Academic literature on the topic 'Phyllida'

The study is aimed to generally identify the types of lexical hedges used in the movie script and to determine the function of lexical hedges used. The data of this study were taken by using documentation method and note-taking technique from the movie Mamma Mia!, which firstly released in 2008. The movie is originally conducted by Phyllida Lloyd and also written by Catherine Johnson based on the 1999 musical of the same name, which is based on the songs of famous pop group ABBA. The data were analyzed descriptive qualitatively using Lakoff’s theory about women’s language features (1973). This study revealed that there were four examples of lexical hedges found in Mamma Mia! movie.

With the recent advance in molecular phylogenetics focused on the leaf insects (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae), gaps in knowledge are beginning to be filled. Yet, shortcomings are also being highlighted, for instance, the unveiling of numerous undescribed phylliid species. Here, some of these taxa are described, including Phyllium iyadaonsp. nov. from Mindoro Island, Philippines; Phyllium samarensesp. nov. from Samar Island, Philippines; Phyllium ortizisp. nov. from Mindanao Island, Philippines; Pulchriphyllium heraclessp. nov. from Vietnam; Pulchriphyllium delisleisp. nov. from South Kalimantan, Indonesia; and Pulchriphyllium bhaskaraisp. nov. from Java, Indonesia. Several additional specimens of these species together with a seventh species described herein, Pulchriphyllium anangusp. nov. from southwestern India, were incorporated into a newly constructed phylogenetic tree. Additionally, two taxa that were originally described as species, but in recent decades have been treated as subspecies, are elevated back to species status to reflect their unique morphology and geographic isolation, creating the following new combinations: Pulchriphyllium scythe (Gray, 1843) stat. rev., comb. nov. from Bangladesh and northeastern India, and Pulchriphyllium crurifolium (Audinet-Serville, 1838) stat. rev., comb. nov. from the Seychelles islands. Lectotype specimens are also designated for Pulchriphyllium scythe (Gray, 1843) stat. rev., comb. nov. and Pulchriphyllium crurifolium (Audinet-Serville, 1838) stat. rev., comb. nov. from original type material.

Strawberry fruit phyllody, production of leaves and other vegetative organs from fruit tissue around achenes, has been ascribed to physiological causes due to temperature conditions during transplant cold storage, plant response to changing seasonal conditions at flower initiation time, and to phytoplasma infection. In examination of phylloid fruits from different strawberry clones and from different locations and sources, we found four distinct phytoplasmas associated with phyllody of strawberry fruit: strawberry multicipita (SM) phytoplasma (16S rRNA group VI, subgroup B), STRAWB2 phytoplasma (16S rRNA group I, subgroup K), clover yellow edge phytoplasma (16S rRNA group III, subgroup A), and a new group III phytoplasma. The SM and STRAWB2 phytoplasmas were detected in plants with phylloid fruit that also exhibited stunting and crown proliferation (SM phytoplasma) or stunting and leaf chlorosis (STRAWB2 phytoplasma). In no instances did we fail to detect phytoplasmas in phylloid fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first report to associate strawberry fruit phyllody with the presence of these phytoplasmas and to report that phytoplasmas other than those belonging to 16S rRNA group I (aster yellows group) can also be associated with strawberry fruit phyllody.

Examination of unidentified Phylliidae specimens revealed a number of undescribed species from the island of Luzon, Philippines. Morphological and molecular study of specimens from the obscure phasmid genus Microphyllium Zompro, 2001, revealed a new species, which we describe as Microphyllium haskelli Cumming sp. nov.. It is here described and differentiated from the two other species in the genus, both currently only known from adults of a single sex. Pseudomicrophyllium Cumming gen. nov. is described as a new genus within Phylliidae with the type species Pseudomicrophyllium faulkneri Cumming gen. et sp. nov. as the sole known species in the genus. As is unfortunately often the case in the leaf-mimicking family Phylliidae, this new genus and species is only known from a single specimen. In addition to the new genus, two new Phyllium (Phyllium) species from the siccifolium species-group are named and described as Ph. (Ph.) antonkozlovi Cumming sp. nov. and Ph. (Ph.) bourquei Cumming & Le Tirant sp. nov.. In addition to the newly described species, Phyllium (Phyllium) geryon Gray, 1843 is redescribed from a nearly perfect specimen, completing some of the morphological knowledge gaps currently missing because of the severely damaged holotype specimen. A key to all known species of Phylliidae from Luzon is included. Holotype specimens for all four new species will be deposited in the National Museum of the Philippines type collection and paratype specimens will be deposited into the San Diego Natural History Museum collection or retained within the first author’s collection.

This article discusses the theatrical practice of women performing traditionally male roles in Shakespeare. Whilst historically the phenomenon is nothing new, since the 1970s the practice has been particularly associated with the politics of feminism. This article proposes to examine this connection in order to explore how far the convention of casting women in the male roles of Shakespeare has been influenced by changing social, political, and cultural discourses. It will do so by considering two specific manifestations of the theatrical practice: firstly, the National Theatre’s 1995/6 Richard II directed by Deborah Warner, in which Fiona Shaw played the eponymous male character and secondly the 2012/13 all-female Julius Caesar, directed by Phyllida Lloyd for the Donmar Warehouse. Moreover, it will locate these two productions, separated by seventeen years and the turn of a century, within their specific historical, theatrical, and theoretical contexts. Through an analysis of the material conditions that gave rise to the contemporary receptions of these two productions, the objective of this article is to draw conclusions concerning the differing ways in which, through casting women in the male roles of Shakespeare, theatre practitioners have created particular theatrical conversations with their audiences.

With the first large-scale Phylliidae molecular phylogeny recently published adding a great deal of clarity to phylliid diversity, several of the rarer species which could not be included were methodically and morphologically reviewed. This review resulted in identification of numerous substantial morphological features that suggest there are Melanesian clades that create polyphyletic groups within the phylliids which should instead be taxonomically recognized as unique. These rarer Melanesia species have historically been considered to be southern representatives of the Pulchriphyllium Griffini, 1898 sensu lato. However, there are notable morphological differences between the Pulchriphyllium sensu stricto and the “schultzei” group. Therefore, two new genera are erected, Vaabonbonphylliumgen. nov. from the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea and Rakaphylliumgen. nov. from New Guinea and the Aru Islands. Erection of these two new genera warrants the following new combinations: Rakaphyllium schultzei (Giglio-Tos, 1912), comb. nov., Rakaphyllium exsectum (Zompro, 2001b), comb. nov., and Vaabonbonphyllium groesseri (Zompro, 1998), comb. nov. Additionally, while reviewing material an undescribed Vaabonbonphyllium gen. nov. specimen was located and is herein described as Vaabonbonphyllium rafidahaegen. et sp. nov. from Mt. Hagen, Papua New Guinea. Additionally, a morphologically unique clade of several species recovered as sister to the Nanophyllium sensu stricto was recognized and their numerous unique morphological features and monophyly leads the authors to erect the new genus Acentetaphylliumgen. nov. which warrants the following new combinations: Acentetaphyllium brevipenne (Größer, 1992), comb. nov., Acentetaphyllium larssoni (Cumming, 2017), comb. nov., Acentetaphyllium miyashitai (Cumming et al. 2020), comb. nov., and Acentetaphyllium stellae (Cumming, 2016), comb. nov. With the addition of several new genera, a key to phylliid genera is included for adult males and females.

Os padrões de desenvolvimento são fundamentais para compreender a origem da diversidade fenotípica. Aqui, descrevemos pela primeira vez, a embriogênese de uma espécie de Heliconius. A análise do padrão embrionário de Heliconius erato phyllis, a partir da formação da blastoderme ao período pré-eclosão, revelou um padrão consistente com embriões de banda germinal longa, o que está filogeneticamente de acordo com a tendência evolutiva de Lepidoptera. O segundo objetivo desta tese consistiu em analisar o desenvolvimento do padrão de coloração das asas de H. erato phyllis. Descrevemos a ontogenia da pigmentação, a microestrutura, a morfogênese e as taxas de maturação das escamas pretas, amarelas, vermelhas, prateadas e marrons - ênfase foi dada às escamas prateadas e marrons, que até então não haviam sido consideradas na literatura. Enquanto as escamas de cor preta, amarela e vermelha apresentaram, cada uma, um único tipo de microestrutura, as escamas prateadas e marrons apresentaram diferentes tipos microestruturais. Isso é inconsistente com o modelo genético para o desenvolvimento da coloração em Heliconius, o qual assume uma correlação restrita entre microestrutura e pigmentação. Possivelmente, diferentes genes estão envolvidos em combinações alternativas entre microestrutura e pigmentação. Nosso terceiro objetivo consistiu em analisar, através de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, a ultraestrutura dos discos imaginais das asas em lagartas de quinto instar. Verificamos que a formação da bicamada epitelial das asas, bem como a diferenciação das células precursoras das escamas, são pré-estabelecidas no estágio larval. Além disso, revelamos que a membrana peripodial, a qual reveste o disco larval da asa, desempenha um importante papel funcional no desenvolvimento das asas, o que muda a ideia de que o epitélio peripodial atua apenas como um simples revestimento. A análise ultraestrutural das asas de H. erato phyllis revelou importantes aspectos envolvidos na arquitetura desenvolvimental dos padrões de coloração em Heliconius.
The patterns of development are key to understanding the origin of phenotypic diversity. Here, we described, for the first time, the embryogenesis of a Heliconius species. In Heliconius erato phyllis, the analysis of the embryonic pattern, from the blastoderm formation to the pre-hatching larva, was consistent with the long germ band embryos; which agrees with the phylogenetic trend of Lepidoptera. The second purpose of this thesis was to analyze the development of the color pattern in H. erato phyllis wings. We described the ontogeny of pigmentation, the microstructure, morphogenesis and maturation rates of the black, yellow, red, silvery and brownish scales - emphasis was given to the silvery and brownish scales, which were never taken into account in the literature. As for the black, yellow and red scales, they showed each a unique type of microstructure, while the silvery and brownish scales showed different microstructural types. This is inconsistent with the genetic model for the development of color patterns in Heliconius, which assumes a correlation between microstructure and pigmentation. Possibly, different genes are involved in alternative combinations between microstructure and pigmentation. Our third goal was to examine, by transmission electron microscopy, the ultrastructure of the fifth-instar larval wing discs. We showed that the formation of the epithelial bilayer of the wings, as well as the differentiation of the scale precursor cells occur already in the larval stage. Further, we reveal that the peripodial membrane plays an important functional role in the wing development, which challenges the traditional view of the peripodial epithelium as a simple surrounding membrane. The ultrastructural analysis of H. erato phyllis wings revealed important aspects involved in the developmental architecture of color patterns in Heliconius.

O reconhecimento de parentesco foi documentado em várias espécies de animais, plantas e bactérias. Ele é fundamental nas interações altruísticas, nas quais o agente altruísta sacrifica algo de sua aptidão individual para beneficiar o receptor e indiretamente aumentar a sua aptidão inclusiva, desde que o receptor seja um parente biológico. Reconhecimento de parentesco foi observado em Heliconius erato phyllis (Lepidoptera; Nymphalidae), cujas lagartas recém-eclodidas podem canibalizar ovos, sendo a frequência de canibalismo de ovos irmãos significativamente inferior a de ovos não-relacionados. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram: elucidar a herança do reconhecimento de parentesco (não-canibalismo), e estimar sua herdabilidade; avaliar a natureza molecular da informação coriônica, ou o perfil químico do córion, bem como o perfil de lagartas recém-eclodidas; associar marcadores moleculares com fenótipos comportamentais relacionados ao reconhecimento de parentesco e, finalmente, avaliar efeitos do endocruzamento, buscando compreender possíveis efeitos que o reconhecimento de parentesco pode ter nas populações. Observou-se que o reconhecimento de parentesco, avaliado pelo não-canibalismo de ovos irmãos, parece ter um componente herdável. Sugere-se que a herança do reconhecimento de parentesco seja quantitativa, com limiar de manifestação, dependendo assim de muitos genes, além de fatores ambientais. O perfil químico de lagartas recém-eclodidas e de ovos difere quantitativamente para vários compostos, embora qualitativamente seja bastante semelhante. Além disso, observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre famílias para vários compostos, tanto em córions como em lagartas recém-eclodidas. Alguns compostos diferiram entre famílias apenas nas amostras de córion, outros apenas nas amostras de lagartas, e outros compostos diferiram para ambos os materiais. Foram encontradas algumas associações entre marcadores moleculares AFLP e SSR e os fenótipos comportamentais relacionados ao reconhecimento de parentesco, nos dois delineamentos experimentais adotados. Além disso, observou-se depressão endogâmica apenas para algumas características relacionadas à história de vida. Os resultados obtidos ajudam a compreender o processo de reconhecimento de parentesco e altruísmo em uma espécie que não é social, e que também é um modelo para vários estudos evolutivos.
Kin recognition has been documented in various species of animals, plants, and bacteria. It is essential in altruistic interactions, in which an altruistic agent sacrifices some of its individual fitness to benefit the receiver, and indirectly increases its inclusive fitness, given that the receiver be a biological relative. Kin recognition is observed in Heliconius erato phyllis (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae), whose newly hatched larvae can cannibalize eggs, and the cannibalism frequency of sibling eggs is significantly lower than that of non-related eggs. The objectives of this study were to elucidate the inheritance of kin recognition (non-cannibalism), and estimate its heritability; to evaluate the molecular nature of chorionic information, or chemical profile of the chorion, and of the newly hatched larvae profile; to associate molecular markers with behavioral phenotypes related to kin recognition; and, finally, to evaluate the effects of inbreeding, seeking to understand the possible effects of kin recognition on populations. It was observed that the recognition of relatedness, as revealed by non-cannibalism of sibling eggs, seems to have a heritable component. It is suggested that the inheritance of kin recognition is quantitative, with threshold manifestation, depending on many genes, as well as environmental factors. The chemical profile of newly hatched larvae and eggs differs quantitatively for various compounds, although qualitatively it is quite similar. In addition, there were statistically significant differences between families for various compounds, including both chorions and newly hatched larvae. Some compounds differ among families only with respect to the chorion samples, others only to larval samples, and other compounds differ for both materials. We have found some associations between the molecular markers AFLP and SSR and behavioral phenotypes related to kin recognition, in both experimental designs adopted. Moreover, inbreeding depression was observed only for some features related to life history. These results help to understand the kin recognition process and altruism in a species that is not social, and which also serve as a model for many evolutionary studies.

Der Steckbrief informiert über die ˈBraunerden aus Phyllitˈ. Die ˈBraunerde aus Phyllitˈ zählt zur Bodenklasse der ˈBöden der Berg- und Hügelländerˈ. Die ˈBraunerde aus Phyllitˈ ist der typische Boden der ˈBöden der Berg- und Hügelländer mit einem hohen Anteil an Ton- und Schluffschiefernˈ. Der Boden kann sich nur in kalkfreiem Milieu entwickeln, wobei Eisenoxidationsprozesse zu dem prägenden Verbraunungshorizont ˈBvˈ führen der meist verlehmt ist. Der Steckbrief richtet sich an alle Interessierte, die sich über die Entstehung Verbreitung und das Erscheinungsbild typischer, repräsentativer Böden Sachsens informieren möchten. Redaktionsschluss: 01.03.2017

O reconhecimento de parentes é importante para a evolução de comportamentos como o altruísmo e a cooperação. As lagartas recém-eclodidas de Heliconius erato phyllis podem ser canibais e reconhecer ovos irmãos, canibalizando preferencialmente não-parentes quando há a opção de canibalizar um ou outro. A presente Dissertação compreende três artigos relacionados, especificados a seguir. O primeiro enfoque foi buscar responder se o reconhecimento de parentesco observado nessa espécie (demonstrado em artigo publicado em 2011 pela autora) é compatível com o modelo de evolução por seleção de parentesco, o qual postula que o comportamento altruísta teria vantagens sob determinadas condições. Foram feitas estimativas de custos e benefícios do comportamento canibal (egoísta) e não-canibal (altruísta). Para isso, foram utilizados alguns parâmetros da ontogenia, como peso e volume do ovo, duração de cada ínstar e pupa, dias totais da eclosão até a emergência do adulto, taxa de crescimento, peso da pupa, área das asas, mortalidade de imaturos e sobrevivência sem alimento. Também se verificou o número de irmãos que chegam à fase adulta de canibais e não-canibais. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferenças significantes para volume e peso do ovo (ovos de não-canibais foram menores do que de canibais), e para duração do primeiro ínstar, duração do estágio pupal e total de dias da eclosão até a fase adulta (canibais se desenvolveram mais rápido do que não-canibais). A mortalidade entre canibais e não-canibais não diferiu, mas a sobrevivência sem alimento dos canibais foi significativamente maior. Assim, alguns parâmetros da ontogenia indicaram algumas vantagens do comportamento canibal. No entanto, não-canibais deixaram aproximadamente o dobro de irmãos que chegaram à fase adulta, sendo que irmãos de canibais e de não-canibais tiveram um desenvolvimento igual. Duas modificações da regra de Hamilton foram feitas, a partir das quais se pode concluir que o reconhecimento de parentesco observado nessa espécie pode ter evoluído por seleção de parentesco. Não-canibais tiveram o benefício de deixar mais irmãos, mas sofreram o custo de ter o desenvolvimento um pouco mais lento, embora esses 7 custos tenham se restringido aos estágios imaturos. A segunda abordagem deste estudo, também uma consequência do trabalho de 2011, foi detectar onde está o sinal de reconhecimento no ovo, se no córion e/ou no embrião. Primeiramente, foram realizados testes de canibalismo lagarta-ovo entre meio-irmãos onde o pai era comum (não foi possível produzir meio-irmãos quando a mãe era comum porque em Heliconius erato phyllis, a fêmea é monândrica). A frequência de canibalismo foi comparada com trabalho anterior já referido, onde foi de 53% para ovos irmãos e de 83% para não-parentes. A frequência total de canibalismo observada neste experimento (83,7%) não diferiu da esperada para não-parentes, mas diferiu da frequência de canibalismo esperada para irmãos, sugerindo que lagartas meio-irmãs não reconhecem os ovos restantes como parentes. Este resultado, por si só, reforça a ideia de que a informação sobre o parentesco está no córion do ovo. Realizaram-se também testes de canibalismo entre lagartas para verificar se a informação sobre o parentesco estaria na cutícula que recobre as mesmas, ou em outras estruturas. Em testes de canibalismo entre lagartas de primeiro ínstar, irmãs e não-parentes, a frequência de canibalismo não diferiu significativamente, logo neste primeiro teste não houve evidência de que a fonte do reconhecimento estivesse na lagarta. Já em testes entre lagartas de diferentes ínstares foi possível categorizar diferentes comportamentos, os quais foram denominados de indiferença, fuga, hostilidade, ataque e canibalismo. Também não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre lagartas irmãs e nãoirmãs, para as categorias comportamentais analisadas. Esses resultados sugerem que o sinal avaliado para o reconhecimento de parentesco está no córion do ovo e não na lagarta. O terceiro enfoque desse estudo foi fazer inferências sobre o modo de herança do reconhecimento de parentesco (e canibalismo) nesta espécie, através de cruzamentos, entre canibais irmãos (r = 0,5) e não-parentes (r = 0), e entre não-canibais irmãos e não-parentes. A prole destes cruzamentos foi analisada quanto ao comportamento canibal e não-canibal. A ontogenia das lagartas canibais e não-canibais resultantes dos cruzamentos, bem como dos ovos restantes, foi acompanhada, a fim de verificar se existem diferenças no desenvolvimento entre indivíduos com diferentes coeficientes de endocruzamento. As variáveis analisadas foram peso e volume do ovo, duração 8 dos ínstares e pupa, tempo total da eclosão até o adulto, taxa de crescimento, peso da pupa, área das asas e mortalidade de imaturos. Independentemente do comportamento parental, para F = 0,25, houve uma frequência elevada de nãocanibais (> 70%). Já para F = 0, a frequência de lagartas canibais foi alta (> 50%). Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o grupo não-endocruzado e endocruzado para peso da pupa e área das asas (endocruzados menores que não-endocruzados) e para mortalidade de imaturos (maior para endocruzados). Os resultados sugerem que o reconhecimento de parentesco tem um forte componente genético, enquanto que o canibalismo parece ser principalmente devido à ausência ou a poucos genes para reconhecimento, podendo ter importante influência ambiental. Por outro lado, o endocruzamento produziu efeitos no sentido de expressar a depressão pelo endocruzamento. Neste sentido, embora o presente trabalho utilizasse diferentes variáveis, ele confirmou os efeitos deletérios do endocruzamento, já publicados em artigo anterior, com a mesma espécie.
Kin recognition is important for the evolution of behaviors such as altruism and cooperation. Newly hatched caterpillars of Heliconius erato phyllis may be cannibals and recognize sibling eggs, preferentially cannibalizing non-kin when there is an option to cannibalize one or other. The present Dissertation comprises three related articles, specified below. The first approach was to try answering whether kin recognition observed in this species (demonstrated in an paper published in 2011 by the author), is compatible with the model of evolution by kin selection, which postulates that altruistic behavior is advantageous under given conditions. Costs and benefits of cannibalistic (selfish) and non-cannibalistic (altruist) behaviors were estimated. For this, a few parameters of ontogeny were used, such as egg weight and volume, duration of each instar and pupa, total days from hatching to adult emergence, growth rate, weight of the pupa, wings area, mortality of immatures and survival under starvation. The number of siblings of cannibals and non-cannibals that reach adulthood was also verified. The results showed that there were significant differences for egg volume and weight (noncannibal eggs are smaller than cannibal ones), and for duration of the first instar during the pupal stage, and total number of days from hatching to the adult stage (cannibals develop faster than non-cannibals).There was no difference in mortality between cannibals and non-cannibals, but cannibal survival without food was significantly higher. Thus, a few parameters of ontogeny indicate a few advantages of cannibal behavior. However, non-cannibals leave approximately double the number of siblings that reach adulthood, and siblings of cannibals and non-cannibals have the same development. Two modifications of Hamilton’s rule were made, from which it can be concluded that kin recognition observed in this species may have evolved by kin selection. Non-cannibals have the benefit of leaving more siblings, but suffer the cost of developing slightly slower, although these costs are limited to the immature stages. The second approach of this study, also a consequence of the 2011 work, was to detect where the recognition signal of the egg is, if in the chorion and/or in the embryo. First, cannibalism tests were 10 performed among half-siblings with the same father (it was not possible to produce half-siblings with the same mother, because in Heliconius erato phyllis, the female is monandric). The frequency of cannibalism was compared to the previous, aforementioned work, where it was 53% for sibling eggs and 83% for non-kin. The total frequency of cannibalism observed in this experiment (83.7%) is not different from that expected for non-kin, but different from the frequency of cannibalism expected for siblings, suggesting that half-sibling caterpillars do not recognize the remaining eggs as kin. This result in itself supports the idea that information about kinship is in the chorion of the egg. Cannibalism tests were also performed among caterpillars to verify whether the information about kinship could be in the cuticle that covers them, or in other structures. In cannibalism tests among first instar caterpillars that are siblings and non-kin, the frequency of cannibalism was not significantly different, thus, in this first test there was no evidence that the source of recognition was in the caterpillar. On the other hand, in tests among caterpillars from different instars, different behaviors could be categorized, and they were called indifference, flight, hostility, attack and cannibalism. There was also no statistically significant difference between sibling and non-sibling caterpillars, for the behavior categories analyzed. These results suggest that the signal evaluated for kin recognition is in the chorion of the egg, not in the caterpillar. The third approach of this study was to make inferences about the mode of inheritance of kin recognition (and cannibalism) in this species, by crosses, between sibling (r = 0.5) and non-kin (r = 0) cannibals, and between sibling and non-kin noncannibals. The offspring of these crosses was analyzed regarding cannibal and non-cannibal behavior. The ontogeny of cannibal and non-cannibal caterpillars resulting from the crosses, as well as of the remaining eggs, was followed to find whether there were differences in the development among individuals with different coefficients of inbreeding. The variables analyzed were egg weight and volume, duration of instars and pupa, total time from hatching to adulthood, growth rate, weight of pupa, area of wings and immature mortality. Independently of the parental behavior, for F = 0.25 there was a high frequency of non-cannibals (> 70%). On the other hand, for F = 0, there was a high frequency of cannibal caterpillars (> 50%). There were statistically significant differences among the non11 inbred and the inbred group for weight of the pupa and wing area (inbred smaller than non-inbred), and for mortality of the immatures (greater for inbred). The results suggest that kin recognition has a strong genetic component, while cannibalism appears to be due mainly to the absence or to few genes for recognition, and may have suffered major environmental influence. On the other hand, inbreeding produced effects, in the sense of expressing inbreeding depression. In this sense, although the present study used different variables, it confirms the deleterious effects of inbreeding, already published in a previous article on the same species.

AbstractThe phyllite-weathered soil is a regional speciality. It is essential to study the changes in shear strength of phyllite-weathered soil under dry-wet cycles to understand the changes in mechanical properties of phyllite-weathered soil in the process of dry-wet climate and to manage the slope of phyllite-weathered soil. This paper simulated 12 dry-wet cycles on the specimens of remodelled phyllite-weathered soil. Direct shear and SEM tests were conducted on the specimens in the 0th, 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th drying paths. The effects of moisture content and the number of dry-wet cycles on the shear strength of phyllite-weathered soil were analysed macroscopically and microscopically. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) The cohesion of the weathered soil of phyllite will be reduced by increasing the number of cycles, and the more the number of dry-wet cycles, the more pronounced the reduction; the internal friction angle of the weathered soil of phyllite will be reduced by increasing the number of cycles, but the pattern of the decrease in the internal friction angle is not obvious. (2) The increase in the number of dry-wet cycles will increase the stiffness and brittleness of the phyllite-weathered soil specimen, and it will change from the weak hardening type of plastic damage to the solid softening type of brittle damage after a certain number of cycles. (3) The SEM test found that phyllite-weathered soil particles in Longsheng, Guilin are large, and most of the particles are in face-to-face and angle-to-face contact, which is easy to form a hollow structure, and the dry density value of the soil in the natural state is small. At the same time, the soil is reddish-brown in colour because of the leaching of Fe2 O3. The shear strength index of the cemented phyllite-weathered soil with Fe2 O3 is more significant than that of phyllite-weathered soil in other areas. The soil has a good shear strength index and a small dry density.

Introduction: Breast angiosarcoma is a very rare and highly aggressive lesion, with an incidence of 0.5% to 1%. Berg et al. recognized two groups of sarcoma: the first group includes malignant phylloid cysts, lymphomas, and hemangiosarcomas, and the second group includes stromal sarcomas, fibrosarcomas, leiomyosarcomas, histiocytomas, and giant cell sarcoma. Angiosarcomas are lesions of indefinite and friable masses, with a mean age of 35 years. Case Report: A 35-year-old man from Paulo Afonso-PE presents complaining of breast lump. He underwent tumorectomy and confirmed fibroadenoma and phylloids with atypia and mitosis. A battery of tests such as mammography (MMG)/ultrasonography (USG) confirmed the presence of a 1.5-cm nodule in the breast. In addition, a new segmental resection surgery was performed, in which histopathological results confirmed a low-grade malignant phylloid cystosarcoma and demanding margins. The patient was proposed a new surgical of simple mastectomy with immediate reconstruction with silicone implant and latissimus dorsi flap. Finally, the surgery was performed and the histopathological result was the absence of residual neoplastic tissue, with an area of scar fibrosis and typical ductal hyperplasia. After recovery, the patient was referred to clinical oncology and radiotherapy, but both had no indication for adjuvant therapy. After 1 year, the patient returned to perform the symmetry of the opposite breast and reconstruction of the nipple–areola complex. In her follow-up, there were no changes in her examinations. After 2 years, she returned with a breast USG examination, which demonstrated an image nodular 1.5 cm adjacent to breast prosthesis and magnetic resonance imaging suggested the same image. A core was performed, confirming a recurrent malignant variant tumor. The tumor evolved very quickly, and the surgery was performed with an enlarged resection of the entire large and small pectoral and inclusion of the skin. For correction of the deformity, the rotation of the large epiploid with a lower abdominal dermocutaneous flap was used. Conclusion: The use of a technique with the large epiploid to cover the chest wall associated with a lower abdominal dermocutaneous flap presented a good alternative to correct chest wall deformity.

Objective: The objective of this study was to know the clinical–epidemiological profile of patients diagnosed with phylloid breast tumor, in the period from December 2006 to January 2023, in a reference oncology clinic in the city of Teresina, PI. Methodology: This is an observational, descriptive, quantitative, and retrospective study carried out through data collection from medical records. We analyzed 982 medical records of female patients with breast cancer. Variables such as age, personal and family history of cancer, presence of pathogenic variants in the panel tested, and pharmacological and surgical interventions were analyzed, tabulated, and analyzed descriptively in Microsoft Excel. The study included all the medical records of patients seen in this period, excluding those who did not have breast cancer or whose records did not provide sufficient information. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, opinion number 30154720.0.0000.5209. Results: Of the patients diagnosed with breast cancer, those with phylloid tumors represented 0.5% of the total, with a mean age of 45 years. Four types of incident diagnoses were found, namely, borderline phylloid tumor (40%), malignant phylloid tumor associated with the heterologous component of liposarcoma (20%), benign phylloid tumor (20%), and phylloid breast tumor (20%). Among the clinical characteristics, the cases that presented a survival of the patients without the disease represented 40% in opposition to the cases of survival with the disease that represented 60%, and the largest tumor size was 11.5 cm. Conclusion: In this study, the cumulative incidence of phylloid breast tumors in women diagnosed with breast cancer in the study population from December 2006 to January 2023 was 0.5%, with the phylloid borderline tumor having the highest prevalence among the cases studied.

Lithological-paleoecological study of the Mid–Upper Carboniferous reef limestones from the section «Verkhnie Vorota» on the Shchuger River revealed the complex of green phylloid algae Ivanovia tenuissima Khvorova, Eugonophyllum konishi Kulik, Anchicodium gracile Johnson, which are directly involved in the construction of buildup frameworks. Problematic Tubiphytes, rare cyanobacteria Bevocastria sp., dasiclads Clavaporella sp., Pseudoepimastopora cf. likana (Kochansky et Herak), Pseudoepimastopora sp., Asphaltinella cf. horowizi Mamet et Roux, phylloid Neoanchicodium sp. and red Ungdarella uralica Maslov, Komia sp., Flugelia johnsoni (Flugel) algae were associated with them. The revealed algal complex indicates the existence of a shallow warm sea with good bottom illumination and weak water movement.

The Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) and Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI) programs conducted extensive collaborative research on mineral systems with iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) and affiliated deposits in prospective settings of Canada. Regional alteration mapping as well as geochemical and geophysical modelling undertaken under the GEM program documented the evolution of polymetallic metasomatic systems with iron-oxide and alkali-calcic alteration and led to an increased recognition of the mineral potential of poorly explored areas and historic deposits of the Great Bear magmatic zone in the Northwest Territories, thus providing a solid framework for exploration. Early and barren albitite corridors form across the mineral systems and locally host uranium mineralization associated with telescoping of alteration facies by tectonic activity during the metasomatic growth of the systems. Subsequent to albitization, high-temperature Ca-Fe and Ca-K-Fe alteration form iron oxide-apatite (± rare-earth element) mineralization and IOCG variants rich in cobalt and other critical metals, respectively. Systems that further mature to K-Fe alteration form IOCG mineralization and can evolve to mineralized near-surface phyllic alteration and epithermal caps. Transitional facies also host polymetallic skarn mineralization. Rare-earth element enrichments within iron oxide-apatite zones are strongest where remobilization has occurred, particularly along deformation zones. The TGI projects documented the pertinence for a GEM activity in the Great Bear magmatic zone and subsequently synthesized GEM geoscientific data into a system-scale, ore-deposit model, and outlined criteria for mineral resource assessment. This model, and newly developed field-mapping and lithogeochemical tools were shown to be efficient mineral exploration and regional mapping methods in Canada and were also applied to the archetype IOCG deposit, Olympic Dam, and other deposits in the Olympic Cu-Au metallogenic province of Australia. Case examples also include the Romanet Horst in the Trans-Hudson Orogen (second phase of GEM), the Central Mineral Belt in Labrador (TGI), the Wanapitei Lake district in Ontario (private sector exploration results used by TGI), and the Bondy gneiss complex in Quebec (TGI).