Journal articles: 'Physical dominance'

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Toscano, Hugo, Thomas W. Schubert, Ron Dotsch, Virginia Falvello, and Alexander Todorov. "Physical Strength as a Cue to Dominance." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 42, no. 12 (October 7, 2016): 1603–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167216666266.

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We investigate both similarities and differences between dominance and strength judgments using a data-driven approach. First, we created statistical face shape models of judgments of both dominance and physical strength. The resulting faces representing dominance and strength were highly similar, and participants were at chance in discriminating faces generated by the two models. Second, although the models are highly correlated, it is possible to create a model that captures their differences. This model generates faces that vary from dominant-yet-physically weak to nondominant-yet-physically strong. Participants were able to identify the difference in strength between the physically strong-yet-nondominant faces and the physically weak-yet-dominant faces. However, this was not the case for identifying dominance. These results suggest that representations of social dominance and physical strength are highly similar, and that strength is used as a cue for dominance more than dominance is used as a cue for strength.

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Tremblay, Richard E., Benoist Schaal, Bernard Boulerice, Louise Arseneault, Robert G. Soussignan, Daniel Paquette, and Denis Laurent. "Testosterone, Physical Aggression, Dominance, and Physical Development in Early Adolescence." International Journal of Behavioral Development 22, no. 4 (December 1998): 753–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502598384153.

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The associations among testosterone, physical development, social dominance, and antisocial behaviour during early adolescence were assessed in a sample of boys followed from 6 to 13 years. Saliva testosterone level was positively correlated with height, and uncorrelated with measures of fatness, including the body mass index. Physical aggression and social dominance were not significantly correlated. Regression analyses revealed that testosterone level and body mass additively predicted social dominance, whereas only body mass predicted physical aggression. Thus, early adolescents with high levels of testosterone were more likely to be socially dominant, especially if they had a large body mass. Those who had a large body mass were more likely to be physically aggressive, independently of their testosterone level. The observed pattern of correlations between testosterone, body mass, dominance, and physical aggression offers an interesting example of the complex hormone-physique-behaviour relations at puberty. They support the hypothesis that testosterone level and social dominance are related, and that the association between testosterone level and physical aggression is probably observed in contexts where physical aggression leads to social dominance.

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Kordsmeyer, Tobias L., Daniel Freund, Mark van Vugt, and Lars Penke. "Honest Signals of Status: Facial and Bodily Dominance Are Related to Success in Physical but Not Nonphysical Competition." Evolutionary Psychology 17, no. 3 (July 2019): 147470491986316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704919863164.

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Recent studies suggest that both facial and bodily dominance promote high status positions and predict status-seeking behaviors such as aggression and social dominance. An evolutionarily relevant context in which associations between these dominance signals and status outcomes may be prevalent are face-to-face status contests. The present study examined whether facial and bodily dominance predicted success in dyadic competitions (one physical discipline, arm wrestling, and three nonphysical disciplines) in men ( N = 125) in a controlled laboratory setting. Men’s bodies and faces were independently rated for physical dominance, and associations of these ratings with contest outcomes as well as mediating and moderating variables (such as physical strength, body height, trait dominance, baseline and reactive testosterone) were examined. Both facial and bodily dominance positively predicted success in the physical discipline, mediated by physical strength, but not in the three nonphysical disciplines. Our findings demonstrate that facial and bodily physical dominance may be honest signals for men’s formidability and hence status potential, at least in a physically competitive context.

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Steel, Beth, P. Chelladurai, and Barbara A. Brown. "Gender Differences in Managerial Aspirations and Potential among Physical Education and Non-Physical Education Students." Journal of Sport Psychology 9, no. 2 (March 1987): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsp.9.2.118.

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Gender differences in managerial aspirations and managerial potential have been advanced as possible explanations for the structuring of organizations along gender lines, with women concentrated in lower level jobs and under-represented in managerial positions. These hypothesized gender differences were examined in a sample of male and female physical education and non-physical education students. Analysis of variance results showed that the effects of gender, faculty, or their interaction on managerial aspirations were not significant. The main effects of aspiration level, faculty, and gender on the set of managerial potential variables were significant. Aspirants scored higher than nonaspirants on self-assurance, decisiveness, and need for dominance. Non-physical education students scored higher on need for dominance than did physical education students. Males were higher in need for autonomy and need for dominance, while females were higher in decisiveness.

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Toscano, Hugo, Thomas W. Schubert, and Aaron N. Sell. "Judgments of Dominance from the Face Track Physical Strength." Evolutionary Psychology 12, no. 1 (January 2014): 147470491401200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470491401200101.

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Han, Chengyang, Michal Kandrik, Amanda C. Hahn, Claire I. Fisher, David R. Feinberg, Iris J. Holzleitner, Lisa M. DeBruine, and Benedict C. Jones. "Interrelationships Among Men’s Threat Potential, Facial Dominance, and Vocal Dominance." Evolutionary Psychology 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 147470491769733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704917697332.

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The benefits of minimizing the costs of engaging in violent conflict are thought to have shaped adaptations for the rapid assessment of others’ capacity to inflict physical harm. Although studies have suggested that men’s faces and voices both contain information about their threat potential, one recent study suggested that men’s faces are a more valid cue of their threat potential than their voices are. Consequently, the current study investigated the interrelationships among a composite measure of men’s actual threat potential (derived from the measures of their upper-body strength, height, and weight) and composite measures of these men’s perceived facial and vocal threat potential (derived from dominance, strength, and weight ratings of their faces and voices, respectively). Although men’s perceived facial and vocal threat potential were positively correlated, men’s actual threat potential was related to their perceived facial, but not vocal, threat potential. These results present new evidence that men’s faces may be a more valid cue of these aspects of threat potential than their voices are.

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Hamby, Sherry L. "The Dominance Scale: Preliminary Psychometric Properties." Violence and Victims 11, no. 3 (January 1996): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11.3.199.

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Dominance may be the most widely mentioned risk factor for physical assaults on an intimate partner, but empirical studies have found mixed results. A new measure, the Dominance Scale, operationalizes a reconceptualization that examines three different forms of dominance: Authority, Restrictiveness, and Disparagement. Preliminary psychometric characteristics demonstrated good distributions and internal consistency in a sample of 131 undergraduates. In a comparison of Dominance Scale scores with related constructs of interest, Authority was found to be most closely related to a measure of decision-making power and to social desirability. Of the three, Restrictiveness appears to be most closely associated with partner violence, including psychological aggression, physical assault, and injury. Differences among forms of dominance may partially explain the mixed results of past research. Further validation of the Dominance Scale is planned.

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Pun, Anthea, Susan A. J. Birch, and Andrew Scott Baron. "Infants use relative numerical group size to infer social dominance." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 9 (February 16, 2016): 2376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514879113.

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Detecting dominance relationships, within and across species, provides a clear fitness advantage because this ability helps individuals assess their potential risk of injury before engaging in a competition. Previous research has demonstrated that 10- to 13-mo-old infants can represent the dominance relationship between two agents in terms of their physical size (larger agent = more dominant), whereas younger infants fail to do so. It is unclear whether infants younger than 10 mo fail to represent dominance relationships in general, or whether they lack sensitivity to physical size as a cue to dominance. Two studies explored whether infants, like many species across the animal kingdom, use numerical group size to assess dominance relationships and whether this capacity emerges before their sensitivity to physical size. A third study ruled out an alternative explanation for our findings. Across these studies, we report that infants 6–12 mo of age use numerical group size to infer dominance relationships. Specifically, preverbal infants expect an agent from a numerically larger group to win in a right-of-way competition against an agent from a numerically smaller group. In addition, this is, to our knowledge, the first study to demonstrate that infants 6–9 mo of age are capable of understanding social dominance relations. These results demonstrate that infants’ understanding of social dominance relations may be based on evolutionarily relevant cues and reveal infants’ early sensitivity to an important adaptive function of social groups.

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Macdermid, Joy C., Lb Fehr, and Kc Lindsay. "The Effect of Physical Factors on Grip Strength and Dexterity." British Journal of Hand Therapy 7, no. 4 (December 2002): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175899830200700401.

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This study evaluated the relationship between physical factors (age, sex, hand size and dominance, height and weight) and both grip strength and dexterity. Ninety healthy subjects without current upper extremity pathology or injuries were recruited. Anthropometric measures of the hand were taken using the NK Micrometer, grip strength using the NK Digit-Grip, and dexterity (small, medium and large subsets) was tested using the NK Dexterity Board. Univariate correlations between grip strength and subject height, hand span, width and length were significant (r=0.38-0.82). Sex (p 0.001) and hand dominance (p 0.05) were also significant predictors of grip strength. Increased age resulted in increased time in all dexterity subtests (r=0.30-0.51). Multivariate stepwise regression revealed that sex explained the majority of variance in grip strength scores (r2=0.46-0.76), with additional contribution of age and height. Dexterity was less predictable, but most related to age (r2=0.13-0.26), with sex and dominance providing some additional information. While it is relatively easy to establish that a patient has an impaired grip, caution should be taken when ascribing that label to an individual patient's performance on a dexterity test.

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Sandstrom, Robert W. "The Meanings of Autonomy for Physical Therapy." Physical Therapy 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20050245.

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The purpose of this article is to explore the social context and meanings of autonomy to physical therapy. Professional autonomy is a social contract based on public trust in an occupation to meet a significant social need and to preserve individual autonomy. Professional autonomy includes control over the decisions and procedures related to one’s work (technical autonomy) and control over the economic resources necessary to complete one’s work (socioeconomic autonomy). Professional autonomy is limited and weakened by the relationship of one profession to another (dominance), by the influence of other social institutions (rationalization and deprofessionalization), and by the internal disposition of the profession itself (insularity). Professional autonomy for physical therapists is increasing as medical dominance has declined but is limited by the trends of rationalization and deprofessionalization in health care. Physical therapists must recognize that professional autonomy represents a social contract based on public trust and service to meet the health needs of people who are experiencing disablement in order to maintain their individual autonomy.

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Welling, Lisa L. M., Benjamin J. P. Moreau, Brian M. Bird, Steve Hansen, and Justin M. Carré. "Exogenous testosterone increases men’s perceptions of their own physical dominance." Psychoneuroendocrinology 64 (February 2016): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.11.016.

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Kraus, Michael W., and Teh-Way David Chen. "A winning smile? Smile intensity, physical dominance, and fighter performance." Emotion 13, no. 2 (April 2013): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030745.

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Bas, Jesus, and Nuria Sebastian-Galles. "Infants' representation of social hierarchies in absence of physical dominance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): e0245450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245450.

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Social hierarchies are ubiquitous in all human relations since birth, but little is known about how they emerge during infancy. Previous studies have shown that infants can represent hierarchical relationships when they arise from the physical superiority of one agent over the other, but humans have the capacity to allocate social status in others through cues that not necessary entail agents’ physical formidability. Here we investigate infants’ capacity to recognize the social status of different agents when there are no observable cues of physical dominance. Our results evidence that a first presentation of the agents' social power when obtaining resources is enough to allow infants predict the outputs of their future. Nevertheless, this capacity arises later (at 18 month-olds but not at 15 month-olds) than showed in previous studies, probably due the increased complexity of the inferences needed to make the predictions.

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Trisko, Rebecca K., and Barbara B. Smuts. "Dominance relationships in a group of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)." Behaviour 152, no. 5 (2015): 677–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003249.

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We investigated the extent to which dominance relationships, as described for feral dogs and wolves, applied to a group of 24 neutered companion dogs at a dog daycare facility. Similar to other studies of dogs and wolves, we found significant linear dominance hierarchies based on highly unidirectional displays of submission and aggression. Submission was the most frequent, unidirectional and linear type of agonistic behaviour and, therefore, a better indicator of status than aggression or dominance displays. Aggression was low intensity, consisting mainly of ritualized threats with no physical contact, and conflicts involving physical contact were never injurious. Older dogs out-ranked younger dogs, but size was unrelated to dominance rank. Dominance relationships were more often expressed in same-sex dyads than between males and females. The coverage of dominance relationships in the daycare group was low compared to that reported for sexually intact dogs and wolves, which was probably a result of reduced competition due to neutering and other human influences. In many dyads dogs never exchanged agonistic behaviours, but bi-directional relationships were rare, and most dogs formed some dominance relationships with other dogs. Except for their low coverage, muzzle licks met the criteria for a formal display of submission. Our results suggest that dominance remains a robust component of domestic dog behaviour even when humans significantly reduce the potential for resource competition. The possible proximate benefits of dominance relationships for dogs are discussed.

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Mohan, Mitti. "Nostril Dominance (Svara) and Bilateral Volar Galvanic Skin Resistance." International Journal of Yoga Therapy 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17761/ijyt.9.1.m82714kr08h60gm5.

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The Svara- Yoga concept of ida-, pingala- andsushumna-svara—representing rest, active,and turbulent states—was examined in this study by recording nostril dominance (svara) and bilateral volar GSR (galvanic skin resistance) as an indicator of sympathetic activity under field and laboratory conditions. Sympathetic activity was low in the ida-svara (left nostril dominance) group,higher in the pingala-svara (right nostril dominance)group, and was maximum in the sushumna-svara(undecided nostril dominance) group of subiects under both field and laboratory conditions. This finding agreed with the traditional Svara-Yoga descriptions. The volar GSR on the right side more readily varied with the svara than the left volar GSR, particularly in the physically relaxed subjects under laboratory conditions. The latter observation was worth noting because the subjects were right-handed. The right side could be recommended as the standard site for recording volar GSR to closely reflect the sympathetic activity,particularly so when subjects were given the opportunity for physical rest.

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Gusu, Daba Meshesha. "Bianchi Type- I Bulk Viscosity with a DE Cosmological Model." Advances in High Energy Physics 2020 (December 4, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4015426.

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The finding article presents Bianchi type- I universe in the presence of bulk viscous and DE fluid nature of a cosmological model. The solutions of field equations were obtained by assuming hybrid expansion law. The physical significance of the obtained findings illustrates the dominance of bulk viscosity in early and dominance of dark energy fluid emergences in late. This leads to indicate the presence of bulk viscosity nature more effective in early time rather than late times, and also, it shows the dominance of dark energy in late times which grants the current observational result of the universe. Certain physical and geometrical properties of the model are also discussed.

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Marshall, Peter, Amy Bartolacci, and Darren Burke. "Human Face Tilt Is a Dynamic Social Signal That Affects Perceptions of Dimorphism, Attractiveness, and Dominance." Evolutionary Psychology 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 147470492091040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704920910403.

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Previous research has shown that manipulating the pitch of a face (tilting the face upward or downward) affects the perceived femininity, masculinity, attractiveness, and dominance of the given face. However, previous research has not considered the influence of direct eye gaze on dominance perceptions or the ambiguity surrounding the proposed social signals sent from a static face. The current research used 94 participants across two studies (women = 63%, age: M = 31). Stimuli varied in head pitch angle, eye gaze, and motion/static appearance. Participants rated the stimuli for levels of masculinity, femininity, attractiveness, and dominance. Both studies confirmed that pitching the face upward at incrementally increasing angles resulted in a linear increase in ratings of masculinity, physical dominance, and social dominance and a linear decrease in ratings of femininity, physical attractiveness, and behavioral allure. Study 2 showed that these effects can be dependent on either the perceived structural change of the face or the actual movement of the face, and these are different for each rating category. The perceived dimorphism, attractiveness, and dominance of a face will change dependent on the angle of pitch it is presented but also whether it is moving or not, where it is moving in space, and what direction it is moving.

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Boulton, Michael J. "Rough Physical Play in Adolescents: Does It Serve a Dominance Function?" Early Education & Development 3, no. 4 (October 1992): 312–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed0304_4.

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Watkins, Christopher D., Michelle C. Quist, Finlay G. Smith, Lisa M. DeBruine, and Benedict C. Jones. "Individual Differences in Women's Perceptions of other Women's Dominance." European Journal of Personality 26, no. 1 (January 2012): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.837.

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Recent research on men's dominance perception suggests that the extent to which men perceive masculine men to be more dominant than relatively feminine men is negatively correlated with measures of their own dominance. In the current studies, we investigated the relationship between indices of women's own dominance and their perceptions of other women's facial dominance. Women's own height and scores on a dominance questionnaire were negatively correlated with the extent to which they perceived masculine women to be more dominant than relatively feminine women. In follow–up studies, we observed similar individual differences when (i) women separately judged other women's social and physical dominance, suggesting that individual differences in women's dominance perceptions generalize across two different types of dominance judgment and (ii) we assessed the perceivers’ dominance indirectly by using a questionnaire that measures the extent to which women view interactions with other women in competitive terms. These findings present new evidence that the extent to which people perceive masculine individuals to be more dominant than relatively feminine individuals is negatively correlated with measures of their own dominance and suggest that competition and conflict among women may have shaped individual differences in women's dominance perception. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Jensen, J. P., E. Jeppesen, K. Olrik, and P. Kristensen. "Impact of Nutrients and Physical Factors on the Shift from Cyanobacterial to Chlorophyte Dominance in Shallow Danish Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-170.

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Phytoplankton dominance (as biomass) by heterocystous cyanobacteria, nonheterocystous cyanobacteria, and chlorophytes was studied along a trophic gradient (0.011–2.2 mg P∙L−1) by analyzing regularly collected semiquantitative data from 178 shallow Danish lakes (mean depth < 3 m) and quantitative data from 32 lakes. Heterocystous cyanobacteria were dominant at low total P (TP) (< 0.25 mg P∙L−1) and nonheterocystous cyanobacteria at intermediate TP (0.25–0.8 mg P∙L−1), while chlorophytes often were dominant at high TP (> 1 mg P∙L−1). In contrast with many earlier findings, heterocystous cyanobacteria were not dominant at low total N (TN):TP or low inorganic N concentrations; chlorophytes were dominant at extremely high pH, and the shift from cyanobacterial to chlorophyte dominance could not be explained by a change in the photic zone to mixing zone ratio. We suggest that chlorophyte dominance in hypertrophic shallow lakes is attributable to continuous input of nutrients and carbon from the sediment and external sources. This renders the fast-growing chlorophytes a superior competitor compared with the relatively slow-growing cyanobacteria, even when inorganic nutrient concentration is low and pH high. New predictive models relating phytoplankton dominance to TP in shallow lakes were developed, as former models failed to predict our observations satisfactorily.

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Ziyagil, M. Akif. "Effects of hand dominance on regular physical activity levels in males and females." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 5 (November 16, 2017): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i5.2678.

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This study aims to investigate the effects of hand dominance on regular physical activity levels in males and females. Data were collected from 2700 participants including 1350 males and 1350 females aged 14-95 years were chosen randomly. Physical activity stages of change were compared among right handers (RH), left handers (LH) and both handers (BH) depending on their hand preferences. Results of this study showed that no significant difference was observed in physical characteristics among three groups in both genders. There were significant differences in the means of physical activity levels among RH, LH and BH in males not females. Male BH had a higher regular physical activity level (2,97±1,54) than those of LH (2,70±1,46) and RH (2,70±1,53). It can be concluded that regular physical activity level increases with bilaterally and handedness can be used as criteria in the regulation of behavior change strategies. Keywords: Hand dominance, physical activity, gender.

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Moilanen, Irma. "Dominance and Submissiveness Between Twins. II. Consequences for Mental Health." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 36, no. 2 (July 1987): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000004499.

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AbstractIn a follow-up study of 234 twin pairs, now aged 12-20 yrs, the intertwin relationships were evaluated by the parents and the twins themselves. The dominance-submissiveness aspect was inquired from three separate points of view, physical dominance, psychic dominance, and role of the spokesman. These three different aspects of dominance reflected on the twins' well being and mental health in somewhat different ways. The submissiveness in one area was often compensated by equality or dominance in another area, with only about 10% of adolescents being submissive or dominant in all three areas. According to the parents' reports, the most submissive twins suffered most often from psychosomatic symptoms, and the most dominant ones from nervous symptoms. The twins who themselves reported to be most submissive had most often somatic complaints and scored highest in the Kovacs' Depression Inventory.

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Torrance, Jaimie S., Michal Kandrik, Anthony J. Lee, Lisa M. DeBruine, and Benedict C. Jones. "Does Adult Sex Ratio Predict Regional Variation in Facial Dominance Perceptions? Evidence From an Analysis of U.S. States." Evolutionary Psychology 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 147470491877674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704918776748.

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When the adult sex ratio of the local population is biased toward women, men face greater costs due to increased direct intrasexual competition. In order to mitigate these costs, men may be more attuned to cues of other men’s physical dominance under these conditions. Consequently, we investigated the relationships between the extent to which people ( N = 3,586) ascribed high dominance to masculinized versus feminized faces and variation in adult sex ratio across U.S. states. Linear mixed models showed that masculinized faces were perceived as more dominant than feminized faces, particularly for judgments of men’s facial dominance. Dominance perceptions were weakly related to adult sex ratio, and this relationship was not moderated by face sex, participant sex, or their interaction. Thus, our results suggest that dominance perceptions are relatively unaffected by broad geographical differences in adult sex ratios.

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Pandeya, R. S., V. A. Dirks, G. Poushinsky, and B. F. Zilkey. "Quantitative genetic studies in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). II. Certain physical and chemical characters." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-015.

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Genetic analyses of flue-cured tobacco leaf physical characteristics (percent lamina, lamina weight, and filling value) and chemical characteristics (percent total alkaloids, reducing sugars, nitrogen, ash, and cellulose) were conducted on a five parent diallel set (excluding reciprocals) evaluated at the Delhi Research Station in a randomized block design over a 2-year period. The ANOVA indicated that there was variance associated with the genetic source for all characteristics except filling value. Griffing's analysis for variances owing to general and specific combining abilities suggested additive genetic variance as the main source of genetic variation. Variances owing to specific combining ability for all traits were exceeded by the variance of the estimates indicating dominance to be of no major consequence in the expression of these physical and chemical traits. Total alkaloids and percent nitrogen expressed maximum heritability, and Wr–Vr graphs supported the conclusions. Parental diversity was evident from the scatter of array points and graphic analysis also indicated lack of dominance. Examination of pleiotropic effects revealed that traits related positively with alkaloids and nitrogen were negatively correlated with carbohydrate fractions such as reducing sugars and cellulose.Key words: tobacco, heritability, dominance, additive effects.

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Kubinyi, Enikő, and Lisa J. Wallis. "Dominance in dogs as rated by owners corresponds to ethologically valid markers of dominance." PeerJ 7 (May 9, 2019): e6838. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6838.

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Dominance is well defined in ethology, debated in psychology, and is often unclear among the dog owning public and in the press. However, to date, no study has examined how owners perceive dominance in dogs, and what different behaviours and personality types are used to describe dominant and subordinate individuals. A questionnaire study was launched to investigate the external validity of owner-derived estimates of dominance in dog dyads sharing the same household (N = 1,151). According to the owners, dogs rated as dominant (87%) have priority access to resources (resting place, food, and rewards), undertake certain tasks (defend and lead the group, bark more), display dominance (win fights, lick the other’s mouth less, and mark over the other’s urine), share certain personality traits (smarter, more aggressive and impulsive), and are older than their partner dog (all p < 0.0001). An age-related hypothesis has been suggested to explain dominance in dogs; but we found that dog age did not explain the occurrence of dominance related behaviours over the owners’ estimate of dominance status. Results suggest that owner-derived reports of dominance ranks of dogs living in multi-dog households correspond to ethologically valid behavioural markers of dominance. Size and physical condition were unrelated to the perceived dominance. Surprisingly, in mixed-sex dyads, females were more frequently rated as dominant than males, which might correspond to a higher proportion of neutered females in this subgroup. For future studies that wish to allocate dominance status using owner report, we offer a novel survey.

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Paquette, Daniel, Marie-Noëlle Gagnon, Luc Bouchard, Marc Bigras, and Barry H. Schneider. "A New Tool to Explore Children’s Social Competencies: The Preschool Competition Questionnaire." Child Development Research 2013 (March 16, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/390256.

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This paper presents the validation of Preschool Competition Questionnaire (PCQ). The PCQ was completed by the childcare teachers of 780 French-speaking children between the ages of 36 and 71 months. The results of exploratory factor analysis suggest three dimensions involving neither physical nor relational aggression: other-referenced competition, task-oriented competition, and maintenance of dominance hierarchy. The three dimensions are positively correlated with dominance ratings and are linked to social adjustment. Girls are just as competitive as boys in the dimensions of other-referenced competition and dominance hierarchy maintenance. Task-oriented competition is relatively more important in older children and girls. Classification analysis reveals that the children who obtain the highest dominance ratings are the ones who employ a variety of competition strategies.

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Kelley, Elizabeth P., M. Benjamin Nelson, Josh M. Bock, Mary Tuttle, Jeremy A. Steeves, Leonard A. Kaminsky, and Alexander HK Montoye. "Effect Of Hand Dominance On Accuracy Of Wrist-worn Physical Activity Trackers." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000487341.47625.82.

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Dijkstra, Pieternel, Bram P. Buunk, and Hart Blanton. "The Effect of Target's Physical Attractiveness and Dominance on STD-Risk Perceptions." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30, no. 8 (August 2000): 1738–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02465.x.

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Raines, Robert S., Sarah B. Hechtman, and Robert Rosenthal. "Physical Attractiveness of Face and Voice: Effects of Positivity, Dominance, and Sex1." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20, no. 19 (November 1990): 1558–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01493.x.

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Ainsworth, Sarah E., and Jon K. Maner. "Sex begets violence: Mating motives, social dominance, and physical aggression in men." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103, no. 5 (November 2012): 819–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029428.

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Burford, Michele A., and Timothy W. Davis. "Physical and chemical processes promoting dominance of the toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 29, no. 4 (July 2011): 883–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-011-0517-5.

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Weeks, Benjamin K., and Belinda R. Beck. "Prediction of Dominant Skeletal Mass with Different Tests of Lower Limb Dominance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (May 2008): S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000321853.07140.6d.

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Nirasari, Komang Gustika, I. Wayan Arya, and Sang Ayu Made Putri Suryani. "Studi Struktur Komunitas Fitoplankton Di Danau Batur, Kecamatan Kintamani, Kabupaten Bangli, Provinsi Bali." GEMA AGRO 23, no. 1 (May 3, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/ga.23.1.664.104-107.

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Lake Batur is the largest lake in Bali with many activities surrounding that will have great impact on fertility of the lake. One key factor in the fertility of the lake is phytoplankton. Abundance of phytoplankton in the waters affected by several environmental parameters. This research was conducted at Lake Batur, Kintamani district, Bangli Regency, in February 2014. Study is to measure the composition, abundance, diversity, uniformity and dominance of phytoplankton in the waters, measuring parameters and aquatic physical chemistry. The diversity of phytoplankton species found in Lake Batur are 5 class consists of 20 genera. Phytoplankton abundance ranged from 232370-336325 ind/l are eutrophic lake. Phytoplankton diversity index were included in diversity, uniformity index is included in the low uniformity, dominance index showed no dominance. Physical and chemical parameters of water still shows a good value so that the waters of Lake Batur contamination has not occurred.

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Ziyagil, M. Akif, Inci Kesilmiş, Nevzat Demirci, and M. Melih Kesilmiş. "Effects of ipsilateral and crossed eye-hand dominance on catching performance in prepubescents." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 5 (November 16, 2017): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i5.2673.

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This study investigates the effects of ipsilateral and crossed hand-eye dominance on one and both hands catching performance (OHCP and BHCP) in participants aged 10 to 13 years. The combined groups including hand and eye dominance consisted of right handed-right eyed (RHRE), right handed-left eyed (RHLE), left handed-left eyed (LHLE) and left handed-right eyed (LHRE), respectively. In this study the mean values were only higher in the favor of LHLE females in left hand OHCP from 2 and 3 m distances. In other side, LHLE males had a higher mean values not only in left hand OHCP from 2 and 3 meters but also in the right hand OHCP from 3 meters. No significant difference was observed in BHCP among four groups in both genders. In conclusion, ipsilateral handeye dominance is an advantage for OHCP compared to cross dominance. Also left side had an advantage compare to the right side in OHCP. Keywords: Hand dominance; physical activity; gender.

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Hertzog, Esther, and Assaf Lev. "Male Dominance under Threat: Machoism Confronts Female Defiance in Israeli Gyms." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 48, no. 6 (March 6, 2019): 836–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891241619834662.

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The article discusses macho culture in Israeli gyms. It describes male trainees’ efforts to preserve their dominance, facing female trainees’ threat to undermine it. The article analyzes means, such as military icons, physical battles, and vocal expressions, used to convey male dominance at the gym. Two gyms in the metropolis of Tel Aviv were studied by the male researcher for three years, and one suburban gym was studied by the female researcher for a year. Being researchers and trainees from both genders introduced a unique perspective of gender power relations at the gym. The different sociogeographic backgrounds of the studied gyms offered a refreshing understanding of the impact of specific circumstances on gender dominance. The analysis suggests that males’ hegemony can be threatened by potential women’s dominance, as the ethnography on the suburban gym reveals. Moreover, although men are struggling forcefully to preserve their dominance over “males’ territory” at the Tel Aviv gyms, women’s gradual penetration into the perceived masculine space destabilizes it.

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Solihat, Raizal Fahmi, and Muhamad Elvan Nurfajri. "Hubungan Dominansi Pohon dengan Temperature Humidity Index (Thi) Di Hutan Kota Babakan Siliwangi Bandung Jawa Barat." Wanamukti: Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan 21, no. 2 (March 5, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/wanamukti.v21i2.168.

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Physical development in the city of Bandung which is increasing causes a decrease in green open space. Babakan Siliwangi Bandung City Forest is one of the green open spaces so it is necessary to know the correlation between tree dominance and the Temperature Humidity Index (THI) value in the formation of micro climates. The object research is to determine the relationship between tree dominance and THI. The method by vegetation analysed, measuring temperature and humidity. The results of research are: 1) Comfort index (THI) in the Babakan Siliwangi City Forest Park in Bandung in August 2017 is relatively comfortable <26 THI. 2) The correlation value of tree dominance with THI is -0.14 which means that there is no relationship between the dominance value and THI. Keywords : Tree, Forest urban, THI, Bandung

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Jones, Benedict C., Julie C. Main, Anthony C. Little, and Lisa M. DeBruine. "Further Evidence That Facial Cues of Dominance Modulate Gaze Cuing in Human Observers." Swiss Journal of Psychology 70, no. 4 (December 2011): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000056.

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Many studies have demonstrated a gaze-cuing effect in humans, whereby observers are quicker to respond to targets in locations cued by others’ gaze direction than they are to respond to uncued targets. Although researchers have generally suggested that this gaze-cuing effect is unaffected by facial cues other than gaze direction, recent work has challenged this view: Both human and macaque observers demonstrate greater gaze cuing when viewing conspecifics’ faces that possess physical cues associated with high dominance than when viewing those that possess physical cues associated with low dominance. In the current study, we tested for further evidence of dominance-contingent gaze cuing in women. We conducted a gaze-cuing experiment in which different individual female faces were used as cues and calculated the strength of the gaze-cuing effect for each face. Composite (i.e., average) faces manufactured from images of women who elicited particularly large gaze-cuing effects were perceived as more dominant than composites manufactured from images of women who elicited particularly small gaze-cuing effects. This result supports (1) the existence of dominance-contingent gaze-cuing in human observers and (2) the proposal that the gaze-cuing system is sensitive to facial cues other than gaze direction.

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Cowan, Gloria, Carole Lee, Daniella Levy, and Debra Snyder. "Dominance and Inequality in X-Rated Videocassettes." Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 3 (November 1988): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00945.x.

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Feminists have been concerned about the debasement of women in sexually explicit material. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of domination and sexual inequality in x-rated videocassettes through a content analysis of 45 widely available x-rated videocassettes. The sample was randomly drawn from a list of 121 adult movie titles widely available in family videocassette rental stores in southern California. Over half of the explicitly sexual scenes were coded as predominantly concerned with domination or exploitation. Most of the domination and exploitation was directed by men toward women. Specific indicators of domination and sexual inequality, including physical violence, occurred frequently. The growth of the videocassette rental industry and the popularity of x-rated films, coupled with the messages these films convey, is a cause for concern.

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Borgi, Marta, and Bonaventura Majolo. "Facial width-to-height ratio relates to dominance style in the genusMacaca." PeerJ 4 (March 21, 2016): e1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1775.

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Background.Physical, visual, chemical, and auditory cues signalling fighting ability have independently evolved in many animal taxa as a means to resolve conflicts without escalating to physical aggression. Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR, i.e., the relative width to height of the face) has been associated with dominance-related phenotypes both in humans and in other primates. In humans, faces with a larger fWHR are perceived as more aggressive.Methods.We examined fWHR variation among 11 species of the genusMacaca. Macaques have been grouped into four distinct categories, from despotic to tolerant, based on their female dominance style. Female dominance style is related to intra- and inter-sexual competition in both males and females and is the result of different evolutionary pressure across species. We used female dominance style as a proxy of intra-/inter-sexual competition to test the occurrence of correlated evolution between competitive regimes and dominance-related phenotypes. fWHR was calculated from 145 2D photographs of male and female adult macaques.Results.We found no phylogenetic signal on the differences in fWHR across species in the two sexes. However, fWHR was greater, in females and males, in species characterised by despotic female dominance style than in tolerant species.Discussion.Our results suggest that dominance-related phenotypes are related to differences in competitive regimes and intensity of inter- and intra-sexual selection across species.

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Larsen, Henrik. "Kenyan Dominance in Distance Running." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-00707.

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Larsen, Henrik. "Kenyan Dominance in Distance Running." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-00707.

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Kalogeraki, E., F. Greifzu, F. Haack, and S. Lowel. "Voluntary Physical Exercise Promotes Ocular Dominance Plasticity in Adult Mouse Primary Visual Cortex." Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 46 (November 12, 2014): 15476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2678-14.2014.

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Hepp, Gary R. "Benefits, Costs, and Determinants of Dominance in American Black Ducks." Behaviour 109, no. 3-4 (1989): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853989x00240.

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AbstractBehavioural dominance was studied in captive American black ducks (Anas rubripes) during October-December 1984. Eighty ducks were marked individually, and groups of 10 ducks consisting of 5 adults (3 males and 2 females) and 5 juveniles (3 males and 2 females) were assigned to each of 8 experimental pens. Ducks in 4 pens received an ad libitum diet, and ducks in the other 4 pens were given a restricted diet. Dominance structure within pens was linear. Adults were dominant to young, and body mass had no influence on dominance rank. The effect of sex on dominance rank was age-specific. Adult males were dominant to adult females and to young black ducks of both sexes; however, dominance rank of young males did not differ from adult or young females. Paired adults were dominant to unpaired adults and to young individuals that were either paired or unpaired. Paired young black ducks were similar in dominance rank to unpaired adults and unpaired young indicating that pairing did not make these individuals more dominant. Ducks on the restricted diet gained less body mass than ducks on the ad libitum diet (HEPP, 1986), but dominant and subordinate black ducks within treatment groups experienced similar changes in body mass during the early winter. Dominant black ducks interacted more frequently and were more likely to form pair bonds than subordinates, thus higher energy costs of dominant individuals may explain the poor relationship between physical condition and dominance rank. There was a significant positive association between the dominance ranks of pair members.

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NINK, ANDREAS, and MARTIN REUTER. "ON QUANTUM GRAVITY, ASYMPTOTIC SAFETY AND PARAMAGNETIC DOMINANCE." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 05 (April 2013): 1330008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271813300085.

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We discuss the conceptual ideas underlying the Asymptotic Safety approach to the nonperturbative renormalization of gravity. By now numerous functional renormalization group (RG) studies predict the existence of a suitable nontrivial ultraviolet (UV) fixed point. We use an analogy to elementary magnetic systems to uncover the physical mechanism behind the emergence of this fixed point. It is seen to result from the dominance of certain paramagnetic-type interactions over diamagnetic ones. Furthermore, the spacetimes of quantum Einstein gravity (QEG) behave like a polarizable medium with a "paramagnetic" response to external perturbations. Similarities with the vacuum state of Yang–Mills theory are pointed out.

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Neto, Tiago, Ana Lisa Melo, Ricardo Damião, and Carla Silva-Batista. "Influence of lower limb dominance and physical activity level on flexibility in healthy subjects." Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 32, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-5509201800010041.

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The purpose of the present study was to verify the influence of lower limb dominance and physical activity (PA) levels on flexibility in healthy young subject. Ninety-nine university students (46 males and 53 females) volunteered for this study. Hip flexion range of motion (ROM) during the passive straight leg raise test was used to estimate lower limb flexibility. PA levels were determined by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF). The dominant limb of the subjects with high PA levels had higher flexibility values than the dominant and non-dominant limb of the subjects with low PA levels (p = 0.026 and p = 0.011, respectively) and the non-dominant limb of the subjects with moderate PA levels (p = 0.038). Thus, this investigation shows that lower limb dominance and PA levels have an influence on the flexibility. High flexibility values were observed in the dominant limb of the subjects with high PA levels. Therefore, this information may be useful when planning injury prevention or rehabilitation protocols for subjects with different PA levels and lower limb flexibility asymmetries.

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Kim, Sungjin, Sewoong Chung, Hyungseok Park, Youngcheol Cho, and Heesuk Lee. "Analysis of Environmental Factors Associated with Cyanobacterial Dominance after River Weir Installation." Water 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061163.

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Following the installation of 16 weirs in South Korea’s major rivers through the Four Rivers Project (2010–2012), the water residence time increased significantly. Accordingly, cyanobacterial blooms have occurred frequently, raising concerns regarding water use and the aquatic ecosystem health. This study analyzed the environmental factors associated with cyanobacterial dominance at four weirs on the Nakdong River through field measurements, and parametric and non-parametric data mining methods. The environmental factors related to cyanobacterial dominance were the seven-day cumulative rainfall (APRCP7), seven-day averaged flow (Q7day), water temperature (Temp), stratification strength (ΔT), electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and NO3–N, NH3–N, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), PO4–P, chlorophyll–a, Fe, total organic carbon (TOC), and SiO2 content, along with biological and chemical oxygen demands. The results indicate that site-specific environmental factors contributed to the cyanobacterial dominance for each weir. In general, the physical characteristics of EC, APRCP7, Q7day, Temp, and ΔT were the most important factors influencing cyanobacterial dominance. The EC was strongly associated with cyanobacterial dominance at the weirs because high EC indicated persistent low flow conditions. A minor correlation was obtained between nutrients and cyanobacterial dominance in all but one of the weirs. The results provide valuable information regarding the effective countermeasures against cyanobacterial overgrowth in rivers.

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Nilsson, Sara Östlund, and Göran E. Nilsson. "Free choice by female sticklebacks: lack of preference for male dominance traits." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 1251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-051.

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To experimentally assess if a male sexual trait has an influence on female choice and (or) male-male competition, it is essential to separate these two evolutionary forces. Female choice may be obscured by the overriding influence of male-male competition, and it may therefore appear that female interests coincide with male dominance. We approached this problem using the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, by leashing the males, allowing the female to fully interact and mate with each male, while physical interactions between the males were prevented. Our results show that in this situation, females display no preference for dominant males and no, or only a weak, preference for more colorful males. When the males could interact freely with each other, females "chose" the dominant and the more colorful males, but in this case the dominant male always deprived the female of the opportunity to interact with the subordinate male. When the females were separated physically from the males by glass walls, they demonstrated a preference for males with the most intense red color. This suggests that if females are given only a limited number of cues on which to base their choice (by introducing glass walls), they are attracted to the redness of the males, while in a situation involving free physical and sensory interaction, other factors become more important for females' choice if they have the possibility to make a free choice in the absence of forceful male-male interactions.

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Vaquero-Cristóbal, Raquel, Ignacio Martínez González-Moro, Fernando Alacid, and Esperanza Ros. "Efectos de la lateralidad sobre la flexibilidad, la fuerza-resistencia y el equilibrio en mujeres mayores activas (Effects of laterality on flexibility, strength-endurance and balance in active older women)." Retos, no. 27 (March 5, 2015): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i27.34362.

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Los componentes de las cualidades físicas de las personas mayores han sido evaluadas mediante numerosos test. No obstante, no se ha estudiado la influencia de la lateralidad sobre estas cualidades. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las diferencias en la extensibilidad, la fuerza-resistencia y el equilibrio asociadas a la lateralidad en un grupo de mujeres mayores activas. Sesenta y siete mujeres (media de edad: 66.61 ± 6.63 años) realizaron con ambas extremidades los test de flexión del tronco en silla, juntar las manos tras la espalda, flexión completa de brazo y flamenco. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<.001) en los test de flexión del tronco en silla y de juntar las manos tras la espalda, siendo mayores los valores cuando la pierna extendida era la no dominante (-2.35±.83 cm con la pierna dominante y -.15±.83 cm con la no dominante) y cuando el brazo situado arriba era el dominante (-10.49±1.26 cm con el brazo dominante frente a -16.74±1.16 cm con el no dominante), respectivamente. En los test de flexión completa de brazo (brazo dominante y no dominante: 23.25 ± .53 y 23.71 ± .51 repeticiones, respectivamente) y flamenco (pierna dominante y no dominante: 23.83 ± 2.63 y 23.10 ± 2.78 seg, respectivamente) no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las ambas extremidades. En conclusión, en mujeres mayores activas hay una relación directa entre la lateralidad y la extensibilidad de las extremidades superiores e inferiores; pero no entre la lateralidad y la fuerza-resistencia o el equilibrio.Palabras clave. Condición física, capacidad física, dominancia, adulto mayor, gerontogimnasia.Abstract. Older people’ physical abilities have been evaluated with a lot of tests. However, it has not been studied the influence of laterality on these qualities. The aim of this study was to analyse flexibility, strength-endurance and balance differences based on laterality in a group of active women elderly. Sixty-seven women (mean age: 66.61 ± 6.63 years) did chair-sit and reach, back scratch, arm curl and flamenco tests with both extremities. It was found significant differences (p<.001) in chair-sit and reach and back scratch tests. The values were higher with the non-dominant leg (dominant and non-dominant leg: -2.35±.83 and -.15±.83 cm, respectively) and the dominant arm, (dominant arm: -10.49±1.26 cm; non-dominant arm: -16.74±1.16 cm) respectively. It was not found significant differences in the arm curl (dominant and non-dominant arm: 23.25 ± .53 and 23.71 ± .51 repetitions, respectively) and flamenco tests (dominant and non-dominant leg: 23.83 ± 2.63 and 23.10 ± 2.78 seg, respectively). In conclusion, there is a direct relation between the laterality and the upper and lower extremities extensibility in active women elderly; but there is not it between the laterality and the strength-endurance or balance.Keywords. Physical condition, physical ability, dominance, elderly, senior fitness.

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Pape, G. Le. "EARLY PREDICTORS OF DOMINANCE ABILITY IN HEIFERS (BOS TAURUS, L.) OF THE HÉRENS BREED." Behaviour 138, no. 8 (2001): 1009–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853901753286542.

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AbstractMany studies have looked for predictors of dominance in various species. However, to our knowledge only short term predictors have been investigated. Cows of the Hérens breed have been selected for fighting tendency and dominance ability; therefore these animals constitute an original and pertinent model to study the possibility of predicting dominance ability at an early age. Physical characteristics, several aspects of social behaviour, reactivity to fear eliciting situations, docility towards humans were assessed in 28 heifers at 6 and 18 months of age. These heifers were reared from birth in 5 permanent groups which never met. Dominance of the 28 subjects was estimated at 30 mo. by observing each heifer in a succession of seven groups that each contained 4 unacquainted animals. The 28 heifers were then allocated to 2 classes (dominant or subordinate) by means of a cluster analysis. Early indicators (combinations of variables) of adult dominance ability were assessed among the variables measured at 6 and 18 months, by a succession of linear discriminant analyses. The discriminant function which best predicts the dominance class either at 6 or 18 mo. includes mainly variables from the fear eliciting tests. This function allows accurate prediction of the dominant or subordinate position of heifers in 94.7 and 92.2% of the cases respectively. The less fearful a heifer was at either 6 or 18 months, the more dominant she tended to be at 30 months of age. These results are in accordance with the previously reported importance of emotional reactivity in dominance relationships in cattle.

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Vandeleest, Jessica J., Brianne A. Beisner, Darcy L. Hannibal, Amy C. Nathman, John P. Capitanio, Fushing Hsieh, Edward R. Atwill, and Brenda McCowan. "Decoupling social status and status certainty effects on health in macaques: a network approach." PeerJ 4 (September 13, 2016): e2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2394.

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BackgroundAlthough a wealth of literature points to the importance of social factors on health, a detailed understanding of the complex interplay between social and biological systems is lacking. Social status is one aspect of social life that is made up of multiple structural (humans: income, education; animals: mating system, dominance rank) and relational components (perceived social status, dominance interactions). In a nonhuman primate model we use novel network techniques to decouple two components of social status, dominance rank (a commonly used measure of social status in animal models) and dominance certainty (the relative certainty vs. ambiguity of an individual’s status), allowing for a more complex examination of how social status impacts health.MethodsBehavioral observations were conducted on three outdoor captive groups of rhesus macaques (N = 252 subjects). Subjects’ general physical health (diarrhea) was assessed twice weekly, and blood was drawn once to assess biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP)).ResultsDominance rank alone did not fully account for the complex way that social status exerted its effect on health. Instead, dominance certainty modified the impact of rank on biomarkers of inflammation. Specifically, high-ranked animals with more ambiguous status relationships had higher levels of inflammation than low-ranked animals, whereas little effect of rank was seen for animals with more certain status relationships. The impact of status on physical health was more straightforward: individuals with more ambiguous status relationships had more frequent diarrhea; there was marginal evidence that high-ranked animals had less frequent diarrhea.DiscussionSocial status has a complex and multi-faceted impact on individual health. Our work suggests an important role of uncertainty in one’s social status in status-health research. This work also suggests that in order to fully explore the mechanisms for how social life influences health, more complex metrics of social systems and their dynamics are needed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Physical dominance'

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