Dissertations / Theses: 'Physical and Socio-Economic Status'

1

Shannon, Stephen. "Physical activity and well-being in children of low socio-economic status : testing self-determination theory." Thesis, Ulster University, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.734614.

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Physical activity participation is beneficial to children’s health. In comparison to the general population, children of low socio-economic status (SES) are at increased risk of reduced well-being. Despite many attempts to increase physical activity and well-being there remains a lack of theory-informed interventions that target children of low SES. Within this thesis, five research studies are reported. Each study contributed to current understanding of physical activity and well-being promotion for children of low SES using Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), a theory that is often cited but not comprehensively tested in school-based physical activity interventions. Study 1 presented a systematic review of SDT- based physical activity interventions in the school-setting, concluding that more studies were needed to determine the efficacy of SDT as a behaviour change framework. Future studies were advised to apply validated psychometric instruments alongside methodological guidance. Study 2 validated psychometric instruments assessing SDT constructs of wellbeing and needs satisfaction with children of low SES. The predictive validity of SDT was statistically confirmed in Study 3, as needs satisfaction predicted children’s physical activity levels and well-being. Study 4 was a longitudinal clustered randomised controlled trial called Sport for LIFE: All Island (SFL:AI). While null effects were reported for SFL:AI on physical activity, well-being and needs satisfaction, researchers were recommended to integrate physical activity within a school environment, train schoolteachers in SDT principles, and model SDT hypotheses when determining the intervention’s effects. The final study provided needs-supportive training to schoolteachers and student volunteers through the Healthy Choices Programme. The children’s physical activity levels and well-being were enhanced through improvements in autonomy-support, needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation, supporting SDT hypotheses. Practical, methodological and theoretical contributions from all five studies include: evidence-based guidance for training teachers, instructors and coaches to adopt needs-supportive principles; rigorous methods in the design and analyses of school- based programmes; the testing and validation of SDT instruments; and; advancement of SDT application in the prediction and enhancement of children’s physical activity and well-being. In conclusion, this research demonstrated that children’s physical activity levels and wellbeing can be enhanced by engendering a needs-supportive physical activity context that is conducive to psychological needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. To advance health promotion efforts for children of low SES, researchers, practitioners and public health advocates may consider replicating the SDT principles in the design and evaluation of programmes as critically evaluated in this PhD.

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2

Lee, Lok-chun Janet, and 李樂真. "The effects of socio-economic status on physical activity participation in Hong Kong adolescents: asocial ecological approach." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47849812.

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Motivations: Socio-economic status (SES) is a major source of health disparities. Those who lived in resource-deficient social and physical environments and with low individual income have been found to be at increased risk of physical inactivity. In Hong Kong there is virtually no research on the effect of SES on adolescent physical activity (PA). It is therefore important to explore the SES differentials in PA among Hong Kong adolescents and identify the mechanisms underlying such differentials. It is also important to examine the extent to which SES acts as a moderator and mediator of associations between various potential determinants of adolescent PA. Methods: A hundred eighty-one adolescents aged 12-18 were recruited in the study. This study applied an ecological framework to study the SES effects on adolescents’ PA participation. Physical activity was measured both objectively using accelerometers and subjectively using self-reports. Individual, social and school environment factors were assessed by validated self-report measures. Neighborhood built environmental factors were assessed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data. Individual-level SES was based on parents’ report of monthly household income, while area-level SES was based on census data on median household income of selected study neighborhoods. Generalized linear models with robust standard errors were used to assess associations of individual, social and environmental factors with adolescents’ PA. They were also used to assess the moderating of SES and mediators of SES-PA relationships. Results: The results supported the hypothesis that individual, social and environmental factors would all contribute to the explanation of adolescents’ PA. Moderation analyses showed that the PA level of adolescents living in low SES areas might have been negatively affected by the presence of steep streets in the neighborhood environment and the lack of sports facilities. These effects were not observed in adolescents living in high SES areas. In contrast, only adolescents living in high-SES areas showed positive associations of school-based social support and school PA-related environment with PA. Mediation analyses showed that SES differences in adolescents PA participation could be explained by social support from family and access to sports/recreational facilities in/around the school. Significance: The current findings would imply that environmental interventions at the neighborhood level might benefit low-SES groups of adolescents as they seem to be more influenced by aspects of the neighborhood environment. By contrast, high-SES adolescents might be more reactive to school-based environmental interventions. To narrow the SES gap in PA participation among Hong Kong adolescents, interventions should encourage low-SES families to provide more support to their children by widening the available range of opportunities for PA, encouraging their children to participate in PA, and acting as role models. The findings from this study also suggest that the provision of more PA facilities in/around school neighborhood in low-SES areas could contribute to increasing PA participation among the adolescent population of such areas and, thus, narrow the gap between high- and low-SES groups of adolescents.
published_or_final_version
Human Performance
Master
Master of Philosophy

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3

Pelea, Makhau. "Coping strategies of families with low socio-economic status raising children with physical disabilities in Mafeteng Lesotho." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60411.

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Raising children is a highly demanding job for any family; the demands are even higher when the child has a disability. The cost of raising a child with a disability is said to be three times higher than that of raising a non-disabled child. Unfortunately, children with disabilities could be born into any family, including the poorest of the poor, who, due to their low socio-economic status, already have less than what is necessary to meet the needs of the non-disabled members. There is limited research into the coping strategies of families raising the children with disabilities in Lesotho, for this reason, the researcher decided to undertake this particular study to feed the curiosity on how families with low socio-economic status managed to raise the children with physical disabilities in this poverty stricken country. Following the Qualitative methodology, the researcher utilised both the purposive and the simple random sampling techniques to select participants from a list provided by the Department of Social Development. A total of ten (10) interviews were conducted with representatives of low socio-economic status families raising children with physical disabilities in the Makaota E12 community council of the Mafeteng district. The study revealed that the majority of families were coping well and that they were generally happy despite the presence of a child with a disability in their homes. The study further revealed a number of factors that played a role in determining the coping ability of each family; these include availability of the support structures and the severity of the child's disability. Finally, the study raised a need for post diagnosis counselling and educational campaigns intended to equip the families of children with physical disabilities with relevant skills and information they require to assist the children to develop to their full potential. The study further raised a need for broader research into the lives of children living with disabilities and their families, for better understanding of the area and for improved service delivery.
Mini Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Social Work and Criminology
MSW
Unrestricted

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4

黃素琴 and So-Kam Sally Wong. "An investigation of the relationship between socio-economic status andparental influence towards physical activity patterns in Hong Kongsecondary school students." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31963286.

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5

Duncan, Michael Joseph. "Children's body image, body fatness and physical activity : an exploratory study with special reference to gender, socio-economic status and ethnicity." Thesis, Coventry University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423500.

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6

Yildirim, Gulsen. "Physical Activity Behaviors And Neighborhood Walkabilityperceptions Of Turkish Women In Low And Highsocio-economic Environments." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612446/index.pdf.

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PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BEHAVIORS AND NEIGHBORHOOD WALKABILITY PERCEPTIONS OF TURKISH WOMEN IN LOW AND HIGH SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTS Yildirim, Gü
lsen M.S., Department of Physical Education and Sports Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Levent nce September 2010, 65 pages The purposes of this study were to compare (a) the physical activity (PA) levels, (b) exercise stages of change levels and (c) neighborhood walkability perceptions of Turkish women who are living in Low and High socio-economic (SES) environments. Initially, Low SES and High SES neighborhoods in Ankara were identified by using the classification of Turkish Statistical Institute. Participants were randomly selected 394 women (Low SES=188, High SES=206) between the ages of 18-65 living in these neighborhoods. For data collection, International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ)
Physical Activity Stages of Change Questionnaire (PASCQ), and Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale- Abbreviated (NEWS-A) were used. Descriptive statistics, nonparametric statistical methods (Mann Whitney U test, Pearson chi-square test) and MANOVA were used for the data analysis. According to the IPAQ results, there was no significant difference in walking and vigorous levels by women&rsquo
s neighborhood SES (p>
0.05). However
moderate and total PA level of women living in High SES neighborhoods were significantly higher than the related levels of women living in Low SES neighborhoods (p<
0.05). The results on exercise stages of change levels indicated that the women in Low SES neighborhoods had a higher percentage at precontemplation stage than those of women in High SES neighborhoods (p<
0.05). On he other hand, a higher percentage of women in High SES neighborhoods were at maintenance stage (p<
0.05). NEWS-A results revealed that there were significant differences in women&rsquo
s neighborhood walkability perception by their neighborhood SES, Wilk&rsquo
s = .33, F (8,382) = 97.57, p <
.05, 2 = .67. According to further univariate analyses, there were significant differences in all NEWS-A subscales by neighborhood SES in favor of High SES neighborhood, except for the &ldquo
pedestrian/traffic safety&rdquo
subscale (p<
0.05). There were no significant difference in pedestrian/traffic safety scale by neighborhood SES (p>
0.05). In conclusion, women who live in Low SES neighborhood have a higher risk of physical inactivity.Moreover, perceptions of neighborhood environment for the promotion and support of PA were lower in Low SES neighborhood residents as compared to their High SES neighborhood counterparts. Intervention programs for women living in these areas should be provided by considering their PA level, exercise stages of change level and neighborhood walkability perceptions.

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7

Wang, Zaimin. "Influences Of Socioeconomic Status, Dietary Factors And Physical Activity On Overweight And Obesity Of Australian Children And Adolescents." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15879/1/Zaimin_Wang_Thesis.pdf.

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The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in young people is a major global public health concern, especially in developed countries. In Australia, studies in 2001 have suggested that 20% of boys and 21.5% of girls aged 7-15 years were overweight or obese, while in 1985 the figures were 10.7% and 11.8%, respectively. In the short-term, overweight and obese children and adolescents suffer from both adverse physical and psychological consequences. The most significant long-term consequence of childhood obesity is its persistence into adulthood, along with numerous associated health risks. A number of studies have shown that there is an association between being an overweight child and subsequent adulthood obesity. In general, childhood overweight and obesity is a multifactorial disease and its development is due to multiple interactions between genes and environment. A number of risk factors such as socioeconomic status, dietary patterns, and physical activity have been frequently identified as contributors to its development. However, the results of recent studies provide conflicting evidence. The statistical limitations also make it difficult to compare the studies on childhood obesity between countries. In addition, existing research in Australia that examines the contribution of different risk factors to childhood obesity is limited. There are no published data on the relationship between overweight/obesity, dietary patterns, and physical activity/inactivity in Australian children and adolescents. This study examined the influences of household income, dietary factors, physical activity/inactivity and ethnicity on overweight and obesity among Australian children and adolescents. It also explored the relationship between self-reported weight and height to actual weight and height in older Australian adolescents in order to clarify the accuracy of self-reported data among Australian youth. Data from the two national cross-sectional surveys, the 1995 Australian National Health Survey (NHS) and the 1995 National Nutrition Survey (NNS) were analysed to explore the influences of household income, intake of energy and fat and percentage of energy from fat on childhood obesity. The study focused on 1585 children and adolescents aged 7-15 years. These data were also used to examine the relationship of self-reported weight and height to measured weight and height in older adolescents. Additionally, another cross-sectional survey among a group of Australian primary school children from a multi-cultural school in southern Brisbane was undertaken as well as providing indicative data on the relationship of overweight/obesity to physical activity levels and ethnicity, and to provide a protocol on the methodology and practicality of measuring physical activity level in such a school setting. The results suggested that boys from households with low incomes were more likely to be overweight or obese compared with those from households with higher incomes. Having parents, especially mothers, who were overweight or obese increased the risk of children being overweight or obese. The results do not provide evidence that there are statistically significantly differences in the average intake of energy and fat and percentage of energy from fat between non-overweight and overweight or obese boys and girls. The correct classification of weight or obesity from self-reported height and weight by Australian older adolescents was about 70%, bias in reporting weight and height is higher among overweight or obese older adolescents than non-overweight counterparts. In addition, preliminary, indicative data from the pilot study on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and physical activity in 10-12 year old Australian school children from a multi-cultural school revealed that the average daily physical activity level (PAL) was 2.3 Metabolic Equivalents (METs) when the PAL was measured using self-reported activity diary. The proportion of light, moderate and heavy PAL was 2.9%, 20.4% and 76.7% in children, respectively. Additionally no ethnic differences in the prevalence of overweight /obesity was found. There was no statistically significant difference in average daily TV view times between non-overweight and overweight or obese boys and girls. The average daily number of steps measured using pedometer in the weekdays was 16,505 in boys and 12766 in girls. Most of boys (94.0%) have a medium and over level of steps taken daily while nearly one-third of the girls had not reached the minimum level in the number of steps for optimal health. However it must be noted this school-based study was a small cross-sectional survey in a single school. The results should be viewed as indicative, not generalisable. The study does not provide any longitudinal data on physical activity patterns and the trends in relationship to body mass index. In spite of the limitations of this study, it did provide some preliminary data on PAL and its relationship to overweight/ obesity among young Australian schoolchildren from diverse cultural backgrounds. Most importantly, this pilot study has provided a protocol on the methodology and practicality of measuring physical activity levels of children using self-reported activity diaries and pedometers in a multicultural school setting. A number of strategies for the prevention and treatment of childhood overweight and obesity are discussed. In future studies, a population-based and randomly selected sample would ensure findings that are more representative of general Australian children, and the longitudinal studies would help to define the association between the risk factors and childhood obesity, as well as enabling conclusions on causality to be drawn.

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8

Wang, Zaimin. "Influences Of Socioeconomic Status, Dietary Factors And Physical Activity On Overweight And Obesity Of Australian Children And Adolescents." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15879/.

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The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in young people is a major global public health concern, especially in developed countries. In Australia, studies in 2001 have suggested that 20% of boys and 21.5% of girls aged 7-15 years were overweight or obese, while in 1985 the figures were 10.7% and 11.8%, respectively. In the short-term, overweight and obese children and adolescents suffer from both adverse physical and psychological consequences. The most significant long-term consequence of childhood obesity is its persistence into adulthood, along with numerous associated health risks. A number of studies have shown that there is an association between being an overweight child and subsequent adulthood obesity. In general, childhood overweight and obesity is a multifactorial disease and its development is due to multiple interactions between genes and environment. A number of risk factors such as socioeconomic status, dietary patterns, and physical activity have been frequently identified as contributors to its development. However, the results of recent studies provide conflicting evidence. The statistical limitations also make it difficult to compare the studies on childhood obesity between countries. In addition, existing research in Australia that examines the contribution of different risk factors to childhood obesity is limited. There are no published data on the relationship between overweight/obesity, dietary patterns, and physical activity/inactivity in Australian children and adolescents. This study examined the influences of household income, dietary factors, physical activity/inactivity and ethnicity on overweight and obesity among Australian children and adolescents. It also explored the relationship between self-reported weight and height to actual weight and height in older Australian adolescents in order to clarify the accuracy of self-reported data among Australian youth. Data from the two national cross-sectional surveys, the 1995 Australian National Health Survey (NHS) and the 1995 National Nutrition Survey (NNS) were analysed to explore the influences of household income, intake of energy and fat and percentage of energy from fat on childhood obesity. The study focused on 1585 children and adolescents aged 7-15 years. These data were also used to examine the relationship of self-reported weight and height to measured weight and height in older adolescents. Additionally, another cross-sectional survey among a group of Australian primary school children from a multi-cultural school in southern Brisbane was undertaken as well as providing indicative data on the relationship of overweight/obesity to physical activity levels and ethnicity, and to provide a protocol on the methodology and practicality of measuring physical activity level in such a school setting. The results suggested that boys from households with low incomes were more likely to be overweight or obese compared with those from households with higher incomes. Having parents, especially mothers, who were overweight or obese increased the risk of children being overweight or obese. The results do not provide evidence that there are statistically significantly differences in the average intake of energy and fat and percentage of energy from fat between non-overweight and overweight or obese boys and girls. The correct classification of weight or obesity from self-reported height and weight by Australian older adolescents was about 70%, bias in reporting weight and height is higher among overweight or obese older adolescents than non-overweight counterparts. In addition, preliminary, indicative data from the pilot study on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and physical activity in 10-12 year old Australian school children from a multi-cultural school revealed that the average daily physical activity level (PAL) was 2.3 Metabolic Equivalents (METs) when the PAL was measured using self-reported activity diary. The proportion of light, moderate and heavy PAL was 2.9%, 20.4% and 76.7% in children, respectively. Additionally no ethnic differences in the prevalence of overweight /obesity was found. There was no statistically significant difference in average daily TV view times between non-overweight and overweight or obese boys and girls. The average daily number of steps measured using pedometer in the weekdays was 16,505 in boys and 12766 in girls. Most of boys (94.0%) have a medium and over level of steps taken daily while nearly one-third of the girls had not reached the minimum level in the number of steps for optimal health. However it must be noted this school-based study was a small cross-sectional survey in a single school. The results should be viewed as indicative, not generalisable. The study does not provide any longitudinal data on physical activity patterns and the trends in relationship to body mass index. In spite of the limitations of this study, it did provide some preliminary data on PAL and its relationship to overweight/ obesity among young Australian schoolchildren from diverse cultural backgrounds. Most importantly, this pilot study has provided a protocol on the methodology and practicality of measuring physical activity levels of children using self-reported activity diaries and pedometers in a multicultural school setting. A number of strategies for the prevention and treatment of childhood overweight and obesity are discussed. In future studies, a population-based and randomly selected sample would ensure findings that are more representative of general Australian children, and the longitudinal studies would help to define the association between the risk factors and childhood obesity, as well as enabling conclusions on causality to be drawn.

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Zeelie, Annemarié. "The effect of a physical activity intervention on selective markers of the metabolic syndrome in adolescents with low socio-economic status / Annemarié Zeelie." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4991.

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Background Physical inactivity causes obesity, a condition which is related to insulin resistance, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and the metabolic syndrome (MS). MS is the collective description of lifestyle diseases associated with significant morbidity and premature mortality. MS has recently been observed in youth, and if left untreated could lead to cardiovascular diseases. Regular physical activity (PA) and exercise training appear to modify the independent risk factors for MS and cardiovascular diseases, and has a positive effect on waist circumference, blood pressure, body fat percentage, insulin sensitivity and arterial compliance. Aims The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between body composition and selective markers of the MS, and the extent to which a PA intervention programme will influence selective markers of the MS, body composition and markers of vascular function in black adolescents. Methods Grade 9 classes from two high schools, in a low socio-economic status area near Potchefstroom, participated as the experimental and control group respectively. The experimental group consisted of 194 participants and the control group of 57 participants. The experimental group participated in a 10-week P A intervention. Body mass index, stature, body mass, waist-hip ratio, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat percentage, fasting serum insulin, fasting plasma glucose, plasma leptin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Windkessel arterial compliance (Cw), total peripheral resistance, Tannerstage and habitual physical activity were measured. The data were analysed by means of descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U-tests, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), Pearson's correlation analyses and multiple regression models. HOMA-IR and leptin were log transformed before analyses because of the skewed distribution. The Statistica for Windows and SAS computer programmes were used to analyse the data according to the above-mentioned aims of the study. Results and conclusions Firstly, a significant positive association was found between body fat percentage and both SBP (p=O.02) and HOMA-IR (p=O.02) respectively. Girls with a high body fat percentage had higher SBP (p=O.004), DBP (p=O.03), plasma insulin (p=O.004) and HOMA-IR (p=O.004) than girls with normal body fat percentage. Secondly, a 10-week PA intervention led to a significant decrease in SBP (p=O.000061), a trend of decreasing HOMA-IR, and a trend of increasing Cw in black adolescents. Lastly, no significant differences were found in body composition and vascular function variables for the normal-and over-fat group in this study after the 10-week PA intervention. In conclusion, the results of this study showed firstly, that there was a positive association between body fat percentage and SBP and HOMA-IR respectively; and secondly, that PA had a positive effect on some MS markers, namely: SBP and HOMA-IR. Further research regarding PA intervention's influence on the MS in black adolescents should be conducted, as there is clearly a shortage of literature that focuses on this research theme within this South African ethnic group.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

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10

Wong, So-Kam Sally. "An investigation of the relationship between socio-economic status and parental influence towards physical activity patterns in Hong Kong secondary school students." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25248820.

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11

Lennox, Anita. "A health promotional physical activity programme for adolescents in a semi-urban community : PLAY-study / Anita Lennox." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1615.

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Bassey, Alfred Aniefiok. "Culture and Attitudes Regarding Physical Punishment of Children in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2710.

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This study examined whether cultural factors could predict parents' attitudes toward the use of harsh physical punishment on their children in Akwa Ibom state in Nigeria. Presuming that most people disapprove of child abuse, different cultural groups may define the parental behaviors that constitute abuse differently, and such variances may result in a disparity of identification of parents from some cultures as more abusive than others. Four different independent cultural variables were measured: (a) conflict tactics, (b) nurturance, (c) drinking, and (d) valuing children. Form P, Part E of Dimension of Disciplinary Inventory (DDI) was used to measure parents' perception of physical punishment. Part C of Form P of DDI was used to measure Conflict tactics. Nurturance scale was used to measure the warmth patents display toward their children. Valuing Scale was used to measure the amount of value parents place on their children, while Heavy Drinking Scale measured parents' frequency of drinking. Random sampling approach was used to select 269 parents' who were administered the questionnaires. A multiple linear regression analysis was applied to examine the contributions of the independent variables with the dependent variable of parents' attitudes toward physical punishment of children The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that all 4 cultural variables predicted parental attitudes toward physical punishment. Results will provide greater understanding of the Nigerian attitudes toward physical punishment of children, and thus offer a foundation for future public education with the goal of reducing the use of physical punishment at the individual and community levels.

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Bergström, Erik. "Cardiovascular risk indicators in adolescents : the Umeå youth study." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och folkhälsovetenskap, 1995. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-7540.

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Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD), particularly coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease, are today major causes of death in the industrialised parts of the world. There are evidence to suggest that the atherosclerotic process starts in childhood, implying that preventive measures should be implemented already in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine CVD risk indicators and their determinants in healthy Swedish adolescents. The study population comprised 14- and 17-year-old boys and girls (n=1032), in the dty and surroundings of Umeå in northern Sweden. Biochemical, anthropometric, and physiological parameters associated to CVD (s- lipoproteins and s-apolipoproteins, s-insulin, s-ferritin, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and physical fitness) were evaluated in relation to family history of CVD, weight and length at birth, infant feeding regimen, physical growth during infancy and childhood, current diet, physical activity, smoking, and educational level and occupation of the parents. The main findings of the study were that, on average, total serum cholesterol (TC) values in boys and girls were at the same level as reported from other European countries. A family history of CVD, short duration of breast feeding, low attained height during infancy and childhood, high body mass index (BMI), and low physical fitness were all associated with an unfavourable serum lipid profile. The findings also showed that features typical of the insulin resistance syndrome are present already in adolescents. In boys, iron stores, estimated by serum ferritin, were related to BMI and physical fitness, in a similar way as well established CVD risk indicators. Compared to previous dietary studies in Sweden, mean relative (energy %) fat intake had decreased substantially although the mean relative intake of saturated fat was still rather high. For both boys and girls, reported relative energy intake (energy intake/estimated energy expenditure) decreased with increasing level of BMI. Furthermore, daily smoking was more common among adolescents from families with low socio-economic status (SES) but was most strongly associated to smoking in peers. Tobacco use was considerably higher among adolescents attending vocational programs at secondary high school as compared to theoretical programs. Daily smokers had a more unfavourable serum lipid profile compared to non-smokers. Low socio-economic status of the parents was related to higher BMI and low educational level to higher dietary fat intake in both boys and girls. In conclusion, the findings of the study show that parameters linked to adult CVD when examined in adolescents, are related to family history, infant nutrition, previous physical growth, current body composition, physical fitness, physical activity, smoking, and social status and educational level of the parents.
digitalisering@umu

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14

Van, Niekerk Lizl-Louise. "Die effek van 'n intervensieprogram op die motoriese ontwikkeling van straatkinders / Lizl-Louise van Niekerk." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/826.

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This study had the dual purpose of determining the anthropometric and motor development status of street children as well as to establish the effect of an intervention programme on their motor development. The first aim of the study was to determine the anthropometric and motor development status of street children. The children were selected from a sample of street children living in a state-run shelter. Twenty eight children (20 boys and 8 girls) between the ages of 7 and 14 were measured to determine their anthropometric and motor development status. The anthropometric measures included stature, mass, body-mass index (BMI), and two skin folds (subscapular and triceps). The measurements were performed according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). The results of the anthropometric measurements showed that the street children are shorter, lighter and have a lower BMI and smaller skin folds than the norm for children of the same age. The sample exhibited a prevalence of malnutrition. The same subjects who were tested to determine the anthropometric composition (except for four children, who had since left the shelter) were used to determine the motor development status. The gross motor, fine motor and neuromotor functions were tested to determine the motor development status. This was determined by means of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test II of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP), the Sensory Input Screening Instrument and a section of the Quick Neurological Screening Test II. The results showed that the motor (gross motor, fine motor and neuromotor) development of the street children is below the standard norms. The second aim of the study was to determine the effect of an intervention programme on the motor development of street children. The same subjects who were tested to determine the motor development status (except for four children, who had since left the shelter) were used to determine the effect of a motor intervention programme. Seventeen boys and 7 girls between the ages of 7 and 14 years were randomly selected and divided into an experimental (n=13) and a control group (n= 11). A 10-week motor intervention programme that consisted of bi-weekly sessions of 45 minutes was implemented. The affectivity of this was evaluated by a post-test. The programme consisted of perceptual motor, sensory integration and task specific activities using the integrated method. The main components, which were addressed in the lessons, were bilateral integration, response speed, hand skills, muscle tone, motor planning, equilibrium, vestibular function and vision strengthening activities. The program was presented by a qualified kinderkineticist. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP), the Sensory Input Screening Instrument and a section of the Quick Neurological Screening Test I1 were applied to determine the effect of the intervention programme. Covariance of analysis, correcting for pre-testing differences between the groups, indicated improvement of the Bruininks-Oseretsky-Test Total as well as in fine motor skills and upper limb speed in the experimental group. Vestibular and vision functions also increased significantly in this group, which might have contributed to the improvement in fine motor development. All these improvements showed a high practical significance (ES>0.8). Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that the physical growth and motor development deficits as well as the positive effects of the intervention program, as identified in this study be brought under the attention of relevant persons in state organizations and private institutions, which are involved with street children.
Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

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15

Weiss, Deborah. "Predictors of the decline in physical activity observed in adults from two communities of low-economic status in Montreal, Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81248.

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This study assessed the predictors of the decline in physical activity levels observed over the course of a 5 year longitudinal cohort of adults aged 18--65 living in two low-income, inner-city neighbourhoods in Montreal. The current study made use of data collected as part of Coeur en Sante St. Henri, an intervention program designed to decrease cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. A two-stage cluster telephone survey of a representative sample of residents was used to collect information on a variety of lifestyle behaviours. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the independent predictors of decline in leisure time physical activity in 626 subjects. Significant predictors of the decrease in physical activity include age (OR = 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) and BMI (OR = 2.0 (1.1, 3.6), and a composite index assessing self-efficacy pertaining to physical activity (OR = 2.0 (1.2, 3.2), in males. In females, significant predictors include lack of energy (OR = 2.4 (1.2, 4.6), perceived lack of athletic ability (OR = 2.4 (1.1, 5.2), not using a neighbourhood facility for physical activity (OR = 2.8 (1.6, 4.7), BMI (OR = 2.1 (1.2, 3.7), and a composite index assessing self-efficacy pertaining to physical activity (OR = 2.1 (1.3, 3.5).

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Schweich, Marianne. "Diachronic effects of bio-cultural factors on stature and body proportions in British archaeological populations : the impact of living conditions, socio-economic, nutritional and health status on growth, development, maximum attained stature and physical shape in archaeological skeletal population samples." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4356.

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Humans, like all animal species, are subject to Bergmann's (1847) and Allen's (1877) environmental rules which summarize physical adaptations to the natural environment. However, humans are in addition cultural animals and other bio-cultural factors such as social, economic and political status, general health, and nutrition, have a noticeable influence on stature and body proportions. Importantly, socio-economic status has a powerful influence on stature, which has been used to elucidate status differences in past societies (Bogin and Loucky, 1997; Floud et al., 1990; Schutkowski, 2000a). Furthermore, bio-cultural factors influence all dimensions of the human body, including weight, relative limb length, and relative length of the different limb segments. Given minimal migration and shared natural environments, all populations in this study, coming as they do from the last 2000 years of English history, should demonstrate similar morphology (c. f Ruff, 1994) if climatic variables were the only influence on stature and body proportions. In order to assess such bio-cultural factors in individuals from archaeological populations, skeletal populations from sites such as known leprosaria and medieval hospitals, rural and urban parish cemeteries, victims from the battle of Towton in A. D. 1461, and individuals from monastic cemeteries were analysed. The osteometric data from these populations were assessedfo r within and between population variability and indicate effects of bio-cultural factors on attained body proportions and stature. The results indicate a strong relationship between bio-cultural factors and body proportions, body mass index, prevalence of pathologies, sexual dimorphism, secular trend, and general stature from Roman times to the post-medieval period. The usefulness of stature, weight, and physical indices as markers of the bio-cultural environment is demonstrated. The main findings include: a greater sensitivity to external stressors in the males rather than the females of the analysed populations, rendering male statures more susceptible to varying bio-cultural conditions; a potential for very tall stature has existed in the analysed populations but was only realised. in very high status individuals in medieval times, and from the beginning 20'h century with better socio-economic conditions for the population at large; a less stratified socio-political environment, as in the late Anglo-Saxon period resulted in taller average male statures that a more stratified one, such as the medieval Nation-States; and medieval monastic institutions could have high status, e.g., the Gilbertines, or lower status, such as the mendicant orders, while leprosaria had the lowest status of all.

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Kocyigit, Senkoc. "The Relation Among Students&amp." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1049634/index.pdf.

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This study was designed to identify ninth grade students&
#8217
misconceptions about static electricity concept and to determine relationship among students&
#8217
gender, socio-economic status, interest, experience with students&
#8217
misconceptions about static electricity. For this study, Static Electricity Concept Test (SECT) and Socio-Economic Status, Interest and Experience Questionnaire about Static Electricity (SESIEQ) were developed to assess students&
#8217
misconceptions related to static electricity and their socio-economic status, interest and experience about static electricity, respectively. This study was carried out during 2002-2003 spring semester with 1260 ninth grade students from 9 Anatolian and regular high schools in Ç
ankaya and Mamak districts of Ankara. Findings of the concept test indicated that many students had misconceptions about static electricity. Negative and significant relationships among students&
#8217
gender, socio-economic status, interest, experience and misconception scores were found. The difference between misconception scores of male and female students was significant in favor of males. However, when the data were analyzed using ANCOVA while controlling students&
#8217
socio-economic status, interest in static electricity and experience about static electricity, no difference was observed between the misconception scores of male and female students.

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De, Agostini Paola. "Nutrition, health and socio-economic status." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446003.

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Clancy, Rosemary. "Childhood bilingualism : socio-economic status and cognitive gains /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR.PS/09ar.psc587.pdf.

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Matthews, Catherine E. "Socio-economic status, student perceptions and college readiness." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2008/c_matthews_112508.pdf.

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Thesis (Ed. D.)--Washington State University, December 2008.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 17, 2009). "Department of Educational Leadership and Counseling Psychology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-169).

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Gajauskaitė, Rūta. "Kauno miesto pirmokų mitybos ir fizinio aktyvumo ypatumų sąsajos su šeimų socialine-ekonomine padėtimi." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140618_232616-39871.

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Darbo tikslas: nustatyti pirmų klasių mokinių fizinio aktyvumo ir mitybos sąsajas su šeimų socialine ir ekonomine padėtimi Kauno miesto mokyklose. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti Kauno miesto pirmų klasių mokinių fizinį aktyvumą; 2. Įvertinti Kauno miesto pirmų klasių mokinių mitybos ypatumus; 3. Išanalizuoti Kauno miesto pirmų klasių mokinių šeimų sociolinius-ekonominius veiksnius; 4. Nustatyti sąsajas tarp Kauno miesto pirmų klasių mokinių fizinio aktyvumo, mitybos bei šeimos socialinės-ekonominės padėties. Tyrimo metodika: COSI tyrimo pagrindu, apklausos anketoje tėvams/globėjams buvo pateikti 48 klausimai. Anketą Kauno mieste užpildė 407 tėvai. Duomenų statistinė analizė atlikta naudojant SPSS 19.0 for Windows programą. Rezultatai: Pusė Kauno miesto pirmų klasių mokinių yra fiziškai aktyvūs – 53,4% berniukų ir 55,3% mergaičių. Švieži vaisiai pirmų klasių moksleivių racione vartojami dažniau nei šviežios daržovės (p<0,05), Bulvių traškučiai, pica yra valgomi retai – kelis kartus per mėnesį, o sausainiai ir saldainiai pirmų klasių mokinių valgomi 1-3 kartus per savaitę. Didžioji dalis 82,2% berniukų ir 77,9% mergaičių gyvena pilnoje šeimoje (p>0,05), namuose su visais patogumais. Daugumos tėvų išsialvinimas yra vidutinis, mamų – dažniausiai yra aukštasis. Išvados: Dauguma Kauno miesto pirmokų yra fiziškai aktyvūs. Nustatyta, kad dauguma pirmokų pusryčiauja kiekvieną rytą. Švieži vaisiai pradinių klasių moksleivių racione vartojami dažniau nei šviežios daržovės. Pirmų klasių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The aim of the study: set the first grade students of physical activity and dietary links to families' social and economic situation in Kaunas city schools. The objectives of the study: 1. Rate Kaunas city first-grade students of physical activity; 2. Rate Kaunas city first-grade students nutrition features; 3. Analyze Kaunas city first-grade students of families of social and economic situation; 4. Identify links between Kaunas city first grade students of physical activity, nutrition and social and economic situation. Research Methods: COSI research-based questionnaire survey to parents / guardians were present 48 questions. The form is filled out in Kaunas 407 parents. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0 for Windows program. Results: Half of the city of Kaunas first grade students are physically active – 53,4% of boys and 55,3% girls. Fresh fruits in the diet of first-grade students used more often than fresh vegetables (p<0.05), potato chips, pizza is eaten rarely – a few times a month, and cookies and candy in the first grade eaten 1-3 times a week. The majority of the 82.2% of boys and 77.9% girls living in nuclear family (p>0.05), at home with all the amenities. The majority of parents are išsialvinimas average, mothers – are usually higher. Conclusions: Most of the the city of Kaunas and first graders are physically active. It was found that the majority of first graders have breakfast every morning. Fresh fruits in the diet of the children were... [to full text]

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Pises, Buranasombati McCarthy John R. "A qualitative study of low socio-economic status students in a predominantly high socio-economic status college in Bangkok, Thailand (Bangkok Business College)." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1995. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9633386.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1995.
Title from title page screen, viewed May 16, 2006. Dissertation Committee: John R. McCarthy (chair), Larry D. Kennedy, David L. Tucker, Lemuel W. Watson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-88) and abstract. Also available in print.

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Barry, Jennifer Elizabeth Wright David. "The effect of socio-economic status on academic achievement subtitle /." Diss., A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2006. http://soar.wichita.edu/dspace/handle/10057/616.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Sociology.
"December 2006." Title from PDF title page (viewed on Sept. ., 2007). Thesis adviser: David Wright. Includes bibliographic references (leaves 27-29).

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Macharper, Anthony G. "Survival from cancer and socio-economic status in South Australia /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MPM/09mpmm149.pdf.

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Mashilwane, Mahlotle Pauline. "Socio-economic status and their impact on scholastic performance (achievement)." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2082.

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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2001.
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of socio-economic factors on scholastic performance (achievement) ofleamers in the secondary school. The study was conducted in the Southern Region of the Northern Province, in the Nebo District. The Southern Regio which is made up of basically Nebo and Sekhukhune, forms part of the former Lebowa and is basically rural. A literature study was-conducted, which unravelled and brought into surface factors of social and economic nature, which are contrary to effective learning and contributes towards poor performance, especially in public secondary schools. Literature study revealed that learners from disadvantaged backgrounds especially in the rural communities have their learning process heavily affected and disturbed by social and economic factors. An empirical survey was also conducted to establish the views and opinions of parents, educators and the learners themselves. A qualitative research method was used. Letebele Marishane Secondary School in Ngwaritsi circuit was used as a case study. Educators completed questionnaire whilst learners and parents were engaged in focus group interviews (discussion groups). Information gathered through observations was also taken into account. Both the literature review and the empirical survey agreed that the learner's background that is his/her family, home environment; his/her neighbourhood and other factors of economic and social nature can impact positively or negatively on performance in the classroom. That is, according to information gathered, learners from advantaged backgrounds stand a better chance in the classroom than learners from disadvantaged backgrounds. It is evident therefore that poverty that prevails amongst the rural communities impacts on learning and performance in the examination and other classroom activities.

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Šklubalová, Tereza. "Socio-economic context in pharmaceutical industry." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-150015.

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The introductory part of the diploma thesis deals with the concept of health and the factors that influence it. The aim is to grasp the effect of socioeconomic status on the health and to analyze complementary and alternative medicines. The specificity of the health market, the expenditures on the health service, subjects which finance a health care, the state health policy focusing on drug policy and pharmacoeconomic are remarked. The paper also refers to the history of drugs and medicines, their consumption and development in conjunction with pharmacoeconomic. Marketing mix in terms of pharmacy describes the product (i.e. a drug) and its life cycle, the price and price control in the Czech Republic, distribution and promotion associated with advertising. The practical part of the master's thesis specifically shows marketing, innovation, science and research in pharmacy. The examples illustrate the corruption problems and difficulty of fighting against them. The information about the two large pharmaceutical or medical manufacturers are summarized at the end of this thesis.

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Testa, Maria Rita, Valeria Bordone, Beata Osiewalska, and Vegard Skirbekk. "Are daughters' childbearing intentions related to their mothers' socio-economic status?" Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6110/1/35%2D21.pdf.

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BACKGROUND Unlike actual fertility, fertility intentions are often found to be positively correlated with education. The literature explaining this paradox is scarce. OBJECTIVE We aim to fill the gap in the existing scientific literature by searching for the main factors that influence highly educated women to plan a larger family size. METHODS Using the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey for four countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Italy, and Norway), we analyse the relationship between mother's socio-economic status and daughter's fertility intentions, controlling for daughter's socio-economic status and sibship size. Zero-inflated Poisson regression models are employed to estimate the predictors of women's additionally intended number of children. RESULTS We find that the effect of family of origin is exerted mainly through sibship size among childless daughters: Daughters with more siblings intend to have more children. After the transition to parenthood, the effect of family of origin is exerted mainly through the mother's level of education: Daughters with highly educated mothers intend to have more children. CONCLUSIONS The empirical results suggest that the positive link between births intentions and level of education might not merely be an artefact generated by the design of cross-sectional surveys but the outcome of a better socio-economic status that allows forming positive reproductive plans. CONTRIBUTION The positive role of mother's socio-economic status on daughter's fertility decision-making offers a valuable interpretation of the positive link between education and fertility intentions which goes beyond the alternative explanations referring to self-selection, partner effect, or time squeeze, and needs to be confirmed by further research. (authors' abstract)

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Fisher, Jamie DeVon. "Head Start teachers' and low socio-economic status parents' vocabulary usage." Cincinnati, Ohio University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ucin1179369020.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.
Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 20, 2007). Includes abstract. Keywords: head start, low socio-economic status, vocabulary Includes bibliographical references.

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Wheatley, Lisa. "Mother-infant interaction during book sharing across socio-economic status groups." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17516.

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Book sharing is a key literacy activity in the early years that predicts children's subsequent literacy and language abilities, and a wealth of evidence illustrates socioeconomic status (SES) differences in early childhood abilities. However, whilst research has examined book sharing frequency in depth, far less is known about how the quality of verbal and non-verbal interactions varies by the SES of the parent. This thesis addresses this question by considering the quality of book sharing interactions between mothers and their infants or children across three studies. In the first, longitudinal study, mother-infant dyads (N = 44) were filmed book sharing at 12 and 18 months (N = 34), and infant development was measured. A novel coding scheme identified a wide range of verbal and non-verbal book sharing behaviours. High SES dyads produced more positive behaviours at 12 and 18 months and these predicted infants' linguistic and cognitive abilities at 18 months. Differences in infants were observed only at 18 months, with low SES infants disengaging more frequently. To examine the link between book sharing, SES and emotional functioning in older children, the second study considered mother-child book sharing behaviours in a preschool aged sample (N = 46). There were SES differences in verbal, but not non-verbal book sharing behaviours. A small number of maternal book sharing behaviours were associated with children's social and emotional abilities, suggesting children's behaviour influenced the book sharing interaction. In the final study, a book sharing intervention was designed and delivered predominantly to low SES mothers (N = 24) to explore whether mothers' book sharing behaviours could be enhanced, and increases were found in all targeted behaviours. In conclusion, book sharing behaviours that have been found to provide a more enriched interaction were seen more in high SES dyads, and predicted infants' abilities. Encouraging low SES mothers to use these enhanced interactions was successful, indicating that higher quality book sharing can be increased via a short intervention.

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FISHER, JAMIE DeVon. "HEAD START TEACHERS' AND LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS PARENTS' VOCABULARY USAGE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1179369020.

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Jette, Kelli. "Socio-Economic Status: A Determinant of Perceptions and Responses to Bullying." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337886335.

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Taylor-Robinson, David. "The effect of socio-economic status on outcomes in cystic fibrosis." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/13813/.

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Introduction: Reducing inequalities in health is a public health imperative. In the UK and internationally policies are being implemented to try to reduce health inequalities, with limited success. This thesis examines the effect of socio-economic status (SES) on clinical outcomes, healthcare use and employment opportunities in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Poorer socio-economic circumstances have been linked with worse outcomes in cystic fibrosis. Because CF is genetically determined, this offers an opportunity to investigate the impact of SES on health and social outcomes, in a chronic condition without a socio-economic gradient in incidence. This provides a useful case for understanding how health inequalities are generated, in order to develop more effective interventions, for people with CF and more generally. Methods: I analyse, for the first time, the national CF registers from the UK and Denmark, using longitudinal modeling techniques. Mixed-effects models are used to assess the association between measures of SES and longitudinal outcomes, adjusting for clinically important covariates. Study 1 explores longitudinal weight, height, BMI, %FEV1, risk of Pseudomonas colonisation, and the use of major CF treatment modalities, and their association with small-area deprivation (8055 people with 49,337 observations between 1996 and 2010). Study 2 explores longitudinal employment status in adults with CF in the UK, and its association with small-area deprivation, disease severity, and time in hospital. Study 3 presents a novel longitudinal analysis of the Danish CF registry (70,448 %FEV1 measures on 479 patients seen monthly between 1969 and 2010), to understand the way %FEV1 changes over time. Results: Compared with the least deprived areas in the UK, children with CF from the most deprived areas weighed less, were shorter, had a lower body-mass index, were more likely to have chronic P. aeruginosa infection, and have a lower %FEV1. These inequalities were apparent very early in life and did not widen thereafter. On a population level, after adjustment for disease severity, children in the most deprived quintile were more likely to receive intravenous antibiotics and nutritional treatments compared with individuals in the least deprived quintile. Patients from the most disadvantaged areas were less likely to receive DNase or inhaled antibiotic treatment. In adults deprivation, disease severity, and time in hospital all influence employment chances in CF. Furthermore, deprivation amplifies the harmful effects of disease severity on employment: the employment chances of people with CF with poor lung function from disadvantaged areas are damaged to a greater extent than for their counterparts living in the least disadvantaged circumstances. The Danish analysis quantifies the short-term variability in %FEV1 (SD 6.3%) and shows that lung function measures are correlated for over 15 years. Conclusions: In the UK, children with CF from more disadvantaged areas have worse growth and lung function compared with children from more affluent areas, but these inequalities do not widen with advancing age. Policies to reduce inequalities should thus focus on the early years. Clinicians consider deprivation status, as well as disease status, when making decisions about treatments, and this might mitigate some effects of social disadvantage. The differential social consequence of having CF in terms of employment is likely to be an important pathway for the amplification of health inequalities.

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Means, Vivian Fowler. "Improving Literacy for Diverse Low Socio-Economic Status Middle School Students." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4312.

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In an urban district, Surfside School personnel were concerned that student literacy proficiency levels were low during 2011-2014 and teachers had not been able to close the achievement gap despite a focus on literacy practices and literacy professional development (PD) provided by the district. The purpose of this case study was to explore the perceptions of teachers and administrators in relation to the best instructional practices for increasing self-efficacy when teaching literacy skills and related literacy PD for teachers. Knowles' andragogy theory and Vygotsky's social learning theory formed the theoretical foundation of this study, which hold that PD should provide teachers with explicit instruction and opportunities for collaboration. The research questions focused on how PD helps teachers improve instructional practices. The purposeful sample consisted of 4 middle school teachers and 3 administrators and was collected through surveys, observations, semi-structured interviews, and archival documents. Data analysis consisted of an inductive approach of axial coding and categorizing the interview and observational data to derive themes. Themes supporting the findings indicated targeted PD and instructional coaching (IC) focused on evidence based literacy practices for low-income students using culturally relevant pedagogy were needed to improve teacher self-efficacy and student learning. Findings also indicated that the PD trainings could work more effectively if the teachers had more time to collaborate with the IC. Thus, the resulting project provides collaborative PD and IC targeting literacy practices using culturally relevant pedagogy. Teacher use of these practices will promote social change by improving the students' literacy support in the target district.

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Adams, Lisa Christine [Verfasser]. "Association of childhood trauma, socio-economic status and neighborhood status with cognitive function / Lisa Christine Adams." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1119803578/34.

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Dawson, Susan Gaye. "Developing location-specific measures of socio-economic status in partially subsistent economies." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266311.

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Erhiawarien, Mercy Oghenerukevwe. "Interrogating school effectiveness and socio economic status : the implications for South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12632.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-86).
This dissertation undertakes a critical review of the literature on school effectiveness and quality and examines arguments regarding socio-economic status (SES) (which is linked to the notion of family effects) and its role in achievement. The analysis finds that both school and family effects have an impact on achievement that is equally important and relevant. The dissertation concludes by highlighting areas for action in reference to the findings on socio-economic status and achievement.

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Lindholm, Christina. "Socio-economic consequences of longstanding illness /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-274-4.

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Suchorski, Alicia. "Socio-economic and physical development influences on water use in Barbados." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116060.

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Water scarcity has gained increasing awareness globally, and the small island developing states of the Caribbean, including Barbados, are not exempt from this global crisis. There is a large amount of variation to be found between Barbados' 11 parishes demographically, economically, and socially, with tourism encapsulating an especially significant sector for both the economy and water use, emphasized in certain parishes most prevalently.
Surveys were carried out in four coastal parishes and respondents were asked various water-related questions for their household. The survey addressed a myriad of issues such as water availability, quality, categorizing responsibilities of water-related tasks, as well as a number of other topics. The number of surveys conducted was equivalent to one per cent of each parish population. The chi-square test for the analysis of a two-way contingency table was conducted to determine the influence of development and gender on parish households in differential water use, access, and perceptions of water. Surveys were completed to provide clarity to the objectives of the research which were twofold: to determine whether the amount of economic, social, and physical development of a parish influences the access and distribution of domestic water to households; and to uncover gender perceptions related to water use and determine how water use patterns and water consumption vary between genders in households.
Parish development was a much stronger indicator for water usage and distribution rather than gender. All questions compared across parishes yielded at least one statistically significant response with the exception of determining whether water shortages affected lifestyles. Parish water use was highest in St. Philip (898.1 L/week/capita) and lowest in St. Lucy, (729.9 L/week/capita). The gender analysis provided statistically insignificant results except for the total respondents' water quality, and a household's satisfaction with their water situation, which were only significant for the total population and St. Lucy categories. Regarding division of labour within households, women still occupy the majority of tasks relating to water by spending on average 12.6 hrs/week on water-related domestic tasks; while males and children spend almost 5.6 hrs/week and 1.70 hrs/week respectively.

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Darling, Katherine E. "Understanding the Relation Between Socio-Economic Status and Child Weight Status within a Multidisciplinary Weight Control Treatment." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1559729147579083.

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Baumgartner, Thomas. "Socio-economic status and teacher perceptions regarding the New York State ELA exam." Connect to resource online, 2009. http://library2.sage.edu/archive/thesis/ED/2009baumgartner_t.PDF.

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Thesis (E.Ed.)--The Sage Colleges, 2009.
"A Doctoral Research Project presented to Associate Professor Dr. Myers, Doctoral Research Committee Chair, School of Education, The Sage Colleges." Suggested keywords: high stakes testing; teacher perceptions; SES; student expectations; teacher recruitment and attrition; school accountability; instructional practice; ELA exam; state testing. Includes bibliographical references: (p. 70-74).

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Blake, Fiona J. "Self-esteem, learning style, achievement, and socio-economic status of primary school children /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SPS/09spsb636.pdf.

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Blowes, Michael. "Building Capacity for Leading Learning in Low Socio-Economic Status Catholic Secondary Schools." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2017. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/38921e211e094a22dca2dde9a1b7bf440a3032c9fb070351ddcef135e1eb41ca/4360775/Thesis_for_Examination_2018_Michael_Blowes___FINAL.pdf.

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The purpose of the research was to explore how leaders and teachers of low socio-economic status (SES) Catholic secondary schools engaged with a system led reform to build capacity for leadership to improve learning in their school communities. The research was informed by the school and system improvement literature which noted the limited success of large-scale reforms in secondary schools and identified the need to understand how leaders can better build capacity for improvement. The case study focussed on the leadership of four low SES Catholic secondary schools from New South Wales (NSW), Australia who were part of the National Partnerships programme under the direction of a Diocesan school system. The research explored the experiences of system leaders, principals, curriculum coordinators, leaders of pedagogy, heads of department and teachers as they engaged with the system driven reform. The research demonstrated that leadership of learning in secondary schools should be shared with heads of department who are professionally valued, developed and positioned to work closely with classroom teachers. The study confirmed that leaders of learning who share whole school approaches to promote literacy, student centred pedagogy, use of data and the moral purpose of the reform initiative improve student outcomes. In this study a broadly distributed model of leadership characterised by relational trust and teamwork built both a learning culture and the capacity to improve student outcomes. It also found that system reform was more likely to succeed when it was adapted by school leaders to meet their local context. This research is significant in this field because it provides a practical understanding of how leadership should be distributed to build capacity and improve student outcomes, as well as contributing towards better understanding of the importance of middle leadership of heads of departments and instructional coaches in reforming and improving learning outcomes in secondary schools.

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Maroof, Zakia. "An Exploratory Examination of Afghan Women Socio Economic Status (SES) and Child Health Indicator." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/134.

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In this study we used the data from Afghanistan Health Survey 2006. For this study, 8278 households were randomly selected in which 8281 women aged 10-49 years were interviewed by survey teams using a structured questionnaire. The information was also collected for all children aged 5 years or less from all these households. The sample includes 7843 (13.8%) children under the age of 5 years old. Literacy of mothers (ability to read), age of mother at marriage, number of children, exposure to mass media (listening to radio or watching TV) were the independent variables and BCG vaccination, initiation of breastfeeding (within first hour of life or after first hour); and use of bed net (to protect a child from Malaria) were dependent variables. Chi square and Odd Ratio test was used to test significance of the associations. Logistic Regression test was used to control for the confounders. In this study we found that those listening to radio at least once a week were more likely to start breastfeeding during the first hour of life. Those watching TV at least once a week were more likely to vaccinate their children for BCG. These associations were significant after controlling for confounders (economic status of the family and distance to health facility). The fact that why the other independent variables did not have association with BCG vaccination, initiation of breastfeeding and use of bed net can be either due to limitation of the study or there are other reasons that require further investigations.

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44

Shohaimi, Shamarina. "Individual and area-based measures of socio-economic status and cardiovascular disease risk factors." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614851.

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45

Smith, Ronaldia. "A descriptive study of children and self-esteem in relation to socio-economic status." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1994. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1921.

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The overall objective of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between a child's level of self-esteem and socio-economic status and the forces that impound self-esteem. To attain this objective the following areas were addressed: 1) general self-esteem, 2) peer relations, 3) home relations, and 4) school relations. A self-esteem questionnaire was administered to fourth and fifth grade students at an inner city school in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. A population of 60 students were surveyed. The researcher hypothesized that there was no statistical significance relationship between self-esteem and socio-economic status. The study was an attempt to demonstrate that there was no relationship between self-esteem and socio-economic status and to discuss the subsystems of peer, home, and school. The findings revealed that the children had a hiqh level of self-esteem and that there was no correlation between self-esteem and socio-economic status.

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46

Beckett, Sean Edward. "Environmental concern, race and socio-economic status in post-apartheid South Africa, 1996-2006." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85672.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines longitudinally the nature of environmental concern in post-apartheid South Africa. During the years of colonialism and apartheid, environmental policy making and implementation was characterised by environmental racism that focused on ecocentric notions of nature conservation and protection, to the exclusion of black, coloured and Asian South Africans. The post-apartheid government has attempted to rectify the exclusion of black people from environmental rights, by enshrining in the Bill of Rights the right to an environment that is not harmful to South Africans' health or well-being. In light of the Bill of Rights unique political and practical implementation in South Africa, and on the basis of a comprehensive review of the empirical and theoretical literature on environmental concern, two hypotheses were formulated for testing in this thesis. The first, which is informed by an environmentalism of the poor or “empty-belly environmentalism” theory, proposes that South Africans have become more environmentally concerned since the end of apartheid. The second hypothesis is informed by the post-materialist thesis, and examines whether controlling for socio-economic status eliminates difference in environmental concern amongst the various race groups. The research design applied in this thesis is a longitudinal analysis of secondary data, in particular World Values Survey data. The results of this analysis led to a rejection of the first hypotheses, and a partial rejection of the second hypothesis. Additionally, the results reveal that since 1996 environmental concern has become less influenced by race and class. The thesis also contributes methodologically to future research on environmental concern, by raising concerns about the operationalisation and conceptualisation of environmental concern in the World Values Survey.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die aard van omgewingsbesorgdheid in post-apartheid Suid-Afrika. Gedurende die jare van kolonialisme en apartheid was beleidmaking en -implementering gekenmerk deur omgewingsrassisme wat op ekosentriese opvattings van natuurbewaring en -beskerming gefokus het. Dit het tot die uitsluiting van swart, bruin en Asiatiese Suid-Afrikaners gelei. Die post-apartheid regering het gepoog om hierdie groot ongelykhede reg te stel, deur die reg tot 'n omgewing wat nie skadelik vir hul gesondheid of welsyn is nie, vas te lê in die Handves van Menseregte. In die lig van hierdie omgewingsbeleidspunte se unieke politieke en praktiese implementering in Suid-Afrika, en op grond van 'n omvattende oorsig van die empiriese en teoretiese literatuur oor omgewingsbesordheid, is twee hipoteses in hierdie tesis getoets. Die eerste hipotese, waaraan 'n omgewingsbewustheid van die armes of "leë maag omgewingsbewustheid"-teorie gestalte verleen het, voer aan dat Suid-Afrikaners sedert die einde van apartheid meer omgewingsbesorgd geword het. Die tweede hipotese, wat voortvloei uit die post-materialistiese tesis, ondersoek of die verskil tussen die rasgroepe in terme van omgewingsbesorgheid verdwyn as hulle sosio-ekonomiese status konstant gehou word. Die navorsingsontwerp van hierdie tesis is 'n longitudinale ontleding van sekondêre data. Die resultate van hierdie analise onthul dat omgewingsbesorgdheid sedert 1996 minder volgens ras en klas gestruktureer word; buitendien is die eerste hipotese verwerp en die tweede hipotese gedeeltelik verwerp. Hierdie resultate het kommer oor die operasionalisering en konseptualisering van omgewingsbesorgdheid in die “World Values Survey” gewek.

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Mckellar, Kerry. "Developing a brief online sexual health intervention for low socio-economic status female teenagers." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2017. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/36220/.

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Risky sexual behaviours are prevalent among low Socio Economic Status (SES) female teenagers, and earlier sexual initiation is associated with unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Large systematic reviews have found an extensive list of predictors of risky sexual behaviours, but it is not clear which of these are highly important to low SES female teenagers and if sexual health intervention programs are currently meeting teenagers’ sexual health needs. This thesis sets out specifically to address this issue, by investigating the predictors and developing a brief online sexual health intervention program for low SES female teenagers. Two research questions were explored using a mixed-methods approach across five studies. The research aimed to gain sexual health professionals and teenagers qualitative views on the predictors of risky sexual behaviours, and then confirm these predictors quantitatively with a large number of female teenagers. Teenagers views of existing online sexual health intervention programs were then explored leading to the development of a brief online self-affirmation and sexual health intervention program. Self-esteem was found to be an important predictor of risky sexual behaviours both by sexual health professionals and low SES female teenagers. It was also clear that teenagers did not currently have access to reliable sexual health information. Therefore, a brief online self-affirmation intervention, aimed at increasing self-esteem, paired with reliable sexual health information was developed. It was found that the self-affirmation intervention significantly increased self-esteem for the self-affirmed group compared to the non-affirmed group. In addition, the self-affirmed group had significantly higher intentions to have safe sex post intervention and at a one week follow up, compared to the non-affirmed group. Therefore, low-cost brief online self-esteem and sexual health interventions can be effective in increasing intentions to have safe sex for low SES female teenagers. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed together with suggestions for future research.

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Naidu, Leesen. "Socio-economic status proxies in studies of fertility in developing countries : measures and methods." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5727.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-38).
This paper explores the different measures and methods used to integrate socio-economic status into fertility analysis. The most common current practice is to create a single proxy summary measure and enter it as an independent variable in a multiple regression. I compare the consequences of using the different proxies on the estimated impact of socio-economic status and the other determinants of fertility.

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Frennborn, Lena C. "Race and Birthweight: The Influence of Socio-Economic Status and Utilization of Prenatal Care." VCU Scholars Compass, 1997. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4546.

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The purpose of this research was to determine how much of the variance in birthweight can be explained by socio-economic status and utilization of prenatal care in Blacks and Whites. Rather than defining race in genetic terms, race was understood here as a social construction. The methodological approach was an analysis of the National Survey of Family Growth Cycle IV, 1988. The first, singleton, live birth for each interviewed woman was included, resulting in a sample of 911 women, of whom 313 were Black women and 598 White women. Consistent with previous research, Black mothers were twice as likely to have a low birthweight infant (11.8%) compared to White women (6%). In the total sample race, marital status, and income were correlated with birthweight. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine how much of the variance in birthweight is explained by socioeconomic factors and utilization of prenatal care. The model explained 5% of the variance in birthweight. Race and education were the only two factors that significantly explained variance in birthweight in this model. The findings failed to support the hypothesis that socioeconomic status and utilization of prenatal care would explain a significant amount of the variance in birthweight. The variables included in the model did not explain variance in birthweight for either Black women, or White women.

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Grittner, Ulrike [Verfasser]. "Methodological Challenges in Observational Studies: Measuring Socio-Economic Status and Alcohol Consumption / Ulrike Grittner." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149513217/34.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Physical and Socio-Economic Status'

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