefficient of moisture expansion (CME) and activation energy can be extracted through TMA (Thermal Mechanical Analysis) and TGA (Thermal Gravitational Analysis) instruments. Fick’s second law of transient diffusion is solved by using finite element analysis (FEA) to evaluate the overall moisture distributions. With obtained experimental data, a three-dimensional FEA CIS model using the “thermal-wetness” technique is developed to predict the moisture absorption, moisture desorption, temperature distributions, hygro-thermo-vapor pressure mechanical coupled effect and the residual stress distributions at JEDEC pre-conditioning standard JESD22-A120.
4

Dong, Wanguo, Chunlin Liu, Xueben Bao, Tengfei Xiang, and Depeng Chen. "Advances in the Deformation and Failure of Concrete Pavement under Coupling Action of Moisture, Temperature, and Wheel Load." Materials 13, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 5530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235530.

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The deformation and cracking of concrete will lead to various deterioration processes, which will greatly reduce the durability and service life of the concrete pavement. The relating previous studies and analysis revealed that the coupling action of environmental temperature, moisture, and wheel load will cause cracking and seriously affect the normal service and durability of pavement concrete. This paper presents theoretical and numerical state-of-the-art information in the field of deformation and failure of pavement concrete under coupling action of moisture, temperature, and wheel load and draws some conclusions. (a) Concrete is a typical porous material, moisture and heat transfer theory has obtained enough data to simulate the hygro-thermo properties of concrete, and the relationship between moisture and heat is very clear. (b) There are few studies on concrete pavement or airport pavement considering the coupling action of moisture, temperature, and wheel load. (c) Concrete pavement is subjected to hygro-thermal-mechanical coupling action in service, which has the characteristics of a similar period and its possible fatigue effect. (d) COMSOL software has certain advantages for solving the coupled hygro-thermal-mechanical of concrete.
5

OUEDRAOGO, Adelaïde Lareba, Adamah MESSAN, Etienne MALBILA, Emmanuel OUEDRAOGO, Dieudonné Joseph BATHIEBO, Florent pèlèga KIENO, and Philippe BLANCHART. "Thermo-Physical, Mechanical and Hygro-Thermal Properties of Newly Produced Aerated Concrete." Journal of Materials Science and Surface Engineering 8, no. 2 (2021): 1021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52687/2348-8956/823.

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6

Pedergnana, Matthieu, and Soofia Tahira Elias Ozkan. "Hygro-Thermal, Hydric, and Mechanical Properties of Fibre and Aggregate-Reinforced Earth Plasters." International Journal of Digital Innovation in the Built Environment 10, no. 2 (July 2021): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdibe.2021070103.

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Earth plasters have been used as a protective coating for buildings but, due to their low strength and low resistance to weather conditions, they have been abandoned for more resistant materials which in return lack vapour permeability. Earth plasters have usually a high moisture sorption rate, and their water vapour permeability is high, allowing the transfer of humidity through the material. These properties make them an interesting material for controlling vapour movement in humid rooms. Improving their strength can be done by adding aggregates and/or fibres, but the real impact of using one type or another of fibres or aggregate is unknown. This research aims to understand the consequence of the choice of fibre or sand in the improvement of strength of plasters and the conservation of the plaster hygro-thermal properties. Properties of plasters using alternative fibres or aggregates such as wool, cow hair, pine needles, sand aimed for concrete mixes, or not properly graded sand have been compared to plasters made more traditionally with chaff fibres and mason sand.
7

Adam, Laurentiu, and Dorina-Nicolina ISOPESCU. "PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES INVESTIGATION OF HEMPCRETE." Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment 55, no. 1(189) (2022): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46909/alse-551047.

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Food, energy and construction are the three main domains in which different uses of industrial hemp confirm the role and importance that agriculture has in human life. In the current context with an increased need for energy efficiency and environmental protection, the attention of scientists is directed towards the identification of ecological construction materials, and a sustainable way of life, where the circular economy must become part of people’s living habits. The objective of the research was to analyze the thermo-mechanical properties of hempcrete. The goal is to determine a point of reference for future studies that will aim to adapt the agreed compositions to the particularities of the raw material obtained locally. Measurements were determined through laboratory tests, performed on specimens obtained using, for the base material, the woody part of industrial hemp, and for the binder, a mixture consisting of hydrated lime and Portland cement. The results place the construction materials made from hemp vegetable waste in the group of heat-insulating products characterized by low specific weight and thermal transfer coefficients, according with conventional insulating materials, with values between those of polyurethane foam and autoclaved cellular concrete.
8

Yu, Peiyang, Peng-Zhi Pan, Guangliang Feng, Zhenhua Wu, and Shankun Zhao. "Physico-mechanical properties of granite after cyclic thermal shock." Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 12, no. 4 (August 2020): 693–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2020.03.001.

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9

Yaşar, E., Y. Erdoğan, and H. Güneyli. "Determination of the thermal conductivity from physico-mechanical properties." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 67, no. 2 (February 16, 2008): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-008-0126-5.

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10

Turgut, Paki, Mehmet Irfan Yesilnacar, and Husamettin Bulut. "Physico-thermal and mechanical properties of Sanliurfa limestone, Turkey." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 67, no. 4 (March 26, 2008): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-008-0145-2.

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11

Brzyski, Przemysław, Mateusz Gładecki, Monika Rumińska, Karol Pietrak, Michał Kubiś, and Piotr Łapka. "Influence of Hemp Shives Size on Hygro-Thermal and Mechanical Properties of a Hemp-Lime Composite." Materials 13, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 5383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235383.

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Different fractions of hemp shives are used in the mixtures of the hemp–lime composite. The market offers shives of different granulation. It depends on the type of industrial hemp and on the capabilities of decortication machines. The aim of the research presented in the article is to check differences in the mechanical and hygro-thermal properties of composites with different shives fractions. The research part of the paper presents the preparation method and investigation on hemp–lime composites. Apparent density, total porosity, thermal conductivity, capillary uptake, vapor permeability, specific heat, mass absorptivity, flexural and compressive strength were examined. The results confirm that the shives fraction influences the individual properties of the composites. Hemp–lime composites with fine shives are characterized by higher water absorption, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, vapor permeability as well as lower capillary-lifting capacity and specific heat than composites with thick shives.
12

Tang, Yaliang, Michael H. Santare, Anette M. Karlsson, Simon Cleghorn, and William B. Johnson. "Stresses in Proton Exchange Membranes Due to Hygro-Thermal Loading." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 23, 2005): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2173666.

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Durability of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) is a major technical barrier to the commercial viability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) for stationary and transportation applications. In order to reach Department of Energy objectives for automotive PEMFCs, an operating design lifetime of at least 5000h over a broad temperature range is required. Reaching these lifetimes is an extremely difficult technical challenge. Though good progress has been made in recent years, there are still issues that need to be addressed to assure successful, economically viable, long-term operation of PEM fuel cells. Fuel cell lifetime is currently limited by gradual degradation of both the chemical and hygro-thermomechanical properties of the membranes. Eventually the system fails due to a critical reduction of the voltage or mechanical damage. However, the hygro-thermomechanical loading of the membranes and how this effects the lifetime of the fuel cell is not understood. The long-term objective of the research is to establish a fundamental understanding of the mechanical processes in degradation and how they influence the lifetime of PEMFCs based on perfluorosulfuric acid membrane. In this paper, we discuss the finite element models developed to investigate the in situ stresses in polymer membranes.
13

Borah, Jyoti S., and Tapan Kumar Chaki. "Dynamic mechanical, thermal, physico-mechanical and morphological properties of LLDPE/EMA blends." Journal of Polymer Research 18, no. 4 (June 3, 2010): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10965-010-9450-0.

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14

Aidaraliev, Zh, Ch Zholdoshova, Zh Abdykalyk kyzy, and R. Atyrova. "Physico Mechanical Characteristics of Basalt Melt." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/82/46.

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Research relevance: knowledge of mechanical characteristics of petrified products allows to use them most effectively in various industries. In specific application of stone casting, all technical, physical and chemical properties are required at the same time. Research objectives: determination of physical and mechanical properties of basalt in assessment of ability of glass-ceramic casting and resistance to external influence of any factor. Research materials and methods: stone casting, compared with metal, glass, plastic, concrete, has increased chemical resistance to aggressive environments and high resistance to mechanical abrasion, has good dielectric properties, low water absorption and high hardness. These properties depend on the chemical, mineralogical composition, the structure of the casting and the degree of crystallization. Research results: the porphyry structure negatively affects the strength of product. Conclusions: the decrease in temperature in absolute value does not exceed the value of thermal resistance at 900°С equal to 210°С, therefore, the product does not break. Low heat resistance, increased brittleness, poor resistance to impact loads, low bending and tensile strength imposes special conditions on the products exploitation.
15

A. Reka, Arianit. "Diatomite – evaluation of physico-mechanical, chemical, mineralogical and thermal properties." Geologica Macedonica 35, no. 1 (2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46763/geol21351368005ar.

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16

Singh, T. N., S. Sinha, and V. K. Singh. "Prediction of thermal conductivity of rock through physico-mechanical properties." Building and Environment 42, no. 1 (January 2007): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.08.022.

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17

Fu, Qilan, Alain Cloutier, and Aziz Laghdir. "Heat and Mass Transfer Properties of Sugar Maple Wood Treated by the Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical Densification Process." Fibers 6, no. 3 (July 24, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib6030051.

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This study investigated the evolution of the density, gas permeability, and thermal conductivity of sugar maple wood during the thermo-hygro-mechanical densification process. The results suggested that the oven-dry average density of densified samples was significantly higher than that of the control samples. However, the oven-dry density did not show a linear increase with the decrease of wood samples thickness. The radial intrinsic gas permeability of the control samples was 5 to 40 times higher than that of densified samples, which indicated that the void volume of wood was reduced notably after the densification process. The thermal conductivity increased by 0.5–1.5 percent for an increase of one percent moisture content for densified samples. The thermal conductivity of densified wood was lower than that of the control samples. The densification time had significant effects on the oven-dry density and gas permeability. Both densification time and moisture content had significant effects on thermal conductivity but their interaction effect was not significant.
18

Márquez Costa, Juan Pablo, Vincent Legrand, and Sylvain Fréour. "Durability of Composite Materials under Severe Temperature Conditions: Influence of Moisture Content and Prediction of Thermo-Mechanical Properties During a Fire." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3020055.

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The main objective of the present study was to develop a fire thermal model able to predict the evolution of the temperature and decomposition gradient across a laminated composite structure when exposed to fire. The thermal response of composite laminate made of organic polymer matrix was investigated under severe temperature conditions as samples were exposed to high temperatures up to 750 °C. The highlight is that a behavior law for water is included in our thermo-mechanical model to estimate effects due to a moisture content field on the thermal response of composite laminates. In particular, porosity and gas pressure are strongly influenced by the presence of water in the material and modify the thermal behavior accordingly. This enabled us to propose a new approach that can be used for the prediction of hygro-thermo-chemico-mechanical post-combustion properties in a very large number of material and fire scenarios.
19

Yashenko, Larisa. "THERMOPHYSICAL AND PHYSICO-MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EPOXYURETHANE COMPOSITES." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 86, no. 8 (September 15, 2020): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.86.8.2020.134-143.

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Epoxy urethane composites (EU) have been developed based on polyisocyanate (PIC), epoxy resin (ED-20), and sodium silicate (SS). The results of the study of the influence of the ratio of the components of the EU on their thermophysical and physicomechanical characteristics are presented. The method ofdifferential scanning calorimetry revealed thatthese systems do not have clear temperature transitions, which indicates a fairly homogeneous and rigid structure. Studies of thermal properties by the method of dynamic thermogravimetry have shown that as the amount of sodium silicate increases, the temperature of the onset of decomposition of the EU is shifted by 20 ° C towards lower temperatures. At the same time, there is a slowdown in the decomposition of epoxy urethanes (weight loss is 12-14%), due to the presence of heterocyclic isocyanurate fragments, which is inherent in its own high thermal stability. The mechanical properties of the EU, such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, relative compression deformation, flexural strength, and water absorption, are determined depending on the ratio of components. High mechanical properties are shown regardless of the inorganic component amount. The modulus of elasticity, strength, and relative deformation in compression is in the range of 1916.4 - 4187.6 MPa, 117.4 - 133.1 MPa, and 24.7-30.4%, respectively. The highest flexural strengths are characterized by the EC composition of the PIC / SS / ED-20 = 80/20/20, and the lowest - the EC composition of the PIC / SS / ED-20 = 70/30/20. The results of the studies show that, by changing the ratio of organic and inorganic constituents in the EC, it is possible to regulate the thermal stability and physicomechanical properties of epoxy urethane composites depending on their purpose.
20

Samoryadov, A. V., E. V. Kalugina, and V. V. Bitt. "Glass fiber filled polyphenylenesulfide of TERMORAN©: physico-mechanical and thermal properties." Plasticheskie massy, no. 7-8 (September 11, 2019): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2019-7-8-52-56.

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Thermal, physico-mechanical, electro- and thermophysical properties of glass fiber filled Polyphenylene sulfides are investigated, the temperature range of products from these materials is established.
21

Taghvaei-Ganjali, Saeed, Fereshteh Motiee, and Farsa Fotoohi. "Correlation between Physico-Mechanical Properties of NR-BR Blends in Tire Tread Formulation with their Thermal Behaviors." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 81, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 297–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548211.

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Abstract Thermal analysis provides a successful technique for the characterization and identification of rubber compounds. In this study, TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) and DTG (TGA derivative) profiles are used to predict and define the physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber — butadiene rubber (NR / BR) blends, using their thermal behaviors. DTG curves of vulcanizate showed that the initial degradation temperature of NR is lower than BR. According to TGA-DTG profiles we have demonstrated two useful factors, ΔTmax (Tmax BR100−Tmax BRX) and peak height ratio of NR-BR blends which are correlated with physico-mechanical properties of blends.
22

Semeniuk, Igor, Viktoria Kochubei, Elena Karpenko, Yuriy Melnyk, Volodymyr Skorokhoda, and Natalia Semenyuk. "Thermal and physico-mechanical properties of biodegradable materials based on polyhydroxyalkanoates." Polimery 67, no. 11-12 (January 2, 2023): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2022.11.3.

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Thermal and physico-mechanical properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates of Rhodococcus erythropolis Au-1, Pseudomonas sp. PS-17, Azotobacter vinelandii N-15 and polyhydroxybutyrate/polylactide mixtures were identified. Modifying polyhydroxybutyrate with polylactide improves physical and mechanical characteristics such as heat resistance, rigidity, and brittleness. An increase in the content of polylactide in mixtures leads to a decrease in the thermal stability of the samples and an increase in relative elongation. Polyhydroxybutyrate/ polylactide mixtures are recommended as packaging materials for food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical products.
23

Kwak, Jae B., and Seungbae Park. "Integrated hygro-swelling and thermo-mechanical behavior of mold compound for MEMS package during reflow after moisture preconditioning." Microelectronics International 32, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-04-2014-0014.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to study the combined effect of hygro and thermo-mechanical behavior on a plastic encapsulated micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) package during the reflow process after exposed to a humid environment for a prolonged time. Plastic encapsulated electronic packages absorb moisture when they are subjected to humid ambient conditions. Design/methodology/approach – Thus, a comprehensive stress model is established for a three-axis accelerometer MEMS package, with detailed considerations of fundamentals of mechanics such as heat transfer, moisture diffusion and hygro-thermo-mechanical stress. In this study, the mold compound is considered to be the most critical plastic material in MEMS package. Other plastic components of thin film materials can be disregarded due to their small sizes such as die attach and Bismaleimide Triazine (BT) core, even though they are also susceptible to moisture. Thus, only the moisture-induced properties of mold compound were obtained from the proposed experiments. From the desorption measurement after preconditioning at 85°C/85 per cent relative humidity (RH), the saturated moisture content and diffusivity were obtained by curve fitting the data to Fick’s equation. In addition, a new experimental setup was devised using the digital image correlation system together with a precision weight scale to obtain the coefficient of hygroscopic swelling (CHS) at different temperatures. Findings – The experimental results show that the diffusion coefficient of mold compound material follows Arrhenius equation well. Also, it is shown that the CHS of mold compound increases as temperature increases. Experimentally obtained moisture properties were then used to analyze the combined behavior (thermo-hygro-mechanical) of fully saturated MEMS package during the reflow process using a finite element analysis (FEA) with the classical analogy method. Finally, the warpage and stresses inside the MEMS package were analyzed to compare the effects of hygroscopic, thermal and hygro-thermo-mechancal behaviors. Originality/value – In this study, unlike the other researches, the moisture effects are investigated specifically for MEMS package which is relatively smaller in scale than conventional electronic packages. Also, as a conjugated situation, MEMS package experiences both humid and temperature during the moisture resistance test. Thus, major objective of this study is to verify stress state inside MEMS package during the reflow process which follows the preconditioning at 85°C/85 per cent RH. To quantify the stresses in the package, accurate information of material properties is experimentally obtained and used to improve modeling accuracy.
24

Qiu, Liyan, Ajit D. Phule, Yingxia Han, Shibao Wen, and Zhen‐Xiu Zhang. "Thermal aging, physico‐mechanical, dynamic mechanical properties of chlorinated polyethylene/red mud composites." Polymer Composites 41, no. 11 (August 6, 2020): 4740–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.25747.

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25

Rosu, Liliana, Cristian-Dragos Varganici, Dan Rosu, and Stefan Oprea. "Effect of Thermal Aging on the Physico-Chemical and Optical Properties of Poly(ester urethane) Elastomers Designed for Passive Damping (Pads) of the Railway." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020192.

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The aim of this study consists of monitoring the effect of thermal aging on the physico-chemical and optical properties of poly(ester urethane) elastomers designed as damping materials for railways. The materials were obtained by polyaddition in two stages in melt, resulting in regular structures. The structural modifications during the thermal aging of the samples were monitored using FTIR, color changes, TGA in non-isothermal and isothermal conditions, DSC and physico-mechanical measurements. The structural regularity of the rigid and flexible segments maintained the good mechanical properties of the structures up to 200 h of thermal aging at the elevated temperatures of 40 °C, 70 °C, 100 °C and 130 °C. It was observed that at 40 °C and low exposure times, changes occur mainly to the carbonyl groups of the soft segments. At higher temperatures and longer exposure times urethane groups were affected. Extended thermal aging led to significant changes in thermo-mechanical and optical properties.
26

Pham, Thanh Tu, V. Sridhar, and Jin Kuk Kim. "Fluoroelastomer-MWNT nanocomposites-1: Dispersion, morphology, physico-mechanical, and thermal properties." Polymer Composites 30, no. 2 (November 19, 2008): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20521.

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27

Nocentini, Kevin, Patrick Achard, Pascal Biwole, and Marina Stipetic. "Hygro-thermal properties of silica aerogel blankets dried using microwave heating for building thermal insulation." Energy and Buildings 158 (January 2018): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.024.

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28

Shabaev, A. S., Elena V. Rzhevskaya, D. M. Khakulova, S. Yu Khashirova, and R. B. Tkhakakhov. "Thermal Oxidative Stability, Physico-Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Composite Materials Based on Polyetherimide." Key Engineering Materials 816 (August 2019): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.816.78.

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Thermal oxidative stability of polyetherimide-based composite materials at processing temperatures was investigated using gas chromatography. The dependence of physico-mechanical and rheological properties on the composition of composites is established.
29

Dal Poggetto, Giovanni, Roberta Marchetti, Isabella Lancellotti, Cristina Leonelli, and Luisa Barbieri. "Waste Cork in Metakaolin–Geopolymer Matrix: Physico-Mechanical Characterization." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031804.

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Cork powdery waste (CW) from agglomerated cork caps manufacturing is commonly transported to waste-to-energy plants, although it could be locally exploited for lightweight building materials. The transformation of CW into a geopolymer formulation to obtain a novel composite formulation suitable for insulating panels is presented in this contribution. The geopolymer mix was based on metakaolin added to NaOH and Na silicate solutions, to which 2.4, 4.8 and 9.1 wt% (calculated upon dry metakaolin) of CW in the form of as-received powdery waste were added. No pre-treatments were performed on CW and no thermal curing was conducted for the alkali-activated product that was consolidated at room temperature to improve product sustainability. The insulating panel presented an apparent density of about 1.521 to 0.990 ± 0.001 g/cm3, combined with a total porosity in the range of 35.61 to 56.22 ± 0.003 % for 2.4 to 9.1 wt% of CW, respectively, and this was dependent upon ageing time. The values of its mechanical properties (compressive strength ranged from 2.5 to 1.5 MPa at 28 and 90 days of curing time, complying with UNI EN 998-2) and thermal insulating properties (thermal conductivity around 0.1146 W/mK) indicated that the highest percentage of CW in the formulations, i.e., 9.1 wt%, was suitable to obtain self-standing insulating panels.
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Kopiika, Nadiia, Jacek Selejdak, and Yaroslav Blikharskyy. "Specifics of physico-mechanical characteristics of thermally-hardened rebar." Production Engineering Archives 28, no. 1 (February 12, 2022): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2022.28.09.

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Abstract Thermal hardening is widely used nowadays for modification of steel bar properties and obtaining effective reinforcing material. Strength and deformation characteristics of thermally hardened reinforcement is the complex indicator of reinforcement efficiency. Therefore, reliable assessment of physico-mechanical characteristics of thermally hardened rebar is topical and important issue. This article is intended to the analysis of physico-mechanical characteristics of thermally hardened rebar on the basis of experimental data. Thorough statistical processing of experimental data was made and specific features of strength parameters were identified. Analytical model of strength characteristics is proposed, which enables to take into account inhomogeneous strength properties of the rebar along its cross-section. It could be stated that assessment of physico-mechanical characteristics of thermally hardened rebar is topical and important issue, which is the prospective area of further research.
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Nguyen, Martin, and Radomír Sokolař. "Influence of Microstructure on Physico-Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Refractory Forsterite-Spinel Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 1071 (October 18, 2022): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-600l3p.

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The influence of microstructure on the resulting physico-mechanical and refractory properties of refractory forsterite–spinel ceramics was investigated in this paper. The raw materials were milled, mixed into four different raw material mixtures and sintered for two hours at 1550°C. The microstructure of the samples was examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the mineralogical composition of the sintered samples. Physico-mechanical properties such as porosity, water absorption, bulk density, and modulus of rupture were also determined. Thermomechanical characteristics were assessed by the determination of refractoriness, refractoriness under load, thermal shock resistance and corrosion resistance to various metals. The results showed that a higher amount of spinel leads to improved microstructure, thermal shock resistance and that all mixtures have high corrosion resistance to all tested materials.
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Brzyski, Przemysław, Piotr Gleń, Mateusz Gładecki, Monika Rumińska, Zbigniew Suchorab, and Grzegorz Łagód. "Influence of the Direction of Mixture Compaction on the Selected Properties of a Hemp-Lime Composite." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 4629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164629.

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The aim of the research presented in the article was to check the differences in the hygro-thermal and mechanical properties of hemp-lime composites with different shives fractions, depending on the direction of mixture compaction. The research part of the paper presents the preparation method and investigation on the composites. Thermal conductivity, capillary uptake, as well as flexural and compressive strengths were examined. Additionally, an analysis of the temperature distribution in the external wall insulated with the tested composites was performed. The results confirm that the direction of compaction influences the individual properties of the composites in a similar way, depending on the size of the shives. The differences are more pronounced in the case of the composite containing longer fractions of shives. Both thermal conductivity of the material and the capillary uptake ability are lower in the parallel direction of the compaction process. Composites exhibit greater stiffness, but they fail faster with increasing loads when loaded in the direction perpendicular to compaction.
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Ushkov, Valentin A., Evgeniya V. Sokoreva, Anna V. Goryunova, and Stanislav A. Demjanenko. "Fire hazard of phosphorus-containing hard casting polyurethane foams." Vestnik MGSU, no. 12 (December 2018): 1524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2018.12.1524-1532.

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Introduction. Fire-safe rigid filling polyurethane foams (PUF), meant for low-temperature thermal insulation of pipelines and technological equipment were developed. The effect of concentration of oxyethylated tetraalkylphosphonate pentaerythritol (phostetrol-1) on technological, physico-mechanical and thermal properties, contents of pyrolysis products and main fire hazard indicators of PUFs was explored. The effect of chemical nature and metal compounds concentration of variable valence on fume-generation ability of phosphorous-containing PUFs was examined. Main technological and physico-mechanical properties and fire hazard indicators of developed styrofoams are provided. Materials and methods. Rigid filling PUFs were obtained on the basis of simple oxyethylated polyols and polyisocyanate. Phostetrol-1 was used as a reactive phosphorous-containing compound. As a foaming and hardening catalyst of developed PUF’s a nitrogen-containing polyol (mark Lapromol 294) and dimethylethanolamine was used, and as a foaming agent - mixture of freon - 11 and water. Different metal compounds of variable valence were used to reduce fume-generation ability and toxicity of pyrolysis products of rigid phosphorous-containing PUFs. Thermal properties of examined PUFs were studied with the help of thermoanalytical complex Du PONT 9000. Main technological and physico-mechanical properties and fire hazard indicators of styrofoams were determined under existing GOSTs. Results. The effect of phostetrol-1 concentration in polyester compound on main technological and physico-mechanical properties, contents of pyrolysis products and main fire hazard indicators of rigid filling PUFs was established. It is shown that to obtain moderately flammable PUFs the phosphorous concentration in styrofoam must exceed 2.5 mass. %. The correlation between low-scale evaluation methods of flammability of rigid PUFs was found. The effect of phosphorous concentration on fume-generation ability and contents of pyrolysis products of rigid PUFs was found. The effect of chemical nature and metal compounds concentration of variable valence on fume-generation ability of phosphorous-containing PUFs was examined. It is shown that effective decrease of fume-generation ability and toxicity of pyrolysis products of moderately flammable PUFs occurs when Cu2O or chrome spinels are introduced to the polyester compound. Conclusions. As a result of conducted research it was established that the combined use of phostetrol-1, Cu2O and chrome spinels makes it possible to obtain rigid fire-safe PUFs with high physico-mechanical properties. Fire-safe rigid filling PUFs, developed with the use of raw native materials, are recommended to be used for low-temperature thermal insulation of pipelines and technological equipment.
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Nguyen, Vu-Giang, Hae-Jun Kang, Sang-Yong Kang, Da-Woon Jung, Jin-Whoan Ko, Hoang Thai, Quang-Tham Do, and Myung-Yul Kim. "Rheological Studies, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Thermal Properties and Morphology of PVC/Waste-Gypsum Composites." Composites Research 27, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7234/composres.2014.27.3.115.

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Saha, Indrajit, and Sanjib Kumar Sarkar. "Investigation of physico-mechanical properties of natural palm fiber reinforced polyvinyl chloride composites." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 38, no. 1 (August 27, 2014): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v38i1.20215.

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Fiber reinforced polymer composites played a dominant role in a variety of applications for their high specific strength and modulus. The present work describes the effects of palm fiber addition on physico-mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the fabricated products increased, while the bulk density, flexural strength and tangent modulus decreased with the increase of fiber addition. The tensile strain decreased with the increase of fiber addition up to 10% and after that it remained nearly constant, while flexural strain remained increasing. There was an initial differential thermal analysis (DTA) peak for both palm fiber and composite, whereas PVC did not have that peak due to water absorption. Thermal analysis of PVC-palm fiber composites has shown that thermal degradation of PVC started ahead of palm fiber. The thermal stability of composite was found to be the average of palm fiber and PVC foam sheet DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v38i1.20215 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 38, No. 1, 83-92, 2014
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Zedler, Łukasz, Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler, Xavier Colom, Javier Cañavate, Mohammad Reza Saeb, and Krzysztof Formela. "Reactive Sintering of Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Modified by a Trans-Polyoctenamer Rubber and Curing Additives." Polymers 12, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12123018.

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The proposed method of ground tire rubber (GTR) utilization involves the application of trans-polyoctenamer rubber (TOR), a commercially available waste rubber modifier. The idea was to investigate the influence of various curing additives (sulfur, N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS), dibenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS) and di-(2-ethyl)hexylphosphorylpolysulfide (SDT)) on curing characteristics, physico-mechanical, thermal, acoustic properties as well as the morphology of modified GTR, in order to evaluate the possibility of reclaiming GTR and the co-cross-linking between applied components. The results showed that the presence of the modifier without the addition of curing additives hinders the physico-mechanical properties of revulcanized GTR. The addition of SDT, CBS, MBTS and sulfur change the melting kinetics of TOR, indicating partial degradation and/or co-cross-linking between components. In the studied conditions, the best mechanical properties were obtained by the samples cured with sulfur. The morphology analysis, combined with the physico-mechanical results, indicated that when the surface of the GTR is more developed, obtained by the addition of TOR, the properties of the GTR improve.
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Shi, Jinyan, Yuanchun Liu, Enliang Wang, Lizhi Wang, Changqing Li, Huijie Xu, Ximing Zheng, and Qiang Yuan. "Physico-mechanical, thermal properties and durability of foamed geopolymer concrete containing cenospheres." Construction and Building Materials 325 (March 2022): 126841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126841.

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38

Hulston, Janine, George Favas, and Alan L. Chaffee. "Physico-chemical properties of Loy Yang lignite dewatered by mechanical thermal expression." Fuel 84, no. 14-15 (October 2005): 1940–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.03.024.

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39

Hassan, Mohammad Mahbubul, and Kiyohito Koyama. "Thermal, physico-mechanical, and morphological properties of HDPE graft-copolymerized with polystyrene." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 26, no. 10 (June 5, 2015): 1285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.3566.

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Kashizadeh, Roya, Masoud Esfandeh, Amir Masoud Rezadoust, and Razi Sahraeian. "Physico‐mechanical and thermal properties of date palm fiber/phenolic resin composites." Polymer Composites 40, no. 9 (January 31, 2019): 3657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.25228.

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Brzyski, Przemysław, Mateusz Jóźwiak, Jakub Siwiec, Maris Sinka, and Anton Trnik. "Influence of the shives orientation on selected hygro-thermal properties of hemp-magnesium composite." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2423, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2423/1/012007.

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Abstract Magnesium binder is an alternative to lime binder in the technology of hemp-based composites. The advantage of using this binder is an increase in mechanical strength compared to those based on lime. These composites are mainly used as an insulating wall material, as a filling of a wooden frame structure. During compaction of the mixture, hemp shives tend to lay with fibers perpendicular to the compaction direction. The direction of the fibers in the shives, as well as the direction of the capillary pores affect the properties of the composite. The performance characteristics of a building partition insulated with a composite will vary depending on the direction of the shives in relation to the direction of the external factor. The outer wall is exposed to heat flow and water transport, e.g. by capillary action. The article presents the results of tests of the thermal conductivity and capillary rise of a composite densified in the direction perpendicular and parallel to the heat flux and moisture flow. Composites samples with a bulk density of about 370 kg/m3 were tested. Compaction of the mixture in the direction parallel to the heat flow decreased the thermal conductivity. Due to the reduced value of the thermal conductivity of the composite compacted parallel to the heat flux, such a technique can be used in prefabrication, e.g. in the production of wall blocks. This direction of compaction - perpendicular to the wall surface, and thus to the direction of capillary rise, also reduced the amount of uptaken up water and changed the course of water rising over time.
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Członka, Sylwia, Agnė Kairytė, Karolina Miedzińska, and Anna Strąkowska. "Casein/Apricot Filler in the Production of Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Composites." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 3620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133620.

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Polyurethane (PUR) composites reinforced with 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of apricot filler modified with casein were synthesized in the following study. The impact of 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of casein/apricot filler on the cellular structure and physico-mechanical performances of reinforced PUR composites were determined. It was found that the incorporation of 1 and 2 wt.% of casein/apricot filler resulted in the production of PUR composites with improved selected physical, thermal, and mechanical properties, while the addition of 5 wt.% of casein/apricot filler led to some deterioration of their physico-mechanical performance. The best results were obtained for PUR composites reinforced with 2 wt.% of casein/apricot filler. Those composites were characterized by a uniform structure and a high content of closed cells. Compared with the reference foam, the incorporation of 2 wt.% of casein/apricot filler resulted in improvement in compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and dynamic mechanical properties—such as glass transition temperature and storage modulus. Most importantly, PUR composites showed better fire resistance and thermal stability due to the good thermal performance of casein. The main aim of this article is to determine the influence of the natural combination of the apricot filler and casein on the mechanical properties and flammability of the obtained composites.
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Gomah, Mohamed Elgharib, Guichen Li, Ahmed A. Omar, Mahmoud L. Abdel Latif, Changlun Sun, and Jiahui Xu. "Thermal-Induced Microstructure Deterioration of Egyptian Granodiorite and Associated Physico-Mechanical Responses." Materials 17, no. 6 (March 12, 2024): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17061305.

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Mineral transformations often induce microstructural deteriorations during temperature variations. Hence, it is crucial to understand why and how this microstructure weakens due to mineral alteration with temperature and the correlated physical and mechanical responses. Therefore, in this study, physical, chemical, thermal, petrographic, and mechanical analyses were carried out to comprehend better the thermal behaviors of Egyptian granodiorite exposed to temperatures as high as 800 °C. The experimental results indicate that the examined attributes change in three distinct temperature phases. Strength zone (up to 200 °C): During this phase, the temperature only slightly impacts the granodiorite mass loss and porosity, and the P-wave velocity and E slightly decrease. However, the rock structure was densified, which resulted in a minor increase in strength. After that, the transition zone (200–400 °C) was distinguished by the stability of most studied parameters. For instance, mass and porosity did not significantly alter, and the uniaxial compressive strength steadily increased with an axial failure mode. When the temperature rises, transgranular cracks cause the P-wave velocity and elastic modulus to decrease moderately. The decay zone started after 400 °C and continued to 800 °C. This zone is characterized by complicated factors that worsen the granodiorite properties, lead to color shift, and produce a shear failure mode. The properties of granodiorite became worse because of chemical reactions, structural and crystal water evaporation, rising thermal expansion coefficient variation, and quartz inversion at 575 °C (α to β, according to the differential thermal analysis). Thermal damage greatly affected granodiorite’s physical and mechanical properties and microstructure at 800 °C. As a result, UCS measurements were extremely small with a complex failure pattern, making Vp and E unattainable.
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Paciorek-Sadowska, Joanna, Marcin Borowicz, and Marek Isbrandt. "Effect of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) Oil Cake on the Properties of Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Bio-Composites." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 8950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168950.

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Rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foam formulations were modified by evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil cake as a bio-filler in the amount of 5 to 50 wt.%. The obtained foams were tested in terms of processing parameters, cellular structure (SEM analysis), physico-mechanical properties (apparent density, compressive strength, brittleness, accelerated aging tests), thermal insulation properties (thermal conductivity coefficient, closed cells content, absorbability and water absorption), flammability, smoke emission, and thermal properties. The obtained results showed that the amount of bio-filler had a significant influence on the morphology of the modified foams. Thorough mixing of the polyurethane premix allowed better homogenization of the bio-filler in the polyurethane matrix, resulting in a regular cellular structure. This resulted in an improvement in the physico-mechanical and thermal insulation properties as well as a reduction in the flammability of the obtained materials. This research provided important information on the management of the waste product from the edible oil industry and the production process of fire-safe RPU/PIR foams with improved performance properties. Due to these beneficial effects, it was found that the use of evening primrose oil cake as a bio-filler for RPU/PIR foams opens a new way of waste management to obtain new “green” materials.
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Ерофеев, В., Vladimir Erofeev, А. Родин, Aleksandr Rodin, А. Кравчук, A. Kravchuk, А. Ермаков, and A. Ermakov. "PHYSICO-MECHANICAL AND THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOAM- GLASS CERAMICS BASED ON SILICA ROCK." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 4, no. 5 (April 19, 2019): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/article_5cd6df461d0fd5.98177374.

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Obtaining the foam-glass ceramic building materials bypassing the process of high-temperature glass melting and the use of local rocks as raw materials, which can significantly reduce the cost of the final product, is an urgent task of modern building materials science. The aim of this work is to study the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of foam- glass ceramic building materials obtained by one heating of the mixture consisting of silica-containing rock (tripoli) and soda ash. The developed heat-insulating building materials have an average density of 200 to 600 kg/m3, compressive strength of 1.2 to 9.8 MPa, thermal conductivity of 0.053 to 0.065 W/m °C. Studies establishes a rational ratio of components in the composition of foam glass ceramics based on silica rock. In the production of foam materials, the heating rate of the charge should vary from 3 to 4.5 ° C / min, and the maximum heating temperature from 800 to 850 ° C. The developed material will expand the range of thermal insulation building materials and can be used in the construction of industrial and civil facilities, nuclear power plants, in the gas and oil industry.
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Trakakis, George, Georgia Tomara, Vitaliy Datsyuk, Labrini Sygellou, Asterios Bakolas, Dimitrios Tasis, John Parthenios, et al. "Mechanical, Electrical, and Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotube Buckypapers/Epoxy Nanocomposites Produced by Oxidized and Epoxidized Nanotubes." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 27, 2020): 4308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194308.

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High volume fraction carbon nanotube (CNT) composites (7.5–16% vol.) were fabricated by the impregnation of CNT buckypapers into epoxy resin. To enhance the interfacial reaction with the epoxy resin, the CNTs were modified by two different treatments, namely, an epoxidation treatment and a chemical oxidation. The chemical treatment was found to result in CNT length severance and to affect the porosity of the buckypapers, having an important impact on the physico-mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. Overall, the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the impregnated buckypapers were found to be superior of the neat epoxy resin, offering an attractive combination of mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties for multifunctional composites.
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Ulyanova, T. M., N. P. Кrutko, P. A. Vityaz, A. A. Shevchenok, L. V. Оvseenko, L. V. Тitova, and E. A. Кashaed. "Role of nanostructured modifiers in composite corundum ceramics preparation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 55, no. 4 (December 6, 2019): 400–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2019-55-4-400-414.

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Influence of highly disperse nanostructured modifiers of alumina – magnesia, partially stabilized zirconia – on the consolidation processes of composite ceramics of industrial corundum powders annealed at 1600–1700 °C, changes of its microstructure and physico-mechanical properties is investigated. It is established, that due to processes of self-diffusion of active modifiers there is a distribution of their nanograins on the borders of miсroparticles of corundum powder. In addition, nanostructured modifiers fill a pore space that causes sliding of particles under mechanical and thermal loads of material and transfers the mechanism of fragile destruction to pseudo-plastic. The entered nanostructured modifiers promote the process of lamellar zones formation throughout the material that also strengthens its mechanical properties. The correlation of composite ceramics structure and their physico-mechanical characteristics are developed.
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Benfridja, Imadeddine, Sombel Diaham, Fathima Laffir, Grace Brennan, Ning Liu, and Tadhg Kennedy. "A Universal Study on the Effect Thermal Imidization Has on the Physico-Chemical, Mechanical, Thermal and Electrical Properties of Polyimide for Integrated Electronics Applications." Polymers 14, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091713.

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Polyimides (PI) are a class of dielectric polymer used in a wide range of electronics and electrical engineering applications from low-voltage microelectronics to high voltage isolation. They are well appreciated because of their excellent thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, each of which need to be optimized uniquely depending on the end application. For example, for high-voltage applications, the final polymer breakdown field and dielectric properties must be optimized, both of which are dependent on the curing process and the final physico-chemical properties of PI. The majority of studies to date have focused on a limited set of properties of the polymer and have analyzed the effect of curing from a physicochemical-, mechanical- or electrical-centric viewpoint. This paper seeks to overcome this, unifying all of these characterizations in the same study to accurately describe the universal effect of the cure temperature on the properties of PI and at an industrial processing scale. This paper reports the widest-ranging study of its kind on the effect that cure temperature has on the physico-chemical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of polyimide, specifically poly (pyromellitic dianhydride-co-4, 4′-oxydianiline) (PMDA/ODA). The optimization of the cure temperature is accurately studied not only regarding the degree of imidization (DOI), but also considering the entire physical properties. Particularly, the analysis elucidates the key role of the charge–transfer complex (CTC) on these properties. The results show that while the thermal and mechanical properties improve with both DOI and CTC formation, the electrical properties, particularly at high field conditions, show an antagonistic behavior enhancing with increasing DOI while degrading at higher temperatures as the CTC formation increases. The electrical characterization at low field presents an enhancement of the final PI properties likely due to the DOI. On the contrary, at high electric field, the conductivity results show an improvement at an intermediate temperature emphasizing an ideal compromise between a high DOI and PI chain packing when the thermal imidization process is performed over this equilibrium. This balance enables maximum performance to be obtained for the PI film with optimized electrical properties and, overall, optimal thermal and mechanical properties are achieved.
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Shojaeiarani, Jamileh, Dilpreet S. Bajwa, Chad Rehovsky, Sreekala G. Bajwa, and Ghazal Vahidi. "Deterioration in the Physico-Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Biopolymers Due to Reprocessing." Polymers 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010058.

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Biopolymers are an emerging class of materials being widely pursued due to their ability to degrade in short periods of time. Understanding and evaluating the recyclability of biopolymers is paramount for their sustainable and efficient use in a cost-effective manner. Recycling has proven to be an important solution, to control environmental and waste management issues. This paper presents the first recycling assessment of Solanyl, Bioflex, polylactic acid (PLA) and PHBV using a melt extrusion process. All biopolymers were subjected to five reprocessing cycles. The thermal and mechanical properties of the biopolymers were investigated by GPC, TGA, DSC, mechanical test, and DMA. The molecular weights of Bioflex and Solanyl showed no susceptible effect of the recycling process, however, a significant reduction was observed in the molecular weight of PLA and PHBV. The inherent thermo-mechanical degradation in PHBV and PLA resulted in 20% and 7% reduction in storage modulus, respectively while minimal reduction was observed in the storage modulus of Bioflex and Solanyl. As expected from the Florry-Fox equation, recycled PLA with a high reduction in molecular weight (78%) experienced 9% reduction in glass transition temperature. Bioflex and Solanyl showed 5% and 2% reduction in molecular weight and experienced only 2% reduction in glass transition temperature. These findings highlight the recyclability potential of Bioflex and Solanyl over PLA and PHBV.
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Hulston, Janine, Alan L. Chaffee, Christian Bergins, and Karl Strauß. "Comparison of Physico-Chemical Properties of Various Lignites Treated by Mechanical Thermal Expression." Coal Preparation 25, no. 4 (October 2005): 269–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07349340500444505.

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