Journal articles on the topic 'Phthalates'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Phthalates.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Phthalates.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Poostchi, Maryam, and Hamed Bagheri. "EFFECT OF ETHYLENE OXIDE STERILIZATION ON PLASTISIZER MIGRATION AND MECHANICAL AND BLOOD PROPERTIES OF MEDICAL GRADE POLYVINYLE CHOLORIDE." IIUM Engineering Journal 23, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 282–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v23i1.1769.
Full textAbstract:
The use of phthalates as a plasticizer in plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) always poses the threat of migration of phthalates into the environment through medical equipment. Phthalates can be used with natural-based plasticizers, such as Epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) known as phthalate’s scavenger and PVC stabilizers. PVC formulations were characterized by different combinations of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 30-40% with 5% ESBO. PVC flexibility increased significantly in the presence of ESBO, without a change in strength (tensile test). The decrease of the Tg temperature by adding ESBO in Differential Scanning Calorimetry indicated that ESBO preserved DEHP in the polymer. Also, it was shown that the sterilization process with Ethylene Oxide, similar to ESBO, decreased the Tg of polymer. DEHP migration was evaluated at a maximum level to the environment using the Gas Chromatography test. Samples containing ESBO showed less hemolysis. ABSTRAK: Penggunaan phthalates sebagai plasticizer dalam plastik polyvinyl chloride (PVC) selalu menimbulkan ancaman penghijrahan phthalates ke alam sekitar melalui peralatan perubatan. Phthalates boleh digunakan dengan plasticizer berasaskan semula jadi, seperti minyak kacang soya Epoxidized (ESBO) yang dikenali sebagai pemulung phthalate dan penstabil PVC. Formulasi PVC dicirikan oleh kombinasi yang berbeza di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 30-40% dengan 5% ESBO. Fleksibiliti PVC meningkat dengan ketara di hadapan ESBO, tanpa perubahan kekuatan (ujian tegangan). Penurunan suhu Tg dengan menambahkan ESBO dalam Calorimetri Pengimbasan Berbeza menunjukkan bahawa ESBO mengekalkan DEHP dalam polimer. Juga, ditunjukkan bahawa proses pensterilan dengan Etilena Oksida, serupa dengan ESBO, menurunkan Tg polimer. Penghijrahan DEHP dinilai pada tahap maksimum ke lingkungan menggunakan uji Kromatografi Gas. Sampel yang mengandungi ESBO menunjukkan kurang hemolisis.
2
Habschied, Kristina, Brankica Kartalović, Dušan Lazić, Vinko Krstanović, and Krešimir Mastanjević. "Survey on Phthalates in Beer Packaged in Aluminum Cans, PET and Glass Bottles." Fermentation 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2023): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020125.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates are known as endocrine disruptors and are common in plastic polymers, varnishes, and printing inks. However, they most often enter the human body through food. Plastic materials that hold food contain different chemicals, and phthalates are one of them. Phthalates can also be found in microplastics since microplastic particles serve as a vector for different chemicals that can be slowly released into food and beverages. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the concentration and types of phthalates (dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl-phthalate) in beer packaged in aluminum cans, PET, and glass bottles. Ten aluminum-canned beers, sixteen PET-packaged, and eighteen glass-bottled beers were bought at a local food store and subjected to GC–MS analysis to quantify and qualify phthalates. The results indicate that PET-packaged beers can contain significant amounts of phthalates; in sample P10, the total sum of phthalates reached 219.82 µg/L. Especially high concentrations of dibutyl phthalate were found in all samples, but the highest concentration was detected in sample P13 at 92.17 µg/L. However, canned beers showed even higher levels of certain phthalates, such as bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, which amounted to 326.81 µg/L in sample C1. In short, phthalates pose a serious health-concerning problem and should be regarded as such.
3
Wang, Yu, Hongkai Zhu, and Kurunthachalam Kannan. "A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures." Toxics 7, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics7020021.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates (diesters of phthalic acid) are widely used as plasticizers and additives in many consumer products. Laboratory animal studies have reported the endocrine-disrupting and reproductive effects of phthalates, and human exposure to this class of chemicals is a concern. Several phthalates have been recognized as substances of high concern. Human exposure to phthalates occurs mainly via dietary sources, dermal absorption, and air inhalation. Phthalates are excreted as conjugated monoesters in urine, and some phthalates, such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), undergo secondary metabolism, including oxidative transformation, prior to urinary excretion. The occurrence of phthalates and their metabolites in urine, serum, breast milk, and semen has been widely reported. Urine has been the preferred matrix in human biomonitoring studies, and concentrations on the order of several tens to hundreds of nanograms per milliliter have been reported for several phthalate metabolites. Metabolites of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl- (DBP) and diisobutyl- (DiBP) phthalates, and DEHP were the most abundant compounds measured in urine. Temporal trends in phthalate exposures varied among countries. In the United States (US), DEHP exposure has declined since 2005, whereas DiNP exposure has increased. In China, DEHP exposure has increased since 2000. For many phthalates, exposures in children are higher than those in adults. Human epidemiological studies have shown a significant association between phthalate exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes in women and men, type II diabetes and insulin resistance, overweight/obesity, allergy, and asthma. This review compiles biomonitoring studies of phthalates and exposure doses to assess health risks from phthalate exposures in populations across the globe.
4
Bajkin, Ivana, Artur Bjelica, Tijana Icin, Vesna Dobric, Branka Kovacev-Zavisic, and Milica Medic-Stojanoska. "Effects of phthalic acid esters on fetal health." Medical review 67, no. 5-6 (2014): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1406172b.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Phthalates are synthetic industrial compounds capable of disrupting endocrine system. Effects of phthalates depend on dosage, duration of action and stage of development of the individual, thus making the fetus, newborn, and children at puberty the most vulnerable groups. Metabolism of Phthalates: Metabolism of these compounds consists of at least two steps: hydrolysis and conjugation. They are mainly excreted in urine, with a low percent being excreted through feces. Exposure to Phthalates. Exposure to the effects of phthalates begins at the intrauterine stage since the phthalates pass through the placental barrier. Phthalates may be found in plastic products, toys, medical equipment, industrial materials, food, and clothes. Determination of Phthalate Levels in Humans. Urine is the best sample for evaluating phthalate levels in humans because of rapid phthalate metabolism and high concentrations of metabolites in the urine. Fetal Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome: Fetal testicular dysgenesis syndrome involves disorders of male genital tract such as shortened anogenital distance, hypospadia, cryptorchidism, malformations of seminal vesicles, prostate, epididymis and it results from the harmful effects of phthalates. Other Effects of Phthalates on Health. Negative effects of phthalates on female health are mostly reflected in anovulation, premature puberty, changes in duration of pregnancy. There is a possible effect on neurocognitive development, occurrence of allergies, asthma, testicular carcinoma, hepatic and renal damages, insulin resistance and obesity, thyroid dysfunction. Conclusion. Further studies are needed to establish the safe phthalate concentration in certain products and to determine more negative consequences of exposure to phthalate.
5
Przybylińska, Paulina A., and Mirosław Wyszkowski. "Environmental contamination with phthalates and its impact on living organisms." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2016-0024.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The relevant literature was reviewed to identify phthalate sources in the environment and problems resulting from phthalate contamination of soil and water. Phthalate properties responsible for their toxicity for living organisms were identified, and the effects of phthalates on humans and animals were described. Special emphasis was placed on the effects of exposure to phthalates on human health. Phthalates are readily released into the environment and create a risk of exposure for humans and other living organisms. They are characterized by reproductive toxicity in humans and animals, they can cause infertility and reproductive problems in males. Phthalates are more toxic in young children, which are much more susceptible to phthalate exposure, including fetal life. Phthalates are used in numerous industries, and they are very difficult to eliminate from our daily surroundings.
6
Warner, Genoa R., Daryl D. Meling, Kathy M. De La Torre, Karen Wang, and Jodi A. Flaws. "Environmentally relevant mixtures of phthalates and phthalate metabolites differentially alter the cell cycle and apoptosis in mouse neonatal ovaries†." Biology of Reproduction 104, no. 4 (January 28, 2021): 806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioab010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Phthalates are a group of chemicals used as additives in various consumer products, medical equipment, and personal care products. Phthalates and their metabolites are consistently detected in humans, indicating widespread and continuous exposure to multiple phthalates. Thus, environmentally relevant mixtures of phthalates and phthalate metabolites were investigated to determine the effects of phthalates on the function of the ovary during the neonatal period of development. Neonatal ovaries from CD-1 mice were cultured with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO; vehicle control), phthalate mixture (0.1–100 μg/mL), or phthalate metabolite mixture (0.1–100 μg/mL). The phthalate mixture was composed of 35% diethyl phthalate, 21% di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 15% dibutyl phthalate, 15% diisononyl phthalate, 8% diisobutyl phthalate, and 5% benzylbutyl phthalate. The phthalate metabolite mixture was composed of 37% monoethyl phthalate, 19% mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 15% monobutyl phthalate, 10% monoisononyl phthalate, 10% monoisobutyl phthalate, and 8% monobenzyl phthalate. After 96 h of culture, ovaries were harvested for histological analysis of folliculogenesis, gene expression analysis of cell cycle and apoptosis regulators, and immune staining for cell proliferation and apoptosis. The metabolite mixture significantly decreased the number and percentage of abnormal follicles (100 μg/mL) compared to controls. The metabolite mixture also significantly increased the expression of cell cycle inhibitors (100 μg/mL) and the antiapoptotic factor Bcl2l10 (10 μg/mL) compared to controls. The phthalate mixture did not significantly alter gene expression or follicle counts, but ovaries exposed to the phthalate mixture (0.1 μg/mL) exhibited marginally significantly increased apoptosis as revealed by DNA fragmentation staining. Overall, these data show that parent phthalates and phthalate metabolites differentially impact ovarian function.
7
Wang, Jiahui, Fangzhou Yuan, Haitian Ye, and Zhongming Bu. "Measurement of Phthalates in Settled Dust in University Dormitories and Its Implications for Exposure Assessment." Atmosphere 14, no. 4 (March 23, 2023): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040612.
Full textAbstract:
Six phthalates: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di(n-octyl) phthalate (DOP) in settled dust on different indoor surfaces were measured in 30 university dormitories. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate college students’ exposure via inhalation, non-dietary ingestion, and dermal absorption based on measured concentrations. The detection frequencies for targeted phthalates were more than 80% except for DEP (roughly 70%). DEHP was the most prevalent compound in the dust samples, followed by DnBP, DOP, and BBzP. Statistical analysis suggested that phthalate levels were higher in bedside dust than that collected from table surfaces, indicating a nonuniform distribution of dust-phase phthalates in the sleep environment. The simulation showed that the median DMP daily intake was 0.81 μg/kg/day, which was the greatest of the targeted phthalates. For the total exposures to all phthalates, the mean contribution of exposures during the daytime and sleeping time was 54% and 46%, respectively.
8
Mikula, P., Z. Svobodová, and M. Smutná. "Phthalates: toxicology and food safety – a review." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 23, No. 6 (November 15, 2011): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3394-cjfs.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates are organic substances used mainly as plasticisers in the manufacture of plastics. They are ubiquitous in the environment. Although tests in rodents have demonstrated numerous negative effects of phthalates, it is still unclear whether the exposure to phthalates may also damage human health. This paper describes phthalate toxicity and toxicokinetics, explains the mechanisms of phthalate action, and outlines the issues relating to the presence of phthalates in foods.
9
Kumar Singh, Abhishek, Minu Singh, Anshuman Srivastava, Yogesh Kumar Sharma, and Chandra Prabha Pandey. "AN ASSESSMENTOF PHTHALATES IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS BY DISPERSIVE LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION METHOD USING HPLCAND LC-MS/MS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 03 (March 31, 2021): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12590.
Full textAbstract:
A Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) based analytical method was developed and validated using HPLC-PDA and LC-MS/MS for quantitative determination of phthalates (Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Benzyl Butyl Phthalate (BzBP), Dibutylphthalate(DBP), Diethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP), Di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) in different cosmetic products (After Shave Lotion, Deodorants, Perfume and Liquid Body Lotion). The DLLME based developed and validated analytical method was found specific, sensitive, accurate and precise. The accuracy (% recovery) of the method at a spiking level of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1 in the different cosmetic product was found in the range of 92-108. The interday and intraday precision (%RSD) of the method was found less than 15. Out of six analyzed phthalates, only four phthalates were detected in different cosmetic products. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and Di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) were detected in aftershave lotion. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) was detected in deodorants. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Diethyl phthalate (DEP) were detected in perfumes. None of the phthalates were detected in liquid body lotion.
10
Lucarini, Fiorella, Marc Blanchard, Tropoja Krasniqi, Nicolas Duda, Gaëlle Bailat Rosset, Alessandro Ceschi, Nicolas Roth, Nancy B. Hopf, Marie-Christine Broillet, and Davide Staedler. "Concentrations of Seven Phthalate Monoesters in Infants and Toddlers Quantified in Urine Extracted from Diapers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 6806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136806.
Full textAbstract:
Carrying out exposure studies on children who are not toilet trained is challenging because of the difficulty of urine sampling. In this study, we optimized a protocol for urine collection from disposable diapers for the analysis of phthalate metabolites. The exposure of Swiss children (n = 113) between 6 months and 3 years of life to seven phthalates was assessed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry measurements. The study showed limited exposures to phthalates, with only 22% of the samples containing some of the metabolites investigated. The three most frequently detected metabolites were monoethyl phthalate, mono-cyclohexyl phthalate, and mono-benzyl phthalate. We also detected mono-n-octyl phthalate and mono(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate, which have rarely been observed in urine from infants and toddlers; therefore, di-n-octyl phthalate and bis(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate can be considered as potentially new emerging phthalates. This study presents an initial snapshot of the Swiss children’s exposure to phthalates and provides a promising approach for further phthalate biomonitoring studies on young children using disposable diapers as urine sampling technique.
11
Zhu, Xiao Juan, and Yin Yan Qiu. "Measuring the Phthalates of Xiangjiang River Using Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatography." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 752–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.752.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To observe the phthalates pollution situation in water environment and design the liquid-liquid extraction gas chromatography method to measure phthalates in Xiangjiang River water. Methods: The water samples were collected from six monitor points of the Xiangjiang River’s Changsha period. After liquid-liquid extraction, gas chromatography was used to measure and analyze the phthalates pollution in this period of the river. Results: Dioctyl phthalate resin (DOP) and dibutyl phthalate (2- ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detectable in all samples from six monitor points, the concentrations of DEHP were from 0.62-15.23μg/L, DOP were from 0.04-0.21μg/L. Conclusion: The optimum conditions for the extraction of phthalates are: 0.025ml dichloromethane as extraction solvent, centrifuge speed at 4000r/min, extraction time 20 minutes, and this method is appropriate for monitoring the phthalates pollution in water environment.
12
Fan, Liujia, Lixin Wang, Kexin Wang, Fang Liu, and Gang Wang. "Phthalates in Glass Window Films of Chinese University Dormitories and Their Associations with Indoor Decorating Materials and Personal Care Products." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 15297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215297.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers in the production of various consumer products used daily. We analyzed phthalate concentrations in window film samples from 144 dormitories in 13 universities and combined them with the results of questionnaires to explore the associations of phthalate concentrations with indoor decorating materials and personal care products. The phthalate pollution levels discovered in this study were much higher than those in previous studies of baby rooms and university buildings. Moreover, it was found that phthalate concentrations in glass window films were associated with laminated wood or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring, iron furniture, medium density fiberboard (MDF) furniture, and the usage frequency of bottled skincare products. Laminated wood or PVC flooring, wallpaper, and iron furniture are very likely sources of specific phthalates, and the large surface areas of MDF furniture can act as sinks of phthalates. Transport of phthalates from the packaging of bottled skincare products into cosmetics should be given more attention. Our results provide a deep understanding of the sources of phthalates in glass window films.
13
Hlisníková, Henrieta, Ida Petrovičová, Branislav Kolena, Miroslava Šidlovská, and Alexander Sirotkin. "Effects and Mechanisms of Phthalates’ Action on Reproductive Processes and Reproductive Health: A Literature Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 6811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186811.
Full textAbstract:
The production of plastic products, which requires phthalate plasticizers, has resulted in the problems for human health, especially that of reproductive health. Phthalate exposure can induce reproductive disorders at various regulatory levels. The aim of this review was to compile the evidence concerning the association between phthalates and reproductive diseases, phthalates-induced reproductive disorders, and their possible endocrine and intracellular mechanisms. Phthalates may induce alterations in puberty, the development of testicular dysgenesis syndrome, cancer, and fertility disorders in both males and females. At the hormonal level, phthalates can modify the release of hypothalamic, pituitary, and peripheral hormones. At the intracellular level, phthalates can interfere with nuclear receptors, membrane receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, and modulate gene expression associated with reproduction. To understand and to treat the adverse effects of phthalates on human health, it is essential to expand the current knowledge concerning their mechanism of action in the organism.
14
Liu, Jun Jian, Hong Yun Chen, Jing Tao Liu, Yu Xi Zhang, Guang Xing Huang, and Ji Chao Sun. "Characteristic of Phthalates Adsorption on the Organic Medium." Advanced Materials Research 599 (November 2012): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.599.331.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates were of heath concern in groundwater and drink water. In order to understand how Phthalates were transported at organic medium of the aquatic environment, adsorption experiments were conducted using sludge as organic adsorbents for adsorbing Di-n-butyl phthalate and Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate. As a result, The adsorption of Phthalates by the sludge displayed Freundlich adsorption characteristics, and the much larger Freundlich affinity coefficient for Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate than that for Di-n-butyl phthalate is an indication of higher affinity of the sludge particles for Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate. By Scanning electron microscope analysis of the sludge, in principle very porous structure of the sludge would not be the limit condition and multilayer adsorption would become possible.
15
Tran, Cong Minh, Trinh Ngoc Do, and Ki-Tae Kim. "Comparative Analysis of Neurotoxicity of Six Phthalates in Zebrafish Embryos." Toxics 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9010005.
Full textAbstract:
The effects and underlying mechanisms of phthalates on neurotoxicity remain unclear as compared with the potentials of these substances as endocrine disruptors. The locomotor activities of zebrafish embryos were investigated upon exposure to six phthalates: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP). Moreover, changes in fluorescence intensity in the green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic (Tg) lines Tg(HuC:eGFP), Tg(sox10:eGFP), and Tg(mbp:GFP) were measured after exposure to six phthalates, and changes in the expression profiles of genes involved in the cholinergic (ache) and dopaminergic systems (dat, th, and drd1b) were assessed. Exposure to BBzP, DEHP, and DiNP affected larval behaviors, whereas exposure to DMP, DEP, and DnOP revealed no alterations. A reduced expression of Tg(HuC:eGFP) was observed upon exposure to BBzP, DEHP, and DiNP. The expression of Tg(sox10:eGFP) and Tg(mbp:GFP) was reduced only in response to BBzP and DiNP, respectively. Further, exposure to DiNP upregulated ache and drd1b. The upregulation of ache and downregulation of drd1b was observed in DEHP-exposed groups. Exposure to BBzP suppressed th expression. These observations indicate that exposure to phthalates impaired embryogenesis of the neurological system and neurochemicals in zebrafish embryos, although the detailed mechanisms varied among the individual phthalates. Further mechanistic studies are needed to better understand the causality between phthalate exposure and neurotoxicity.
16
Zare Jeddi, Maryam, Mohamad Eshaghi Gorji, Ivonne Rietjens, Jochem Louisse, Yuri Bruinen de Bruin, and Roman Liska. "Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 2336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112336.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to estimate the exposure and related health risks of phthalates, and to assess the health risks from combined exposure to three of the phthalates sharing the same mode of action (anti-androgenicity) in children. We determined the internal exposure of 56 Iranian children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years by analyzing seven urinary metabolites of five phthalates. The estimated daily intake values derived from the biomonitoring data ranged from 0.01 µg/kg bw/day for butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), to 17.85 µg/kg bw/day for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The risk assessment revealed that not only the exposure to the individual phthalates, but also the combined exposure to the three anti-androgenic phthalates (DEHP, DBP, BBP) did not raise a safety concern (hazard index values averaged 0.2). The range of maximum cumulative ratio values varied from around 1 for most individuals to around 2 in some individuals, indicating that the combined exposures were dominated by one and in some cases by two of the three anti-androgenic phthalates, especially dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and/or DEHP. Based on biomonitoring data, the overall combined exposure of Iranian children to phthalates does not raise a concern, while reduction of exposure is best focused on DEHP and DBP that showed the highest hazard quotient.
17
Neier, K., D. Cheatham, L. D. Bedrosian, and D. C. Dolinoy. "Perinatal exposures to phthalates and phthalate mixtures result in sex-specific effects on body weight, organ weights and intracisternal A-particle (IAP) DNA methylation in weanling mice." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 10, no. 02 (July 11, 2018): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174418000430.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDevelopmental exposure to phthalates has been implicated as a risk for obesity; however, epidemiological studies have yielded conflicting results and mechanisms are poorly understood. An additional layer of complexity in epidemiological studies is that humans are exposed to mixtures of many different phthalates. Here, we utilize an established mouse model of perinatal exposure to investigate the effects of three phthalates, diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), on body weight and organ weights in weanling mice. In addition to individual phthalate exposures, we employed two mixture exposures: DEHP+DINP and DEHP+DINP+DBP. Phthalates were administered through phytoestrogen-free chow at the following exposure levels: 25 mg DEHP/kg chow, 25 mg DBP/kg chow and 75 mg DINP/kg chow. The viable yellow agouti (Avy) mouse strain, along with measurement of tail DNA methylation, was used as a biosensor to examine effects of phthalates and phthalate mixtures on the DNA methylome. We found that female and male mice perinatally exposed to DINP alone had increased body weights at postnatal day 21 (PND21), and that exposure to mixtures did not exaggerate these effects. Females exposed to DINP and DEHP+DINP had increased relative liver weights at PND21, and females exposed to a mixture of DEHP+DINP+DBP had increased relative gonadal fat weight. Phthalate-exposedAvy/aoffspring exhibited altered coat color distributions and altered DNA methylation at intracisternal A-particles (IAPs), repetitive elements in the mouse genome. These findings provide evidence that developmental exposures to phthalates influence body weight and organ weight changes in early life, and are associated with altered DNA methylation at IAPs.
18
CAO, XU-LIANG, WENDY ZHAO, ROBIN CHURCHILL, and CARLA HILTS. "Occurrence of Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Adipate and Phthalate Plasticizers in Samples of Meat, Fish, and Cheese and Their Packaging Films." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-380.
Full textAbstract:
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) and phthalates are commonly used as plasticizers to soften polyvinyl chloride products. Because both DEHA and certain phthalates have been identified as priority chemicals for assessment of human health risk under the Government of Canada's Chemicals Management Plan, a comprehensive targeted survey was conducted to investigate the occurrence of DEHA and eight phthalates (di-methyl phthalate, di-ethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, di-iso-butyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, di-n-hexyl phthalate, d-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di-n-octyl phthalate) in a total of 118 samples of meat (beef, pork, and chicken), fish, and cheese packaged mostly in cling films. The eight phthalates were not detected in any of the food packaging, but DEHA was detected in most of the cling films, indicating that although DEHA-plasticized films (e.g., polyvinyl chloride film) are currently being used by most grocery stores, nonplasticized cling films such as polyethylene film, are also being used by some stores. DEHA was not detected in any of the 10 cheese samples packaged in nonplasticized rigid plastics but was detected in all 30 cheese samples packaged in DEHA-plasticized cling films at levels from 0.71 to 879 μg/g, with an average of 203 μg/g. Only DEHA was detected in the beef, pork, chicken, and fish samples packaged in DEHA-plasticized cling films but at considerably lower levels than those found in cheese, with averages of 6.3, 9.1, 2.5, and 5.9 μg/g, respectively. Among the eight phthalates, only di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was detected in a few cheese samples at levels from 0.29 to 15 μg/g, with an average of 2.8 μg/g; these levels were very likely due to environmental contamination. Levels of DEHA found in most of the cheese samples from this study are above the European specific migration limit of 18 mg/kg for DEHA in food or food simulants, and levels of phthalates (i.e., DEHP) were low.
19
Shilov, Victor Vasil’evich, Otari Givievich Khurtsilava, Olga Leonidovna Markova, Daniil Sergeevich Isaev, and Alena Yuryevna Mikheeva. "Toxicological and hygienic assessment of phthalate content in bottled drinking water." Toxicological Review 31, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2023-31-3-178-184.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. One of the most common materials containing phthalate impurities is packaging made of polymer materials (bottles). Bottles made of the following material are used for packaged (bottled) drinking water - polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The toxicological properties of phthalates, the increase in consumption of bottled water and uncertainty about the effect of storage conditions on the migration of phthalates into water initiates research on the toxicological and hygienic assessment of the content of phthalates in polymer packaging for bottled drinking water.The purpose of study was the toxicological and hygienic assessment of the content of di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP); di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP); diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) in drinking water packed in polymer material.
Materials and methods. The objects of the study were bottles samples made in the Russian Federation. The obtained extracts (containers and model medium) were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The values of daily consumption of phthalates with bottled water for adults and children were calculated, safety coefficients were determined taking into account the maximum concentrations obtained in the experiment.
Results. As a result of polymer materials studies, it was found that bottle samples contain residual amounts of phthalates – DEHP 1.7–4.2 mg/kg; DnBP <2.4–31.3 mg/kg; DiBP 2.2–10.2 2 mg/kg. Migration of phthalates into aqueous model media was noted from all the samples studied.In the samples of model solutions in contact with PET material, on the 30th day at a temperature of 20 °C, the presence of 2 phthalates: DEHP 8.6–71.0 µ/l and DiBF <2.6 to 19.2 µ/l. Comparison of phthalate concentrations in model media with the values of permissible daily consumption showed that bottled water provides a limited contribution to the total daily exposure of phthalates.
Conclusion. The study results showed that the packaging made of PET is a source of chemical contamination of bottled water, which is based on the processes of migration of organic components from polymer materials. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the ability to migrate di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate, which can lead to excess of hygienic standards for drinking water.
20
Liu, Jun Jian, Hong Yun Chen, Jing Tao Liu, Yu Xi Zhang, and Ji Chao Sun. "Adsorption of Phthalates on the Inorganic Medium of Aquatic Environment." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1905–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1905.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates were of heath concern in groundwater and drink water. In order to understand how Phthalates were transported at different medium of the aquatic environment, adsorption experiments were conducted using quartz sand, kaolinite, and natural clay as inorganic adsorbents and sewage sludge as organic adsorbents for adsorbing Di-n-butyl phthalate and Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate. As a result, the inorganic particles displayed Langmuir adsorption characteristics. The maximum adsorption capacity is the most important parameter, varied much between the types of Phthalates than the adsorbents.
21
Fletcher, Endia J., Ramsés Santacruz-Márquez, Vasiliki E. Mourikes, Alison M. Neff, Mary J. Laws, and Jodi A. Flaws. "Effects of Phthalate Mixtures on Ovarian Folliculogenesis and Steroidogenesis." Toxics 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050251.
Full textAbstract:
The female reproductive system is dependent upon the health of the ovaries. The ovaries are responsible for regulating reproduction and endocrine function. Throughout a female’s reproductive lifespan, the ovaries undergo continual structural changes that are crucial for the maturation of ovarian follicles and the production of sex steroid hormones. Phthalates are known to target the ovaries at critical time points and to disrupt normal reproductive function. The US population is constantly exposed to measurable levels of phthalates. Phthalates can also pass placental barriers and affect the developing offspring. Phthalates are frequently prevalent as mixtures; however, most previous studies have focused on the effects of single phthalates on the ovary and female reproduction. Thus, the effects of exposure to phthalate mixtures on ovarian function and the female reproductive system remain unclear. Following a brief introduction to the ovary and its major roles, this review covers what is currently known about the effects of phthalate mixtures on the ovary, focusing primarily on their effects on folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Furthermore, this review focuses on the effects of phthalate mixtures on female reproductive outcomes. Finally, this review emphasizes the need for future research on the effects of environmentally relevant phthalate mixtures on the ovary and female reproduction.
22
Krüger, Tanja, Yi Cao, Søren K. Kjærgaard, Lisbeth E. Knudsen, and Eva C. Bonefeld-Jørgensen. "Effects of Phthalates on the Human Corneal Endothelial Cell Line B4G12." International Journal of Toxicology 31, no. 4 (June 21, 2012): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581812449660.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates are industrial chemicals used in many cosmetics. We evaluated an in vitro model for eye irritancy testing using the human corneal endothelial cell line B4G12. Cell proliferation and toxicity were assessed after exposing to di- n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), di- n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), and di-isononyl phthalate (DINP). Gene expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines were evaluated after exposure to DBP. Decreased cell proliferation was observed for the phthalates DBP, BBP, and DEHP, and cell toxicity was observed for DBP and BBP. Upon DBP exposure at nontoxic concentrations, a significant increased gene expression and cytokine cell secretion were observed for interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-8, and also an increased IL-6 secretion was observed. In conclusion, the human corneal endothelial cell line B4G12 may be a potential model for inflammatory eye irritancy testing of phthalates.
23
Dural, Emrah. "Determination of Selected Phthalates in Some Commercial Cosmetic Products by HPLC-UV." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 23, no. 10 (December 28, 2020): 1010–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207323666200630113850.
Full textAbstract:
Aim and scope: Due to the serious toxicological risks and their widespread use, quantitative determination of phthalates in cosmetic products have importance for public health. The aim of this study was to develop a validated simple, rapid and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of phthalates which are; dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), in cosmetic products and to investigate these phthalate (PHT) levels in 48 cosmetic products marketing in Sivas, Turkey. Materials and Methods: Separation was achieved by a reverse-phase ACE-5 C18 column (4.6 x 250 mm, 5.0 μm). As the mobile phase, 5 mM KH2PO4 and acetonitrile were used gradiently at 1.5 ml min-1. All PHT esters were detected at 230 nm and the run time was taking 21 minutes. Results: This method showed the high sensitivity value the limit of quantification (LOQ) values for which are below 0.64 μg mL-1 of all phthalates. Method linearity was ≥0.999 (r2). Accuracy and precision values of all phthalates were calculated between (-6.5) and 6.6 (RE%) and ≤6.2 (RSD%), respectively. Average recovery was between 94.8% and 99.6%. Forty-eight samples used for both babies and adults were successfully analyzed by the developed method. Results have shown that, DMP (340.7 μg mL-1 ±323.7), DEP (1852.1 μg mL-1 ± 2192.0), and DBP (691.3 μg mL-1 ± 1378.5) were used highly in nail polish, fragrance and cream products, respectively. Conclusion: Phthalate esters, which are mostly detected in the content of fragrance, cream and nail polish products and our research in general, are DEP (1852.1 μg mL-1 ± 2192.0), DBP (691.3 μg mL-1 ± 1378.5) and DMP (340.7 μg mL-1 ±323.7), respectively. Phthalates were found in the content of all 48 cosmetic products examined, and the most detected phthalates in general average were DEP (581.7 μg mL-1 + 1405.2) with a rate of 79.2%. The unexpectedly high phthalate content in the examined cosmetic products revealed a great risk of these products on human health. The developed method is a simple, sensitive, reliable and economical alternative for the determination of phthalates in the content of cosmetic products, it can be used to identify phthalate esters in different products after some modifications.
24
Milojkovic, Danica, Darko Andjelkovic, Gordana Kocic, and Tatjana Andjelkovic. "Evaluation of method for phthalate extraction from milk related to milk dilution ratio." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 80, no. 8 (2015): 983–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc141204028m.
Full textAbstract:
Liquid-liquid extraction techniques were compared coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), for the extraction and the determination of four phthalates: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in six different kinds of milk-based samples. Extraction factors: sample preparation, organic solvent type and volume, salt effect, agitation and the extraction time were optimized. The ion of base peaks (m/z 149 for DBP, BBP and DEHP and m/z 163 for DMP) for investigated phthalates were selected for the screening studies. The acquisition was performed at the selected ion monitoring mode. The MSD response for GC-MS phthalate calibration standards was linear between 0.25 and 2.50 ?g mL-1 with calculated LODs between 0.01 ?g mL-1 to 0.04 ?g mL-1 and LOQs of 0.05 ?g mL-1 to 0.12 ?g mL-1, while repeatability was between 1.7 % to 4.9 % RSD. The study demonstrated an increase of the recovery of less polar phthalates in matrix milk standards by matrix dilution. Recovery for hydrophilic phthalates, like DMP, was not changed by matrix dilution and it was continuously low for the investigated method. Two spiking levels were tested for influence of matrix dilution on phthalate recovery, showed the same trend.
25
RAJPUT, Sneh, Arpna KUMARİ, Ritika SHARMA, Vishnu D. RAJPUT, Tatiana MİNKİNA, Saroj ARORA, and Rajinder KAUR. "Seasonal fluctuations in phthalates’ contamination in pond water: A case study." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE (EJSS) 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1181205.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates are endocrine disruptors, reported to cause deformities and reproductive damages in animals. Numerous studies reported the presence of phthalates in water samples of rivers, wetlands, and estuaries, while the scenario in case of ponds is different, however they are reported as an integral part of biosphere. In this study, the level of phthalates’ contamination in the water samples collected from the different ponds of Amritsar district for four consecutive seasons in two years was analysed. The maximal level of phthalate contamination was found in samples collected during the monsoon season (July 2015) of first year of sampling followed by post-monsoon (October 2015) and winter season (January 2016). S8 sampling site was found to be the most phthalate contaminated site followed by S1=S11>S2=S9=S4=S5=S7>S6=S3>S10. Benzyl butyl phthalate was most abundant (found in 32% water samples) followed by di-n-butyl and dimethyl phthalate, while diallyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate were not detected. The two main drivers for these seasonal variations were observed to be temperature and precipitation. Hence, this data will be useful to explain the temporal and spatial distributions of phthalates in aquatic ecosystem, as well as to devise cost-effective ways to reduce their ecological footprints.
26
Mikheeva, A. Y., A. G. Budko, and A. I. Krylov. "Algorithm for Determining the Purity of Pure Organic Phthalates by the Indirect Mass Balance Method." Measurement Standards. Reference Materials 18, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20915/2077-1177-2022-18-3-41-55.
Full textAbstract:
Pure organic substances are the first and key link in the chain of metrological traceability in organic analysis. In most cases, purity determination of the organic substance is a non-trivial task, the solution of which requires preliminary theoretical study and understanding of the capabilities of instrumental methods for developing a pertinent analytical procedure.Within the study, an algorithm for determining the purity of a separate group of organic compounds – ortho-phthalic acid esters (phthalates) was developed based on the mass balance model and the general algorithm for characterizing substances suitable for isolation or purification by distillation. An additional classification of probable impurities (into five types A – E) depending on their qualitative and quantitative characteristics is proposed, as well as suitable analytical methods for measuring impurities and confirming the identity of the main component are identified.The proposed algorithm was implemented on the State Primary Standard GET 208 to determine the purity of six priority phthalates: dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-(n-butyl) phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di-(n-octyl) phthalate. Certified pure phthalates were used to create a certified reference material for the composition of a solution of orthophthalic acid esters (phthalates) in methanol (6Ftlt-VNIIM) GSO 11366–2019.The study revealed that the adapted algorithm considers the specifics of work with the phthalates group and the features of the separation of probable impurities within the MB model, and is universal for all congeners of the group, but does not exclude the natural constraints of the mass balance method.
27
B.V., Narasimha Raju Katari, Madhu Vemula, Nowduri Annapurna, Kaliyaperumal Muralidharan, and Swamy Rumalla Chidananda. "Identification and Quantification of Phthalates in Drinking, River and Lake Water using Solid phase extraction followed by UHPLC-MS." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2603rjce6269.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates are endocrine disruptive compounds that are commonly employed in everyday consumer items. Anti-androgenic action is the possible negative consequences are associated with phthalates and hence there is growing worry regarding human exposure to phthalates. It is critical to have a validated analytical approach that can measure trace quantities of phthalate metabolites in drinking water when investigating environmental exposure to phthalates. In this investigation, we developed and validated an accurate, sensitive and robust LC–MS technique to concurrently detect six phthalates in drinking water samples: dimethyl (DMP), diethyl (DEP), dipentyl (DPrP), diisobutyl (DIBP), dibutyl (DBP) and dioctyl (DOP). These analytes were quantified by using LC– MS system with electrospray ionization. The validated approach has been utilised effectively in measuring phthalate exposure in drinking water samples and water samples collected at various locations. Packaged drinking water samples separated into two groups, room temperature samples (15 days, 30 days, 60 days, 120 days, 150 days and 180 days) and heated samples at 50 oC with similar interval samples.
28
Zota, Ami R., Ruth J. Geller, Brianna N. VanNoy, Cherie Q. Marfori, Sana Tabbara, Lisa Y. Hu, Andrea A. Baccarelli, and Gaby N. Moawad. "Phthalate Exposures and MicroRNA Expression in Uterine Fibroids: The FORGE Study." Epigenetics Insights 13 (January 2020): 251686572090405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516865720904057.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates are associated with multiple, adverse reproductive outcomes including increased risk of uterine leiomyoma (fibroids). Phthalates can interact with epigenetic modifications including microRNAs (miRNAs), which help regulate processes crucial to fibroid pathogenesis. However, no prior study has examined the influence of phthalates on miRNA expression in fibroid tumors. We conducted a preliminary, cross-sectional study to examine the associations between phthalate exposures and miRNA expression levels in fibroid tumors and to explore potential effect modification by race/ethnicity. We quantified expression levels of 754 miRNAs in fibroid tumor samples and analyzed spot urine samples for phthalate metabolites collected from 45 pre-menopausal women undergoing surgery for fibroid treatment at an academic hospital. Associations between miRNA levels in fibroids and phthalate biomarkers were evaluated using linear regression adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI). Statistical tests were adjusted for multiple comparisons. We also performed in silico Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to identify the biological pathways that are regulated by phthalate-associated miRNAs. Mono-hydroxybutyl phthalate and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate were positively associated with miR-10a-5p (β = 0.76, 95% CI = [0.40, 1.11]) and miR-577 (β = 1.06, 95% CI = [0.53, 1.59]), respectively. A total of 8 phthalate-miRNA associations varied by race/ethnicity (qinteraction < 0.10). Pathway analysis revealed that mRNA gene targets of phthalate-associated miRNAs were significantly associated with multiple fibroid-related processes including angiogenesis, apoptosis, and proliferation of connective tissues. Collectively, these data suggest that exposures to some phthalates are associated with miRNA in fibroids, and that associations may vary by race/ethnicity. Validation of these findings may provide insight into mechanisms underlying associations between phthalates and fibroids and contribute to novel hypotheses regarding racial/ethnic disparities in fibroids.
29
Kartalovic, Brankica, Jelena Vranešević, Jelena Petrović, Biljana Đurđević, and Radomir Ratajac. "DETECTION OF MICROPLASTIC RESIDUES- DEVELOPING A METHOD FOR PHTALATES IN HONEY." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/eavm.v14i2.285.
Full textAbstract:
In this pilot study, a method for the determination of phthalates in honey was developed. The following phthalates are included: diethyl phthalate, di-isobutyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di- (n-octyl) phthalate. For the preparation of the samples, the method of liquid-liquid extraction with hexane with an ultrasonic bath was used. The analysis of the prepared samples was performed using gas chromatography and a mass detector. The method is reliable, sensitive, and reproducible with a detection limit of 0.28 - 1.38 ug/kg. This paper presents the results of testing samples of honey stored in glass and plastic packaging for three years in order to determine the migration of phthalates. Dimethyl phthalate was not found in the tested samples. Diethyl phthalate in glass samples from glass packaging was below the LOQ, and it ranged from 2.1 to 4.11 µg / kg in the samples of honey in plastic packaging. The values of di-isobutyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ranged between 5.32 and 22.60 µg / kg respectively;1.32 – 27.80 µg/kg; 4.45-19.19 µg/kg; di-(n-octyl) phthalate and di-methyl phthalate were < LOQ
30
Hlisníková, Henrieta, Miroslava Nagyová, Branislav Kolena, Miloš Mlynček, Tomáš Trnovec, and Ida Petrovičová. "The Joint Effect of Perceived Psychosocial Stress and Phthalate Exposure on Hormonal Concentrations during the Early Stage of Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study." Children 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2022): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9101561.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates alter the hormonal balance in humans during pregnancy, potentially affecting embryonic and fetal development. We studied the joint effect of exposure to phthalates, quantified by urinary phthalate metabolite concentration, and perceived psychological stress on the concentration of hormones in pregnant women (n = 90) from the Nitra region, Slovakia, up to the 15th week of pregnancy. We used high-performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay to determine urinary concentrations of phthalates and serum concentrations of hormones, respectively. We used Cohen perceived stress scale (PSS) to evaluate the human perception of stressful situations. Our results showed that mono(carboxy-methyl-heptyl) phthalate (cx-MiNP) and a molar sum of di-iso-nonyl phthalate metabolites (ΣDiNP) were negatively associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) (p ≤ 0.05). Mono(hydroxy-methyl-octyl) phthalate (OH-MiNP) and the molar sum of high-molecular-weight phthalate metabolites (ΣHMWP) were positively associated with estradiol (p ≤ 0.05). PSS score was not significantly associated with hormonal concentrations. When the interaction effects of PSS score and monoethyl phthalate (MEP), cx-MiNP, ΣDiNP, and ΣHMWP on LH were analyzed, the associations were positive (p ≤ 0.05). Our cross-sectional study highlights that joint psychosocial stress and xenobiotic-induced stress caused by phthalates are associated with modulated concentrations of reproductive hormones in pregnant women.
31
Nguyen Thi Ha, Binh, Hien Dang Thu, and Son Tran Cao. "Determination of phthalate in PVC food wrap by gas chromatography mass spectrometry." Heavy metals and arsenic concentrations in water, agricultural soil, and rice in Ngan Son district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam 6, no. 2 (May 14, 2023): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47866/2615-9252/vjfc.4070.
Full textAbstract:
Toxic phthalates that can be released from food packaging into food are currently a matter of concern, affecting consumers’ health. However, in Vietnam, no studies have been published on this group of substances in food packaging and films. In this research, a method for the simultaneous determination of 7 typical phthalates, including benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) in food wrap samples by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using internal standards has been developed and validated. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for all substances was 0.03 mg/kg and 0.10 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of the method were in the range of 82-105%. Relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 5.6 to 7.5%. The method has been applied effectively to analyze the content of phthalates in 35 food wrap samples that were collected from markets in Hanoi. Analytical results showed that ten samples were detected with phthalates, of which three samples contained DEHA exceeding the specific migration limit (SML). This study contributes to consumer health protection and advises the regulatory agency on the addition of safety regulations for PVC food wrap in particular and other food packaging materials in general.
32
Jarošová, Alžbeta. "Evaluation of phthalate presence (1992–2009) in packaging and plastic materials, medical materials and patients’ blood, in feedstuffs and foodstuffs and in tissues of slaughtered animals and fish." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 4 (2010): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058040263.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalic acid esters (phthalates, PAE) are very important contaminants of the food chain. In this paper, experimental data on the content of phthalates (di-n-butyl phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) in packaging materials for foodstuffs and in animal tissues (muscles of poultry, subcutaneous pork fat, poultry fat, renal beef fat, and muscles of fish) are presented. In packaging materials, detected concentrations of DEHP were higher than DBP concentrations. In feedstuffs for farm animals, detected concentrations of DBP are higher than DEHP concentrations, and, correspondingly, this was detected in fat of cattle and pigs as well. Examination of phthalate content in adipose tissue of farm animals is an appropriate indicator of contamination by phthalates. A correlation was found between the phthalate content of feedstuffs and tissues of slaughtered animals. High levels of DEHP have been proved in blood bags and in blood of patients regularly treated by haemodialysis. The main prevention is thus control of the phthalate content in feedstuffs.
33
Hanh, Le Thi. "DISTRIBUTION AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT THROUGH INHALATION AND DERMAL PATHWAYS TO PHTHALATES IN INDOOR AIR COLLECTED FROM HANOI, VIETNAM." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 4C (March 24, 2018): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/4c/12170.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates (phthalic diesters) is one of endocrine disrupting compound groups which have been recently concerned of the occurrence and harmful effects to human health. In this report, ten common phthalates were analyzed in indoor air collected from hair salons and homes collected from Hanoi, Vietnam. Total concentrations of phthalates in indoor air ranged from 306 to 16000 ng/m3 (mean: 1140 ng/m3). High concentrations of phthalates were measured in indoor air collected from hair salons (mean: 4040 ng/m3). Among the studied phthalates, diethyl phthalate (DEP) was predominant compound and had the highest levels in indoor air. Based on the measured concentrations, the human exposure to phthalates through inhalation and dermal absorption were estimated for various age groups. Overall, the exposure doses decreased with increasing ages.
34
Neamtiu, Iulia A., Michael S. Bloom, Irina Dumitrascu, Carmen A. Roba, Cristian Pop, Claudia Ordeanu, Ovidiu Balacescu, and Eugen S. Gurzau. "Impact of exposure to tobacco smoke, arsenic, and phthalates on locally advanced cervical cancer treatment—preliminary results." PeerJ 4 (September 8, 2016): e2448. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2448.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundCancer research is a national and international priority, with the efficiency and effectiveness of current anti-tumor therapies being one of the major challenges with which physicians are faced.ObjectiveTo assess the impact of exposure to tobacco smoke, arsenic, and phthalates on cervical cancer treatment.MethodsWe investigated 37 patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma who underwent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We determined cotinine and five phthalate metabolites in urine samples collected prior to cancer treatment, by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and urinary total arsenic by atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation. We used linear regression to evaluate the effects of cotinine, arsenic, and phthalates on the change in tumor size after treatment, adjusted for confounding variables.ResultsWe detected no significant associations between urinary cotinine, arsenic, or phthalate monoesters on change in tumor size after treatment, adjusted for urine creatinine, age, baseline tumor size, and cotinine (for arsenic and phthalates). However, higher %mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (%MEHP), a putative indicator of phthalate diester metabolism, was associated with a larger change in tumor size (β= 0.015, 95% CI [0.003–0.03],P= 0.019).ConclusionWe found no statistically significant association between the urinary levels of arsenic, cotinine, and phthalates metabolites and the response to cervical cancer treatment as measured by the change in tumor size. Still, our results suggested that phthalates metabolism may be associated with response to treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer. However, these observations are preliminary and will require confirmation in a larger, more definitive investigation.
35
Tran Manh Tri, Tu Binh Minh, Dang Minh Huong Giang, Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen, Hoang Quoc Anh, Vu Duc Nam, Pham Thi Phuong Thao, Le Minh Thuy, and Trinh Thi Hue. "Phthalates in indoor air and dust from Hanoi, Vietnam: distriution and human exposure." Journal of Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (January 25, 2024): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55401/d6xxmy67.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates are a group of chemicals used as plasticizer additives in hundreds of products. Therefore, they were found in many different environmental and human matrices such as water, soil, sludge, air, dust, blood, and urine. This paper presents the determination method, occurrence and distribution of phthalates in indoor dust and indoor air samples collected in Hanoi, Vietnam. The optimal method has met the requirement to accurately identify phthalates in environmental samples. The highest concentrations of phthalates were measured in indoor dust samples and air collected at hair salons. The correlation of phthalates concentrations between indoor air and dust collected at hair salons were also higher than that in other micro-environments. Among the studied phthalates, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was found at the highest concentrations in both dust and air samples. The exposure doses to phthalates through inhalation were ten times higher than other pathways such as dust ingestion. In general, the risk of human exposure doses to phthalates decreases with increasing ages.
36
Jarošová, Alžbeta. "Possible phthalates transport into plants." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 2 (2010): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058020299.
Full textAbstract:
Soils can be contaminated by high concentrations of phthalic acid esters (PAE) resulting from industrial and intensive agricultural activities. A plant receives water and substances (including pollutants) from soil by means of rootage. Water solution received by the roots is distributed in particular by means of xylem. Reception by means of floem is not very considerable. Pollutants (including phthalates) can be absorbed by roots either by diffusion by means of soil gas phase or soil liquid phase. Another possible way of pollutant entering into the plant is diffusion from atmosphere. Way of substance entering into the plant is decided by so called Henry constant as well as octanol-water partition coefficient. In case of phthalates, big differences between di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) reception and dioctyl phthalate reception were detected. For example, DBP can enter into the plant by means of gas as well as liquid phase while dioctyl phthalate only by gas phase.This publication summarizes fundamental knowledge on possible phthalates transport into plants.
37
Krylov, A. I., A. Y. Mikheeva, A. G. Budko, and I. Yu Tkachenko. "Metrological support of phthalate content measurements: reference material for the composition of a solution of six priority phthalates in methanol." Measurement Standards. Reference Materials 17, no. 3 (October 13, 2021): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20915/2687-0886-2021-17-3-5-19.
Full textAbstract:
The article provides information on the development of a new reference material (RM) for the composition of a solution of six priority phthalates (dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di(n-butyl) phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di(n-octyl) phthalate) in methanol provided with metrological traceability to GET 208-2019 (GET 208). The procedure for the preparation and certification of RMs is shown, including the estimation of homogeneity and stability. Pure organic substances (phthalates) characterized on GET 208 were used as the starting material for the RM. The RM material was prepared by weight and volume-weight methods. The stability study of the RM was carried out by the isochronous procedure. The RM certified values are the mass fraction and mass concentration of individual phthalates in the solution. When calculating the uncertainty budget for RM certified values, contributions from the purity of the starting materials, RM preparation procedures, heterogeneity, and long-term instability were taken into account. The relative expanded uncertainty of the certified values does not exceed 2 %. As a result, a certified reference material (CRM) was developed and approvedfor the composition of a solution of ortho-phthalic acid esters (phthalates) in methanol GSO 11366-2019. The practical significance of the application of GSO 11366-2019 is to ensure the metrological traceability of RM to the corresponding SI units reproduced on GET 208. The developed CRM can be applied in resolving any measuring tasks and performing a full range of metrological works.
38
Ouchi, Yukihiro, Hiroyuki Yanagisawa, and Shigehiko Fujimaki. "Evaluating Phthalate Contaminant Migration Using Thermal Desorption–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (TD–GC–MS)." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040683.
Full textAbstract:
This study describes a methodology for evaluating regulatory levels of phthalate contamination. By collecting experimental data on short-term phthalate migration using thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD–GC–MS), the migration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to polyethylene (PE) was found to be expressed by the Fickian approximation model, which was originally proposed for solid (PVC)/liquid (solvent) migration of phthalates. Consequently, good data correlation was obtained using the Fickian approximation model with a diffusion coefficient of 4.2 × 10−12 cm2/s for solid (PVC)/ solid (PE) migration of DEHP at 25 °C. Results showed that temporary contact with plasticized polymers under a normal, foreseeable condition may not pose an immediate risk of being contaminated by phthalates at regulatory levels. However, as phthalates are small organic molecules designed to be dispersed in a variety of polymers as plasticizers at a high compounding ratio, the risk of migration-related contamination can be high in comparison with other additives, especially under high temperatures. With these considerations in mind, the methodology for examining regulatory levels of phthalate contamination using TD–GC–MS has been successfully demonstrated from the viewpoint of its applicability to solid (PVC)/solid (PE) migration of phthalates.
39
Sicińska, Paulina, Kinga Kik, and Bożena Bukowska. "Human Erythrocytes Exposed to Phthalates and Their Metabolites Alter Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Hemoglobin Oxidation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 4480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124480.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates used as plasticizers have become a part of human life because of their important role in various industries. Human exposure to these compounds is unavoidable, and therefore their mechanisms of toxicity should be investigated. Due to their structure and function, human erythrocytes are increasingly used as a cell model for testing the in vitro toxicity of various xenobiotics. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to assess the effect of selected phthalates on methemoglobin (metHb), reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydroxyl radical levels, as well as the activity of antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), in human erythrocytes. Erythrocytes were incubated with di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), and their metabolites, i.e., mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) and monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 100 µg/mL for 6 or 24 h. This study shows that the analyzed phthalates disturbed the redox balance in human erythrocytes. DBP and BBP, at much lower concentrations than their metabolites, caused a statistically significant increase of metHb and ROS, including hydroxyl radical levels, and changed the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The studied phthalates disturbed the redox balance in human erythrocytes, which may contribute to the accelerated removal of these cells from the circulation.
40
Mrema, Evarist E., Chaula, D. N, and Chove, B. E. "Levels of Phthalate Acid Esters in Carbonated Soft Drinks Bottled in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles Kept under Various Storage Conditions in Mwanza City, Tanzania." Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences 14, no. 2 (March 14, 2024): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2024/v14i2294.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Carbonated soft drinks (CSD), packaged in PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles, are among the most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverage globally. People of all ages enjoy CSDs for their flavour, mouthfeel, crispness, freshness, and capacity to both quench thirst and provide mental refreshment. Terephthalic acid, ethylene glycol, and other additives such as phthalates are the materials used to make these PET bottles. Several studies have demonstrated that phthalates may migrate into packaged goods and, when consumed, can cause several ill-health conditions to humans. Type II diabetes, obesity, asthma, male and female reproductive disorders, tumours (including breast cancer), pituitary, hypothalamic, and peripheral hormone disorders, behavioral issues, and neurodevelopmental disorders are among the health issues reported to be associated with phthalates. Objective: This study aimed to ascertain the presence and concentration of phthalates in PET bottled carbonated soft drinks produced in Mwanza City, and to examine the effects of various storage conditions on the migration of these contaminants into the product. Methods: Liquid-liquid extraction, clean-up techniques, and chromatographic analysis were used as the methods of determination to identify and quantify the specific phthalates compounds. Results: The findings demonstrated that after being stored outdoors for four to six months, the migration, especially for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di [2-ethylhexyl] phthalate (DEHP), became more apparent. After two, four, and six months of indoor storage, there was no appreciable change in the mean concentrations of DMP (dimethyl phthalate), DEP (diethyl phthalate), DBP (dibutyl phthalate), and DEHP for either brand in this study. Compared to indoor storage, the DBP and DEHP migration increased by up to 24-fold when the two brands were kept outdoors for four and six months. Thus, the safety and quality of carbonated soft drinks were seriously compromised by the phthalate compounds from the PET bottles that these companies were using. Conclusion: The study's conclusions show that PET packaging, which is influenced by the bottle manufacturing process and raw material formulations for packages of the studied CSDs, are responsible for the migration of phthalates into the products. The storage conditions and time are established to be the primary causes of phthalates migration in bottled carbonated soft drinks. Though the migration figures in this study are lower than those of the other studies from different locations that were compared, it is important to remember that these compounds may interfere with hormones even in small quantities.
41
Tranfo, Giovanna, Lidia Caporossi, Daniela Pigini, Silvia Capanna, Bruno Papaleo, and Enrico Paci. "Temporal Trends of Urinary Phthalate Concentrations in Two Populations: Effects of REACH Authorization after Five Years." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091950.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates are widely used in the industrial manufacture of many products. Some phthalates have shown reproductive toxicity in humans, acting as endocrine disruptors, so they were included in the authorization process defined in Reg. CE 1907/2006 (REACH). Two groups of population were recruited, before and after the inclusion of some phthalates in the authorization list in REACH: the first group of 157 volunteers was studied in 2011 and the second, 171 volunteers, in 2016. Each subject completed a questionnaire about personal lifestyle, working activities and use of chemical products. The main urinary metabolites of five phthalates were analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS: mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) exposure; monoethylphthalate (MEP) for diethylphtahate (DEP); monobenzylphthalate (MBzP) for butylbenzylphtahalate (BBP) and dibenzylphthalate (DBzP), mono-n-butylphthalate (MnBP) for butylbenzylphtahalate (BBP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP). The results show a significant difference for all metabolites between the two periods, with the exception of MEP in women. The comparison of the two sets of results shows a decrease in urinary metabolites excretion from 2011 to 2016, statistically significant for the three phthalates included in Annex XIV of REACH. DEP, not currently included in the list for authorization, maintains a constant presence in the daily life of the population, particularly for women.
42
Oteef, Mohammed D. Y., Khadejah D. Otaif, and Abubakr M. Idris. "Personal Protective Equipment as a Potential Source of Phthalate Exposure during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Applied Sciences 13, no. 16 (August 9, 2023): 9076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13169076.
Full textAbstract:
Personal protective equipment (PPE)—especially face masks, face shields, and gloves—was used to minimize the spread of COVID-19. PPE is primarily made of plastic materials with various plastic additives, such as phthalate plasticizers. Phthalates are linked with various adverse health effects. Therefore, this study investigated the amounts of six commonly used phthalates (DBP, BBP, DEHP, DnOP, DINP, and DIDP) in different types of PPE samples collected during the pandemic. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to detect six selected phthalates and other organic chemicals in PPE samples. The quality of data was ensured using certified reference materials, internal standards, procedural blanks, and replicate analyses. The total phthalate content found in face shields and face masks was in the range of 0.29 µg/g to 942.60 µg/g, with DBP, DEHP, and DINP detected most frequently. A health risk assessment concluded that the determined levels were not expected to pose adverse health effects on the wearer. However, the findings of this study suggest that chronic daily intakes of phthalates from two vinyl glove samples with phthalate content exceeding 11% and 14% (w/w) of the glove’s weight may potentially increase the risk of cancer in humans. In addition to the target phthalates, flame retardants and other plasticizers (e.g., organophosphates and dioctyl isophthalate) were tentatively identified in various PPE samples.
43
Neier, Kari, Drew Cheatham, Leah D. Bedrosian, Brigid E. Gregg, Peter X. K. Song, and Dana C. Dolinoy. "Longitudinal Metabolic Impacts of Perinatal Exposure to Phthalates and Phthalate Mixtures in Mice." Endocrinology 160, no. 7 (May 24, 2019): 1613–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2019-00287.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Developmental exposures to phthalates are suspected to contribute to risk of metabolic syndrome. However, findings from human studies are inconsistent, and long-term metabolic impacts of early-life phthalate and phthalate mixture exposures are not fully understood. Furthermore, most animal studies investigating metabolic impacts of developmental phthalate exposures have focused on diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), whereas newer phthalates, such as diisononyl phthalate (DINP), are understudied. We used a longitudinal mouse model to evaluate long-term metabolic impacts of perinatal exposures to three individual phthalates, DEHP, DINP, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), as well as two mixtures (DEHP+DINP and DEHP+DINP+DBP). Phthalates were administered to pregnant and lactating females through phytoestrogen-free chow at the following exposure levels: 25 mg of DEHP/kg of chow, 25 mg of DBP/kg of chow, and 75 mg of DINP/kg of chow. One male and female per litter (n = 9 to 13 per sex per group) were weaned onto control chow and followed until 10 months of age. They underwent metabolic phenotyping at 2 and 8 months, and adipokines were measured in plasma collected at 10 months. Longitudinally, females perinatally exposed to DEHP only had increased body fat percentage and decreased lean mass percentage, whereas females perinatally exposed to DINP only had impaired glucose tolerance. Perinatal phthalate exposures also modified the relationship between body fat percentage and plasma adipokine levels at 10 months in females. Phthalate-exposed males did not exhibit statistically significant differences in the measured longitudinal metabolic outcomes. Surprisingly, perinatal phthalate mixture exposures were statistically significantly associated with few metabolic effects and were not associated with larger effects than single exposures, revealing complexities in metabolic effects of developmental phthalate mixture exposures.
44
Jiang, Xinyue, Yuqun Xie, Duanji Wan, Fuping Zheng, and Jun Wang. "Enrichment-Free Rapid Detection of Phthalates in Chinese Liquor with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy." Sensors 20, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030901.
Full textAbstract:
A non-invasive real-time detection technique for phthalates in Chinese liquor is proposed in this paper. This method is based on the measurement of Faradaic impedance in the presence of a redox probe, [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−, upon the absorption of phthalates to the graphene electrode surface. This absorption activity is according to the π–π stacking interactions between phthalates and the graphene working electrode which allows direct sampling and analyte preconcentration. The absorption of phthalates retards the interfacial electron-transfer kinetics and increases the charge-transfer resistance (Rct). Numerical values of Rct were extracted from a simulation of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra with the corresponding equivalent circuit. Cathodic polarization was employed prior to EIS measurements to effectively eliminate the metal ion interference. The results yielded a detection limit of 0.024 ng/L for diethyl phthalate (DEP) with a linear range from 2.22 ng to 1.11 µg. These results indicate a possibility of developing a household sensor for phthalate determination in Chinese liquor.
45
Sun, Junhao, Siqi Yang, Yue Zhang, Wenzhi Xiang, and Xiubo Jiang. "Relationship between phthalates exposures and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in United States adults." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 19, 2024): e0301097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301097.
Full textAbstract:
As a new definition for the evidence of hepatic steatosis and metabolic dysfunctions, the relationship between phthalates (PAEs) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) remains virtually unexplored. This study included 3,137 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spanning 2007–2018. The diagnosis of MAFLD depended on the US Fatty Liver Index (US FLI) and evidence of metabolic dysregulation. Eleven metabolites of PAEs were included in the study. Poisson regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS), and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to assess the associations between phthalate metabolites and MAFLD. After adjusting for potential confounders, Poisson regression analysis showed that mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP), mono-n-butyl phthalate, mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate were generally significant positively associated with MAFLD (P<0.05). Furthermore, the WQS index constructed for the eleven phthalates was significantly related to MAFLD (OR:1.43; 95%CI: 1.20, 1.70), MEHHP (33.30%), MEP (20.84%), MECPP (15.43%), and mono-isobutyl phthalate (11.78%) contributing the most. This study suggests that exposure to phthalates, individually or in combination, may be associated with an increased risk of MAFLD.
46
Han, Inkyu, Jin Young Seo, Dana Boyd Barr, Parinya Panuwet, Volha Yakimavets, Priya Esilda D’Souza, Heyreoun An-Han, Masoud Afshar, and Ying-Yu Chao. "Evaluating Indoor Air Phthalates and Volatile Organic Compounds in Nail Salons in the Greater New York City Area: A Pilot Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 12411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912411.
Full textAbstract:
The Greater New York City area ranks highest in the United States in the number of nail salon technicians, primarily Asian immigrant women. Nail salon technicians are exposed to toxic phthalates and volatile organic compounds daily in nail salons. The purpose of this pilot study was to measure a mixture of phthalates and volatile organic compounds in nail salons in the Greater New York City area, and to characterize work-related determinants of indoor air quality in these nail salons. Working with four Asian nail salon organizations in the Greater New York City area, we measured indoor air phthalates and volatile organic compounds at 20 nail salons from February to May 2021 using silicone wristbands and passive samplers, respectively. Nail salon characteristics were also examined. We measured six phthalates and 31 volatile organic compounds. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and Diethyl phthalate had the highest concentrations among the six phthalates measured. Concentrations of toluene, d-limonene, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate were higher than that of the rest. Manicure/pedicure tables, the number of customers per day, and application of artificial nail (acrylic) services were positively associated with the levels of phthalates and volatile organic compounds. Given the large number of people employed in the nail industry and the even larger number of customers visiting such establishments, exposures to these toxic chemicals are likely to be widespread.
47
Perestrelo, Rosa, Catarina L. Silva, Manuel Algarra, and José S. Câmara. "Evaluation of the Occurrence of Phthalates in Plastic Materials Used in Food Packaging." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 2130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052130.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates are multifunctional synthetic chemicals found in a wide array of consumer and industrial products, mainly used to improve the mechanical properties of plastics, giving them flexibility and softness. In the European Union, phthalates are prohibited at levels greater than 0.1% by weight in most food packaging. In the current study, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was optimized, through the multivariate optimization process, and validated to evaluate the occurrence of four common phthalates, di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP), butyl-benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), and 2,2,4,4-tetrabromodiphenyl (BDE), in different food packaging. The best extraction efficiency was achieved using the polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber at 80 °C for 30 min. The validated method showed good linearity, precision (RSD < 13%), and recoveries (90.2 to 111%). The limit of detection (LOD) and of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.03 to 0.08 µg/L and from 0.10 to 0.24 µg/L, respectively. On average, the phthalates concentration varied largely among the assayed food packaging. DIBP was the most predominant phthalate in terms of occurrence (71.4% of analyzed simples) and concentration (from 3.61 to 10.7 μg/L). BBP was quantified in only one sample and BDE was detected in trace amounts (<LOQ) in only two samples.
48
Guo, JiaLin, Min Wu, Xi Gao, JingSi Chen, ShuGuang Li, Bo Chen, and RuiHua Dong. "Meconium Exposure to Phthalates, Sex and Thyroid Hormones, Birth Size and Pregnancy Outcomes in 251 Mother–Infant Pairs from Shanghai." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 7711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217711.
Full textAbstract:
Phthalates are hormonally active pollutants. In-utero exposure to phthalates has been reported to be associated with birth size parameters and pregnancy outcomes. However, previous reports were inconsistent. We examined the associations between meconium exposure to phthalates and the effects on birth size parameters, pregnancy outcomes and sex and thyroid hormones in 251 mother–infant pairs from a Shanghai hospital. We measured 10 metabolites of phthalates in meconium samples collected during the first 24h after delivery. Information on seven birth size parameters (birth weight, birth length, abdominal circumference, head circumference, femur length, biparietal diameter and anogenital distance) and three pregnancy outcomes (gestational diabetes, premature rupture of membrane, and premature birth) was available from the birth record. Concentrations of free testosterone, estradiol (E2), thyroid stimulating hormone, concentrations of total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine were measured from cord blood. Multivariate linear regression and logistic regression were used to estimate associations between phthalate exposure and health outcomes. mono-iso-butylphthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butylphthalate (MnBP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP) were positively associated with birth length and femur length which seemed more obvious in female newborn; MiBP, MnBP and mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP) were positively associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) only in mothers with male newborns; monomethyl phthalate (MMP), MiBP and MEOHP were positively associated with E2 in male newborns. This study indicates that meconium exposure to phthalates may adversely affect some fetal growth parameters and GDM with a potential gender effect.
49
Varshavsky, Julia R., Rachel Morello-Frosch, Suhash Harwani, Martin Snider, Syrago-Styliani E. Petropoulou, June-Soo Park, Myrto Petreas, Peggy Reynolds, Tuan Nguyen, and Thu Quach. "A Pilot Biomonitoring Study of Cumulative Phthalates Exposure among Vietnamese American Nail Salon Workers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010325.
Full textAbstract:
Many California nail salon workers are low-income Vietnamese women of reproductive age who use nail products daily that contain androgen-disrupting phthalates, which may increase risk of male reproductive tract abnormalities during pregnancy. Yet, few studies have characterized phthalate exposures among this workforce. To characterize individual metabolites and cumulative phthalates exposure among a potentially vulnerable occupational group of nail salon workers, we collected 17 post-shift urine samples from Vietnamese workers at six San Francisco Bay Area nail salons in 2011, which were analyzed for four primary phthalate metabolites: mono-n-butyl-, mono-isobutyl-, mono(2-Ethylhexyl)-, and monoethyl phthalates (MnBP, MiBP, MEHP, and MEP, respectively; μg/L). Phthalate metabolite concentrations and a potency-weighted sum of parent compound daily intake (Σandrogen-disruptor, μg/kg/day) were compared to 203 Asian Americans from the 2011–2012 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) using Student’s t-test and Wilcoxin signed rank test. Creatinine-corrected MnBP, MiBP, MEHP (μg/g), and cumulative phthalates exposure (Σandrogen-disruptor, μg/kg/day) levels were 2.9 (p < 0.0001), 1.6 (p = 0.015), 2.6 (p < 0.0001), and 2.0 (p < 0.0001) times higher, respectively, in our nail salon worker population compared to NHANES Asian Americans. Levels exceeded the NHANES 95th or 75th percentiles among some workers. This pilot study suggests that nail salon workers are disproportionately exposed to multiple phthalates, a finding that warrants further investigation to assess their potential health significance.
50
He, Xin, Jiajie Zang, Ping Liao, Yang Zheng, Ye Lu, Zhenni Zhu, Yan Shi, and Wenjing Wang. "Distribution and Dietary Predictors of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites among Pregnant Women in Shanghai, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081366.
Full textAbstract:
The exposure of pregnant women to phthalates is a major concern due to their adverse effect on developmental outcomes. Diet is an important pathway for exposure to phthalate compounds. Nevertheless, studies on dietary exposure of pregnant women to phthalates in China are limited. We aimed to assess the distribution and dietary predictors of phthalate exposure among pregnant women in China. We measured the levels of 10 urinary phthalate metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in 210 pregnant women as part of the 2015 China National Chronic Disease and Nutrition Survey in Shanghai. We assessed the urinary specific gravity-adjusted phthalate metabolite levels along with potential demographic and dietary predictors. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between each potential demographic variable and dietary predictor and urinary phthalate metabolites. Seven urinary phthalate metabolites were detected in >95% of pregnant women. The geometric mean (GM) of urinary phthalate biomarker values were highest for monobutyl phthalate (GM: 25.29 ng/mL) and monoisobutyl phthalate (GM:11.18 ng/mL). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that a lower educational level was associated with elevated urinary phthalate metabolite levels. Edible seaweed consumption had a positive correlation with urinary monoethyl phthalate and monoisobutyl phthalate levels, and the total molar sum of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites. These findings offer important data on the dietary exposure to phthalates in pregnant Chinese women and suggest interventions to improve food safety.