Journal articles: 'Physical foaming'

1

Ogawa, Yuji, Didier Huin, Henri Gaye, and Naoki Tokumitsu. "Physical Model of Slag Foaming." ISIJ International 33, no. 1 (1993): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.33.224.

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Li, Qi Jin, Guo Zhong Li, and Cong Cong Jiang. "Study on the Properties of Physical and Chemical Foaming Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 549 (July 2012): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.741.

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Foam concrete samples with different density were prepared by physical and chemical foaming method respectively, and the demoulding time, 24h water absorption, mechanical properties and internal bubble holes structure of physical and chemical foaming samples were determined and compared. The result showed that the lowest dry density of physical foaming samples could only reach about 280 kg/m3, or there would be bubble collapse phenomenon after samples moulded; When samples dry density were about the same, compared with chemical foaming samples, physical foaming samples had longer demoulding time, significantly lower 24h water absorption, higher 3 days compressive and flexural strength and much better internal bubble holes structure.

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Ghag, Surinder S., Peter C. Hayes, and Hae-Geon Lee. "Physical Model Studies on Slag Foaming." ISIJ International 38, no. 11 (1998): 1201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.38.1201.

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Попов, Александр, Aleksandr Popov, В. В. Нелюбова, Viktoriya Nelyubova, Д. Нецвет, and Dar'ya Necvet. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE FOAMING AGENTS NATURE ON PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF FOAM." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 3, no. 3 (March 25, 2018): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5abfc9b7ce94e3.70688983.

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The paper considers the influence of the nature of foaming agent on the properties of foams. Based on the analysis of the market of modern pore-forming additives, from the number of foaming agents the most widely used components, as well as novelties of the market, have been chosen. The technical characteristics of the foaming agents provided on the market are reviewed. The influence of foaming agent concentration, composition and base on the foam expansion, stability and density of foams is studied in the paper. The optimum ("working") concentrations of foaming additives are determined taking into account their stability. The stability of foams formed on the basis of working solutions in porous systems of various compositions is studied. Based on the complex of studies, the protein foaming agents are ranked according to the degree of their effectiveness, according to the data on the physical and technical properties of foams obtained on their basis.

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Llewelyn, Rees, Griffiths, and Jacobi. "A Novel Hybrid Foaming Method for Low-Pressure Microcellular Foam Production of Unfilled and Talc-Filled Copolymer Polypropylenes." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2019): 1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111896.

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Unfilled and talc-filled Copolymer Polypropylene (PP) samples were produced through low-pressure foam-injection molding (FIM). The foaming stage of the process has been facilitated through a chemical blowing agent (C6H7NaO7 and CaCO3 mixture), a physical blowing agent (supercritical N2) and a novel hybrid foaming (combination of said chemical and physical foaming agents). Three weight-saving levels were produced with the varying foaming methods and compared to conventional injection molding. The unfilled PP foams produced through chemical blowing agent exhibited the strongest mechanical characteristics due to larger skin wall thicknesses, while the weakest were that of the talc-filled PP through the hybrid foaming technique. However, the hybrid foaming produced superior microcellular foams for both PPs due to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) enhancing the nucleation phase.

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Xalikovna, Musaeva Rano, Uvayzov Said Komilovich, Musaeva Nigina Xamidovna, Qo’ldosheva Feruza Salimovna, and Akramov Doston Rustam Ugli. "RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THERMO PHYSICAL PROPERTIESOF HIGHLY FOAMING SOLUTION." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 04 (February 28, 2020): 1918–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i4/pr201300.

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Liu, Fu-Min, and An-Lin Wang. "Numerical Investigation on Physical Foaming and Decay Process Using Multicomponent Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Model." MATEC Web of Conferences 237 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823702003.

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Foam materials produced by physical process are common in the field of material engineering such as foamed asphalt. Considering heat and phase transfer, the complicated nonlinear phenomenon of foaming and decay process is difficult to be described numerically. In this paper, a multicomponent thermal lattice Boltzmann model for simulation of physical foaming and decay process is proposed. The model combines a thermal single-component phase change model with a multicomponent model, and the two models are verified separately. The physical foaming and decay process is solved numerically based on the proposed model. Simulation results show the influence of the distribution and content of the phase-change component on the expansion rate and decay time during physical foaming and decay process.

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Zhang, Guangchun, Yuanliang Wang, Haiping Xing, Jian Qiu, Jiang Gong, Kun Yao, Haiying Tan, Zhiwei Jiang, and Tao Tang. "Interplay between the composition of LLDPE/PS blends and their compatibilization with polyethylene-graft-polystyrene in the foaming behaviour." RSC Advances 5, no. 34 (2015): 27181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16084c.

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The influences of PE-g-PS compatibilization on the foaming behaviour of LLDPE/PS blends in batch foaming using scCO₂ as physical foaming agent depend strongly on the composition of the blends.

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Zhai, Chenxi, Yang Yu, Yumei Zhu, Jing Zhang, Ying Zhong, Jingjie Yeo, and Mingchao Wang. "The Impact of Foaming Effect on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Foam Glasses with Molecular-Level Insights." Molecules 27, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030876.

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Foaming effect strongly impacts the physical and mechanical properties of foam glass materials, but an understanding of its mechanism especially at the molecular level is still limited. In this study, the foaming effects of dextrin, a mixture of dextrin and carbon, and different carbon allotropes are investigated with respect to surface morphology as well as physical and mechanical properties, in which 1 wt.% carbon black is identified as an optimal choice for a well-balanced material property. More importantly, the different foaming effects are elucidated by all-atomistic molecular dynamics simulations with molecular-level insights into the structure–property relationships. The results show that smaller pores and more uniform pore structure benefit the mechanical properties of the foam glass samples. The foam glass samples show excellent chemical and thermal stability with 1 wt.% carbon as the foaming agent. Furthermore, the foaming effects of CaSO4 and Na2HPO4 are investigated, which both create more uniform pore structures. This work may inspire more systematic approaches to control foaming effect for customized engineering needs by establishing molecular-level structure–property–process relationships, thereby, leading to efficient production of foam glass materials with desired foaming effects.

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Sun, Qiang, Guan Bao Huang, Jun Hui Ji, and Chang An Zhang. "Preparation of Poly(Butylene succinate)(PBS) Foaming Materials." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 1805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.1805.

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Poly(butylene succinate)(PBS) is a kind of biodegradable materials. In this paper PBS foaming materials is prepared by physical foaming method of one-step compression molding. The influences of blowing agent and nucleating agent, the foaming temperature and foaming time on the cellular morphology of PBS foaming materials have been studied. The results showed that when the foaming temperature was 160°C，the blowing agent content was 5 parts, the foaming pressure was higher than 10 MPa, and the foaming time was 20 minutes with nucleating agent addition, the cellular morphology and mechanical properties of the foaming materials were better. The results showed that the foaming technology influenced greatly on the properties of foam of PBS materials. The expansion ratio had a small drop when the temperature increased. The addition of nucleator talc and foaming aids urea increased first then decreased the expansion ratio of the PBS foaming materials.

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11

Warczok, A., and T. A. Utigard. "Low Temperature Physical Modelling of Slag Foaming." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 33, no. 3 (July 1994): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1994.33.3.205.

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12

Kathuria, Y. P. "Physical Processes in Laser-Assisted Aluminum Foaming." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/105994901770344845.

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13

Yun, Wan Hee, and Sang Bum Kim. "Analysis of Foaming Characteristics and Physical Properties of Polyurethane Foam according to Foaming Agents." Polymer Korea 45, no. 3 (May 31, 2021): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2021.45.3.406.

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14

Zhigang, Zheng, He Yunwu, Wang Tao, Wei Hanxin, Liang Xiayi, Xiao Xin, and Liu Tao. "Study on the Performance of the Physical Foaming Warm-mix Recycled Asphalt Mixture." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 02058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126102058.

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In order to evaluate the performance of the physical foaming warm-mix recycled asphalt mixture (WRAM), the hot mix plant recycling technology was adopted to develop AC-20 hot-mix recycled asphalt mixture (HRAM) and the WRAM of different reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) contents. The high temperature stability, water stability and low temperature crack resistance performance of the reclaimed asphalt pavement were evaluated. The results indicate that the physical foaming WRAM feature better high temperature stability, water stability and low temperature crack resistance compared to those of HRAM. With the increase in RAP contents, the high temperature stability of the physical foaming WRAM and HRAM rises notably but the water stability and low temperature crack resistance performance continues to drop.

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15

Jiao, Shou-Zheng, Zhi-Cheng Sun, Fu-Rong Li, Mei-Jia Yan, Mei-Juan Cao, Dong-Sheng Li, Yan Liu, and Lu-Hai Li. "Preparation and Application of Conductive Polyaniline-Coated Thermally Expandable Microspheres." Polymers 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010022.

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The thermally expandable microspheres (TEMs) were prepared through suspension polymerization with acrylonitrile (AN), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methyl acrylate (MA) as the main monomers. Simultaneously, iso-pentane, n-hexane, iso-octane and other low-boiling hydrocarbons were prepared as blowing agents under two conditions, including high-pressure nitrogen and atmospheric conditions. The above physical foaming microspheres have a core-shell structure and excellent foaming effects. A layer of polyaniline (PANI) was deposited on the surface of the prepared TEMs by emulsion polymerization to obtain conductive and heat-expandable microspheres. Afterwards, the foaming ink was prepared by mixing the conductive TEMs and water-based ink. Finally, a conductive three-dimensional picture was obtained by screen-printing technology. This paper specifically focuses on the effects of particle size, morphology and the thermal expansion properties of the microspheres. The present research methods expect to obtain microspheres with a high foaming ratio, uniform particle size and antistatic properties, which may be applied to physical foaming ink.

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Luo, Yuanxiang, Yajun Ding, Changchun Wang, Linghua Tan, and Sanjiu Ying. "Controlled foaming of polycarbonate/polymethyl methacrylate thin film with supercritical carbon dioxide." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 30, no. 12 (December 5, 2016): 1713–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705716679476.

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The polycarbonate (PC)/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (10/90) blends with microcellular foams were prepared by the two-step process using supercritical carbon dioxide as physical foaming agent. The effects of saturation temperature, saturation pressure, foaming temperature, and foaming time on the cell morphology structure were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the mean diameter of cells in foamed PC/PMMA films decreased with the increment of saturation temperature and saturation pressure but increased with the increment of the foaming time. Moreover, the mean diameter of cells decreased first, but then increased with the increment of the foaming temperature. The cell density ( Nc) increased with the increment of saturation temperature and saturation pressure but decreased with the increment of the foaming time. However, the Nc increased first but then decreased with the increment of the foaming temperature.

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17

Zhao, Huan Qi, and Guo Zhong Li. "Performance Study of Fiber Reinforced New Lightweight Insulation Materials." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.331.

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Cement-based lightweight insulation materials were made. Cement and fly ash are main raw materials. The self-developed composite excitation agent and foaming agent are used. The method of foaming is the physical foaming. The inflection of fiber dosage on the performance of lightweight insulation materials was researched. Its influencing mechanism was discussed. Experiments show that foaming lightweight insulation materials were made with 1.22MPa bending strength, 2.95MPa compressive strength and the 0.072W/mk coefficient of thermal conductivity when the fiber mixing content is 1.2%.

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Zhuang, Tao, Li Ling Zhou, and Lu An. "Application of Ointment to Foaming SBR." Key Engineering Materials 501 (January 2012): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.501.549.

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The effects of ointment category, amount of ointment RA-101 and foaming temperature on Vulcanized properties, physical and mechanical properties and the structure of cell of the SBR were investigated. Foaming SBR was made up by machinery and observed by stereoscopic microscope. The results suggested that ointment can make the cell structure distribute more balance and the effects of RA-101 is better than AN; When the amount of RA-101 was 10, the foaming temperature was 175°C, the physical and mechanical properties was better, and cell structure was more balance and surface of rubber was smooth.

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19

Wang, An Lin, Fei Ling, and Ruo Fan Qiu. "An Engineering Method for Asphalt Foaming Modeling Integrating Gas-Liquid Phase Change Process." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1368.

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The asphalt foaming is a nonlinear kinetics process under high temperature and high pressure with multi-phase medium and multi-field condition. It includes stages like transient contact, heat exchange, phase change and bubble generating process. In order to quantitatively describe the relationship between the asphalt foamability and the asphalt foaming equipment physical parameters, the engineering method for asphalt foaming modeling integrating gas-liquid phase change process is created. Meanwhile, the asphalt foaming dynamic model for design parameters and coupled field distribution, which can express multiphase contact, heat exchange and further phase change, is built. Compared to the old non-phase change model, the new model has a stronger correlation to the asphalt foaming experimental results. Therefore, the study is significant for the redesign of the asphalt foaming equipment.

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Shi, Zhen Jiang, Sheng Lin Yang, Jun Hong Jin, and Guang Li. "The Preparation of Microcellular Foam PP Reflective Film." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 1078–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.1078.

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This work was aimed at manufacturing the microcellular foam polypropylene for the applications of reflective film with chemical foaming agent or supercritical carbon dioxide. The effects of processing conditions such as the composition of foaming agent during chemical process, the foaming temperature and saturation pressure in physical process on the microcellular structures and the reflectivity as well as the volume expansion ratio were investigated.

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21

Zubair, Mukarram, Rebecca Ferrari, Omar Alagha, Nuhu Dalhat Mu’azu, Nawaf I. Blaisi, Ijlal Shahrukh Ateeq, and Mohammad Saood Manzar. "Microwave Foaming of Materials: An Emerging Field." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 25, 2020): 2477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112477.

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In the last two decades, the application of microwave heating to the processing of materials has to become increasingly widespread. Microwave-assisted foaming processes show promise for industrial commercialization due to the potential advantages that microwaves have shown compared to conventional methods. These include reducing process time, improved energy efficiency, solvent-free foaming, reduced processing steps, and improved product quality. However, the interaction of microwave energy with foaming materials, the effects of critical processing factors on microwave foaming behavior, and the foamed product’s final properties are still not well-explored. This article reviews the mechanism and principles of microwave foaming of different materials. The article critically evaluates the impact of influential foaming parameters such as blowing agent, viscosity, precursor properties, microwave conditions, additives, and filler on the interaction of microwave, foaming material, physical (expansion, cellular structure, and density), mechanical, and thermal properties of the resultant foamed product. Finally, the key challenges and opportunities for developing industrial microwave foaming processes are identified, and areas for potential future research works are highlighted.

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Fu, Wensheng, and Yanxiang Li. "Fabrication, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Closed-Cell Aluminum Foams: A Review." Materials 17, no. 3 (January 24, 2024): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17030560.

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Closed-cell aluminum foams have many excellent properties, such as low density, high specific strength, great energy absorption, good sound absorption, electromagnetic shielding, heat and flame insulation, etc. As a new kind of material, closed-cell aluminum foams have been used in lightweight structures, traffic collision protections, sound absorption walls, building decorations, and many other places. In this paper, the recent progress of closed-cell aluminum foams, on fabrication techniques, including the melt foaming method, gas injection foaming method, and powder metallurgy foaming method, and on processing techniques, including powder metallurgy foaming process, two-step foaming process, cast foaming process, gas injection foaming process, mold pressing process, and integral foaming process, are summarized. Properties and applications of closed-cell aluminum foams are discussed based on the mechanical properties and physical properties separately. Special focuses are made on the newly developed cast-forming process for complex 3D parts and the improvement of mechanical properties by the development of small pore size foam fabrication and modification of cell wall microstructures.

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23

Zhenyu, Lai, Hu Yang, Fu Xiaojie, Lu Zhongyuan, and Lv Shuzhen. "Preparation of Porous Materials by Magnesium Phosphate Cement with High Permeability." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (September 9, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5910560.

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High permeability and strength magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) with porosity, average pore size, and compressive strength varied from 63.2% to 74%, 138.7 μm to 284.7 μm and 2.3 MPa to 4.7 MPa, respectively, were successfully prepared by combining the physical foaming method and chemically entrained gas method at room temperature. The effects of borax content, chemical foaming agent content, zinc powder content and W/S ratio on the porosity, pore size distribution, compressive strength, and permeability of the MPC were investigated. The results indicate that the chemical foaming agent content tends to have little impact on the porosity and compressive strength, and the zinc powder content has the most significant influence on the average pore size of MPC. The air pores distribution and connectivity of MPC were mainly controlled by the borax content, W/S ratio, and chemical foaming agent content. Zinc powder played a destructive role in the pores formed by the early physical foaming and led to an increase in pore size and a large number of through pores, which increased the permeability of the materials.

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Eckardt, Helmut. "Physical Foaming with Cellmould®. Properties and Possibilities." Cellular Polymers 33, no. 5 (September 2014): 259–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248931403300503.

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Zhao, HongKai, and JiaQi Gao. "Study of the internal temperature of rigid polyurethane bodies using temperature sensors." AIP Advances 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 125122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128055.

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This paper investigates the effect of filling polystyrene foam beads (EPS) on the foaming temperature regulation of rigid polyurethane (RPUF) composites and describes the temperature change process of the first 400 s of the foaming reaction for two systems with high foaming temperature and low foaming RPUF. Different contents of expandable EPS were used to regulate the foaming temperature of RPUF to reduce the internal structural defects of the composite foam material caused by excessive internal foaming temperature which is effectively optimized for its use and low cost. RPUF with HCFC-141B as the physical blowing agent and expandable EPS as the filler were studied. MATLAB software was used to simulate the foaming process of pure RPUF for both systems and to predict the foaming temperature. The comparison with experimental data was made, and it was concluded that the foaming temperature of pure RPUF was too high. In addition, the temperature of the EPS-doped PUF porous composites in the core region and the temperature variation of the upper and lower surfaces during the foaming process were measured using a probe temperature sensor. The internal temperature is represented by a three-dimensional temperature trapezoid. The maximum temperature of the foaming process decreases more rapidly with increasing EPS content. In addition, the high RPUF heat loss and the smaller EPS growth energy lead to an increase in the mass fraction.

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Peng, Kangming, Suhail Mubarak, Xuefeng Diao, Zewei Cai, Chen Zhang, Jianlei Wang, and Lixin Wu. "Progress in the Preparation, Properties, and Applications of PLA and Its Composite Microporous Materials by Supercritical CO2: A Review from 2020 to 2022." Polymers 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 4320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204320.

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The development of degradable plastic foams is in line with the current development concept of being pollution free and sustainable. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) microporous foam with biodegradability, good heat resistance, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties can be successfully applied in cushioning packaging, heat insulation, noise reduction, filtration and adsorption, tissue engineering, and other fields. This paper summarizes and critically evaluates the latest research on preparing PLA microporous materials by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) physical foaming since 2020. This paper first introduces the scCO2 foaming technologies for PLA and its composite foams, discusses the CO2-assisted foaming processes, and analyzes the effects of process parameters on PLA foaming. After that, the paper reviews the effects of modification methods such as chemical modification, filler filling, and mixing on the rheological and crystallization behaviors of PLA and provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanism of PLA foaming behavior to provide theoretical guidance for future research on PLA foaming. Lastly, the development and applications of PLA microporous materials based on scCO2 foaming technologies are prospected.

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Li, Zhou, and Qin Liu. "Study on Using High Temperature Steam Preparation of Ultra Light Foam TPU Pellets Based Supercritical CO2." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2152, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2152/1/012010.

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Abstract This paper mainly introduces the technology of supercritical CO2 pretreatment and high temperature steam preparation of super mild foaming TPU pellets. Mainly discusses the supercritical CO2 pretreatment preparation ultra mild foaming TPU pellets process in high temperature steam condition change of TPU micro foaming granule structure and properties of impact. Experimental results show that the high temperature steam temperature, processing time will influence TPU granules of microporous quantity, structure, resulting in pellets of different physical properties.

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Farhanmoghaddam, Fatemeh, and Azizeh Javadi. "Fabrication of poly (lactic acid) foams using supercritical nitrogen." Cellular Polymers 39, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262489320912357.

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In this article, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was foamed via batch foaming using supercritical nitrogen as a physical blowing agent by two methods, conventional foaming process (CFP) and low-temperature foaming process (LTFP). The fabrication processes, cell morphologies, thermal properties, crystallization behavior, and electrical resistance of resulted foams were studied to investigate the effect of foaming on these properties of PLA. It was found that the foams resulted from CFP method have micrometric cell sizes, while LTFP method led to nanometric cell structure and high cell density. Also scanning electron microscopy showed that the PLA foams have a heterogeneous cellular structure. The results showed that the foaming process increased the melting point and degree of crystallinity of PLA, which led to decrease in the electrical resistance of samples.

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Masi, Giulia, William D. A. Rickard, Maria Chiara Bignozzi, and A. van Riessen. "The Influence of Short Fibres and Foaming Agents on the Physical and Thermal Behaviour of Geopolymer Composites." Advances in Science and Technology 92 (October 2014): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.92.56.

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Foaming methods to reduce the density of geopolymers were investigated as low density geopolymers are increasingly being reported in the literature to be effective in improving the insulating properties. However, there is no consistency in foaming methods and as such this study was performed to compare different foaming agents in order to better understand their effect on the properties of geopolymers. In particular, a surfactant and hydrogen peroxide were used individually and in combination to ensure a homogeneous pore distribution in the slurry. Physical and microstructural properties of the hardened low density geopolymers are presented and discussed. The behaviour under fire conditions of fibre reinforced and foamed geopolymer samples will also be presented in order to appreciate the suitability of geopolymer composite in high temperature applications.

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Hutchinson, Allan, Patricia H. Winfield, and Denise Morrey. "Automotive Structures: Design for Disassembly and the Role of Adhesive Bonding." Materials Science Forum 765 (July 2013): 721–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.765.721.

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A controllable adhesive disbonding mechanism can be achieved by activating functional additives located within the matrix of an adhesively bonded joint. This action facilitates the disassembly and material recovery from structurally bonded assemblies. The engineering capabilities of bonded joints containing a range of physical foaming agents were investigated. The effect of the physical foaming agents on joint disassembly was mostly attributable to the volumetric expansion efficiency of the additive whilst constrained within an adhesive matrix.

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Trongsatitkul, Tatiya, Keavalin Jitkokkruad, Kasama Jarukumjorn, and Saowapa Chaiwong. "EFFECTS OF FOAMING PARAMETERS ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MICROWAVE-VULCANIZED NATURAL RUBBER LATEX FOAMS (IVCST2021)." Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 4 (October 9, 2023): 010244(1–9). http://dx.doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2023-04-e0873.

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This work reported the use of microwave vulcanization coupled with Dunlop process to prepared natural rubber latex foam (NRLF). Optimization of microwave heating for curing step was firstly carried out using a commercially available domestic microwave oven. The processing window and optimum condition for making NRLF were obtained. The optimum power and time of the irradiation were found at 600 W and 6 min, respectively. Using the optimum microwave vulcanization, effects of stirring time (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min) and speed (650, 950, 1250, 1550, and 1850 rpm) of foaming step on cell structure, bulk density, compressive properties, and hardness of NRLFs were investigated. Generally, the increases in the stirring time and speed in foaming step both gave rise to the volume of the air incorporated into the latex compound. This resulted in the increases in the bulk density and the number of cell but, the decrease in foam cell size. The stirring speed in a range of 950 to 1550 rpm was successfully used for preparing the NRLF. Too low and too high foaming speeds caused unstable latex compounds and failed to produce NRLF. The foam cell structure changed dramatically as the foaming speed increased. The foam mechanical properties, both compressive strength and hardness, were found to be linearly related to the foam bulk density.

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Kilicli, Mahmut, and Omer Said Toker. "Some physicochemical and technological properties of cooking water of pulses as a canned industry waste: effect of ultrasound treatment during soaking." International Journal of Food Engineering 18, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2021-0245.

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Abstract Canned products are important part of human diet and therefore, many types of canned products with high amounts are produced worldwide. During canned production, cooking water of pulses (aquafaba) is an important waste. Therefore, recycling of it is important for sustainability and economic value. In the present study, it was aimed to determine technological properties of aquafabas obtained from canned production. For this aim, chickpea, bean, kidney bean, broad bean, green pea and lentil were used in this study, and conventional soaking and ultrasound soaking was both performed. Aquafaba is a cooking water of pulses not only chickpea and also lentil, pea and bean species. Aquafaba is used for foaming, emulsifying and gelling agent as a plant based food additive. Soaking with ultrasound has shortened the soaking time of all pules as well as increased the D eff (effective diffusion constant) values. Diffusion is a basic physical mechanism for remove moisture or absorb and also give important information about physical and thermal properties of sample. “Remove moisture” term is using for drying and the other is using for hydration. The relationship between the physical properties of pulses and D eff values was observed. The protein content of aquafaba on a dry basis changed between 20 and 35% and it has been observed that there are also positive correlation with their foaming properties. Foaming capacities of aquafabas varied between 167 and 567% in conventional soaking, and between 133 and 533% in ultrasonic soaking. In both methods, chickpea aquafaba showed the lowest foaming capacity and stability, while pea had the highest foaming capacity and stability. US process generally decreased the protein content and foaming capacity (FC) of aquafabas. The foam of pea and lentil aquafabas showed higher resistant against to gravity. In contrary to the foaming properties, an increase in emulsifying properties was observed as a result of US. It has been observed that the obtained aquafabas can be used in various products in the food industry thanks to their technological features instead of animal-based ingredients.

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Luchkina, L. V., G. G. Nikiforova, V. G. Vasiliev, and S. V. Romanov. "Study of physical and mechanical properties of laboratory and industrial samples of heat insulating materials used for the production of pre-insulated pipes, fi ttings and polyurethane shells." Plasticheskie massy 1, no. 11-12 (January 2, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2019-11-12-50-55.

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Polyurethane foam insulation based of environmentally friendly chemical components using novel foaming agents was obtained. Physical and mechanical properties of thermal insulation was investigating. The infl uence of foaming agents on insulation properties and production technology of preinsulated pipes, fi ttings and polyurethane shells was studied. It is shown that when using water and dimethoxymethane, polyurethane foam insulation has quite good physical and mechanical properties and can be used in the production of PI pipes, shells and fi ttings.

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Gawande, Gayatri, Rucha Dandekar, Omparv Channa, and Harshali Birari. "Troubleshooting Foaming in Membrane Bioreactor: Review of Foam Analysis, Causes and Remedies." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 10, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d6591.1110421.

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Membrane Bioreactors have proved to be a useful alternative to conventional activated sludge systems for wastewater treatment. Merits of membrane bioreactors include more compact design saving a significant amount of space and lower sludge production due to longer sludge retention time. This system unfortunately has a downside with it comes to excessive foaming. Membrane bioreactors often act as foam traps leading to overflowing, wastage of sludge and difficulty in process control. Pre-Treatment of wastewater has proven to significantly reduce foaming caused by surfactants. Generally, physical methods are considered more economical and operationally convenient compared to conventional techniques including chemical treatment and advanced techniques like biological treatment. Polyaluminium chloride as a coagulant is recommended as a chemical treatment due to economic and effectiveness considerations. It has been concluded that the remedies for foaming issue are case specific and should be determined by the causes of foaming. This paper aims at reviewing techniques to analyse the foaming phenomenon, causes of foaming and its remedies to manage or eliminate foam.

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Laguna-Gutierrez, Ester, Javier Pinto, Vipin Kumar, Maria L. Rodriguez-Mendez, and Miguel A. Rodriguez-Perez. "Improving the extensional rheological properties and foamability of high-density polyethylene by means of chemical crosslinking." Journal of Cellular Plastics 54, no. 2 (December 5, 2016): 333–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x16681454.

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Obtaining high-density polyethylene-based microcellular foams is a topic of interest due to the synergistic properties that can be obtained by the fact of achieving a microcellular structure using a polymer with a high number of interesting properties. However, due to the high crystallinity of this polymer, the production of low-density microcellular foams, by a physical foaming process, is not a simple task. In this work, the proposed solution to produce these materials is based on using crosslinked high-density polyethylenes. By crosslinking the polymer matrix, it is possible to increase the amount of gas available for foaming and also to improve the extensional rheological properties. In addition, the foaming time and the foaming temperature have also been modified with the aim of analyzing and understanding the mechanisms taking place during the foaming process to finally obtain cellular materials with low densities and improved cellular structures. The results indicate that cellular materials with relative densities of 0.37 and with cell sizes of approximately 2 µm can be produced from crosslinked high-density polyethylene using the appropriate crosslinking degree and foaming parameters.

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Safa Mohammed Nser and Athmar Dhahir Habeeb Al-Shohani. "Effect of modification of formulation variables on physical characterization of superporouse hydrogel." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 23, no. 3 (July 20, 2023): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v23i3.1046.

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Superporouse hydrogel (SPH) is widely used and investigated as a gastro retentive drug delivery system to extend drug residence time in the stomach However, their mechanical strength represents a problem because they need to withstand the peristaltic movement of the stomach. Properties of SPH are widely affected by the materials used for their synthesis. The aim of the research is to study the effect of changing the foaming agent and foam stabilizer amount on physical properties, in particular mechanical strength, and drug release from SPH. Trifluoperazine HCl will be used as model drug in the study. SPH formulations was prepared using fixed amount of acrylamide (AM) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as monomers, polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as cross-linker, TRFP as model drug and variable amount of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as foaming agent, and tween 20 as foam stabilizer. Ammonium persulphate (APS) / tetramethyl ethylenediamine (TEMED) system was used as polymerization initiator. The effect of changing foaming agent and foam stabilizer on mechanical strength, buoyancy, porosity, density, drug release, drug content, swelling ratio, and swelling time was investigated. Modifying both factors affected all the physical properties and drug release profile. When tween 20 was increased the mechanical strength, density and floating lag time was increased with a reduction in porosity and drug release. While increasing NaHCO3 reduced mechanical strength, density and floating lag time with increased porosity and faster drug release was observed. Optimum physical properties were observed in formula 2 which had 230 µl of Tween 20 (v/v) and 50 mg of NaHCO3 in which the mechanical strength was 579±0.4, floating lag time 14 min and 80% of the drug was released within 12 hr. As a conclusion SPH with improved mechanical strength, physical properties and drug release pattern can be achieved by changing foam stabilizer and foaming agent amount in the formulations.

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Hsu, Chia-Hsiang, Yuan-Jung Chang, Masato Goto, Hisahiro Tanaka, and Hideo Akimoto. "Development of CAE for Physical Foaming Incorporating Cell Nucleation." Seikei-Kakou 31, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.31.390.

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Kaltenegger-Uray, Rieß, Lucyshyn, Holzer, and Kern. "Physical Foaming and Crosslinking of Polyethylene with Modified Talcum." Polymers 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2019): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091472.

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The aim of this study was the investigation of the use of modified talcum for supporting crosslinking and as novel nucleating agent for physical foaming of polyethylene. For the modification of the talcum, a thermal initiator was linked to the talcum surface. During the extrusion process, the initiator decomposes, and gas and radicals are formed. The gas generates the nucleation of cells and the radicals support the crosslinking process between the polymer chains. The modification of the talcum was performed in three steps: The first step was the grafting of alkoxysilanes onto the talcum surface. The second step was the chlorination of the thermal initiator for an easier linkage, and the last step was the linking between the initiator and the silanes grafted onto the talcum surface. For this study, two investigations were carried out. One investigation was the analysis of the crosslinking effect with the modified talcum. For this purpose, polyethylene plates were compression molded and the viscoelastic properties were measured with a parallel plate rheometer. The use of the modified talcum led to a higher crosslinking density. The second investigation was the physical foaming experiment in an extrusion process with nitrogen as blowing agent using both a pure and the modified talcum as nucleating agents. The foamed samples were characterized in terms of density, cell size and cell density, and compared with each other. The blend with the modified nucleating agent indicated a foam structure with a smaller mean cell size and a lower density compared to the use of the pristine nucleating agent.

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OHSHIMA, Masahiro. "J0320101 Control of Cell Morphology in Polymer Physical Foaming." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2014 (2014): _J0320101——_J0320101—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2014._j0320101-.

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Wang, Ruifang, Bo Zhang, Chengjun Liu, and Maofa Jiang. "Physical modelling of dynamic evolution of metallurgical slag foaming." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 113 (May 2020): 110041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2020.110041.

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Alcalá, Noelia, Mariana Castrillón, Ismael Viejo, Salvador Izquierdo, and Leticia A. Gracia. "Rubber Material-Model Characterization for Coupled Thermo-Mechanical Vulcanization Foaming Processes." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061101.

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A novel experimental methodology is developed for the characterization of the vulcanization and foaming processes of an ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) cellular rubber and for establishing the relationship of its physical and mechanical property evolution with vulcanization and foaming process temperature. To establish this relationship, the vulcanization and foaming reaction kinetics and their coupling have been determined, as well as important parameters in the behaviour of the material, such as conductivity, specific heat capacity and coefficients of expansion and foaming. This aforementioned strategy allows the setting of a material model that can be implemented into finite-element (FE) codes to reproduce the material changes during the vulcanization and foaming processes. The material model developed reproduces with enough accuracy the coupling of chemical kinetics of vulcanization and foaming reactions. The results provided by the numerical material model fit a similar trend, and values with an accuracy of 90–99% to those observed in the experiments conducted for the determination of the cellular rubber expansion in function of the temperature. Moreover, the cellular rubber expansion values agree with the structural analysis of vulcanized and foamed samples at different isothermal temperatures and with the proportional loss of mechanical properties in the function of the vulcanization and foaming degree.

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SOOKSAEN, Pat, and Penpisuth THONGYOUG. "PHYSICAL AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPANDED FOAM GLASSES USING CRUDE GLYCEROL AS A FOAMING AGENT." Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 3 (December 13, 2023): 030116(1–8). http://dx.doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2023-03-e0371.

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Expanded foam glasses were fabricated from a clear color soda-lime silicate glass. Crude glycerol was used as an effective foaming agent which promoted small closed cell pores. This research studied the effect of crude glycerol content on the expanding characteristics and thermal properties. The expanding behavior relied on the thermal decomposition mechanism of the foaming agent as well as the sintereing temperature. Expanded foam glasses fabricated at 850°C showed uniform pore size compared to those fabricated at other temperatures (800°C and 900°C). Pore size of the synthesized foam glasses generally increased with increasing firing temperature. The evidence of black color in some areas for samples fabricated at 800°C occurred due to incomplete combustion of crude glycerol within the bulk structure. Samples produced at 850°C and 900°C showed white color shading associated with complete combustion of carbonaceous compound. Foam glasses sintered at 900°C showed structural distortion due to glass melting during the foaming process. Large holes or gaps within the structures occured due to the sweeping and combining of gas bubbles during sintering.

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Rizvi, S. J. A. "Microcellular Foam Injection Molding of Thermoplastics Using Green Physical Blowing Agent." Materials Science Forum 875 (October 2016): 77–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.875.77.

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The microcellular injection molding technology, commercially offered by Trexel Inc. and other manufacturers, is primarily a close cell foaming technique. This process is capable of offering light weight non-porous thermoplastics moldings. The foaming of thermoplastics with open cellular morphology has got various high end applications among others like tissue engineering and membrane separation. Some of the researchers were successful in synthesis of open cellular thermoplastics at laboratory scale via solid state batch process. The growing demand for microporous thermoplastics, especially the biodegradable plastics (e.g. Polylactic acid), motivated the researchers develop a specialized microcellular injection molding process for processing of open cell thermoplastics using physical blowing agents such as supercritical nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas. A brief of theoretical and conceptual treatment of microcellular injection molding is presented.

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Chang, Wei-Ti, Chi-Ming Lin, Yu-Lang Su, Chia-Chun Li, Yu-En Chang, Jyun-Ming Shen, and Weite Wu. "Effect of FeO Content on Foaming and Viscosity Properties in FeO-CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 Slag System." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020289.

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The foaming process is an important part of the electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking process. It can promote thermal efficiency and reduce refractory consumption. FeO is a key material used during the foaming process. Unlike with other components used in forming foaming slag, the amount of FeO can be controlled by oxygen or carbon injection. Therefore, adjusting the content of FeO is the most economical foaming mode adopted for the EAFs steelmaking process. In this study, the influence of FeO content on the physical properties of slag was discussed. The melting temperature of the slag was evaluated using three methods: viscosity experiment, using Thermo-Calc simulation software, and high-temperature optical method. The experimental results revealed that the viscosity of slag increases as FeO content decreases. The results also revealed that foam height ratio exhibited a positive correlation with the viscosity of slag.

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Huang, Jian Kun, Jun Bo Tu, Jun Cong Wei, Chun Hui Gao, and Yi Long Wang. "Effect of Foaming Agent AC on the Properties of A1₂O₃-SiC-C Trough Castables." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.136.

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The effects of foaming agent AC on anti-explosion performance and physical properties of castables for trough of blast furnace were investigated by using brown corundom, silicon carbide, Secar 71 cement and microsilica as the main starting materials. The results showed that the incorporation of foaming agent AC decreased the temperature and the maximum rate at which water escaped from the castables, and hence improved the anti-explosion properties of the castables. The reason was that foaming agent AC would decompose and release gases during heating and generate superfine open pores at lower temperature favoring the expulsion of water. With increasing the content of foaming agent AC, the apparent porosity increased while the bulk density and modulus of rupture as well as crushing strength decreased. The developed castables were successfully applied to factory experiment, indicating excellent anti-explosion performance.

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Kosowska, Katarzyna, Jan Krzysztoforski, and Marek Henczka. "Foaming of PCL-Based Composites Using scCO2: Structure and Physical Properties." Materials 15, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031169.

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The process of foaming poly(caprolactone)-based composites using supercritical carbon dioxide was analyzed. The impact of the conditions of the solid-foam production process on the process efficiency and properties of porous structures was investigated. The novel application of various types of porogens—hydroxyapatite, nanocellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and graphene oxide—was tested in order to modify the properties and improve the quality of solid foams, increasing their usefulness in specialized practical applications. The study showed a significant influence of the foaming process conditions on the properties of solid foams. The optimal process parameters were determined to be pressure 18 MPa, temperature 70 °C, and time 1 h in order to obtain structures with appropriate properties for applications in biomedical engineering, and the most promising material for their production was selected: a composite containing 5% hydroxyapatite or 0.2% graphene oxide.

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Darniadi, S., D. Amiarsi, T. Hidayat, and Setyadjit. "Foam-mat drying of potato powder: effect of foaming agents and preservatives agents on the physical attributes." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1024, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1024/1/012009.

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Abstract Foam-mat drying is known for drying aqueous or semi-aqueous food products. This study aimed to investigate the influence of foaming agents and preservatives on the physical attributes of foam-mat dried potato powder. The foaming agents used were whey protein isolate/WPI (5% w/w) and glycerol monostearate/GMS (5% w/w), while the preservatives agents were ascorbic acid (25, 50, 100 ppm) and sodium metabisulfite (25, 50, 100 ppm). The foaming agents and preservative agents were added to the potato slurry and were whipped using a food mixer for 10 min (velocity= 100 rpm). The foamed potato was then removed to a stainless steel tray and oven-dried at 60 °rc for 6 h. The results showed that the yield of 55-60%, moisture content of 3.5-8%, L*value/lightness of 85-92, a* value/redness of – 2.7 to - 0.5, and b* value/yellowness of 20-32. Foam-mat drying is a feasible method for producing potato powder and gives products retaining colour properties of the original potato slurry.

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Gîngu, Oana, Gabriela Sima, Cristina Teișanu, and Ionela Gabriela Bucse. "New Injection Moulding Techniques for Automotive Aluminium-Based Foams - Part I." Applied Mechanics and Materials 880 (March 2018): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.880.248.

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The raw material to be compacted by moulding is represented by aluminium alloy (ALUMIX 321) powder particles as metallic matrix and carbamide as foaming agent. The raw material to be injected is represented by the mixture (feedstock) between the wax-based binder system (40-60% mass) and the aluminium alloy (ALUMIX 321) powder particles (balance). The binder system is made of paraffin wax and stearic acid. The foaming effect is generated by addition of carbamide as foaming agent. Both categories of raw samples were washed in the ultrasonic machine and the aim of research was to study the physical properties and the macroscopic analysis of this materials.

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Mikulica, Karel, and Dušan Dolák. "Testing and Optimization of Production of Technical Foam for the Production of Cement Foam." Solid State Phenomena 276 (June 2018): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.276.254.

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In the current construction industry, great importance is given to the usage of thermally insulating building materials. One of the many such materials can be a cement foam or foam concrete, a mixture of cement mortar and technical foam. This material can be, due to its consistency right after mixing, applied to uneven horizontal surfaces where usage of conventional thermal board insulation materials would be complicated. This paper discusses the methodology of testing of the physical and mechanical properties of foaming additives such as strength, density, foaming number and half-separability of technical foams. Then this methodology was subsequently verified on the five commonly used foaming additives in the Czech Republic.

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Yang, Fan, Daniel S. Andersen, Steven Trabue, Angela D. Kent, Laura M. Pepple, Richard S. Gates, and Adina S. Howe. "Microbial assemblages and methanogenesis pathways impact methane production and foaming in manure deep-pit storages." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): e0254730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254730.

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Foam accumulation in swine manure deep-pits has been linked to explosions and flash fires that pose devastating threats to humans and livestock. It is clear that methane accumulation within these pits is the fuel for the fire; it is not understood what microbial drivers cause the accumulation and stabilization of methane. Here, we conducted a 13-month field study to survey the physical, chemical, and biological changes of pit-manure across 46 farms in Iowa. Our results showed that an increased methane production rate was associated with less digestible feed ingredients, suggesting that diet influences the storage pit’s microbiome. Targeted sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA and archaeal mcrA genes was used to identify microbial communities’ role and influence. We found that microbial communities in foaming and non-foaming manure were significantly different, and that the bacterial communities of foaming manure were more stable than those of non-foaming manure. Foaming manure methanogen communities were enriched with uncharacterized methanogens whose presence strongly correlated with high methane production rates. We also observed strong correlations between feed ration, manure characteristics, and the relative abundance of specific taxa, suggesting that manure foaming is linked to microbial community assemblage driven by efficient free long-chain fatty acid degradation by hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Physical foaming'

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