Journal articles on the topic 'Physical social prosociality'
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Lockwood, Patricia L., Ayat Abdurahman, Anthony S. Gabay, Daniel Drew, Marin Tamm, Masud Husain, and Matthew A. J. Apps. "Aging Increases Prosocial Motivation for Effort." Psychological Science 32, no. 5 (April 16, 2021): 668–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620975781.
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Social cohesion relies on prosociality in increasingly aging populations. Helping other people requires effort, yet how willing people are to exert effort to benefit themselves and others, and whether such behaviors shift across the life span, is poorly understood. Using computational modeling, we tested the willingness of 95 younger adults (18–36 years old) and 92 older adults (55–84 years old) to put physical effort into self- and other-benefiting acts. Participants chose whether to work and exert force (30%–70% of maximum grip strength) for rewards (2–10 credits) accrued for themselves or, prosocially, for another. Younger adults were somewhat selfish, choosing to work more at higher effort levels for themselves, and exerted less force in prosocial work. Strikingly, compared with younger adults, older people were more willing to put in effort for others and exerted equal force for themselves and others. Increased prosociality in older people has important implications for human behavior and societal structure.
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Toppe, Theo, Susanne Hardecker, Franca Zerres, and Daniel B. M. Haun. "The influence of cooperation and competition on preschoolers' prosociality toward in-group and out-group members." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 5 (May 2021): 202171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202171.
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Past research suggests that children favour their in-group members over out-group members as indicated by selective prosociality such as sharing or social inclusion. This preregistered study examined how playing a cooperative, competitive or solitary game influences German 4- to 6-year-olds’ in-group bias and their general willingness to act prosocially, independent of the recipient's group membership ( N = 144). After playing the game, experimenters introduced minimal groups and assessed children's sharing with an in-group and an out-group member as well as their social inclusion of an out-group member into an in-group interaction. Furthermore, we assessed children's physical engagement and parents' social dominance orientation (SDO)—a scale indicating the preference for inequality among social groups—to learn more about inter-individual differences in children's prosocial behaviours. Results suggest that children showed a stronger physical engagement while playing competitively as compared with cooperatively or alone. The different gaming contexts did not impact children's subsequent in-group bias or general willingness to act prosocially. Parental SDO was not linked to children's prosocial behaviours. These results indicate that competition can immediately affect children's behaviour while playing but raise doubt on the importance of cooperative and competitive play for children's subsequent intergroup and prosocial behaviour.
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Cho, Isu, Ryan Daley, Tony Cunningham, Elizabeth Kensinger, and Angela Gutchess. "Aging, Empathy, and Prosocial Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2744.
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Abstract Previous literature has shown age-related increases in prosociality (i.e., the tendency to engage in behaviors that benefit others). Can such age-related differences be observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, or would young adults’ higher levels of COVID-19-related stress alter the relation between age and prosociality given the prior findings that stress may promote prosocial behaviors? Can empathy, one of the factors highly related to prosociality, explain any observed age-related differences? The current study examined the above questions, as well as whether age differences exist in target of prosocial behaviors (i.e., distant- versus close-others). To this end, participants (aged 18-89) enrolled in an ongoing study examining their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. They were asked to complete a series of surveys on dispositional empathy and prosocial behaviors during the pandemic. In the present analyses, the data were used from 330 participants from the USA who completed all of the surveys. Compared to younger adults, results indicate that older adults showed greater prosocial behaviors during the pandemic despite their higher risk of physical-health complications from COVID-19. Unexpectedly, empathy did not explain such age-related increases in prosocial behaviors even though it was positively related to individuals’ prosociality. Interestingly, older adults reported increased prosocial behaviors towards close-others (i.e., family, friends) compared to young adults, suggesting that older adults seem to devote more resources into emotionally meaningful relationships. The current study contributes to our understanding of how prosociality differs with age during the stressful period of need that marks the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Lamoneda-Prieto, J. "Responsabilidad, violencia percibida y prosocialidad en adolescentes que precisan atención compensatoria." SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte 8, no. 2 (July 28, 2019): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/sportk.391721.
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El presente estudio analiza en un centro público adscrito a un Programa de Compensación Educativa cómo influyen el género, el curso y las necesidades educativas de apoyo educativo (NEAE) en la responsabilidad en educación física, violencia escolar y prosocialidad. Participaron 120 estudiantes con una edad media de 14.40 años (DT = 1.67), de los cuales 62 estaban diagnosticados con alguna NEAE (51.7%) y 58 no requería atención especial (48.3%). Los resultados indican tan solo diferencias entre alumnos que precisan diferente atención educativa en la responsabilidad personal en educación física. El género y el curso mostraron ser variables influyentes en la responsabilidad social en EF y prosocialidad. No se hallaron diferencias en la violencia escolar percibida para las variables analizadas. A partir de los datos recabados se aportan consideraciones prácticas para la intervención educativa con estudiantes en riesgo de exclusión social. This work analyses, in a public educational centre associated to a Compensatory Education Programme how gender, the academic year and educational needs of educational support (SNES) influence responsibility in physical education, school violence and prosociality. 120 students took part in the project, age of 14.40 years (SD = 1.67), 62 out of them had been diagnosed with some SNES (51.7%) and 58 did not require any special support (48.3%). Results showed only differences among students who needed different educational attention in personal responsibility in physical education. Both gender and the academic year showed influential variables in social responsibility in physical education and prosociality. No differences were found in perceived school violence for the analised variables. Based on the data collected, practical considerations are provided for educational intervention with students at risk of social exclusion.
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Cutler, Jo, Jonas P. Nitschke, Claus Lamm, and Patricia L. Lockwood. "Older adults across the globe exhibit increased prosocial behavior but also greater in-group preferences." Nature Aging 1, no. 10 (October 2021): 880–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43587-021-00118-3.
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AbstractPopulation aging is a global phenomenon with substantial implications across society1,2. Prosocial behaviors—actions that benefit others—promote mental and physical health across the lifespan3,4 and can save lives during the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined whether age predicts prosociality in a preregistered global study (46,576 people aged 18–99 across 67 countries) using two acutely relevant measures: distancing during COVID-19 and willingness to donate to hypothetical charities. Age positively predicted prosociality on both measures, with increased distancing and donations among older adults. However, older adults were more in-group focused than younger adults in choosing who to help, making larger donations to national over international charities and reporting increased in-group preferences. In-group preferences helped explain greater national over international donations. Results were robust to several control analyses and internal replication. Our findings have vital implications for predicting the social and economic impacts of aging populations, increasing compliance with public health measures and encouraging charitable donations.
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Dijkstra, Jan Kornelis, and Christian Berger. "Friendship Selection and Influence Processes for Physical Aggression and Prosociality: Differences between Single-Sex and Mixed-Sex Contexts." Sex Roles 78, no. 9-10 (September 13, 2017): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0818-z.
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Alcayne, Mario Ibañez, Pablo Camacho Lazarraga, and Alberto Martín Barrero. "El fútbol como recurso educativo en el deporte formativo de la provincia de Sevilla (Football as an educational resource in formative sport of Sevilla)." Retos 43 (August 9, 2021): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.89491.
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El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer los valores socio-educativos (autonomía/responsabilidad, prosocialidad y satisfacción/diversión) en las competiciones de fútbol federado en el contexto de las categorías de formación en la provincia de Sevilla. Para ello, participaron padres (n=31), entrenadores (n=44) y jugadores (n=33) de diferentes clubes de fútbol base de la provincia de Sevilla. Como instrumento de evaluación se utilizó el cuestionario “Deporteduca”. En el cuestionario se analizaron variables como la influencia social del triángulo que participa en el proceso de formación del niño formador-niño-familia, la medición del nivel de compromiso y el esfuerzo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron tendencias positivas en todas las dimensiones analizadas. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir, atendiendo a los resultados del estudio, que el fútbol es un recurso muy útil para fomentar los valores de autonomía, respeto, prosocialidad y diversión en los niños y niñas que se educan a través de esta práctica deportiva.
Abstract: the objective of this research was to know the socio-educational values (autonomy / responsibility, prosociality and satisfaction / fun) in soccer competitions in the context of training categories in the province of Seville. For this, parents (n=31), coaches (n=44) and players (n=33) from different youth soccer clubs in the province of Seville participated. The “Deporteduca” questionnaire was used as an evaluation instrument. Variables such as the social influence of the trainer-child-family triangle, the measurement of the level of commitment and effort, were analyzed in the questionnaire. The results obtained showed positive trends in all the dimensions analyzed. Therefore, it can be concluded, taking into account the results of the study, that soccer is a very useful resource to promote the values of autonomy, respect, prosociality and fun in the boys and girls who are educated through this sport.
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Butovskaya, Marina Lvovna, Vasilisa Olegovna Filatova, and Oleg Evgenievich Lazebny. "Association of self-ratings on empathy, help, aggression and personal traits with 2D:4D and polymorphism on rs53576 gene OXTR in schoolchildren of European origin." Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), no. 1 (June 23, 2022): 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32521/2074-8132.2022.1.134-152.
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Introduction. The evolution of mutual help and cooperation in humans has been actively analyzed using the methods of ethology, psychology, anthropometry and genetics. The goal of this study was to identify associations between the finger index (2D:4D), the rs53576 polymorphism of the OXTR gene, gender and age with a willingness to help others and adherence to certain cultural standards in Russian schoolchildren of Caucasian origin. Materials and methods. The samples for this study were collected in the schools of the city Ussuriysk (Primorsky Krai) and the city Yelizovo (Kamchatka Krai) in 2015-2019. The total sample size was 853 (416 boys and 437 girls), represented exclusively by children of European origin. The average age of the participants was 14.2 ± 1.6 years (ranged from 10 to 18 years). Data collection methods included: questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and collection of DNA samples (buccal epithelium or saliva). The data were analyzed using the SPSS-27 software package. Results. Significant differences were obtained for the finger index, 2D:4D, three scales of the Bass-Perry aggression questionnaire (anger, hostility, physical aggression), the generalized Baron-Cohen empathy coefficient and Boyko's level of empathy, dominance and social success, self-esteem, attitudes towards helping others. Readiness to help relatives was significantly associated with the GG variant of OXTR_rs53576 gene polymorphism. Adherence to moral norms (the weak need to be protected) was significantly associated with the finger index. Discussion. The results of our study indicate the significant gender differences in masculinity, including the 2D:4D ratio on the right and left hands, self-assessments of dominance and social status, one's own role in the group, attitudes towards aggression and related (group) solidarity. Boys performed more expressed self-assessments on physical aggression, and showed more parochialism, declaring a willingness to take the side of friends (relatives), regardless of who was right in the conflict and a willingness to follow cultural standards, concerning protection of the weakest. Girls outperformed boys in emotionality, and gave higher scores on anger and hostility. Our data, in combination with the findings of other authors, demonstrate the association of the homozygous variant GG OXTR_rs53576 with prosociality, altruism, and help.
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Smirnov, A. V., L. A. Maksimova, and I. A. Simonova. "Addictive behaviour of students: Early detection experience and socio-psychological characteristics." Education and science journal 24, no. 9 (November 16, 2022): 174–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2022-9-174-211.
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Introduction. Today, there is an increase in the risks of involving minors in various forms of deviant behaviour, among the varieties of which addictive behavioural models are particularly dangerous. In this regard, proactive preventive measures are becoming particularly relevant, among which one of the key areas is the timely identification of potential addicts, including among students of educational organisations.Aim. The aim of the study was to identify the actual socio-psychological characteristics of the personality of underage students who are prone to addictive behaviour.Methodology and research methods. The comparative-analytical method of working with scientific literature presented in eLIBRARY.RU, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases was used as the main theoretical method. When organising the study, the authors relied on a number of methodological provisions: the structural method, when the research material is interpreted in accordance with the specific characteristics of the object of study; the method of comparisons, which consists in comparing individual results with each other. The main empirical method was the testing method. To obtain the results of the study, the authors employed a unified methodology of socio-psychological testing aimed at the identification of the risk of formation of addictive behaviour in minors. For mathematical and statistical data processing, the Statistics SPSS 19.0 package was applied: the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Dmax criterion (for boys and girls separately and jointly), the Mann-Whitney U test, regression analysis, analysis of averages, confidence and percentile intervals. Also, the factor analysis method was used – the principal component method, Varimax rotation. The stability of factors was calculated using the Lewandowski’s method. The study was conducted in different regions of Russia in 2019–2020. The sample consisted of 6,300 people.Results. Based on the analysis of scientific sources, the authors described the epidemiological picture of various forms of addictive behaviour of minors, the differences between male and female samples (young men demonstrate a greater desire for leadership, protest reactions, rivalry, and girls are more anxious, frustrated, focused on internal experiences), the interrelationships between the scales of the methodology and the poles of the selected factor structure from the point of view of asociality and prosociality of juvenile behaviour (desire for risk, social maladjustment, avoidance of conflict and others).Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the results is due to the receipt of relevant data on the specifics of the socio-psychological characteristics of modern adolescents and young men prone to addictive behaviour.Practical significance. The practical significance lies in the fact that the identified socio-psychological characteristics of the behaviour of a person prone to addictive behaviour can become the main planning work on the early detection of a tendency to addictive behaviour, organisation of preventive work with imperfect-year-olds, as well as for the organisation of psychological work with students at risk.
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Zhang, Hanshu, Frederic Moisan, Palvi Aggarwal, and Cleotilde Gonzalez. "Truth-Telling in a Sender–Receiver Game: Social Value Orientation and Incentives." Symmetry 14, no. 8 (July 28, 2022): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14081561.
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Previous research has discussed the effects of monetary incentives and prosociality on deceptive behavior. However, research has not comprehensively investigated the relationship between these two factors. In the current research, we introduce a repeated two-player sender–receiver binary choice task, where players in the role of senders or receivers receive asymmetric information regarding payoffs, offering the opportunity to explore the effects of economic incentives to lie according to the players’ prosociality. In Experiment 1, players are paired to play the game as a sender or receiver online. We find that economic incentives determine the likelihood of deception from senders and the likelihood that receivers will deviate from the received suggestions. Moreover, prosociality is related to players’ behavior: Prosocial senders send less deceptive messages and prosocial receivers choose options that benefit senders more. Furthermore, senders display consistent behavior when interacting with receivers, and they do not change their deceptive behavior even if detected by receivers. Experiment 2 further investigates how the players’ behavior corresponds to their understanding and interpretation of the other players’ actions, by pairing players with computer algorithms that display consistent probabilistic behaviors. We observe that senders deceive receiver algorithms by sending truthful messages when they expect the message not to be followed, and receivers follow the received messages by choosing the option that benefits “honest” sender algorithms. While we find a consistent result that prosocial senders send fewer deceptive messages than they should when telling the truth is costly, prosocial receivers are less considerate of sender payoffs in algorithms’ interaction.
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Motsenok, Marina, Tehila Kogut, and Ilana Ritov. "Perceived Physical Vulnerability Promotes Prosocial Behavior." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, April 8, 2021, 014616722110058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672211005879.
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Our research examines the association between perceived physical vulnerability and prosocial behavior. Studies 1 to 4 establish a positive association between individuals’ vulnerability and their prosociality. To increase generality, these studies looked at different behaviors (volunteering vs. monetary donations), various physical harms (e.g., war vs. illness), and different samples (students vs. MTurk workers). Study 4 also provides initial evidence of a partial mediating effect of closeness on the observed association. In Study 5, perceived vulnerability is experimentally manipulated, demonstrating a causal link between vulnerability and willingness to donate. Study 6 further demonstrates that closeness partially mediates the association between vulnerability and donation, while ruling out an alternative explanation of the effect—such as that vulnerable people donate in expectation of future reciprocity. Together, our research demonstrates a consistent positive association between perceived physical vulnerability and prosociality. This effect appears small when considering daily threats and stronger when vulnerability becomes more salient.
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García-Fernández, Cristina Mª, Eva M. Romera, Claire P. Monks, and Rosario Ortega-Ruiz. "Peer Aggression and Victimisation: Social Behaviour Strategies in Early Childhood in Spain." Early Childhood Education Journal, April 30, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10643-022-01348-9.
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AbstractThe present study aims to examine the issue of peer aggression and victimisation in early childhood, with a focus on the associated social behaviour strategies (aggressiveness, prosociality, dominance and social insecurity). A sample of 227 children (58.1% girls, n = 132) between the ages of 4 and 7 years (M = 5.61; SD = 1. 03) participated in the study. Teacher reports and peer nominations of physical and verbal aggression and victimisation were analysed. Results showed an association between aggressiveness and insecurity and being nominated as a physical and verbal aggressor by peers. Being nominated as a physical victim was associated with aggressiveness and dominance; and for verbal victim with aggressiveness and prosociality. Differences were found between boys and girls in verbal aggression and victimisation. The current study contributes to a better understanding of the emergence of peer aggression and victimisation in relation to social processes in early childhood and has implications for the prevention of the later appearance of bullying.
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Jefferies, Megan, Bahar Tunçgenç, and Emma Cohen. "The Role of Physical Activity and Touch in Children’s Social Bonding." International Journal of Comparative Psychology 31 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2018.31.02.02.
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Physical activity (PA) and touch, long known to facilitate interpersonal affiliation in adults and non-human primates, are common elements of children’s free play. However, no research has examined how children’s play involving PA and touch is linked with social bonding (i.e., positive emotional states and behaviors that help create, maintain and characterize affiliation and attachment among individuals). This paper reports on two novel studies designed to explore these links in children’s play. In two studies, we investigated associations between PA, touch and prosociality in 5-to-8-year-old children. In a naturalistic observation study (N = 50), we assessed the amount of PA, smiling/laughing, touch, and prosociality in children’s play behavior during school breaks. PA levels were also measured indirectly via heart rate monitors (HRM). The findings revealed that observed-PA was associated with the amount of smiling/laughing. PA (observed and HRM) was also associated with the amount of touch. In a second study (N = 84), we experimentally tested the effect of touch on helping behavior in the context of physically-active play. In pairs, children ran to collect felt shapes which they placed either onto each other (touch condition) or onto a board (no-touch condition). Subsequent helping behavior was assessed in a separate task. There was a non-significant trend towards more helping in the touch condition. We discuss the findings in terms of the significance of PA and touch for social bonding in childhood and offer suggestions for future research in this underexplored area.
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Cortes Barragan, Rodolfo, and Andrew N. Meltzoff. "Prosociality and health: Identification with all humanity is a replicable predictor of prosocial motivation for health behaviors." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (January 12, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1052713.
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The acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic may have passed, but the pandemic remains a major worldwide health concern that demands continued vigilance. Are there individual differences that predict the motivation to continue to wear masks and to create physical distance in public? Previous research conducted early in the pandemic had suggested that a particular social identity—identification with all humanity—is one underlying factor that contributes to people’s cooperation with health behavior guidelines. This highlights that the pandemic is not only an issue to be tackled with the tools of immunology and epidemiology. It also requires the tools from psychology—to measure the representations people have about themselves and others and how these representations drive values and decisions related to health. Here we report work on U.S. respondents that examined whether individuals’ level of identification with all humanity predicts their prosocial health behaviors aimed at mitigating the spread of COVID-19. In 3 convergent studies (total N = 1,580), we find that identification with all humanity predicted the prosocial motivation to wear masks and to engage in physical distancing when in public without a mask. The results were obtained while controlling for a host of covariates, including demographics, educational attainment, and Big Five personality dimensions. We find that some people have a marked drive to care for the health of strangers, which is significantly linked to their concern for all humanity rather than being restricted to their care for their community or country. Discussion focuses on this social identification with humanity and its enduring, replicable role in predicting the motivation to engage in prosocial health behaviors. We note key implications for theories in social and developmental psychology as well as for research that may lead to practical applications for lessening the human toll of the current and future pandemics.
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Ying, Liuhua, Qin Yan, Xin Shen, and Chengmian Zhang. "Social Value Orientation Moderated the Effect of Acute Stress on Individuals’ Prosocial Behaviors." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (March 10, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.803184.
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Acute stress is believed to lead to prosocial behaviors via a “tend-and-befriend” pattern of stress response. However, the results of the effect of acute stress on prosocial behavior are inconsistent. The current study explores the moderating effect of gender and social value orientation on the relationship between acute stress and individuals’ pure prosocial behaviors (i.e., pure prosociality and prosocial third-party punishment). Specifically, eighty-one participants were selected and underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (or were in the control group), followed by the third-party punishment task and the dictator game. The results showed that, in general, the main effect of condition or respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity on individual prosocial behaviors was significant and did not vary between genders. Furthermore, social value orientation (i.e., prosocial or self-orientation) might moderate the impact of RSA reactivity on the amount of punishment in the third-party punishment task. That is, individuals with self-orientation exhibited more prosocial third-party punishment as RSA reactivity decreased, while the effect did not occur for individuals with prosocial orientation. Taken together, the findings of the current study provide further evidence for the “tend-and-befriend” hypothesis and highlight the underlying physical mechanisms as well as the individual dependence of the effect of psychosocial stress on individuals’ pure prosocial behaviors.
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Hartmann, Helena, Paul A. G. Forbes, Markus Rütgen, and Claus Lamm. "Placebo Analgesia Reduces Costly Prosocial Helping to Lower Another Person’s Pain." Psychological Science, September 29, 2022, 095679762211197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09567976221119727.
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Painkiller administration lowers pain empathy, but whether this also reduces prosocial behavior is unknown. In this preregistered study, we investigated whether inducing analgesia through a placebo painkiller reduced effortful helping. When given the opportunity to reduce the pain of another person, individuals experiencing placebo analgesia ( n = 45 adults from Austria; 21 male, 24 female) made fewer prosocial choices at the lowest helping level and exerted less physical effort when helping, compared with controls whose pain sensitivity was unaltered ( n = 45; 21 male, 24 female). Self-reported empathic unpleasantness positively correlated with prosocial choices across the whole sample. While not replicating group differences in empathy, a mediation analysis revealed that the level of unpleasantness to other people’s pain fully mediated the effect of placebo analgesia on prosocial choices. Given the importance of prosociality for social cohesion, these findings have broad potential implications both for individuals under the influence of painkillers and for society at large.
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Bolt, Elena, Jasmine T. Ho, Marte Roel Lesur, Alexander Soutschek, Philippe N. Tobler, and Bigna Lenggenhager. "Effects of a virtual gender swap on social and temporal decision-making." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (July 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94869-z.
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AbstractMounting evidence has demonstrated that embodied virtual reality, during which physical bodies are replaced with virtual surrogates, can strongly alter cognition and behavior even when the virtual body radically differs from one’s own. One particular emergent area of interest is the investigation of how virtual gender swaps can influence choice behaviors. Economic decision-making paradigms have repeatedly shown that women tend to display more prosocial sharing choices than men. To examine whether a virtual gender swap can alter gender-specific differences in prosociality, 48 men and 51 women embodied either a same- or different-gender avatar in immersive virtual reality. In a between-subjects design, we differentiated between specifically social and non-social decision-making by means of a virtually administered interpersonal and intertemporal discounting task, respectively. We hypothesized that a virtual gender swap would elicit social behaviors that stereotypically align with the gender of the avatar. To relate potential effects to changes in self-perception, we also measured implicit and explicit identification with gendered (or gender-typical) traits prior to and following the virtual experience, and used questionnaires that assessed the strength of the illusion. Contrary to our hypothesis, our results show that participants made less prosocial decisions (i.e., became more selfish) in different-gender avatars, independent of their own biological sex. Moreover, women embodying a male avatar in particular were more sensitive to temptations of immediate rewards. Lastly, the manipulation had no effects on implicit and explicit identification with gendered traits. To conclude, while we showed that a virtual gender swap indeed alters decision-making, gender-based expectancies cannot account for all the task-specific interpersonal and intertemporal changes following the virtual gender swap.
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Satoh, Shun, Redouan Bshary, Momoko Shibasaki, Seishiro Inaba, Shumpei Sogawa, Takashi Hotta, Satoshi Awata, and Masanori Kohda. "Prosocial and antisocial choices in a monogamous cichlid with biparental care." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (March 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22075-6.
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AbstractHuman society is cooperative and characterized by spontaneous prosociality. Comparative studies on endotherm vertebrates suggest that social interdependence causes the evolution of proactive prosociality. To test the generality of this hypothesis, we modify a prosocial choice task for application to the convict cichlid, Amatitlania nigrofasciata, a monogamous fish with biparental care and a strong pair bond. We also affirm that male subjects learn to favor prosocial choices when their mates are the recipients in a neighboring tank. When the neighboring tank is empty, males choose randomly. Furthermore, in the absence of their mates, males behave prosocially toward a stranger female. However, if the mate of the subjects is also visible in the third tank, or if a male is a potential recipient, then subjects make antisocial choices. To conclude, fish may show both spontaneous prosocial and antisocial behaviors according to their social relationships with conspecifics and the overall social context.
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Costantino, Claudio, Walter Mazzucco, Francesco Scarpitta, Gianmarco Ventura, Claudia Marotta, Stefania Enza Bono, Evelina Arcidiacono, et al. "Prevalence and factors associated with bullying phenomenon among pre-adolescents attending first-grade secondary schools of Palermo, Italy, and a comparative systematic literature review." Italian Journal of Pediatrics 48, no. 1 (April 4, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01245-2.
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Abstract Background Bullying is recognized as one of the most significant social and health problems in the school environment for children and adolescents. In Italy, bullying involved 2 in 10 kids between 11–17 years that referred to have been bullied two or more times in a month. In Sicily, the estimated prevalence of children aged 11 to 15 that suffered at least one act of bullying in the last two months was 14% in 2011. Methods A questionnaire consisting of 30 items investigating physical, verbal and indirect bullying, observers of bullying, resiliency, and prosociality was administered to preadolescents of ten first-grade secondary schools within the Palermo Province in order to analyze prevalence and factors associated with bullying phenomenon. Also, a systematic literature review (SLR) analyzing manuscripts that reported prevalence of the bullying phenomenon worldwide was conducted. Results Survey: a total of 867 students, belonging to 35 s and 31 third classes of ten different schools in Palermo, Italy, were recruited in the survey. The values of physical bullying are included between the 4% of the single question method and the almost forty percent detected by the score of 7 method. Verbal bullying oscillates between 15.9% and 66.3%. Observers average values varies from 15.8% to 47.5%. SLR: the estimated prevalence showed a considerable fluctuation. The occurrence of the bullying phenomenon was low in some Northern European countries, while in Anglo-Saxon countries it affected over a quarter of the middle school student population (28% in Maryland, USA and 21% in the UK). Conclusions The prevalence of the bullying phenomenon recorded by this survey with the three different methods used is similar to observations in international literature. In the Sicilian context, a higher prevalence of bullying phenomena was observed in pre-adolescents attending major classes and in schools with lower socio-economic index. Though it remains difficult to obtain univocal data that clarifies the prevalence of different type of bullying, the continuous investigation of prevalence and factors associated with the phenomenon is a necessary starting point to introduce interventions and preventive measures in Public Health programs.
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Farrelly, Daniel. "The type of behavior and the role of relationship length in mate choice for prosociality among physically attractive individuals." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 40 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x16000480.
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AbstractTwo further key aspects of prosociality as a sexual signal are explored here. First, the context in which it is used (in particular, relationship length) and, second, the different types of prosocial behaviors that exist in social interactions. Therefore, this commentary can show why prosocial behaviors are biased toward physically attractive individuals, as they can gain valuable information from them.
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Hasson, Yossi, Einat Amir, Danit Sobol-Sarag, Maya Tamir, and Eran Halperin. "Using performance art to promote intergroup prosociality by cultivating the belief that empathy is unlimited." Nature Communications 13, no. 1 (December 16, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35235-z.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractEmpathy is important for resolving intergroup conflicts. However, people often tend to feel less empathy toward people who do not belong to their social group (i.e., outgroup members). We propose that this tendency is due, in part, to the belief that empathy is a limited resource. To overcome this issue, we develop an intervention synthesizing psychology and art to increase the belief that empathy is unlimited. In six studies (n = 2118), we find that the more people believe empathy is limited, the less outgroup empathy they experience. Moreover, leading people to believe that empathy is unlimited increase outgroup empathy, leads to greater support for prosocial actions toward outgroup members, and encourages more empathic behaviors toward outgroup members in face-to-face intergroup interactions. These intervention effects are observed across various intergroup contexts involving different ethnic, national, religious, and political groups. Thus, changing beliefs about empathy may improve intergroup relations, and conveying this belief through art may promote social change.