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Journal articles on the topic 'Physical chemistry of clay'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Barbosa, R., E. M. Araújo, T. J. A. Melo, E. N. Ito, and E. Hage. "Influence of Clay Incorporation on the Physical Properties of Polyethylene/Brazilian Clay Nanocomposites." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1937–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18259.

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High density polyethylene/Brazilian clay nanocomposites were prepared by the melt intercalation technique. A montmorillonite sample from Boa Vista/PB, Northeast of Brazil, was organically modified with esthearildimethylammonium chloride (Praepagen WB) quaternary ammonium salt. The unmodified and modified clays with the quaternary ammonium salt were introduced in 1, 2, 3 and 5 wt% in a PE polymer matrix. The dispersion analysis and the interlayer distance of the clay particles were obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical properties of tensile and the flammability of the nanocomposites were studied. In general, the mechanical properties of the systems presented superior values compared to the matrix. The systems showed a reduction on the burning rate, indicating that the flammability resistance of nanocomposites was improved.

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2

Kussainova, B. M., G. K. Tazhkenova, and I. A. Kazarinov. "Physical and chemical properties of natural clay deposits." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Chemistry. Geography. Ecology Series 130, no. 1 (2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6771-2020-130-1-42-47.

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The problem of creating and using sorption materials is relevant for the practice of modern chemistry, biotechnology, medicine and agriculture. Knowledge of the physical and chemical laws of the processes of carbonation, activation, as well as sorption and desorption is of particular importance in the case of nanostructured carbon sorbent for highly effective treatment of water contaminated with pesticides, as well as for reducing the concentration of cytokines in the blood of patients with sepsis. It is of great practical importance to obtain adsorbents using a carbon sorbent to significantly reduce the concentrations of heavy substances, which is very important for the Western regions of Kazakhstan. Thus, it is currently relevant to develop such sorbents that would have high mechanical strength and withstand high fluid pressure during operation, have a large capacity and high wear resistance, allowing them to work for a year or more. Based on the above, the goal of our research is to create new modified carbon sorbents for industrial use for wastewater treatment.

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3

Magalhães, N. F., and C. T. Andrade. "Thermoplastic corn starch/clay hybrids: Effect of clay type and content on physical properties." Carbohydrate Polymers 75, no. 4 (February 2009): 712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.09.020.

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4

Stucki, J. W., K. Lee, L. Zhang, and R. A. Larson. "Effects of iron oxidation states on the surface and structural properties of smectites." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, no. 11 (January 1, 2002): 2145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274112145.

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The oxidation state of iron (Fe) in the crystal structure of smectite clay minerals profoundly alters their physical-chemical properties. Among the properties affected are layer charge, cation exchange and fixation capacity, swelling in water, particle size, specific surface area, layer stacking order, magnetic exchange interactions, octahedral site occupancy, surface acidity, and reduction potential. Also affected is the surface chemistry of the clay, which alters clay–water and clay–organic interaction mechanisms. Rates and extents of degradation of pesticides are increased in the presence of reduced smectites compared to oxidized and reduced-reoxidized counterparts. A hypothesis regarding the mechanism for Fe reduction in clay minerals was first developed in 1963, and subsequent modifications have been proposed periodically through the present time. Recent studies clearly reveal that the process of Fe reduction involves more than the mere transfer of an electron to octahedral Fe(III) in the clay crystal. Ancillary reactions occur that produce significant structural modifications, some of which are reversible and others of which are not. Such changes in the crystal-chemical environment of structural Fe are thought to play a dominant role in altering the clay surface chemistry.

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5

Sgarlata, Caterina, Alessandra Formia, Francesco Ferrari, and Cristina Leonelli. "Effect of the Introduction of Reactive Fillers and Metakaolin in Waste Clay-Based Materials for Geopolymerization Processes." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051325.

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In this study, the role of two reactive fillers, specifically a sand from a clay washing process as an alternative to waste glass powder and a commercial metakaolin (MK), into the geopolymerization process of waste clay-based materials was assessed. Three kinds of clayey wastes from mining operations—halloysitic, kaolinitic and smectitic clays—were tested as potential precursor of geopolymeric materials in view of a potential valorisation of these by-products. A mix-design based on the addition of low percentages (20%) of these fillers or MK to improve the mechanical and chemico-physical properties of geopolymeric formulations was evaluated. All the clays were thermally treated at a temperature of 650 °C, while the geopolymeric pastes were cured at room temperature. In particular, the chemical stability in water (pH and ionic conductivity of leachate water, weight loss), the variations in the microstructure (XRD, SEM), and in the mechanical performance (compressive strength) were analysed. The most reactive additive was MK, followed by sand and waste glass at very similar levels—1:1 or 2:1—depending upon the type of the clay but not strictly related to the clay type. The increase of geopolymeric gel densification due to the presence of MK and sand was replaced by a crack deflection mechanism in the case of the WG grains. The worst performance (chemical stability and mechanical properties) was found for the halloysitic clay, while kaolinitic and smectitic clays developed strengths slightly below 30 MPa.

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6

Sheshmani, Shabnam, Alireza Ashori, and Yahya Hamzeh. "Physical properties of polyethylene-wood fiber-clay nanocomposites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 118, no. 6 (July 13, 2010): 3255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.32623.

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7

Wang, Song, Jia Ping Zheng, Xiao Pei Zhang, and Shun Ran Wang. "Discussion on the Types Attribution and Comprehensive Utilization of High-Alumina Clay Ore." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2209.

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High-Alumina clay ore is the protective exploitation of mineral stipulated by the Ministry of Land and Resources. Due to its physicochemical properties and ore characteristics are quite different from current ore types --refractory clay mineral. It is usually taken as a general refractory clay mine of high-Alumina clay in practical applications, which leads to massive misuse and great waste of high-Alumina clay ore. This paper will redefine the attribuation of high-Alumina clay ore by analysing its differences and similarities with refractory clay minerals and bauxite mines in mineralogy, rock chemistry as well as physical structure, and present some advice on its comprehensive usage aiming at the existed problems in comprehensive development and utilization.

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8

Adeola, Adewole John, Adeyemi Moyosoluwa Odunayo, and Omojola Damilola Ifeoluwa. "Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of clay deposits at Ijesha–Ijebu and its environs, southwestern Nigeria." Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 26, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v26i2.4.

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Two residual clay deposits and one transported clay deposit in Ijesha-Ijebu area were investigated for their mineralogical, chemical and industrial properties. The investigation was to evaluate their industrial applications and economic importance. The mineralogy of the clay samples was determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The chemical composition of the clay samples was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Physical tests which include; thermal properties, plasticity tests, density measurement, linear shrinkage and water absorption capacity were determined to determine their industrial potentials. The clay within the weathered profiles above banded gneiss and pegmatite at Ijesha-Ijebu is brownish with red spots, while the clays derived from sedimentary terrain is chocolate in colour. The X-ray diffraction results showed that kaolinite is the dominant mineral, while quartz, albite and muscovite are the major non clay minerals. Chemical data showed that the values of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are 66.11%, 20.53% and 3.07%, respectively in weathered banded gneiss, in sedimentary the values of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are 42.12%, 34.43% and 7.37%. In weathered pegmatite, the values of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are 53.17%, 32.7%, 1.44%, respectively. The average percentage of clay in the banded gneiss, pegmatite and sedimentary samples are 50%, 56% and 47% respectively. The clay mouldability ranged between moderate to high. Evaluation of the clay properties and characteristics shows the industrial application of the clay like production of ceramic, building bricks and other structural wares. Keywords: Clay, Mineralogy, Chemistry, Ceramics, Building bricks.

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9

Jeong, Eun Jae, and Han Mo Jeong. "Physical Properties of Crosslinked Foam of EVA/Olefin Block Copolymer/Clay Nanocomposite." Polymer Korea 41, no. 6 (November 30, 2017): 926–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2017.41.6.926.

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10

Dubbin, W. E., A. R. Mermut, and H. P. W. Rostad. "Clay mineralogy of parent materials derived from uppermost Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks in southern Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-046.

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Soils developed from parent materials derived from uppermost Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks have been delineated from those which do not contain any of these younger sediments. The present study was initiated to determine the validity of this delineation. Parent materials from six locations in southwestern Saskatchewan were collected to determine their general chemical and physical properties. Clay fractions from each of these six parent materials were then subjected to detailed chemical and mineralogical analyses. The two parent materials containing the greatest amount of post-Bearpaw bedrock sediments (Jones Creek, Scotsguard) were characterized by substantially more organic carbon and less CaCO3. The presence of coal and the absence of carbonates in local bedrocks were considered to be the source of these deviations. In general, fine clays were comprised of 64–69% smectite, 14–21% illite and 10–13% kaolinite and coarse clay contained 32–39% smectite, 25–34% illite and 11–14% kaolinite. An exception was found in two fine clays which had less smectite but 3–6% vermiculite. Total iron content of the fine clays ranged from 7.16 to 8.11% expressed as Fe2O3. However, only a small fraction of this iron was extractable using the CDB technique. There were no substantial differences in surface areas or CECs of the clay fractions. Despite minor differences in the chemistry and mineralogy of these six parent materials, a separation of the soil associations does not appear to be warranted. Key words: Parent materials, uppermost Cretaceous, Tertiary, bedrock, clay mineralogy

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11

Dogan, Meral, A. Umran Dogan, Aktham Aburub, Alta Botha, and Dale Eric Wurster. "Quantitative Mineralogical Properties (Morphology-Chemistry-Structure) of Pharmaceutical Grade Kaolinites and Recommendations to Regulatory Agencies." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, no. 1 (January 18, 2012): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761101275x.

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AbstractThe physical and chemical characteristics of kaolinite (kaolin) may be variable, and minor amounts of other clay minerals, nonclay minerals, and other impurities may affect the properties of kaolinites. Thus specific technical properties of pharmaceutical grade kaolinites become very important because these clays are used in medical applications, e.g., as pharmaceutical excipients, and will be consumed by humans. Seven pharmaceutical grade kaolinite specimens were used in this study: K1004, KA105, 2242-01, K2-500, Acros, Acros-mono, and KX0007-1. In addition, two kaolinites from the Clay Minerals Society Source Clays, KGa-1b and KGa-2, were used for comparison purposes. The Acros-mono and 2242-01 kaolinites contained minor amounts of illite, which was demonstrated both compositionally and structurally by using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. The KX0007-1 kaolinite powder was found to be heavily contaminated with quartz, cristobalite, and alunite. Crystal structure computations also showed excess Si in its tetrahedral site, and the mineral no longer has the typical kaolinite crystal structure. These widely-used industrial standards should be quantitatively characterized morphologically, compositionally, and structurally. Results of the mineralogical characteristics should be clearly labeled on the pharmaceutical grade kaolinites and reported to the relevant regulatory agencies.

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12

Park, Jeong Hyun, Hyung Min Lee, In-Joo Chin, Hyoung Jin Choi, Hyo Kyoung Kim, and Won Gu Kang. "Intercalated polypropylene/clay nanocomposite and its physical characteristics." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 69, no. 5-6 (May 2008): 1375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2007.10.048.

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13

Lim, S. K., S. T. Lim, H. B. Kim, I. Chin, and H. J. Choi. "Preparation and Physical Characterization of Polyepichlorohydrin Elastomer/Clay Nanocomposites." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 42, no. 6 (January 11, 2003): 1197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/mb-120024814.

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14

Suib, Steven L., and Kathleen A. Carrado. "Uranyl clay photocatalysts." Inorganic Chemistry 24, no. 6 (March 1985): 863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00200a013.

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15

Lee, Hongkwan, and Dae Su Kim. "Preparation and physical properties of wood/polypropylene/clay nanocomposites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 111, no. 6 (March 15, 2009): 2769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.29331.

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16

Lee, Jong Min, and Dae Su Kim. "Effect of clay content on the ultraviolet-curing and physical properties of urethane-acrylate/clay nanocomposites." Polymer Composites 28, no. 3 (2007): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20252.

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17

Sentanin, Franciani C., Willian R. Caliman, Rodrigo C. Sabadini, Carla C. S. Cavalheiro, Rui F. P. Pereira, Maria M. Silva, and Agnieszka Pawlicka. "Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes of Sodium Alginate and Montmorillonite Clay." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082139.

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Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NPEs) were synthesized using sodium alginate (Alg) and either sodium (SCa-3-Na+)- or lithium (SCa-3-Li+)-modified montmorillonite clays. The samples were characterized by structural, optical, and electrical properties. SCa-3-Na+ and SCa-3-Li+ clays’ X-ray structural analyses revealed peaks at 2θ = 7.2° and 6.7° that corresponded to the interlamellar distances of 12.3 and 12.8 Å, respectively. Alg-based NPEs X-ray diffractograms showed exfoliated structures for samples with low clay percentages. The increase of clay content promoted the formation of intercalated structures. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy revealed that Alg-based NPEs with 5 wt% of SCa-3-Na+ clay presented the highest conductivity of 1.96 × 10−2 S/cm2, and Alg with 10 wt% of SCa-3-Li+ showed conductivity of 1.30 × 10−2 S/cm2, both measured at 70 °C. From UV-Vis spectroscopy, it was possible to infer that increasing concentration of clay promoted a decrease of the samples’ transmittance and, consequently, an increase of their reflectance.

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18

Fossum, Jon Otto. "Clay nanolayer encapsulation, evolving from origins of life to future technologies." European Physical Journal Special Topics 229, no. 17-18 (November 2020): 2863–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2020-000131-1.

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AbstractClays are the siblings of graphite and graphene/graphene-oxide. There are two basic ways of using clays for encapsulation of sub-micron entities such as molecules, droplets, or nanoparticles, which is either by encapsulation in the interlayer space of clay nanolayered stacked particles (“the graphite way”), or by using exfoliated clay nanolayers to wrap entities in packages (“the graphene way”). Clays maybe the prerequisites for life on earth and can also be linked to the natural formation of other two-dimensional materials such as naturally occurring graphite and its allotropes. Here we discuss state-of-the-art in the area of clay-based encapsulation and point to some future scientific directions and technological possibilities that could emerge from research in this area.

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19

Kashcheev, I. D., and O. V. Turlova. "Physical-chemical properties of ceramic mix using Nizhneuvel’skoe clay." Glass and Ceramics 67, no. 5-6 (October 28, 2010): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-010-9255-y.

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20

Djeran-Maigre, Irini, Daniel Grunberger, and Gilles Rousset. "Experimental Compaction and Evolution of Physical Properties of Clay-Sediments." SPE Formation Evaluation 11, no. 04 (December 1, 1996): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/28028-pa.

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21

Tangboriboon, Nuchnapa, Sopita Moonsri, Atima Netthip, Watchara Sangwan, and Anuvat Sirivat. "Enhancing physical-thermal-mechanical properties of fired clay bricks by eggshell as a bio-filler and flux." Science of Sintering 51, no. 1 (2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1901001t.

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Fired clay bio-bricks were prepared by adding eggshell as a bio-filler and flux into earthenware clay compounds via an extrusion process. In this study, the suiTab. conditions for clay bricks preparation were firing at 1000?C for a period of 5 h. Adding 20 wt% eggshell powder into the clay brick yielded good physical-mechanical-thermal properties: high compressive strength and hardness, low thermal expansion coefficient, and low water absorption. The measured compressive strength, hardness, and refractory water absorption were 7.0 MPa, 6.0 HV, and less than 15 wt%, respectively. The obtained clay brick with the eggshell powder added as shown here is potential for uses as bricks for construction and thermal insulation.

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22

Watt, W. E., J. Marsalek, B. C. Anderson, and C. JASKOT. "Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Sediments from a Stormwater Management Pond." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.007.

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Abstract Physical and chemical properties of bottom sediment and suspended particu-lates were studied at the Kingston stormwater pond. The bottom sediments have accumulated in the pond at an average rate of 0.02 m/year and comprised gravel, sand, silt and clay; the first two materials accumulated only by the inlet and the last two were spread throughout the pond and represented up to 45% and 54% of the total sediment, respectively. The water content of the accumulated sediment ranged from the low of 48% (by the inlet) to the high of 78% (at the outlet), by volume. The assessment of total metals in the pond sediment against the MOEE sediment quality guidelines indicated a gross pollution by Cr, and a marginal-to-significant pollution by Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn. Sequential analysis of sediment samples indicated that 40-90% of the retained metals were in potentially mobile forms. The chemistry of suspended particu-lates, representing silt and clay, was similar to that of the bottom sediment, except in the case of Cr.

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23

Grant, Steven A., and Donald L. Sparks. "Ca–K–H exchange on silt-, clay- and silt + clay-size soil separates." J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 87, no. 15 (1991): 2501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9918702501.

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24

Chaudhary, D. S., R. Prasad, R. K. Gupta, and S. N. Bhattacharya. "Clay intercalation and influence on crystallinity of EVA-based clay nanocomposites." Thermochimica Acta 433, no. 1-2 (August 2005): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2005.02.031.

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25

Kim, Yong Hoon, and Dae Su Kim. "Physical properties of polyester-acrylate/clay nanocomposite films with different organoclays." Polymer Composites 30, no. 7 (July 2009): 926–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20636.

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26

VIRON, KIMBERLY P., ANILYN M. FALCATAN, and JULIUS L. LEAÑO. "IONIC LIQUID-MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF CELLULOSE/MONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITE." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 55, no. 1-2 (February 12, 2021): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2021.55.18.

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Cellulose regeneration is a facile approach to produce biopolymer/clay composites with improved physical properties. In this study, a cellulose/montmorillonite nanocomposite was prepared using a novel ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide ([BEIm]Br). Montmorillonite clay was modified using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which revealed the substitution of cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA+) cations in the clay gallery. The exfoliation-adsorption method was used to prepare the cellulose/montmorillonite nanocomposites, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the successful dispersion of cellulose into the clay matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) further revealed the optimum thermal stability of the nanocomposite was achieved with 4 wt% montmorillonite, which provided a white cellulose/montmorillonite nanocomposite.

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27

Lee, Hsun-Tsing, and Li-Huei Lin. "Waterborne Polyurethane/Clay Nanocomposites: Novel Effects of the Clay and Its Interlayer Ions on the Morphology and Physical and Electrical Properties." Macromolecules 39, no. 18 (September 2006): 6133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma060621y.

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28

Zheng, Wenge, Xuehong Lu, Cher Ling Toh, Tong Hua Zheng, and Chaobin He. "Effects of clay on polymorphism of polypropylene in polypropylene/clay nanocomposites." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 42, no. 10 (2004): 1810–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.20043.

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29

Rustam Hojiyev, Yusuf Ulcay, and Mehmet Sabri Çelik. "Poly(ethylene terephthalate)–Clay Nanocomposite Multifilament Yarn: Physical and Thermal Properties." Polymer Science, Series A 62, no. 4 (July 2020): 392–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965545x20040070.

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30

Yildiz, A., and M. Kuşcu. "Mineralogy, chemistry and physical properties of bentonites from Başören, Kütahya, W Anatolia, Turkey." Clay Minerals 42, no. 3 (September 2007): 399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2007.042.3.10.

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AbstractThe bentonite deposits in Başören Kütahya, W Anatolia, Turkey were formed by alteration of Pliocene perlite and pyroclastic rocks. Two types of bentonites are distinguished in this area on the basis of their physical properties, chemistry and occurrence. Bentonites were examined to determine their mineralogical, chemical and physical properties. Analytical methods include X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical analysis and measurement of cation exchange capacity (CEC), swelling volume, water adsorption, bleaching capacity, and firing shrinkage. Bentonites consist mainly of dioctahedral smectite. They also contain zeolite, opal-CT, cristobalite, quartz, feldspar, dolomite and calcite. The ‘Type 2’ bentonites had greater CEC, swelling volume, water adsorption and bleaching capacity than ‘Type 1’. The variation in the physical properties of the two bentonites is attributed to the differences in the non-clay mineralogy and to the chemical composition and nature of interlayer cation.

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31

Chiu, Fang-Chyou, Sun-Mou Lai, Jong-Wu Chen, and Pei-Hsien Chu. "Combined effects of clay modifications and compatibilizers on the formation and physical properties of melt-mixed polypropylene/clay nanocomposites." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 42, no. 22 (October 12, 2004): 4139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.20271.

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32

Curtin, D., H. Steppuhn, F. Selles, and A. R. Mermut. "Sodicity in irrigated soils in Saskatchewan: Chemistry and structural stability." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 75, no. 2 (May 1, 1995): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss95-025.

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Irrigation with sodic waters may damage soil structure, but neither the processes involved nor the critical levels of exchangeable Na have been well defined for prairie soils. We examined two irrigated soils from southern Saskatchewan on which sodicity damage had occurred to determine the processes and the chemical conditions (exchangeable Na and electrolyte concentration) that cause structural damage. Dispersion of clays in the upper 20 cm of the profile seemed to be the primary cause of structural deterioration. Examination of irrigated soil by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that sand- and silt-size grains were stripped of binding colloidal particles and that large pore spaces had formed, creating very loose aggregates. In one of the soils, physical instability was observed at an exchangeable-Na percentage (ESP) of only about 10%, indicating that some soils in Saskatchewan are relatively sensitive to sodicity. With a 1:5 (wt vol−1) soil/water extract, the electrical conductivity (EC) needed to prevent clay dispersion when soil suspensions were mechanically agitated was about 0.2 dS m−1 in the absence of Na, increasing to 1.5–2 dS m−1 at a sodium adsorption ratio of 20 (mmolc L−1)0.5. Sodic conditions greatly altered soil chemical behavior, with the most sodic soil having an extremely high level of water-extractable P. In a laboratory experiment, addition of Ca (as CaCl2 or gypsum) to replace Na reduced water-extractable P from 78 mg kg−1 to less than 20 mg kg−1. The effect of sodicity on P solubility was likely due to a decrease in surface electrostatic potential as exchangeable Na increased. Increased solubility of P along with the potential for runoff and erosion from Na-affected soils could result in increased inputs of P to surface waters. Key words: Sodicity hazard, clay disperson, phosphate solubility

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33

Li, Jing, Yuan Ma, Jiayun Yang, Yaya Li, Yigang dai, and Junhe Yang. "Facile Fabrication of Nanoclay Reinforced Waterborne Organic Coatings for Corrosion Protection." Polymers and Polymer Composites 25, no. 8 (October 2017): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111702500805.

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The reinforcement effect of nanoclay on the corrosion protection properties of waterborne thin organic coatings was studied. The coating matrix was a commercial formulation for galvalume steel substrates. Two kinds of clays (laponite RDS and optigel WH) were employed as the barrier reinforcement in the composite coatings. Both kinds of the clays were exfoliated into monolayers of silicate with disordered structures at a filler content of 2 wt.%. Facile exfoliation and effective dispersion of clay was achieved with the assistance of a titanate coupling agent. The corrosion protection properties of the composite coatings were significantly improved with the addition of 3 wt.% laponite RDS or 2 wt.% optigel WH. The addition of an excessive amount of clay decreased the anticorrosion properties of the composite coatings. The fabrication methods of nanoclay-reinforced thin organic coatings involved only physical blending and latex mixing at ambient temperature, which can be easily scaled-up for mass production.

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34

Lagaly, G., and S. Ziesmer. "Colloid chemistry of clay minerals: the coagulation of montmorillonite dispersions." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 100-102 (February 2003): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-8686(02)00064-7.

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35

Mishra, T., and K. M. Parida. "Transition metal pillared clay:." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 121, no. 1 (June 1997): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-1169(96)00444-x.

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36

El-Nemr, Khaled F., Magdy A. M. Ali, Medhat M. Hassan, and Huda E. Hamed. "Synergistic effect of vermiculite clay and ionizing irradiation on the physical and mechanical properties of polybutadiene rubber/ethylene propylene diene monomer nanocomposite." Radiochimica Acta 107, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2018-3035.

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Abstract Blends of rubber-rubber have desired properties intermediated between two rubber matrices. On the other hand, polymer-clay nanocomposites have attracted the attention of many researchers and experimental results are presented in a large number of recent papers and patents because of the outstanding mechanical properties and low gas permeability that are achieved in many cases. Polymer-clay nanocomposites are a new class of mineral-field polymer that contain relatively small amounts (<10%) of nanometer-sized clay particles. In this study, new nanocomposite materials were produced from the blend of polybutadiene rubber (BR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), BR/EPDM (50/50) as matrix and organically modified vermiculite clay (VMT) by quaternary alkylammonium in different contents (3, 6, 9 and 12 phr) as the filler by using rubber mill then, the rubber nanocomposite sheets were irradiated at doses of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 kGy using γ-radiation technique as a crosslinking tool. The prepared composites can be characterized by using various analytical techniques including X-ray diffractometer (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as mechanical properties measurements.

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37

Reyes-Zamudio, Veridiana, Carlos Angeles-Chávez, and Jorge Cervantes. "Clay minerals in historic buildings." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 104, no. 2 (September 29, 2010): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-010-1041-0.

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38

Bhuyan, S., S. Sundararajan, Y. Lu, and R. C. Larock. "A study of the physical and tribological properties of biobased polymer–clay nanocomposites at different clay concentrations." Wear 268, no. 5-6 (February 2010): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2009.12.021.

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39

Charpentier, D., R. Mosser-Ruck, M. Cathelineau, and D. Guillaume. "Oxidation of mudstone in a tunnel (Tournemire, France): consequences for the mineralogy and crystal chemistry of clay minerals." Clay Minerals 39, no. 2 (June 2004): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0009855043920126.

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AbstractThe excavation of a tunnel through a mudstone formation provides an opportunity to examine the effects of the modification of the physical and chemical environment on the rock. The mineralogical and chemical consequences of hydration-dehydration cycles and of oxidation have been evaluated in the case of the Toarcian mudstone formation at the Tournemire experimental site (France). Studies by X-ray diffraction and tansmission electron microscopy of both altered and preserved samples show that the introduction of air and condensed water causes the oxidation of pyrite and the subsequent generation of acid and sulphate-rich waters at the micron scale, in the local environment of pyrites. The fluid-clay particle interactions around the oxidized pyrites induce: (1) a statistical enrichment in Si of the I-S clay minerals; (2) an increase in the Fe(III)/Fe total ratio in some of the I-S particles; and (3) the dissolution of illite layers in mixed-layer I-S. These evolutions are consistent with the results of numerical modelling which reproduced the interaction between the clay particles and the acid water.

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K. Aziz, Bakhtyar, Dler M. Salh, Stephan Kaufhold, and Pieter Bertier. "The High Efficiency of Anionic Dye Removal Using Ce-Al13/Pillared Clay from Darbandikhan Natural Clay." Molecules 24, no. 15 (July 26, 2019): 2720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152720.

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Natural clay from Darbandikhan (DC) was evaluated in its natural form, after acid activation (ADC), and after pillaring (PILDC) as a potential adsorbent for the adsorption of methyl orange (MO) as a model anionic dye adsorbate. The effect of different clay treatments was investigated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and N2 physisorption analysis. Both acid activation and pillaring resulted in a significant increase in adsorption affinity, respectively. The adsorption favored acidic pH for the anionic dye (MO). The adsorption process was found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics with activation energies of 5.9 and 40.1 kJ·mol−1 for the adsorption of MO on ADC and PILDC, respectively, which are characteristic of physical adsorption. The adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson and Freundlich) were fitted well to the experimental data. The specific surface area of the natural clay was very low (22.4 m2·g−1) compared to high-class adsorbent materials. This value was increased to 53.2 m2·g−1 by the pillaring process. Nevertheless, because of its local availability, the activated materials may be useful for the cleaning of local industrial wastewaters.

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Deineka, V. I., A. G. Doronin, E. Yu Oleinits, I. P. Blinova, L. A. Deineka, and A. N. Chulkov. "Sorption of Anthocyanins on Bentonite Clay." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 94, no. 6 (June 2020): 1224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024420060072.

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42

Takada, Kazutake, Tetsu Tatsuma, and Noboru Oyama. "Electrochemical control of montmorillonite clay swelling." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 91, no. 10 (1995): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9959101547.

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43

Geng, Jishi, and Qiang Sun. "Effects of high temperature treatment on physical-thermal properties of clay." Thermochimica Acta 666 (August 2018): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2018.06.018.

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44

Geethamma, V. G., and Adriaan S. Luyt. "Oxidized Wax as Compatibilizer in Linear Low-Density Polyethylene-Clay Nanocomposites: X-ray Diffraction and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1886–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18254.

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Oxidized paraffin wax was used as a compatibilizer in composites of linear low-density polyethylene and layered nano silicate clays. X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out to investigate the crystalline morphology of five types of clays, oxidized wax, and their composites with LLDPE. The composites exhibited different X-ray diffraction and dynamic mechanical behaviour in the presence of different clays. Generally, the composites retained the partially crystalline behaviour of LLDPE, and no exfoliation was observed. Increased amount of wax did not change the morphology in most cases. The incorporation of clay resulted in an observable increase in the storage modulus of LLDPE. These values also increased with the addition of oxidized wax for most of the composites. The loss modulus increased with the amount of clay, irrespective of its nature. In most cases these values also increased with the incorporation of wax. The composites with 10% clay and 10% oxidized wax showed the highest storage and loss moduli, irrespective of the nature of the clay. The tan δ values did not change considerably with the addition of clay or wax.

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45

Boufassa, Samia, R. Doufnoune, Abdelhak Hellati, Nacceredine Haddaoui, and M. Esperanza Cagiao. "Effect of compatibilizing agents on the physical properties of iPP/HDPE organoclay blends." Journal of Polymer Engineering 33, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0048.

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Abstract Blends of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE), with and without compatibilizers and with different organoclay amounts (1%, 3%, and 5%), were systematically investigated to assess the effect of the additives on the crystallinity of the blends, as well as the correlation between the microhardness, H and the Young’s modulus E. The compatibilizers used were: maleic anhydride grafted styrene ethylene butadiene styrene (SEBS-g-MAH), maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MAH), maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), and maleic anhydride grafted EPDM (EPDM-g-MAH). The thermal properties and crystallization behavior were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Macro- and micromechanical properties were also investigated. The results obtained showed that the addition of clay slightly increases the crystallinity αWAXS of the blends. However, the hardness H decreases enormously only by adding 1 wt% of clay. With higher clay amounts, H increases again. The relationship between the Young’s modulus E and the hardness H for all the studied blends was found to be somewhat higher than the one obtained for polyethylene (PE) samples with different morphologies.

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Kausar, Abida, Munawar Iqbal, Anum Javed, Kiran Aftab, Zill-i.-Huma Nazli, Haq Nawaz Bhatti, and Shazia Nouren. "Dyes adsorption using clay and modified clay: A review." Journal of Molecular Liquids 256 (April 2018): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.034.

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47

Lee, Jennifer A., Marianna Kontopoulou, and J. Scott Parent. "Rheology and Physical Properties of Polyethylene/Polyethylene-Ionomer Blends and their Clay Nanocomposites." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 28, no. 2 (January 23, 2007): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200600611.

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48

Jan, Ing-Nan, Tzong-Ming Lee, Kuo-Chan Chiou, and Jiang-Jen Lin. "Comparisons of Physical Properties of Intercalated and Exfoliated Clay/Epoxy Nanocomposites." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44, no. 7 (March 2005): 2086–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie048934+.

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Lagaly, G., and K. Beneke. "Intercalation and exchange reactions of clay minerals and non-clay layer compounds." Colloid & Polymer Science 269, no. 12 (December 1991): 1198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00652529.

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50

Wu, Jeng-Yue, Tzong-Ming Wu, Wei-Yan Chen, Shih-Jung Tsai, Wen-Faa Kuo, and Gwo-Yang Chang. "Preparation and characterization of PP/clay nanocomposites based on modified polypropylene and clay." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 43, no. 22 (2005): 3242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.20605.

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