Relevant bibliographies by topics / Phthalates

Academic literature on the topic 'Phthalates'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Phthalates"

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Poostchi, Maryam, and Hamed Bagheri. "EFFECT OF ETHYLENE OXIDE STERILIZATION ON PLASTISIZER MIGRATION AND MECHANICAL AND BLOOD PROPERTIES OF MEDICAL GRADE POLYVINYLE CHOLORIDE." IIUM Engineering Journal 23, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 282–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v23i1.1769.

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The use of phthalates as a plasticizer in plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) always poses the threat of migration of phthalates into the environment through medical equipment. Phthalates can be used with natural-based plasticizers, such as Epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) known as phthalate’s scavenger and PVC stabilizers. PVC formulations were characterized by different combinations of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 30-40% with 5% ESBO. PVC flexibility increased significantly in the presence of ESBO, without a change in strength (tensile test). The decrease of the Tg temperature by adding ESBO in Differential Scanning Calorimetry indicated that ESBO preserved DEHP in the polymer. Also, it was shown that the sterilization process with Ethylene Oxide, similar to ESBO, decreased the Tg of polymer. DEHP migration was evaluated at a maximum level to the environment using the Gas Chromatography test. Samples containing ESBO showed less hemolysis. ABSTRAK: Penggunaan phthalates sebagai plasticizer dalam plastik polyvinyl chloride (PVC) selalu menimbulkan ancaman penghijrahan phthalates ke alam sekitar melalui peralatan perubatan. Phthalates boleh digunakan dengan plasticizer berasaskan semula jadi, seperti minyak kacang soya Epoxidized (ESBO) yang dikenali sebagai pemulung phthalate dan penstabil PVC. Formulasi PVC dicirikan oleh kombinasi yang berbeza di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 30-40% dengan 5% ESBO. Fleksibiliti PVC meningkat dengan ketara di hadapan ESBO, tanpa perubahan kekuatan (ujian tegangan). Penurunan suhu Tg dengan menambahkan ESBO dalam Calorimetri Pengimbasan Berbeza menunjukkan bahawa ESBO mengekalkan DEHP dalam polimer. Juga, ditunjukkan bahawa proses pensterilan dengan Etilena Oksida, serupa dengan ESBO, menurunkan Tg polimer. Penghijrahan DEHP dinilai pada tahap maksimum ke lingkungan menggunakan uji Kromatografi Gas. Sampel yang mengandungi ESBO menunjukkan kurang hemolisis.
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Habschied, Kristina, Brankica Kartalović, Dušan Lazić, Vinko Krstanović, and Krešimir Mastanjević. "Survey on Phthalates in Beer Packaged in Aluminum Cans, PET and Glass Bottles." Fermentation 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2023): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020125.

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Phthalates are known as endocrine disruptors and are common in plastic polymers, varnishes, and printing inks. However, they most often enter the human body through food. Plastic materials that hold food contain different chemicals, and phthalates are one of them. Phthalates can also be found in microplastics since microplastic particles serve as a vector for different chemicals that can be slowly released into food and beverages. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the concentration and types of phthalates (dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl-phthalate) in beer packaged in aluminum cans, PET, and glass bottles. Ten aluminum-canned beers, sixteen PET-packaged, and eighteen glass-bottled beers were bought at a local food store and subjected to GC–MS analysis to quantify and qualify phthalates. The results indicate that PET-packaged beers can contain significant amounts of phthalates; in sample P10, the total sum of phthalates reached 219.82 µg/L. Especially high concentrations of dibutyl phthalate were found in all samples, but the highest concentration was detected in sample P13 at 92.17 µg/L. However, canned beers showed even higher levels of certain phthalates, such as bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, which amounted to 326.81 µg/L in sample C1. In short, phthalates pose a serious health-concerning problem and should be regarded as such.
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Wang, Yu, Hongkai Zhu, and Kurunthachalam Kannan. "A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures." Toxics 7, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics7020021.

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Phthalates (diesters of phthalic acid) are widely used as plasticizers and additives in many consumer products. Laboratory animal studies have reported the endocrine-disrupting and reproductive effects of phthalates, and human exposure to this class of chemicals is a concern. Several phthalates have been recognized as substances of high concern. Human exposure to phthalates occurs mainly via dietary sources, dermal absorption, and air inhalation. Phthalates are excreted as conjugated monoesters in urine, and some phthalates, such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), undergo secondary metabolism, including oxidative transformation, prior to urinary excretion. The occurrence of phthalates and their metabolites in urine, serum, breast milk, and semen has been widely reported. Urine has been the preferred matrix in human biomonitoring studies, and concentrations on the order of several tens to hundreds of nanograms per milliliter have been reported for several phthalate metabolites. Metabolites of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl- (DBP) and diisobutyl- (DiBP) phthalates, and DEHP were the most abundant compounds measured in urine. Temporal trends in phthalate exposures varied among countries. In the United States (US), DEHP exposure has declined since 2005, whereas DiNP exposure has increased. In China, DEHP exposure has increased since 2000. For many phthalates, exposures in children are higher than those in adults. Human epidemiological studies have shown a significant association between phthalate exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes in women and men, type II diabetes and insulin resistance, overweight/obesity, allergy, and asthma. This review compiles biomonitoring studies of phthalates and exposure doses to assess health risks from phthalate exposures in populations across the globe.
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Bajkin, Ivana, Artur Bjelica, Tijana Icin, Vesna Dobric, Branka Kovacev-Zavisic, and Milica Medic-Stojanoska. "Effects of phthalic acid esters on fetal health." Medical review 67, no. 5-6 (2014): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1406172b.

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Introduction. Phthalates are synthetic industrial compounds capable of disrupting endocrine system. Effects of phthalates depend on dosage, duration of action and stage of development of the individual, thus making the fetus, newborn, and children at puberty the most vulnerable groups. Metabolism of Phthalates: Metabolism of these compounds consists of at least two steps: hydrolysis and conjugation. They are mainly excreted in urine, with a low percent being excreted through feces. Exposure to Phthalates. Exposure to the effects of phthalates begins at the intrauterine stage since the phthalates pass through the placental barrier. Phthalates may be found in plastic products, toys, medical equipment, industrial materials, food, and clothes. Determination of Phthalate Levels in Humans. Urine is the best sample for evaluating phthalate levels in humans because of rapid phthalate metabolism and high concentrations of metabolites in the urine. Fetal Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome: Fetal testicular dysgenesis syndrome involves disorders of male genital tract such as shortened anogenital distance, hypospadia, cryptorchidism, malformations of seminal vesicles, prostate, epididymis and it results from the harmful effects of phthalates. Other Effects of Phthalates on Health. Negative effects of phthalates on female health are mostly reflected in anovulation, premature puberty, changes in duration of pregnancy. There is a possible effect on neurocognitive development, occurrence of allergies, asthma, testicular carcinoma, hepatic and renal damages, insulin resistance and obesity, thyroid dysfunction. Conclusion. Further studies are needed to establish the safe phthalate concentration in certain products and to determine more negative consequences of exposure to phthalate.
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Przybylińska, Paulina A., and Mirosław Wyszkowski. "Environmental contamination with phthalates and its impact on living organisms." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2016-0024.

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Abstract The relevant literature was reviewed to identify phthalate sources in the environment and problems resulting from phthalate contamination of soil and water. Phthalate properties responsible for their toxicity for living organisms were identified, and the effects of phthalates on humans and animals were described. Special emphasis was placed on the effects of exposure to phthalates on human health. Phthalates are readily released into the environment and create a risk of exposure for humans and other living organisms. They are characterized by reproductive toxicity in humans and animals, they can cause infertility and reproductive problems in males. Phthalates are more toxic in young children, which are much more susceptible to phthalate exposure, including fetal life. Phthalates are used in numerous industries, and they are very difficult to eliminate from our daily surroundings.
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Warner, Genoa R., Daryl D. Meling, Kathy M. De La Torre, Karen Wang, and Jodi A. Flaws. "Environmentally relevant mixtures of phthalates and phthalate metabolites differentially alter the cell cycle and apoptosis in mouse neonatal ovaries†." Biology of Reproduction 104, no. 4 (January 28, 2021): 806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioab010.

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Abstract Phthalates are a group of chemicals used as additives in various consumer products, medical equipment, and personal care products. Phthalates and their metabolites are consistently detected in humans, indicating widespread and continuous exposure to multiple phthalates. Thus, environmentally relevant mixtures of phthalates and phthalate metabolites were investigated to determine the effects of phthalates on the function of the ovary during the neonatal period of development. Neonatal ovaries from CD-1 mice were cultured with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO; vehicle control), phthalate mixture (0.1–100 μg/mL), or phthalate metabolite mixture (0.1–100 μg/mL). The phthalate mixture was composed of 35% diethyl phthalate, 21% di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 15% dibutyl phthalate, 15% diisononyl phthalate, 8% diisobutyl phthalate, and 5% benzylbutyl phthalate. The phthalate metabolite mixture was composed of 37% monoethyl phthalate, 19% mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 15% monobutyl phthalate, 10% monoisononyl phthalate, 10% monoisobutyl phthalate, and 8% monobenzyl phthalate. After 96 h of culture, ovaries were harvested for histological analysis of folliculogenesis, gene expression analysis of cell cycle and apoptosis regulators, and immune staining for cell proliferation and apoptosis. The metabolite mixture significantly decreased the number and percentage of abnormal follicles (100 μg/mL) compared to controls. The metabolite mixture also significantly increased the expression of cell cycle inhibitors (100 μg/mL) and the antiapoptotic factor Bcl2l10 (10 μg/mL) compared to controls. The phthalate mixture did not significantly alter gene expression or follicle counts, but ovaries exposed to the phthalate mixture (0.1 μg/mL) exhibited marginally significantly increased apoptosis as revealed by DNA fragmentation staining. Overall, these data show that parent phthalates and phthalate metabolites differentially impact ovarian function.
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Wang, Jiahui, Fangzhou Yuan, Haitian Ye, and Zhongming Bu. "Measurement of Phthalates in Settled Dust in University Dormitories and Its Implications for Exposure Assessment." Atmosphere 14, no. 4 (March 23, 2023): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040612.

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Six phthalates: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di(n-octyl) phthalate (DOP) in settled dust on different indoor surfaces were measured in 30 university dormitories. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate college students’ exposure via inhalation, non-dietary ingestion, and dermal absorption based on measured concentrations. The detection frequencies for targeted phthalates were more than 80% except for DEP (roughly 70%). DEHP was the most prevalent compound in the dust samples, followed by DnBP, DOP, and BBzP. Statistical analysis suggested that phthalate levels were higher in bedside dust than that collected from table surfaces, indicating a nonuniform distribution of dust-phase phthalates in the sleep environment. The simulation showed that the median DMP daily intake was 0.81 μg/kg/day, which was the greatest of the targeted phthalates. For the total exposures to all phthalates, the mean contribution of exposures during the daytime and sleeping time was 54% and 46%, respectively.
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Mikula, P., Z. Svobodová, and M. Smutná. "Phthalates: toxicology and food safety – a review." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 23, No. 6 (November 15, 2011): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3394-cjfs.

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Phthalates are organic substances used mainly as plasticisers in the manufacture of plastics. They are ubiquitous in the environment. Although tests in rodents have demonstrated numerous negative effects of phthalates, it is still unclear whether the exposure to phthalates may also damage human health. This paper describes phthalate toxicity and toxicokinetics, explains the mechanisms of phthalate action, and outlines the issues relating to the presence of phthalates in foods.  
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Kumar Singh, Abhishek, Minu Singh, Anshuman Srivastava, Yogesh Kumar Sharma, and Chandra Prabha Pandey. "AN ASSESSMENTOF PHTHALATES IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS BY DISPERSIVE LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION METHOD USING HPLCAND LC-MS/MS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 03 (March 31, 2021): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12590.

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A Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) based analytical method was developed and validated using HPLC-PDA and LC-MS/MS for quantitative determination of phthalates (Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Benzyl Butyl Phthalate (BzBP), Dibutylphthalate(DBP), Diethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP), Di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) in different cosmetic products (After Shave Lotion, Deodorants, Perfume and Liquid Body Lotion). The DLLME based developed and validated analytical method was found specific, sensitive, accurate and precise. The accuracy (% recovery) of the method at a spiking level of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1 in the different cosmetic product was found in the range of 92-108. The interday and intraday precision (%RSD) of the method was found less than 15. Out of six analyzed phthalates, only four phthalates were detected in different cosmetic products. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and Di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) were detected in aftershave lotion. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) was detected in deodorants. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Diethyl phthalate (DEP) were detected in perfumes. None of the phthalates were detected in liquid body lotion.
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Lucarini, Fiorella, Marc Blanchard, Tropoja Krasniqi, Nicolas Duda, Gaëlle Bailat Rosset, Alessandro Ceschi, Nicolas Roth, Nancy B. Hopf, Marie-Christine Broillet, and Davide Staedler. "Concentrations of Seven Phthalate Monoesters in Infants and Toddlers Quantified in Urine Extracted from Diapers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 6806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136806.

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Carrying out exposure studies on children who are not toilet trained is challenging because of the difficulty of urine sampling. In this study, we optimized a protocol for urine collection from disposable diapers for the analysis of phthalate metabolites. The exposure of Swiss children (n = 113) between 6 months and 3 years of life to seven phthalates was assessed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry measurements. The study showed limited exposures to phthalates, with only 22% of the samples containing some of the metabolites investigated. The three most frequently detected metabolites were monoethyl phthalate, mono-cyclohexyl phthalate, and mono-benzyl phthalate. We also detected mono-n-octyl phthalate and mono(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate, which have rarely been observed in urine from infants and toddlers; therefore, di-n-octyl phthalate and bis(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate can be considered as potentially new emerging phthalates. This study presents an initial snapshot of the Swiss children’s exposure to phthalates and provides a promising approach for further phthalate biomonitoring studies on young children using disposable diapers as urine sampling technique.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phthalates"

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Tommie, Ibert. "Phthalate replacement by fast fusing non-phthalate plasticizer." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-184858.

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A key trend in the PVC market is to replace or decrease the amount of phthalate plasticisers used due to increasing health concerns. Therefore, the demand for non-phthalate based plasticisers is growing rapidly. Mineral oils are used in a variety of rubber and polymer applications as plasticisers; however, due to the lower polarity their applicability in PVC compounds is limited. Therefore, these materials are typically used as secondary plasticiser along with a primary for the purpose of improved properties and cost reduction. Some of the non-phthalate based solutions are fast fusing plasticisers, which act like solvents and have too rapid and too high plasticizing effect. This makes the compounding difficult and could cause problems in production. These substances have good compatibility with mineral oils, and using them together in PVC compounds can help the compounding issue by reducing the solvent power and increasing the fusion time to a level where the production parameters are similar to compounding with phthalates.   The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of mineral oils as a secondary plasticiser in a non-phthalate system for PVC. Four different grades of mineral oil and three non-phthalate plasticisers were used in compounding and compression moulding of PVC sample films. Mechanical, physical and chemical testing were done to assess the properties in a comparative study with phthalate plasticized PVC.   Tensile testing and hardness measurements showed that the mineral oils did not contribute with any plasticizing effect for the non-phthalate plasticisers tested in the study. The hardness was instead slightly increased for all the sample films that contained mineral oil. This indicates that the mineral oil either is less efficient than the primary plasticiser or that it affects the primary plasticisers intramolecular shielding between the PVC chains.       The shrinkage test showed that the migration of mineral oil was acceptable, especially the thicker grades of mineral oils had low migration. Colour stability test showed that the thicker mineral oil grades had some problems with discolouration. The discolouration is probably related to content of polyaromatics and oxidation stability.
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Nguyen, Bryan. "Gene Expression Changes from Exposure to Phthalates in Testicular Cells." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22913.

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Phthalates are industrial plasticizers with a wide range of applications. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most highly produced and frequently studied phthalates. Its metabolite, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is known as a testicular toxicant. The objective of this study was to examine expression of the genes of interest in testicular germ cells exposed to MEHP in a dose- and time-dependent manner at concentrations of 1µM, 10µM, and 100µM at 24, 48, 72 and 96hr time points. The genes consisted of Testisin, GSPT1, and MGMT genes which are a tumor suppressors, phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme and DNA repair gene respectively. These genes were analyzed by Quantitative Real Time PCR (RT-PCR). The results revealed an overall down-regulation for each gene as the concentration and/or time increased. Testisin was the focus of the gene expression analysis. Testisin is epigenetically silenced in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) by DNA methylation at the 5’CpG island of the gene. To investigate if MEHP is capable of DNA hypermethylation, a co-exposure with 5-azacytidine (demethylating agent) was conducted. Compared with the 5-azacytidine treatment alone, there was a significant down-regulation of the Testisin gene in the co-exposure. This suggests that MEHP may down-regulate Testisin gene expression by DNA methylation. These findings provide evidence that MEHP can alter the expression of Testisin, GSTP1 and MGMT, genes that are associated in the risk of developing testicular germ cell tumors. In addition, results indicated that MEHP may cause DNA methylation leading to the down-regulation/silencing of genes such as Testisin.
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Balck, Marianne. "Phthalates in preschool dust : the relation between phthalates and parameters in the preschool environment." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-262076.

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Children are constantly exposed to many chemicals via the products they come in contactwith in their everyday life. One chemical group is phthalates, the most commonly usedplasticisers in the world. Phthalates are used mainly in PVC plastic products like floors, toys,food containers and wallpaper but they are also used in rubber, glue, paint, cables etc. Sincethese chemicals are weakly chemically bound to the PVC they can leak and migrate to the air,food, water and skin. Children are exposed to phthalates mainly through food, but because ofthe hand to mouth behaviour they are also exposed via dust inhalation and dust ingestion.About ten years ago regulations of the most toxic phthalates in toys and child care productswere implemented in the EU and from February 2015 it is a general prohibition for the use ofDEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate), DnBP (di-n-butyl phthalate), DiBP (diisobutyl phthalate) andBBzP (butyl benzyl phthalate). DiNP (diisononyl phthalate) is a relatively new phthalate andit has replaced DEHP to some extent in floors and toys. In phthalate free products DINCH(1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester) is one of the plasticizer replacingphthalates. The banned phthalates have been shown to cause adverse effects on reproductionand recent research also investigates links between phthalate exposure and asthma and allergysymptoms in children. More experimental animal studies are needed to further investigate theasthma and allergy correlation. In the present project dust samples were collected from 30 preschool indoor environments inthe Stockholm city area to evaluate the levels of the six substances mentioned and thephthalate DEP (diethyl phthalate). The main aim of this thesis project was to search forrelations and links between the phthalate concentrations in dust and parameters from theindoor environment in preschools. Studied parameters are e.g. construction year, floor type,cleaning routines and quantity of toys and furniture made of plastic or foam. The project wascommissioned by the Swedish EPA and performed at the Institute of Environmental Medicine(IMM) at Karolinska Institutet. A negative relation was found between dust phthalate (DEHP and DnBP) concentrationand construction year. Also rooms with old PVC floors had higher concentrations of DEHPand DnBP in dust than rooms with new PVC floors. There was also a trend that dust frompreschools with PVC floors had higher DiNP concentration than dust from preschools withother floor types. The preschools that used foam mattresses for resting had higher DiNPconcentrations than those with no foam mattresses. Most preschools had new foammattresses, which could indicate a more common use of DiNP in new mattresses or mattress2covers compared to old mattresses that contains more DEHP. The four Waldorf preschoolsthat participated had lower DiNP dust concentrations than the other preschools, which wasexpected since Waldorf orientation includes using as little plastic material as possible. Norelation was found between the phthalate dust concentrations and the quantity of toys made ofsoft plastic in the sampled area. Many preschools had made a plastic inventory where they removed old and soft plastic toysand material. Also many preschools recently replaced old foam mattresses used for resting.This could be due to the big chemical focus in the media and authorities and the brochuresthat have been sent out the last couple of years about what preschool can do to decrease thechemical exposure of children. This interest and awareness seen in the preschools waspositive and hopefully the trend spreads to more preschools. Since children spend a big part oftheir time at preschools it is an important mission for society and the government to decreasethe exposure to hazardous chemicals there. Hopefully what has been done so far is just thebeginning.
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Mitten, Lauren. "Phthalates: Science, Advocacy, and Biomonitoring." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/614.

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Phthalates are a class of ubiquitous environmental contaminants that cause health problems including reproductive disorders, asthma, and obesity. Advocacy against phthalates has been taking place in the US since the mid-1990s, and eight in-depth interviews were conducted with advocates and scientists in order to construct a history of this advocacy. There have been a variety of campaigns and victories; those around medical devices, children’s products, and personal care products are examined in detail. Phthalate exposure data for a representative sample of the US population indicates that exposure to DEP, DEHP, DnBP, and BBzP went down between 1999 and 2010. As these were the phthalates that had the largest volume of advocacy during the period researched, this decrease suggests that advocacy around specific phthalates is effective in reducing exposure and that more advocacy around phthalates, and potentially other harmful chemicals, could result in further decreased exposure and improved health in the US population. Additional research using more finely graded biomonitoring data would help deepen understanding about correlations between advocacy and phthalate exposure. In reviewing the health effects of phthalates, it was found that a disproportionate amount of the research is on male reproductive health effects, which is partially responsible for the fact that a disproportionate amount of phthalate advocacy is on heath effects relating to men, particularly male babies. Both phthalate science and advocacy sometimes treat women instrumentally, objectifying them or regarding them as incubators. To combat this, scientists could do more research on the health effects of phthalates on women and advocates could take more care not to neglect or instrumentalize women in their efforts to reduce phthalate exposure for all people.
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Matinise, Nolubabalo. "Electrolytic determination of phthalates organic pollutants with n nostructured titanium and iron oxides sensors." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1177_1305892404.

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This work reports the chemical synthesis, characterisation and electrochemical application of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles in the determination of phthalates. The other part of this work involved electrochemical polymerization of aniline doped with titanium and iron oxide nanoparticles for the sensor platform in the electrolytic determination of phthalates. The TiO2 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared by sol gel and hydrothermal methods respectively. Particle sizes of 20 nm (TiO2) and 50 nm (Fe2O3) were estimated from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The other technical methods used in this study for the characterization of the TiO2 and iron oxide Fe2O3 NPs were SEM, XRD and UV- visible spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the electrochemical properties of the nanoparticles. These electrochemical studies of the nanoparticles were performed with a Fe2O3 or TiO2/nafion/glassy carbon membrane electrode in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 0.1 M lithium perchlorate (pH 6.8) under an aerobic condition.

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Oliver, Roly. "Phthalates in wastewater : types, occurence and fate during treatment." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411553.

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黃之玠 and Evelyn Wong. "Phthalates, an emerging endocrine disrupting chemical: exposure, effects and human health." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41549521.

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Wong, Evelyn. "Phthalates, an emerging endocrine disrupting chemical exposure, effects and human health /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41549521.

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Bui, Tuong Thuy. "Assessing human exposure to phthalates, alternative plasticizers and organophosphate esters." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för miljövetenskap och analytisk kemi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-141808.

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Phthalate esters (PEs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are common indoor pollutants frequently detected in environmental (dust, air), personal (hand wipes, diet) and human matrices (urine, serum etc.). In this thesis, mathematical models were used to establish links between intake and body burden for a comprehensive dataset based on a Norwegian study population. Also, the relative importance of different PE uptake pathways was assessed and discussed. Furthermore, the suitability of human nails as an alternative, non-invasive biomonitoring matrix for PEs was investigated. Additionally, information regarding alternative plasticizers to PEs was collected and presented extensively. Results showed that for PEs (paper II), daily intakes based on external exposure media agree with back-calculations using urinary metabolite concentrations, leading to the conclusion that human exposure for the general adult population is well understood and that the most important uptake routes were captured. Overall intake levels are comparable or lower than level presented in recent comprehensive studies and hazard quotients were well below 1 (low risk). As expected, diet was found to be the most important uptake route for all PEs. For lower molecular weight PEs, inhalation becomes a strong contributing pathway whereas for higher molecular weight PEs, dust ingestion was also important. Daily intake based on hand wipes was found to be much lower than the estimated total dermal intake based on air, dust and personal care products, questioning the relevance of hand wipes to represent total dermal exposure. Human nails were found to be unsuitable for replacing urine as a biomonitoring matrix for PEs as internal intake (from blood) cannot explain measured nail concentrations and uptake from air is too slow to reach observed concentrations within a realistic time frame (paper III). Hence, the kinetic links between intake and nail concentrations could not be established. Although exposure to traditional PEs is decreasing, use and body burden of some alternatives are increasing (paper I). Fortunately, most alternative plasticizers have favorable toxicological properties, resulting in low risk for humans. In contrast to PEs, OPEs still remain a group of poorly studied substances in terms of human exposure (paper IV). Due to lack of information regarding human metabolism, reliable links between intake and concentrations in serum and urine could not be established. Modelling results showed that concentrations in serum, and to some extent, urine, were underestimated for 2 compounds. It is likely that a combination of missing intake and suboptimal biomarkers were the cause for this under-prediction. Because of this, further studies regarding human metabolism should be performed for OPEs and potentially more specific biomarkers identified in the future. For PEs, there is a need for more comprehensive datasets to study exposure for high risk groups such as infants and children. Furthermore, dermal uptake remains poorly understood and the uptake of PEs into human nails should be studied in more detail to establish the kinetic links between exposure and body burden.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Thor, Larsen Søren. "Adjuvant effect of phthalates and monophthalates in a murine injection model /." Cph. : Department of Pharmacology, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemical Working environments, National Institute of Occupational Health, 2002. http://www.dfh.dk/phd/defences/Soeren%20Thor%20Larsen.html.

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Books on the topic "Phthalates"

1

National Academies Press (U.S.), ed. Phthalates and cumulative risk assessment: The task ahead. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2008.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Health Risks of Phthalates. Phthalates and cumulative risk assessment: The task ahead. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2008.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Health Risks of Phthalates. Phthalates and cumulative risk assessment: The task ahead. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2008.

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Moretti, Gerardo L., and Drago Romano. Phthalates: Chemical properties, impacts on health, and the environment. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2012.

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Moretti, Gerardo L., and Drago Romano. Phthalates: Chemical properties, impacts on health, and the environment. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2012.

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Oliver, Roly. Phthalates in wastewater: Types, occurrence and fate during treatment. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, 2004.

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C, Vaughn Bradley, ed. Bisphenol A and phthalates: Uses, health effects and environmental risks. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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N, Moye Gail, ed. Phthalates and bisphenol-A in plastics and possible human health effects. New York: Nova Science Publishers, inc., 2009.

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N, Moye Gail, ed. Phthalates and bisphenol-A in plastics and possible human health effects. New York: Nova Science Publishers, inc., 2009.

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Nielsen, Elsa. Toxicological evaluation and limit values for DEHP and phthalates, other than DEHP. Copenhagen: Ministry of Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Phthalates"

1

Wen, Hui-Ju, Han-Bin Huang, Tsung-Lin Tsai, and Shu-Li Wang. "Phthalates." In Health Impacts of Developmental Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 375–404. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0520-1_15.

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Benson, Robert W. "Phthalates." In Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 815–20. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118834015.ch80.

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Zhu, Jiping, Rong Wang, Yong-Lai Feng, and Xu-Liang Cao. "Phthalates." In Analysis of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Food, 255–68. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118346747.ch10.

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Laird, L., and M. R. Holahan. "Phthalates." In Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 1151–60. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, [2019] | Series: Food microbiology series | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22030-109.

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Atlas, E., and C. S. Giam. "Phthalates and Related Plasticizers." In Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Sciences, 341–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2361-7_15.

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Kappenstein, Oliver, Bärbel Vieth, Andreas Luch, and Karla Pfaff. "Toxicologically Relevant Phthalates in Food." In Experientia Supplementum, 87–106. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_4.

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MATSUMOTO, AKIRA, and MASAYOSHI OIWA. "Glycol Bis(allyl Phthalates) as Cocross-linkers for Diallyl Phthalate Resins." In ACS Symposium Series, 225–35. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1985-0282.ch019.

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Chou, Yen-Yin, Chung-Yu Chen, Ching-Chang Lee, Shou-Yen Chen, Meng-Che Tsai, I.-Shou Lin, and Shio-Jean Lin. "Phthalates and Sexual Maturation and Growth: A Focus on Effects of Phthalates Exposure." In Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease, 1163–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_69.

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Meeker, John D., and Kelly K. Ferguson. "Phthalates: Human Exposure and Related Health Effects." In Dioxins and Health, 415–43. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118184141.ch13.

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Sun, Chengjun, Rui Sun, Xin Wu, Shuo Yin, Yongxin Li, and Danni Yang. "Analytical Methods for Phthalates in Water Samples." In Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, 539–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52395-4_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Phthalates"

1

Liu, Fenny, Sean Huang, Sheng Fong Yu, Chun Yen Li, Liang-Yih Hung, and Yu Po Wang. "RoHS – Compliant Indirectly Material Evaluation for Manufacturing Study." In ASME 2022 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2022-97175.

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Abstract The restriction of hazardous substances directive is an environmental directive being passed by the European Union in February 2003. It was scheduled to be effective from on July 1, 2006. It mainly aims at product ingredients and engineering process standards in manufacturing. Any electrical and electronic equipment contains hazardous substances over the regulated limitation will not be allowed to be offered on the market in European Union. Mar 31, 2015, European Union issued a directive to add four new restrictions on the concentration of phthalates that were Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP). The limitation of concentration by weight is 0.1% for each substance. The phthalates which are used as plasticizers to be used in indirectly material as dicing tape for the semiconductor industry. Many related researches mentioned that temperature and time effects on the migration of DEHP, which means the product existed the risk to be contaminated. Therefore, DEHP is phased out from indirectly material to evaluate DEHP-free indirectly material. The manufacture result is shown in this study to evaluate new indirectly material without DEHP.
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Bolaji, James A., Sara J. Bonvini, Michael A. Wortley, John J. Adcock, Eric Dubuis, Chris Carlsten, Terry D. Tetley, Mark A. Birrell, and Maria G. Belvisi. "Phthalates trigger respiratory reflexes." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa4785.

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Zia, Asif I., A. R. Mohd Syaifudin, S. C. Mukhopadhyay, I. H. Al-Bahadly, P. L. Yu, Chinthaka P. Gooneratne, Jurgen Kosel, and Tai-Shan Liao. "MEMS based impedimetric sensing of phthalates." In 2013 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2013.6555536.

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LI, Haishan, Guolin SHEN, Wenchao AI, Wenping XIE, Hui HAN, and Huiming CHEN. "Direct activation of Constitutive Androstane Receptor by Phthalates." In International Conference on Biological Engineering and Pharmacy 2016 (BEP 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/bep-16.2017.77.

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SWAN, SHANNA H. "HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PHTHALATES AND THEIR HEALTH EFFECTS." In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 36th Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812709233_0031.

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Zia, Asif I., S. C. Mukhopadhyay, I. H. Al-Bahadly, P. L. Yu, Chinthaka P. Gooneratne, and Jurgen Kosel. "Introducing molecular selectivity in rapid impedimetric sensing of phthalates." In 2014 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2014.6860861.

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Swaen, Gerard, Miriam Urlings, and Maurice Zeegers. "0045 Reporting bias in observational epidemiologic research on phthalates." In Eliminating Occupational Disease: Translating Research into Action, EPICOH 2017, EPICOH 2017, 28–31 August 2017, Edinburgh, UK. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104636.30.

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Zhao, Yahui, Xiaoyi Wang, Xingtao Lin, Jingqiang Zhao, Huiming Ke, Hairong Ren, Qun Lu, et al. "The Pilot Study of Phthalates and Monoesters in Human Chorion Tissues." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5516544.

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Zia, Asif I., Nasrin Afsarimanesh, Li Xie, Anindya Nag, I. H. Al-Bahadly, P. L. Yu, and Jurgen Kosel. "Improved detection limits for phthalates by selective solid-phase micro-extraction." In 2015 9th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsenst.2015.7438493.

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Gvildis, D. E., Y. V. Omelichkina, S. V. Boyarkina, L. A. Maksimova, A. A. Semenov, A. G. Enikeev, and T. N. Shafikova. "PHTHALATES OF PLANT AND ITS INVOLVMENT IN DEFENCE RESPONSE AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENS." In The All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation and Schools of Young Scientists "Mechanisms of resistance of plants and microorganisms to unfavorable environmental". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-319-8-216-220.

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Reports on the topic "Phthalates"

1

Gao, Hui, Chen Gong, Shi-chun Shen, Jia-ying Zhao, Dou-dou Xu, Fang-biao Tao, Yang Wang, and Xiao-chen Fan. A systematic review on the associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and childhood glycolipid metabolism and blood pressure: evidence from epidemiological studies. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0111.

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Review question / Objective: The present systematic review was performed to obtain a summary of epidemiological evidence on the relationships of in utero exposure to phthalates with childhood glycolipid metabolism and blood pressure. Condition being studied: Childhood cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure, lipid profile (e.g., triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL−C, LDL−C) and glucose metabolism (e.g., insulin, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, glucose) were the interested outcomes. Eligibility criteria: In brief, epidemiological studies including cohort study, case-control study and cross-sectional survey were screened. Studies regarding relationships between human exposure to organophosphate esters and neurotoxicity were possible eligible for the present systematic review. The adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes included development of cognition, behavior, motor, brain change, emotion, etc. Studies that did not meet the above criteria were not included in this systematic review.
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Patton, G. W., A. T. Cooper, M. L. Blanton, L. F. Lefkovitz, and T. J. Gilfoil. Measurement and estimated health risks of semivolatile organic compounds (PCBs, PAHs, pesticides, and phthalates) in ambient air at the Hanford Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/548905.

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Weirick, L. J. Shock characterization of Diallyl Phthalate (DAP). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6957402.

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Gao, Hui, Dan Chen, and Miao Zang. Association between phthalate exposure and insulin resistance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.4.0026.

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Aggarwal, R. L., L. W. Farrar, B. G. Saar, T. H. Jeys, and R. B. Goodman. Measurement of the Absolute Raman Cross Sections of Diethyl Phthalate, Dimethyl Phthalate, Ethyl Cinnamate, Propylene Carbonate, Tripropyl Phosphate, 1,3-Cyclohexanedione, 3'-Aminoacetophenone, 3'-Hydroxyacetophenone, Diethyl Acetamidomalonate, Isovanillin, Lactide, Meldrum's Acid, p-Tolyl Sulfoxide, and Vanillin. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada591110.

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Cheng, M.-D. Impacts of Venturi Turbulent Mixing on the Size Distributions of Sodium Chloride and Dioctyl-Phthalate Aerosols. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885677.

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Gao, Hui, Cheng Zhang, and Fangbiao Tao. Association between prenatal phthalate exposure and gestational metabolic syndrome parameters: A systematic review of epidemiological study. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.12.0065.

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Cheng, M. D., T. Wainman, and J. Storey. Impacts of Venturi Turbulent Mixing on the Size Distribution of Sodium Chloride and Dioctyl-Phthalate Aerosols. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/763226.

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Gao, Hui, Ya-fei Wang, Zi-wei Wang, and Yue Wang. Prenatal phthalate exposure is associated with age-specific alterations in markers of adiposity in offspring: a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.7.0090.

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Giometti, C. S., J. Taylor, M. A. Gemmell, S. L. Tollaksen, N. D. Lalwani, and J. K. Reddy. A comparative study of the effects of clofibrate, ciprofibrate, WY-14,643, and di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate on liver protein expression in mice. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10171301.

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