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1
Physics, American Institute of, and American Association of Physics Teachers., eds. Powerful ideas in physical science: A model course. College Park, MD: American Association of Physics Teachers, 1995.
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Swales, Caspar. A health economics model: The cost benefits of the physical activity strategy for Northern Ireland : a summary of key findings. Belfast: Health Promotion Agency, 2000.
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Badykova, Idelya. Modeling the efficiency of project management of corporate innovation activity. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/monography_606ae36782b847.08806135.
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The role of innovation in the economy development is extremely significant. Within the framework of this work, the innovative activity of enterprises and its relation to corporate social responsibility (CSR) is of particular interest. This study is aimed at modeling the project management of corporate innovation activity on the basis of CSR.
The results obtained by the author for the Russian economy suggest that there is a positive relationship between the level of innovative development and CSR, both in general and in terms of investments in the transformation of human capital. In this regard, the model of project management of corporate innovation activity based on CSR is proposed. Author suggests, that this model's implementation for companies is promising, since transition to such a model should be resulted in an increase in the innovation activity of companies, regions and the whole country, as well as an increase in the economic, social and organizational effectiveness of innovative activity.
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Integration, Inclusion, and Transition in Adapted Physical Activity. Human Kinetics Pub, 2000.
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Computer-Based Group Communication: The Amigo Activity Model (Ellis Horwood Series in Physical Chemistry). Ellis Horwood, Ltd., 1989.
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Hills, Andrew P., Steven J. Street, and Nuala M. Byrne. Exercise, physical activity, eating and weight disorders. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0025.
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Obesity is a highly visible yet neglected chronic health problem affecting developed and developing nations, particularly nations undergoing nutritional transition. The term ‘globesity’ has been coined to describe this international phenomenon, which primarily results from persistent energy imbalance typically characterized as reduced energy expenditure relative to energy intake. Conversely, disordered eating characterized by low energy intake, which is often paired with high levels of energy expenditure, are features of the opposite extreme to obesity and can manifest as eating disorders like anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Identification, treatment, and management of young people along the spectrum from frank eating disorders represents a persistent and growing health challenge. This chapter provides an overview of the range of factors contributing to inappropriate eating and activity disorders in childhood and adolescence, and how these problems might be managed.
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Janke, E. Amy, and David E. Goodrich. Adherence to Weight Loss and Physical Activity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600075.003.0005.
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Maintaining a healthy weight and engaging in regular physical activity are two health behaviors that can provide significant benefit to individuals with chronic pain. However, adhering to lifestyle programs that promote weight loss and/or physical activity can be challenging. A socioecological model of adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors in individuals with pain can assist providers in understanding the physiological, intrapersonal/behavioral, and social/environmental factors that influence adherence. Providers can optimize adherence to weight loss by facilitating an effective patient–provider relationship, tailoring intervention approaches to meet a patient’s specific needs, and applying the Five A’s model of behavior change. Providers can support long-term engagement in physical activity by developing patient-centered exercise prescriptions based on an assessment of physical limitations, comorbidities, and age and to engage in shared decision-making to best account for patient preferences and barriers to exercise.
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The effectiveness of the stages of change model and experimental exercise prescriptions in increasing female adults' physical activity and exercise behavior. 1993.
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Saks, Alan M. Job Search and the School-to-Work Transition. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.008.
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The school-to-work transition (STWT) is a major life event for those who must leave behind their lives as full-time students and begin new lives as a full-time employees. Although much has been written about the STWT, the role and importance of job search has often been neglected. At the same time, research on job search has tended to treat the job-search process as an independent and isolated activity. In this chapter, I describe an integrated model of job search within the context of the STWT. It shows that job search is preceded by a career-planning and development stage and followed by a work-adjustment stage. A successful STWT requires students to engage in a number of behaviors at each stage which should result in numerous outcomes that are necessary for a successful transition to the next stage. The model shows that job search is a critical part of the STWT that connects the career-planning and development stage to the work-adjustment stage. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of the model for job search and STWT research and practice.
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Martin, Jeffrey J. Leaving Sport. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0010.
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This chapter addresses the unique difficulties that disabled athletes face upon leaving sport. For instance, because athletes with disabilities tend to have less social connectedness than that of able-bodied athletes, further reducing it upon leaving a team may be problematic. Retiring athletes also experience numerous barriers to fitting in lifestyle physical activity and formal exercise. Hence they are at risk for overweight, obesity, and associated hypokinetic diseases. Athletes with disabilities are often intensely committed to sport, have strong and sometimes exclusive athletic identities, and disregard other important aspects of life. As a result, upon leaving sport they might experience a range of negative emotions, such as loss of self-esteem. At the same time, many athletes make the transition out of sport with relatively minor anguish. In some cases athletes look forward to leaving daily hard practices behind and embrace the opportunity to have more time to pursue other interests. For some athletes the difficulty of a transition is eased by remaining in sport as a coach or manager. Government programs are being developed for elite-level athletes , such as career assistance programs, to help athletes’ successful transition out of sport and into careers.
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van Houselt, Arie, and Harold J. W. Zandvliet. Self-organizing atom chains. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.9.
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This article examines the intriguing physical properties of nanowires, with particular emphasis on self-organizing atom chains. It begins with an overview of the one-dimensional free electron model and some interesting phenomena of one-dimensional electron systems. It derives an expression for the 1D density of states, which exhibits a singularity at the bottom of the band and extends the free-electron model, taking into consideration a weak periodic potential that is induced by the lattice. It also describes the electrostatic interactions between the electrons and goes on to discuss two interesting features of 1D systems: the quantization of conductance and Peierls instability. Finally, the article presents the experimental results of a nearly ideal one-dimensional system, namely self-organizing platinum atom chains on a Ge(001) surface, focusing on their formation, quantum confinement between the Pt chains and the occurrence of a Peierls transition within the chains.
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Frampton, Stephanie Ann. Empire of Letters. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915407.001.0001.
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Empire of Letters studies representations of texts and media in Roman authors from Lucretius to Ovid (c. 55 BCE–15 CE) in order to demonstrate how ancient writers conceived of the world, their work, and their own identities through material forms of writing. Drawing together methods of interpretation from a wide variety of fields (including Greek and Latin philology, epigraphy, papyrology, manuscript studies, literary criticism, media theory, and book history) and uniting close readings of major authors with the careful analysis of the physical forms inhabited by ancient texts (papyrus bookrolls, waxed tablets, and monumental inscriptions in stone and bronze), Empire of Letters provides a new model for understanding the history of the book in antiquity. Putting the written word back at the center of Roman literary culture, this book redefines our understanding of the role of writing in the intellectual life of Rome at the moment of epochal transition from Republic to Empire.
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Baulieu, Laurent, John Iliopoulos, and Roland Sénéor. From Classical to Quantum Fields. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788393.001.0001.
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Quantum field theory has become the universal language of most modern theoretical physics. This book is meant to provide an introduction to this subject with particular emphasis on the physics of the fundamental interactions and elementary particles. It is addressed to advanced undergraduate, or beginning graduate, students, who have majored in physics or mathematics. The ambition is to show how these two disciplines, through their mutual interactions over the past hundred years, have enriched themselves and have both shaped our understanding of the fundamental laws of nature. The subject of this book, the transition from a classical field theory to the corresponding Quantum Field Theory through the use of Feynman’s functional integral, perfectly exemplifies this connection. It is shown how some fundamental physical principles, such as relativistic invariance, locality of the interactions, causality and positivity of the energy, form the basic elements of a modern physical theory. The standard theory of the fundamental forces is a perfect example of this connection. Based on some abstract concepts, such as group theory, gauge symmetries, and differential geometry, it provides for a detailed model whose agreement with experiment has been spectacular. The book starts with a brief description of the field theory axioms and explains the principles of gauge invariance and spontaneous symmetry breaking. It develops the techniques of perturbation theory and renormalisation with some specific examples. The last Chapters contain a presentation of the standard model and its experimental successes, as well as the attempts to go beyond with a discussion of grand unified theories and supersymmetry.
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Iliopoulos, John, and Theodore N. Tomaras. Elementary Particle Physics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844200.001.0001.
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Determining the nature of matter’s smallest constituents, and the interactions among them, is the subject of a branch of fundamental physics called “The Physics of Elementary Particles” – the subject of this book. During the last decades this field has gone through a phase transition. It culminated in the formulation of a new theoretical scheme, known as “The Standard Model”, which brought profound changes in our ways of thinking and understanding nature’s fundamental forces. Its agreement with experiment is impressive, to the extent that we should no longer talk about “The Standard Model” but instead “The Standard Theory”. This new vision is based on geometry; the interactions are required to satisfy a certain geometrical principle. In the physicists’ jargon this principle is called “gauge invariance”; in mathematics it is a concept of differential geometry. It is the purpose of this book to present and explain this modern viewpoint to a readership of well motivated undergraduate students. We propose to guide the reader to the more advanced concepts of gauge symmetry, quantum field theory and the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking through concrete physical examples. The presentation of the techniques required for particle physics is self-contained, and the mathematics is kept at the absolutely necessary level. The reader is invited to join the glorious parade of the theoretical advances and experimental discoveries of the last decades which established our current view. Our ambition is to make this fascinating subject accessible to undergraduate students and, hopefully, to motivate them to study it further.
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Miller, Laura J. Psychological, Behavioral, and Cognitive Changes During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.002.
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Becoming pregnant and giving birth can lead to considerable psychological, behavioral, and cognitive transformation. The nature and scope of change varies a great deal from woman to woman. This chapter summarizes qualitative and quantitative research on normal psychological adaptation to pregnancy, including recognition and acceptance of the pregnant state, experience of the boundary between self and fetus, and body image changes. It reviews research on internal representations of the fetus and fetal and neonatal attachment. Perinatal changes in stress reactivity and coping style are reviewed. The chapter explains the influence of women’s prenatal expectations about labor and delivery on subsequent experiences and reactions and describes normative postpartum mood reactivity. Perinatal effects on sleep, physical activity, sexual activity, and eating patterns are described. Controversies about the effects of pregnancy on cognition are examined. The chapter also covers topics related to the transition to motherhood, including influences on maternal self-esteem and self-efficacy.
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Alperin, Holly, and Sarah Benes. Lesson Planning for Skills-Based Health Education. Human Kinetics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718215535.
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Lesson Planning for Skills-Based Elementary Health Education is a highly practical resource for elementary health educators or general classroom teachers looking for innovative, tried-and-true ways to implement health education. The text offers effective skills-based learning activities, lessons, units, and assessments for your classroom that you can use as they are or with modifications to meet the needs of your students. You can use this text to build a completely new curriculum or to supplement your existing curriculum, providing a smooth transition from a content-based approach to a skills-based approach. The authors explain the rationale and foundation for making that transition, putting the lesson plans, activities, and assessments into context as you learn how to implement a skills-based approach. The 130 lessons and activities in Lesson Planning for Skills-Based Elementary Health Education have been • created by the authors and experienced teachers broadly recognized for their expertise in skills-based health education; • organized to map to the skills in the National Health Education Standards and align with a five-step skill-development model; • designed to be adaptable to meet the needs of all students; and • enhanced with student worksheets that are available in both English and Spanish. Lesson Planning for Skills-Based Elementary Health Education is an ideal companion to The Essentials of Teaching Health Education, a foundational text by Benes and Alperin that presents teaching and assessment strategies for planning and implementing a skills-based approach to teaching health education. Together, these two books can help you effectively teach skills-based health education from day one. Lesson Planning for Skills-Based Elementary Health Education offers a detailed, easy-to-use learning activity template and employs a teacher-friendly format that has been proven effective in the field. The text is organized into two parts. Part I delves into key aspects of planning, implementing, and assessing a skills-based approach, offering you a strong foundation in the core concepts of the approach. Each of the part II chapters is devoted to a skill addressed in the National Health Education Standards, providing you with the following material: • An overview of the skill • Key considerations for teaching the skill • A unit outline • Assessments • Lesson plans • Learning activities Lesson Planning for Skills-Based Elementary Health Education offers you all you need to put a skills-based approach into practice: the solid foundational information that explains the concepts and the resources, tools, and strategies to help you implement the lesson plans and activities that will aid your students in developing proficiency in the skills emphasized in the national standards. AUDIENCE Resource for elementary health education teachers and administrators. Supplemental text for undergraduate- and graduate-level courses in health education teaching methods.
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Cook, Kerry H. Climate Change Scenarios and African Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.545.
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Accurate projections of climate change under increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas levels are needed to evaluate the environmental cost of anthropogenic emissions, and to guide mitigation efforts. These projections are nowhere more important than Africa, with its high dependence on rain-fed agriculture and, in many regions, limited resources for adaptation. Climate models provide our best method for climate prediction but there are uncertainties in projections, especially on regional space scale. In Africa, limitations of observational networks add to this uncertainty since a crucial step in improving model projections is comparisons with observations. Exceeding uncertainties associated with climate model simulation are uncertainties due to projections of future emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Humanity’s choices in emissions pathways will have profound effects on climate, especially after the mid-century.The African Sahel is a transition zone characterized by strong meridional precipitation and temperature gradients. Over West Africa, the Sahel marks the northernmost extent of the West African monsoon system. The region’s climate is known to be sensitive to sea surface temperatures, both regional and global, as well as to land surface conditions. Increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases are already causing amplified warming over the Sahara Desert and, consequently, increased rainfall in parts of the Sahel. Climate model projections indicate that much of this increased rainfall will be delivered in the form of more intense storm systems.The complicated and highly regional precipitation regimes of East Africa present a challenge for climate modeling. Within roughly 5º of latitude of the equator, rainfall is delivered in two seasons—the long rains in the spring, and the short rains in the fall. Regional climate model projections suggest that the long rains will weaken under greenhouse gas forcing, and the short rains season will extend farther into the winter months. Observations indicate that the long rains are already weakening.Changes in seasonal rainfall over parts of subtropical southern Africa are observed, with repercussions and challenges for agriculture and water availability. Some elements of these observed changes are captured in model simulations of greenhouse gas-induced climate change, especially an early demise of the rainy season. The projected changes are quite regional, however, and more high-resolution study is needed. In addition, there has been very limited study of climate change in the Congo Basin and across northern Africa. Continued efforts to understand and predict climate using higher-resolution simulation must be sustained to better understand observed and projected changes in the physical processes that support African precipitation systems as well as the teleconnections that communicate remote forcings into the continent.
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Crous-Bou, Marta, Immaculata de Vivo, and Pagona Lagiou. Endometrial Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0018.
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Lifestyle factors contribute appreciably to endometrial cancer risk, with obesity accounting for over one-third of incident cases in high-income societies. Unlike cervical cancer, which is a model of viral carcinogenesis, endometrial cancer is considered a model of hormonal carcinogenesis, as use of unopposed estrogens postmenopausally and obesity are the best-established risk factors. Endometrial cancer is also the only known malignancy for which cigarette smoking has been shown to confer protection. Risk reduction conferred by current smoking, past oral contraceptive use, childbearing, and physical activity is believed to be mediated by hormones. This may also apply to the increase in risk associated with obesity, which increases peripheral production of estrogens, and with diabetes mellitus. Hence, it should be possible to prevent a substantial fraction of endometrial cancers through lifestyle modification. Pathological classification of endometrial cancer is currently evolving and studies are revealing different molecular subtypes within the same histological groups.
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Lee, Patricia, Donald Stewart, and Stephen Clift. Group Singing and Quality of Life. Edited by Brydie-Leigh Bartleet and Lee Higgins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219505.013.22.
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International research has broadly reported positive effects of singing on health. Choral singing, a social activity, can contribute to health and social and emotional well-being through enhancing individual and social variables, such as a sense of motivation, personal worth, concentration, and social engagement. This cross-sectional study aimed to establish a quantitative model to explain how multiple attributes of choral singing interact to impact on different dimensions of health and well-being. Using data from an Australian subsample within a multinational project, the results, from a series of stepwise hierarchical regression models, showed that choral singing benefited the choir members’ physical and psychological health and well-being through social engagement and a sense of positive identity. Choral singing also impacted social health and well-being positively by promoting feelings of excitement and importance to life, as well as longer duration of involvement in the choir. This study will contribute to developing targeted group singing or social activities to promote continued physical, psychological, and social health.
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Dietz, William H., and Loraine Stern, eds. Nutrition. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581106312.
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Nutrition: What Every Parent Needs to Know, 2nd Edition, gives parents all the information and strategies they need to meet the dietary needs of children from birth through adolescence, as well as the facts about standards of weight and height; eating disorders and special dietary needs, alternative diets and supplements; allergies; dealing with outside influences such as grandparents, neighbors, and television; and concerns over food safety. This new second edition provides updated growth charts and the new USDA MyPlate model for healthy eating, as well as updated information on topics such as: BPA, Breastfeeding, Constipation, Fish, mercury, Omega-3 fatty acids, Hiding foods, Obesity, Organic Foods, Physical activity, Picky eaters, Sodium, Vitamins, and much more.
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Lazarus, Philip J., Shannon Suldo, and Beth Doll, eds. Fostering the Emotional Well-Being of our Youth. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190918873.001.0001.
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Fostering the Emotional Well-Being of Our Youth: A School-Based Approach is an edited work that details best practices in comprehensive school mental health services based upon a dual-factor model of mental health that considers both psychological wellness and mental illness. In the introduction, the editors respond to the question: Are our students all right? Then, each of the text’s 24 chapters (five sections) describes empirically sound and practical ways that professionals can foster supportive school climates and implement evidence-based universal interventions to promote well-being and prevent and reduce mental health problems in young people. Topics include conceptualizing and framing youth mental health through a dual-factor model; building culturally responsive schools; implementing positive behavior interventions and supports; inculcating social-emotional learning within schools impacted by trauma; creating a multidisciplinary approach to foster a positive school culture and promote students’ mental health; preventing school violence and advancing school safety; cultivating student engagement and connectedness; creating resilient classrooms and schools; strengthening preschool, childcare and parenting practices; building family–school partnerships; promoting physical activity, nutrition, and sleep; teaching emotional self-regulation; promoting students’ positive emotions, character, and purpose; building a foundation for trauma-informed schools; preventing bullying; supporting highly mobile students; enfranchising socially marginalized students; preventing school failure and school dropout; providing evidence-based supports in the aftermath of a crisis; raising the emotional well-being of students with anxiety and depression; implementing state-wide practices that promote student wellness and resilience; screening for academic, behavioral, and emotional health; and accessing targeted and intensive mental health services.
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Rhodes, Ryan E., and Samantha M. Gray. Affect in the Process of Action Control of Health-Protective Behaviors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0002.
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Preventing chronic disease is critical for society. Behavioral factors are often responsible for explaining much of chronic disease etiologies, yet engagement in health-protective behaviors is low. Intention to engage in behavior has been considered a critical determinant of behavior, and is supported by ample correlational evidence. Nevertheless, much of the correspondence between intention and behavior is among nonintenders who subsequently do not act; there is considerable variability in behavior performance for intenders. Thus, action control—the translation of positive intentions into behavior—is a crucial consideration for health behaviors. This chapter proposes several pathways in which affect may determine action control for protective behaviors such as physical activity and healthy eating. The three main affective processes include reflective affect, manipulated affect through volitional regulation, and reflexive affect. Carefully designed future studies should help support or falsify several of the proposed pathways suggested in our model of affect and action control.
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MARROQUÍN-DE JESÚS, Ángel, Juan Manuel OLIVARES-RAMÍREZ, Marisela CRUZ-RAMÍREZ, and Luis Eduardo CRUZ-CARPIO. CIERMMI Women in Science Medicine and Health Sciences Handbooks T-XIII. ECORFAN-Mexico, S.C., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35429/h.2021.13.1.130.
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As the first chapter, Terán, Cisneros and Gutiérrez present Knowledge of health personnel about HPV screening tests: a systematic review, as second chapter, González, Meraz, Chávez and González will discuss Health Risk Behaviors and Emotional State of Medical Students as third chapter, Aguilar, Morado, Villada and Tovar present Early trauma as conditioning of psychopathology in adult women, as fourth chapter, Torre, Therio, Carrillo and Mendoza propose Growth and development of the craniofacial region and the stomatognathic apparatus, as the fifth chapter, Villarreal, Enriquez, Hernández and Medina, perform Assessment of physical activity, sedentary behaviors and physical fitness in perimenopausal women, as the sixth chapter, Díaz, González, Uvalle and Mederos develop Pro-Inflammatory cytokines: Leptin and visfatin associated to obesity in young university students, as seventh chapter, Enríquez, Vieyra, Ramos and Trujillo, will discuss Presence of neuroglobin in the substantia nigra in a murine model of parkinson's disease: an immunohistochemical study, in eighth chapter, Martínez, Tavizon, Carlos and Mauricio present Prevalence of ectopic eruption and intercanine distance in children aged 6 to 12 years. Cycle 2019-2020, as the ninth chapter, Caceres, Zárate, Flores and Bustillos, performed Anxiety in medical students, during a COVID-19 pandemic and as the last chapter, González, Hernández, Martínez and González, focus on Overwiev of general plant toxicology uses and adverse effects.
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Martin, Jeffrey J. Theory of Planned Behavior and Stages of Change Models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0035.
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The theory of planned behavior (TPB) and stages of change (SOC) models have been used to predict physical activity (PA) in people with disabilities. The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of the TPB and SOC models and the research findings stemming from testing them in people with impairments. The health action process approach (HAPA), designed with individuals with disabilities, is also introduced, along with suggested future research using the HAPA. The HAPA is in many ways a meta-theory, as it incorporates many constructs from theories discussed here and in other chapters. For instance, various forms of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, coping, planning, and social support are all included in the HAPA. In addition, the HAPA includes a three-stage model in which people are labeled as pre-intenders, intenders, or actors. Researchers intending to use the SOC theories and the TPB should know that they have come under criticism, and these criticisms are addressed in the chapter.
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Karpyn, Allison. Behavioral Design as an Emerging Theory for Dietary Behavior Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0003.
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In the past two decades, public health interventions have moved from education strategies aimed at individuals to broad, multilevel interventions incorporating environmental and policy strategies to promote healthy food behaviors. These intervention programs continue to employ classic behavior change models that consider individuals as deliberate, intentional, and rational actors. Contrary to the ideas posited by rational choice theory, diet-related literature draws little correlation between an individual’s intentions and his/her resultant behavior. This chapter adds to the dual-system model of cognition—reflective or slow thinking, and automatic or fast thinking—and introduces an emerging theory for dietary behavior change called behavioral design. Behavioral design recognizes that human decisions and actions lie on a continuum between spheres and are continually shaped by the interactions between an agent (individual, group) and his/her/their exposure (environment). More specifically, behavioral design considers the importance of the “experience” left as time passes, such as conditioning, resilience, expectation, repeated behaviors, and normality, as the central and iterative influence on future decisions. Behavioral interventions must consider the individual’s “experience” resulting from his or her interaction with the environment, while acknowledging the fast and slow mechanisms by which choices are made. This chapter introduces aspects to consider when using behavioral design to increase healthier food behaviors and physical activity, and briefly discusses ethics questions related to intentional modification of environment for health behavior change.
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Perkins, Elizabeth C., Shaun P. Brothers, and Charles B. Nemeroff. Animal Models for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0024.
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Animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) provide a wellspring of biological information about this complex condition by providing the opportunity to manipulate trauma exposure and measure biological outcomes in a systematic manner that is not possible in clinical studies. Symptoms of PTSD may be induced in animals by physical (immobilization, foot shock, underwater stress) and psychological stressors (exposure to predator, social defeat, early life trauma) or a combination of both. In addition, genetic, epigenetic and transgenic models have been created by breeding animals with a behavioral propensity for maladaptive stress response or by directly manipulating genes that have been implicated in PTSD. The effect of stressors in animals is measured by a variety of means, including observation of behavior, measurement of structural alterations in the brain and of physiological markers such as HPA axis activity and altered gene expression of central nervous system neurotransmitter system components including receptors. By comparing changes observed in stress exposed animals to humans with PTSD and by comparing animal response to treatments that are effective in humans, we can determine the validity of PTSD animal models. The identification of a reliable physiological marker of maladaptive stress response in animals as well as standard use of behavioral cutoff criteria are critical to the development of a valid animal model of PTSD.