Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Phrase structure'
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Butler, Jonny. "Phase structure, phrase structure, and quantification." Thesis, University of York, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415175.
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Bury, Dirk. "Phrase structure and derived heads." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406480.
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Koizumi, Masatoshi. "Phrase structure in minimalist syntax." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11348.
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Öztürk, Balkız. "Case, referentiality and phrase structure /." Amsterdam : J. Benjamins, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40098181c.
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Medcalf, Anne-Marie. "Jorai sentence and phrase structure." Thesis, Medcalf, Anne-Marie (1989) Jorai sentence and phrase structure. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 1989. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41252/.
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Jorai is a non written language spoken by 150,000 to 200,000 people living for the most part. in the highlands of central Vietnam. Notwithstanding strong Austroasiatic influences, it is largely accepted that it belongs to the Chamic group of the Western Austronesian family of languages.
The present description of Jorai sentence and phrase structure is based on the examples provided by a transcription of a Jorai myth edited and translated by the French ethnologist Jacques Dournes (1974, 1975), and a set of language lessons published by the Summer Institute of Linguistics and written by Siu Ha Dieu (1976). References are also made to texts pertaining not only to Jorai syntax but also to other Austronesian languages. Because of the small amount of original data considered and the lack of native speaker informants, this study, which largely follows the principles of transformational grammar only intends to be a preliminary description.
Three chapters divide the main body of this work. The first one concerns the three types of Jorai sentence patterns, namely the verbal, the equational and the existential patterns. In each case examples are provided while particular attention is given to the problems of topic ellipsis, word order variation and to the structures arising from the occurence of verbs of existence.
The second chapter is a discussion of the negatives, the passive voice and the moods which may respectively affect the structure of the sentence. The third chapter describes Jorai noun, adjective, adverbial, prepositional and verbal phrases with reference to their components and their possible reduplication and compounding.
The conclusion, finally draws attention to the further areas of research which could perhaps define more closely the links between Jorai and the larger Austronesian family it belongs to.
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Matheson, Colin Angus. "Syntax and semantics of English partitive noun phrases : a phrase structure account." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19994.
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This thesis presents a phrase structure account of a particular class of English noun phrases; partitives. Constructions which are directly related, notably pseudopartitives, are also analysed, and the proposals have implications for the representation of simple noun phrases. The main aim is to provide a concise and explicit account of the data and to this end the syntactic rules are presented in a computer-usable form. The background to the analysis is provided by reviewing a number of seminal accounts of noun phrase structure, and there is also a review of some research on the semantics of noun phrases which directly bears on the work presnted here. In the absence of a semantic theory which captures all the relevant facts, some requirements are stated and some directions indicated. This thesis makes a number of specific claims, among which are the following: * Partitive noun phrases are minimally distinct from simple and pseudopartitive noun phrases syntactically and semantically. * Genitive partitive noun phrases in Old English and in languages such as modern German and Polish are closely related to the modern English partitive form. * The partitive definiteness constraint must be reformulated. * The phenomena of definiteness should be treated in a theory which allows interaction with the domain of discourse. The main contribution of the thesis is in the provision of a precise, practical, and theoretically motivated grammar of English noun phrases which aims to generate, as nearly as possible, 'all and only' the required strings of the language.
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White, Jonathan Russell. "An inquiry into minimalist phrase structure." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348851/.
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This thesis takes as its starting point the proposal in Kayne (1994) that all syntactic structures are underlyingly spec-head-complement, and that they are right-branching. I will investigate this proposal taking data from English degree constructions, namely result clauses and comparatives. A comparison will be made between these constructions and English VPs, on which the majority of the phrase structure debate in the literature has been based. The evidence for left-branching and for right-branching in VPs will be considered, and similar evidence sought for degree constructions. We will see that VPs have a mostly right-branching structure, although left-branching structures are required in restricted circumstances. Also reason and manner adjuncts are argued to be right-adjoined to the VP node, a conclusion that is re-inforced by considering the constituency of VP adjuncts and some PP sequences noted by Jackendoff (1973). In degree constructions too, we argue that both left-branching and right-branching structures are necessary. My conclusion will be that Kayne's proposal is too strong, even though it is ideal from the perspective of a minimalist approach to syntax.
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Livingston, Donald Everett. "Discontinuous case in Russian number phrases : an analysis under generalized phrase structure grammar /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7159.
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MATOS, DENILSON PEREIRA DE. "THE PRONOUN LHE: IN THE PHRASE STRUCTURE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4420@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROEsta dissertação examina as classificações atribuídas ao pronome lhe, com base na gramática de valências. Segundo a tradição gramatical a nomeação do pronome é uma etapa suficiente como proposta de ensino. Neste trabalho, refuta- se esta conduta, à medida que se defende que - com relação à aprendizagem - importa para o aluno compreender, sobretudo, o funcionamento do pronome lhe na estrutura frásica. Do mesmo modo, é necessário depreender que este pronome pode desempenhar funções sintáticas distintas, as quais são justificadas através do comportamento do lhe e não por uma determinação meramente classificatória. O corpus selecionado privilegiou exemplos reunidos em livros didáticos, em gramáticas pedagógicas, no corpus do CETEMPúblico e do CETEMFolhaNILC/São Carlos. O resultado da análise revela que o pronome lhe é um genuíno complemento e que não basta classificar o elemento em questão, mas entender seu papel básico desempenhado em qualquer contexto.
This dissertation examines the classifications which are attributed to the pronoun lhe with the base on the basis Valence Grammar. According to the grammatical tradition the nomination for a pronoun is an adequate step as a teaching proposal However, this dissertation refutes this procedure by defending that, as far as learning concerned, what matters to the student is above all understand the function of the pronoun lhe in the phrase structure. At the same time, it is necessary to consider that this pronoun may have distinct syntactical functions, which are justified by structural collocation and not only by one merely classifying determination. The selected corpus favoured examples from didactic books, Pedagogical grammars, in the corpus of Public CETEM and of NIL/São Carlos. The result of the data analysis reveals that the pronoun lhe is a genuine complement and it is not sufficient to classify the aforementioned particle on debate, but to understand its role in the context it which it occurs.
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Miller, Philip H. "Clitics and constituents in phrase structure grammar /." New York ; London : Garland, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37747868w.
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LeBlanc, David C. "The generation of phrase-structure representations from principles." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29338.
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Implementations of grammatical theory have traditionally been based upon Context-
Free Grammar (CFG) formalisms which all but ignore questions of learnability. Even implementations which are based upon theories of Generative Grammar (GG), a paradigm which is supposedly motivated by learnability, rarely address such questions. In this thesis we will examine a GG theory which has been formulated primarily to address questions of learnability and present an implementation based upon this theory. The theory argues from Chomsky's definition of epistemological priority that principles which match elements and structures from prelinguistic systems
with elements and structures in linguistic systems are preferable to those which are defined purely linguistically or non-linguistically. A procedure for constructing phrase-structure representations from prelinguistic relations using principles of node percolation (rather than the traditional X-theory of GG theories or phrase-structure rules of CFG theories) is presented and this procedure integrated into a left-right, primarily bottom-up parsing mechanism. Specifically, we present a parsing mechanism
which derives phrase-structure representations of sentences from Case- and 0-relations using a small number of Percolation Principles. These Percolation Principles
simply determine the categorial features of the dominant node of any two adjacent nodes in a representational tree, doing away with explicit phrase structure
rules altogether. The parsing mechanism also instantiates appropriate empty categories using a filler-driven paradigm for leftward argument and non-argument movement. Procedures modelling learnability are not implemented in this work, but the applicability of the presented model to a computational model of language is discussed.Science, Faculty of
Computer Science, Department of
Graduate
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Moinzadeh, Ahmad. "An antisymmetric, minimalist approach to Persian phrase structure." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9399.
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In this thesis, I investigate phrase structure in Persian within the Minimalist framework of Chomsky (1995, 1998). Adopting Kayne's (1994) Linear Correspondence Axiom, which examines the relation of hierarchical structure and linear order, I propose a head-initial analysis for Persian, and develop an analysis of SVO word order based on the examination of all lexical and functional categories. Prior to investigating categories which are common to other languages, I examine the Ezafe Phrase (EzP), a functional phrasal category specific to Persian. The EzP is headed by a morpheme which may be phonetically realized as e/ye or null o. This morpheme regulates the occurrence of more than one complement in DPs/NPs and APs. Like the other phrasal categories investigated, the EzP is shown to follow the Spec-Head-Complement configuration (of the Linear Correspondence Axiom). My argumentation for a head-initial configuration for Persian, and the implication of a basic SVO word order is based largely on evidence for noun phrases and verb phrases. I provide support for a DP analysis of Persian nominal phrases, and demonstrate that both DPs and lexical NPs display a head-initial configuration. While Persian VPs exhibit both VO and OV word order in unmarked sentences, I argue that they consistently display a head-initial configuration, an analysis which is theoretically preferable to one based on dual directionality. I support my proposal for a head-initial analysis of VPs and a basic SVO word order in Persian with a variety of empirical evidence about verbal complements, including the exclusive post-verbal generation of CP complements, the placement of clitics, and the position of adverbs relative to verbal heads and their complements. While concentrating on DPs and VPs, I further support my analysis of a head-initial configuration for Persian by examining the Spec-Head-Complement configuration in APs, PPs, IPs and in less detail, the internal structure of CPs and TopPs. On the basis of both theoretical and empirical evidence, I propose a head-initial analysis for all phrasal categories in Persian. In conclusion, I turn to diachronic data which also provides evidence of the Spec-Head-Complement analysis I have proposed for Modern Persian.
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Lin, Yi-An. "The Sinitic nominal phrase structure : a minimalist perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270316.
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This dissertation is a comparative study of the morphosyntax of the constituents referred to as noun phrases in traditional grammar. In line with Abney’s (1987) Determiner Phrase (DP) Hypothesis, this study investigates the syntactic structures of Sinitic nominal phrases by means of a thorough study of lexical elements, such as numerals, classifiers, possessives, adjectives, and nouns, and functional elements, such as plural/collective markers, force particles, and modification markers. It is argued that the syntactic structure of the nominal phrase is universal regardless of the presence of lexical items which realise the heads of the functional projections. This study further proposes a unified account of the articulated structure of nominal phrases, as a full-fledged DP, to explain the syntactic phenomena in both classifier and non-classifier languages. More specifically, a Probe-Goal feature-valuing model is proposed to account for parametric variation among Sinitic and other languages within the framework of Chomsky’s (2000, 2001, 2004) Phase-based Minimalist Programme. Furthermore, given the assumption of the Split-DP Hypothesis, this study proposes that the DP in Sinitic languages is also not a unitary projection but an articulated array of functional projections, including DforceP, DfocusP, DtopicP and DdefiniteP. As their counterparts in the clausal domain, these functional projections encode discourse-related properties, such as illocutionary force, topic, and focus. As far as modification structures are concerned, this study argues that the bare modifier is base-generated in the Spec of a functional or lexical projection, whereas the marked modifier is adjoined to the left of the nominal phrase by the operation Adjunction.
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Robins, Jeremy M. "Phrase Structure, Hypermeter, and Closure in Popular Music." Thesis, The Florida State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10262010.
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Phrases in common-practice music are traditionally defined by harmonic processes, particularly goal-directed progressions to tonic. In popular music, however, harmonic motion toward a tonic is not always present, making traditional approaches to phrase segmentation problematic. The goal of this dissertation is to provide a systematic methodology for addressing phrase segmentation and closure in popular music, particularly in the absence of goal-directed harmonic motion. Additionally, I aim for simplicity of application and consistency of results.
Because contemporary popular music is heavily focused on vocal melodies and lyrics, it is important to use a methodology that privileges melodic activity in classifying formal structures. My methodology for phrase segmentation is based on patterns of melodic repetition, particularly in reference to recurring quadruple hypermeter. With a consistent method for segmenting phrases, cadences can be identified and classified, allowing for comparison of closure in popular songs.
This research aims to engage the musical syntax of popular music on its own terms while drawing on the rich resource of common-practice analytical methodologies. There are many theoretical concepts and terms that carry into popular practice such as periods, sentences, and cadences; however, the transfer is not always exact, resulting in some concepts that are loosened or expanded, such as allowing subdominant (IV) and subtonic (bVII) harmonies to support half cadences. New categories of phrase structure and cadences are also necessary to accurately describe popular music, specifically rotated phrases, rotated subphrases, and submediant cadences, none of which have established analogues in common-practice scholarship. In rotated phrases and subphrases, lyrical content is displaced from melodic repetition, creating formal ambiguity. Submediant cadences occur as part of the submediant double-tonic complex (DTC), where tonal fluidity is created between relative major and minor keys. Songs featuring the submediant DTC fluctuate between the major and minor rotations of a single diatonic collection, allowing cadences that articulate the major and minor modes simultaneously.
This dissertation represents the first step of a longer process of studying, classifying, and presenting the musical syntax of popular music. The methodology has the potential to address the wide spectrum of popular music, and I trust that it will be a useful tool for scholars working in the field of popular music scholarship.
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Chahristan, Kamil. "Aspects of phrases and clauses in Syrian within the framework of head-driven phrase structure grammar." Thesis, Bangor University, 1991. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/aspects-of-phrases-and-clauses-in-syrian-within-the-framework-of-headdriven-phrase-structure-grammar(c71fde8f-a661-4881-a73b-8be84aead1e7).html.
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The aim of this work is show how certain aspects of Syrian phrases and clauses can be analyzed within the Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) framework. This is a framework developed and advanced by Carl Pollard, Ivan Sag and others. This approach draws on many recent theories such as Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, and Government and Binding. I will be mainly concerned in this work with the revised version of HPSG advanced in Borsley (1986,1987, forthcoming), on which ideas of this study are based. In chapter one, some theoretical matters will be discussed which are worth considering in relation to the topic of this study. I will more specifically be concerned with a brief description of distinguishing features of Phrase Structure Grammar. I will also introduce some ideas of Categorial Grammar which is one of the main influences on HPSG. In chapter two, I will discuss the important role verb phrases play in Syrian. I will also look at clitic facts. The analysis that I will propose will be based on the revised version of HPSG. Chapter three will be devoted to prepositional phrases. I will consider a variety of Syrian prepositions and argue in great length that they are heads of prepositional phrases. As in the verb phrases chapter, clitics will be a major concern. In chapter four, I will study adjective phrases and show that adjectives can be used predicatively and attributively. In chapter five, I will introduce some noun phrase data and investigate their internal structure. I will show that nouns in Syrian, unlike in English, can take noun phrases which always follow the head noun they modify. In other words, I will show that Syrian noun phrases have what might be called a 'subject' preceded by the head noun and followed by a complement. The reason for calling them 'subjects' is that they seem to occupy a similar position in noun phrases to subjects in verb initial clauses and are interpreted in the same way as a subject when the noun is derived from a verb. However, I will argue that they are not 'subjects', but in fact complements. I will also assume that the definite article is essentially a kind of clitic. That is, it can be analyzed as a realization, like clitics, of the clitic feature. As I did in the previous chapters, I will consider clitics. In chapter six, I will discuss the structure of Syrian clauses. I will look at ordinary clauses where I will argue that Syrian has two possible word order: subject-verb-object, which is the unmarked word order, and verb-subject-object which is also used very frequently. I will proceed to consider -v- English' small clauses and Syrian verbless clauses. It is not too surprising, perhaps, that some similarities and some differences will be found between the two languages. In chapter seven, I will study and analyze 'Unbounded Dependency Constructions'. This is a term introduced in Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar during the last decade to refer to a class of constructions standardly analyzed by transformational grammarians as involving WH-Movement. For English, such constructions include Topicalization, Relative Clauses, wh- Questions, etc. It is used because it does not suggest that the correct analysis involves movement. I will also introduce Pollard and Sag's (forthcoming) approach to unbounded dependency constructions. Finally, in chapter eight, I will sum up this work and look at topics for further research.
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Evans, R. E. "Theoretical and computational interpretations of Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379469.
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Taghvaipour, Mehran A. "Persian relative clauses in head-driven phrase structure grammar." Thesis, University of Essex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418361.
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Manōlessou, Iō. "Greek noun phrase structure : a study in syntactic evolution." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283913.
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Koizumi, Masatoshi. "Syntax of adjuncts and the phrase structure of Japanese." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1345565130.
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Wong, Kwong-cheong, and 黃廣昌. "Serial verb constructions in Cantonese and Dagaare: a head-driven phrase structure grammar analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36934057.
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Patrick, T. (Thomas). "The conceptual structure of noun phrases /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66102.
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Li, Wei. "The morpho-syntactic interface in a Chinese phrase structure grammar." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61656.pdf.
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Morrill, Glyn Verden. "Extraction and coordination in phrase structure grammar and categorial grammar." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6609.
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A large proportion of computationally-oriented theories of grammar operate within the confines of monostratality (i.e. there is only one level of syntactic analysis), compositionality (i.e. the meaning of an expression is determined by the meanings of its syntactic parts, plus their manner of combination), and adjacency (i.e. the only operation on terminal strings is concatenation). This thesis looks at two major approaches falling within these bounds: that based on phrase structure grammar (e.g. Gazdar), and that based on categorial grammar (e.g. Steedman). The theories are examined with reference to extraction and coordination constructions; crucially a range of 'compound' extraction and coordination phenomena are brought to bear. It is argued that the early phrase structure grammar metarules can characterise operations generating compound phenomena, but in so doing require a categorial-like category system. It is also argued that while categorial grammar contains an adequate category apparatus, Steedman's primitives such as composition do not extend to cover the full range of data. A theory is therefore presented integrating the approaches of Gazdar and Steedman. The central issue as regards processing is derivational equivalence: the grammars under consideration typically generate many semantically equivalent derivations of an expression. This problem is addressed by showing how to axiomatise derivational equivalence, and a parser is presented which employs the axiomatisation to avoid following equivalent paths.
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Edwards, Malcolm Howell. "A generalised phrase structure grammar analysis of colloquial Egyptian Arabic." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247629.
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This thesis proposes and defends a let of analyses of various aspects of the phrase structure of colloquial Egyptian Arabic (EA) clause structure, using the Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG) framework of Gazdar, Klein, Pullum and Sag (1985). In the first chapter the constituency of simple clause types is examined and it is argued that EA is a "configurational" SVO language with a VP constituent. These two proposals form the basis for the analyses developed in subsequent chapters. The second chapter pursues the themes of the first, examining the syntax of so-called "nominal" (verbless) sentences, and offering a unified account of both verbal and nominal sentence types. Chapter 3 is concerned with clausal complementation, and shows that under certain assumptions motivated in earlier chapters, the GPSG framework allows for a concise account of a number of hitherto problematic constructions. Chapter 4 is devoted to the syntax of subjects, and in particular to a discussion of "pro-drop" in EA. The relationship between the possibility of missing subjects, word order, and inflection is investigated, and an analysis of cliticisation is proposed which has implications for other areas of the grammar especially relative clauses, which are the subject of Chapter 5.The final chapter is concerned exclusively with the synta~ of relative clauses. A grammar for relative clauses is formulated, in which resumptive pronouns are generated using the feature SLASH. Under the analysis of relative clauses proposed here, the syntax of both subject and object relatives falls out from the interaction of a number of independent facts about EA grammar, and requires no special statement. Throughout the work the aim is to highlight important issues in the syntax of EA, and to offer accounts of these aspects of the grammar which involve the smallest amount of syntactic machinery and achieve maximum generality.
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Kang, Myung-Yoon. "Topics in Korean syntax : phrase structure, variable binding and movement." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14405.
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Naji, Mohamed. "Verification morpho-syntaxique et structure de la phrase en arabe." Paris 10, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA100133.
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Le systeme verbal de l'arabe met en opposition deux formes verbales principales: le verbe dit perfectif (perf. ) et le verbe imperfectif (imperf. ). Ces deux verbes se distinguent sur les plans morphologique et syntaxique. En particulier, le verbe imperf. Est caracterise sur le plan morphologique par la realisation du trait de la personne sous la forme de prefixe et par le fait qu'il porte des suffixes casuels. Sur le plan syntaxique, ce verbe se comporte comme un modifieur nominal. Dans ce travail, nous avons elabore une analyse qui fait decouler les proprietes de imperf. De sa structure morpho- syntaxique. Cette these est organisee en trois parties. Dans la premiere partie, nous avons montre que la morphologie casuelle de imperf. Ne peut pas etre simulee a la morphologie structurale nominale, parce qu'elle ne constitue pas un objet de verification morpho-syntaxique dans les categories fonctionnelles. Dans la deuxieme partie, nous avons montre la difference entre imperf. Et les participes, et nous avons detecte la limite entre les deux. En particulier, les vrais participes se caracterisent par un temps tres faible qui est fusionne dans le complementeur en lexique. Dans la troisieme partie, nous avons examine le comportement de la negation et la modalite temporelle qui apparaissent avec imperf. Nous avons avance une hypothese selon laquelle la negation et la modalite temporelle verifient le trait categoriel verbal de la categorie temps au detriment de imperf, et nous avons generalise cette analyse sur la modalite temporelle et la negation en anglais. A la fin de cette partie nous avons montre comment la realisation morpho-syntaxique de la morphologie flexionnelle sous la forme de morphemes libres ou de morphemes lies influence l'ordre des mots et la structure de la phrase. Notre travail a des consequences theoriques sur l'approche de la morphologie distribuee de halle et marantz (1993) et sur le programme minimaliste de chomsky (1995). Nous sommes parvenus a etablir une relation entre la position des morphemes par rapport au mot et la theorie de la verification adoptee par chomsky (1995) dans le programme minimaliste. En plus, nous avons demontre que la verification des traits categoriels des categories fonctionnelles peut se faire avec d'autre materiel fonctionnel, sans le deplacement des categories lexicalesThe arable verbal system is characterised by opposing two main verbal forms. The first is known as the perfective verb (perf. ) and the second is known as the imperfective verb (imperf. ). While the perf. Verb behaves syntactically and morphologically as a full verb, the imperf. Verb shares some nominal and participial properties. It is distinguished by bearing case suffixes, and by the prefixation of the person feature. From the syntactic point of view, imperf can behave as a modifier of a nominal category. In this work, we have developed an analysis which attributs the nominal and participial properties of the imperf. To its morpho- syntactic structure. Our analysis is developed into three chapters. In the first one, we have prouved that imperf. Case morphology, and verbal case in general, can not be identical to the structural case morphology. Unlike nominal case morphology, verbal case morphology is not a subject to the checking theory. In the second chapter, we have argued that imperf. Is a true verbal form, in spite of the fact that it behaves, in some contexts, like a nominal modifier. Thus, we have detected the limit between participles and imperf. By showing that participial structures have a weak tense specification which is associated to the complementizer by a fusion operation in the lexicon. In the third chapter, we have studied the behaviour of temporal negation and modality that appear with the imperf. . Therefore, we have developed an hypothesis according to which temporal negation and modality check the verbal feature of the tense category, instead of the imperf. Verb. We have generalised this hypothesis to temporal modality and negation in english. Our work has some important consequences and implications on the approach of the distributed morphology proposed by halle and marantz (1993) and on the minimalist program advanced by chomsky (1996). We have been able to establish a relation between the position of morphemes on the word and the checking theory proposed by chomsky in the minimalist program. Furthemore, we have shown that categorial features of functional categories can be checked without moving the lexical categories
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Tatjana, Milicev. "Syntax and information structure of the Old English Verb Phrase." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Filozofski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=100340&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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This thesis deals with the alternation in theAB position of the finite and the non-finite verb in Old English, specifically, with the alternation finite verb-final vs. finite verb-non-final embedded clauses, and the alternation object–verb (OV) vs. verb–object (VO) alternation in the non-finite verb phrase. The central proposal is that information-structural factors underlie most of the Old English word order patterns, including these alternations. What influences the surface position of the finite verb in embedded clauses is the discourse status of the proposition. Verb-final clauses are pragmatically presupposed, while non-final verb position signals pragmatic assertion. The OV/VO alterantion does not reflect competing structures/grammars, but rather focus marking strategies on the VP material, reflected in VO orders. We therefore propose a multi-layered model of information-structure, according to which, topic/background-focus structures are represented at three different levels, wherebythe following types of focus are distinguished: sentence focus, predicate focus and ‘new information’ focus. We also present a mechanism of their interaction and syntactic encoding in Old English. Two important insights emerge from this analysis. First, Old English is a discourse configurational language. Second, at least some discourse configurational languages do not syntactically mark each individual information-structural interpretation of sentence elements. It rather seems that the syntax reflexts IS marking of a larger constituent, leaving it to the context for specific resolutions.Ova disertacija bavi se problemom alternacije uIZ poziciji finitnog i nefinitnog glagola u staroengleskom, preciznije, razlikom između zavisnih rečenica u kojima je finitni glagol u poslednjoj poziciji u klauzi, i onih u kojima se finitni glagol nalazi u višoj poziciji, kao i alternacijom u položaju nefinitnog leksičkog glagola u odnosu na objekat (objekat-glagol, naspram glagol-objekat). Osnovna hipoteza u radu jeste da su glavni redosledi reči u staroengleskom, uključujući i navedene alternacije, rezultat uticaja informacijsko-strukturalnih faktora. Položaj finitnog glagola u zavisnim rečenicama određen je diskursnim statusom propozicije. Rečenice s glagolom na poslednjem položaju u klauzi su pragmatski presuponirane, dok su one s glagolom u višoj pozicji asertivne. Što se tiče alternacije objekat-glagol/glagol-objekat, ona ne odražava sistem dvostruke gramatike, već način obeležavanja fokusa unutar glagolske fraze. Redosled glagol-objekat je markiran, u smislu da se fokus nalazi Ova disertacija bavi se problemom alternacije u poziciji finitnog i nefinitnog glagola u staroengleskom, preciznije, razlikom između zavisnih rečenica u kojima je finitni glagol u poslednjoj poziciji u klauzi, i onih u kojima se finitni glagol nalazi u višoj poziciji, kao i alternacijom u položaju nefinitnog leksičkog glagola u odnosu na objekat (objekat-glagol, naspram glagol-objekat). Osnovna hipoteza u radu jeste da su glavni redosledi reči u staroengleskom, uključujući i navedene alternacije, rezultat uticaja informacijsko-strukturalnih faktora. Položaj finitnog glagola u zavisnim rečenicama određen je diskursnim statusom propozicije. Rečenice s glagolom na poslednjem položaju u klauzi su pragmatski presuponirane, dok su one s glagolom u višoj pozicji asertivne. Što se tiče alternacije objekat-glagol/glagol-objekat, ona ne odražava sistem dvostruke gramatike, već način obeležavanja fokusa unutar glagolske fraze. Redosled glagol-objekat je markiran, u smislu da se fokus nalazi.
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Stanton, Tom. "'One', noun structure, and modification." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/31867.
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The present thesis aims to use novel observations as to the behaviour of anaphoric 'one' when under modification in order to explore more acutely the structure of the nominal phrase. There has been decades of disagreement as to the syntactic nature of anaphoric 'one'. This work highlights novel observations about anaphoric 'one' and offers structural analyses for them. Anaphoric 'one' behaves in a markedly distinct way when modified by a prenominal modifier versus when it is modified by a postnominal modifier. Specifically the indefinite article, numerals, and certain quantifiers are able to be introduced into the structure of the noun phrase only when anaphoric 'one' is modified prenominally. In such cases that is modified postnominally the introduction of such material is not possible. Rather than appealing to rich featural specifications on syntactic objects by way of explanation this thesis offers an account based upon the structure of the nominal. An obligatory movement operation in the nominal projection is proposed, the result of which produces a structural configuration which limits extraction from the moved constituent. It is the two of these factors working together that produces the pattern of behaviour to be captured. Finally I present phenomena that can be found in Spanish, Dutch, Turkish, and Slovenian which can be easily captured using the structural analysis offered in this work. The suggestion being that all of these languages exhibit not only the same movement operation in the nominal projection, but the same limit on what may be extracted from the moved constituent.
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Garcia, Casademont Emília 1987. "Origins of recursive phrase structure through cultural self-organisation and selection." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664937.
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Many human languages in the world exhibit phrase structure. Phrase structure combines words, phrases, and both, into phrases, and it may empower language systems to exploit recursion. This thesis pushes forward the hypothesis that phrase structure is not an accidental structural property of language, but rather an adaptation of language systems to enable the computation of language. I propose a minimal operational model of communication as a specific language game, which together with concrete learning operators shows how a population of artificial agents is able to self-organise a system exhibiting phrase structure. After demonstrating that phrase structure reduces the complexity of language computation, I propose concrete mechanisms in the form of learning operators whose application introduces variation in the language of the agents and selection on the reduction of the computational cost. The mechanisms are implemented and tested in computer simulations as evolutionary explanation for the emergence of phrase structure, including cases exploiting recursion.Els llenguatge naturals es basen en molts casos en gramàtiques sintagmàtiques. Les gramàtiques sintagmàtiques combinen paraules i sintagmes en altres sintagmes, i poden capacitar els sistemes lingüístics a fer ús de la recursió. Aquesta tesi enforteix la hipòtesi que les gramàtiques sintagmàtiques no són una propietat estructural accidental del llenguatge, sinó que són una adaptació dels sistemes lingüístics que permet que el llenguatge pugui ser processat adequadament. Proposo un model minimal de comunicació basat en un joc del llenguatge en concret que defineixo, i que juntament amb operadors d'aprenentatge específics mostra com una població d'agents artificials és capaç d'autoorganitzar un sistema que exhibeix l'ús de gramàtiques sintagmàtiques. Un cop demostrat que les gramàtiques sintagmàtiques redueixen la complexitat del processament del llenguatge, proposo mecanismes concrets en forma d'operadors d'aprenentatge l'aplicació dels quals introdueix variació en les gramàtiques dels agents i selecció en la reducció del cost de processament. Els mecanismes són implementats i avaluats en simulacions com a una explicació evolutiva de l'emergència de les gramàtiques sintagmàtiques, incluent casos en què es fa ús de la recursió.
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Sailer, Manfred. "Combinatorial semantics and idiomatic expressions in head-driven phrase structure grammar." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968874738.
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Walinska, De Hackbeil Hanna. "The roots of phrase structure : the syntactic basis of English morphology /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8429.
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Cooper, Richard Paul. "Classification-based phrase structure grammar : an extended revised version of HPSG." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30904.
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This thesis is concerned with a presentation of Classification-based Phrase STructure Grammar (or CPSG), a grammatical theory that has grown out of extensive revisions of, and extension to, HPSG. The fundamental difference between this theory and HPSG concerns the central role that classification plays in the grammar: the grammar classifies strings, according to their feature structure descriptions, as being of various types. Apart from the role of classificaion, the theory bears a close resemblance to HPSG, though it is by no means a direct translation, including numerous revisions and extensions. A central goal in the development of the theory has been its computational implementation, which is included in the thesis. The second part concerns syntactic issues. In the third part, chapters 6, 7 and 8, we turn to semantic issues. The final part, Chapter 9, concerns the actual computational implementation of theory. A concluding chapter summarises the arguments of the thesis and outlines some avenues for future research.
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Götz, Thilo. "Feature constraint grammars." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963169912.
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Barczak, Leszek Krzysztof. "Towards an analysis of Yorùbá conditionals : its implications for the phrase structure." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31792.
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This study presents an analysis of conditional constructions in Yorùbá, as well as its
implications for language-specific phenomena which are part of the Yorùbá phrase structure.
Specifically, I propose a model for the interpretation of conditionals that is based on a tripartite
quantificational structure. It is an explanatory model capturing the interdependency
between meaning and form. It accounts not only for the Yorùbá data, but also for those in other
languages (English, French, Italian and Polish), allowing at the same time for making crosslinguistic
predictions. Crucially, the model reflects both: (i) CONDITION (restrictor)-RESULT
(nuclear scope) partition of conditional constructions and (ii) existence of two situation factors:
(UN)LIKELIHOOD OF SATISFACTION and TIME OF CONDITION, which play pivotal role in meaningform
mapping. Note that, even though both factors contribute to overall interpretation, forms
attested are a direct reflection of ways in which languages manipulate these factors in the
process of mapping meaning onto form. E.g.: active UNLIKELIHOOD OF SATISFACTION yields
two types of conditionals (REALIS and IRREALIS) in Yorùbá, while the three forms attested in
the Standard Average European languages (INDICATIVE, NON-PAST SUBJUNCTIVE and PAST
SUBJUNCTIVE) result from LIKELIHOOD OF SATISFACTION and TIME OF CONDITION being equally
active. The above translates further onto differences in morpho-syntactic marking of
conditional forms due to the fact that (UN)LIKELIHOOD OF SATISFACTION and TIME OF
CONDITION factors are realised on the surface as Mood and Tense respectively.
Moreover, this analysis of conditionals provides important insights into the PHRASE STRUCTURE
of Yorùbá. It explains: (i) structural complexity of the future marker yóò which spans across
the Mood, Time (Tense/Aspect) and Modal categories; (ii) meaning differences expected
between the three future markers: yóò, ˋ á and máa (known for its aspectual readings) and
based on their internal elements; (iii) the status of the High Tone Syllable - the Time
(Tense/Aspect) marker; (iv) dialectal differences - future being marked by irrealis marker in
Moba; and so on. I also argue that there exist two system-specific binary oppositions: (i)
MARKEDNESS OPPOSITION(S) that specifies tonal value within each syntactic category and (ii)
TONE POLARITY that determines tonal melody between adjacent syntactic categories.Arts, Faculty of
Linguistics, Department of
Graduate
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Chae, Hee-Rahk. "Lexically triggered unbounded discontinuities in English : an indexed phrase structure grammar approach." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1235744035.
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Aït, Messaoud Abdellah. "La structure de la phrase en arabe : les constructions causatives, les réflexives et les réciproques." Paris 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA030196.
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Nous avons tente tout au long de ce travail de presenter le statut de la derivation des constructions causatives, reflexives et reciproques. Dans l'analyse de ces constructions, nous avons tente de prouver l'interdependance entre l'information vehiculee par un enonce et l'agencement des constituants a l'interieur de ce meme enonce. En d'autres termes, la structure d'une construction donnee est determinee par son expression referentielle. De meme nous avons opte pour l'hypothese hierarchique selon laquelle un element de la phrase, en l'occurence le predicat , en gere l'organisation. Autrement dit, les constituants de la phrase s'organisent autour d'un noyau et se determinent par rapport a luiIn this study we have attempted to present the rule on the derivation of causative, reflexive and reciprocal constructions. In analyzing these constructions we have attempted to demonstrat the interdependence between the information communicated by a statement and the positioning of the component parts of the some statement. In other words , the structure of a given construction is determined by his referential expression. We have likenwise opted for the hierarchical hypothesis according to which an element of the sentence, in thise case the predicate, determines the sentence's organization. In other words, the component parts of a sentence are clustered round a core and are determined in relation to that core
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Wong, Kwong-cheong. "Serial verb constructions in Cantonese and Dagaare a head-driven phrase structure grammar analysis /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36934057.
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Skon, James Paul. "Guiding a head-driven phrase structure parser for natural language using socio-pragmatic knowledge /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487945320759495.
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Sebbar, Mohammed. "Temps, accord et structure de la phrase : étude de la morphologie verbale en arabe." Paris 10, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA100159.
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La morphologie occupe une place considerable dans l'etude linguistique. Dans le "programme minimaliste" elabore par chomsky (1992-1995), la morphologie voit sa place renforcee encore plus. Selon l'hypothese minimaliste, la syntaxe sert a articuler les operations morphologiques suivant le principe de verification des traits "checking theory". Cette these s'inscrit dans la meme perspective en etudiant la morphologie des deux principales formes verbales en arabe standard : l'accompli et l'inaccompli. L'etude se divise en deux parties ; une partie qui presente la theorie minimaliste et detaille minutieusement la morphologie verbale, et une partie qui analyse les formes verbales arabes selon cette theorie. Alors que l'accompli est une forme verbale a part entiere, la forme de l'inaccompli est consideree comme un participe deguise. Cette forme est marquee pour le cas et se trouve souvent en distribution complementaire avec le participe nominale. Cette analyse a une incidence directe sur l'ordre syntaxique des constituants lexicaux dans la phrase. Le verbe accompli s'adjoint toujours au temps (t), mais l'inaccompli occupe t uniquement dans les temps complexes. Dans les temps simples, il s'adjoint a l'aspect (asp). Nous avons propose une structure uniforme pour analyser les deux ordres syntaxiques de l'arabe : v-suj-obj et suj-v-obj. La projection d'une categorie accord (agr) est necessaire pour rendre compte de l'ordre syntaxique. Les proprietes d'une telle categorie dependent du trait du nombre. Quand le verbe est specifie pour le nombre, agr projette un specifieur (spec), en l'absence de ce trait, agr n'a pas de spec. L'existence du nombre sur le verbe motive le deplacement du sujet dans la position spec-agr. Cette operation cree l'ordre suj-v-obj. Quand le sujet ne monte pas, agr abrite le verbe et le sujet reste plus bas dans la structure. L'ordre v-suj-obj est ainsi derive.
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Stymne, Sara. "Swedish-English Verb Frame Divergences in a Bilingual Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar for Machine Translation." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6708.
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In this thesis I have investigated verb frame divergences in a bilingual Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar for machine translation. The purpose was threefold: (1) to describe and classify verb frame divergences (VFDs) between Swedish and English, (2) to practically implement a bilingual grammar that covered many of the identified VFDs and (3) to find out what cases of VFDs could be solved and implemented using a common semantic representation, or interlingua, for Swedish and English.
The implemented grammar, BiTSE, is a Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar based on the LinGO Grammar Matrix, a language independent grammar base. BiTSE is a bilingual grammar containing both Swedish and English. The semantic representation used is Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). It is language independent, so generating from it gives all equivalent sentences in both Swedish and English. Both the core of the languages and a subset of the identified VFDs are successfully implemented in BiTSE. For other VFDs tentative solutions are discussed.
MRS have previously been proposed as suitable for semantic transfer machine translation. I have shown that VFDs can naturally be handled by an interlingual design in many cases, minimizing the need of transfer.
The main contributions of this thesis are: an inventory of English and Swedish verb frames and verb frame divergences; the bilingual grammar BiTSE and showing that it is possible in many cases to use MRS as an interlingua in machine translation.
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Ghazi, Widad. "L'ordre des mots : structure de la phrase verbale et pronoms clitiques en arabe de Tanger." Paris 8, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA081411.
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Cette these se compose de quatre chapitres: dans le premier chapitre, nous avons etudie l'ordre des mots en arabe dialectal de tanger (adt). Nous avons trouve que cette langue ne dispose que deux ordres: svo (ie. Sujet-verbe-objet) et vso. Tout ordre different de ceux-ci donne lieu a des phrases marquees, voire exclues. Dans le second chapitre, nous avons donne une analyse de la morphologie verbale et nominale en adt. Nous avons montre comment les mots sont derives et les differentes categories qui les forment. Dans le troisieme chapitre, nous avons elabore une theorie de la structure de la phrase verbale en adt, c'est-a-dire une structure qui tient compte de l'ordre des elements flexionnels par rapport au verbe ainsi que de celui des constituants syntaxiques, a savoir le sujet et l'objet. Dans quatrieme chapitre, nous avons etudie les proprietes morphologiques et syntaxiques du pronom clitique en adt et nous avons elabore une theorie de la derivation de ce morphemeThis thesis is composed of four chapters: in the first chapter, we have studied the words' order in tangier arabic dialect (tad). We have found out that this language has only two order possibilities: svo (subject-verb-object) and vso. Any other different order gives way to marked phrases, indeed excluded. In the second chapter, we have given an analysis of verbal and nominal morphology in tad. We have demonstrated how words are derivative thus the different categories they are made of. In the third chapter, we have elaborated a phrasal verb structure theory in tad, i. E. A structure which considers both the flexionnal elements order regarding the verb, and the syntactic constituents' one, namely the subject and object. In the fourth chapter, we have studied morphologic and syntactic properties of clitic pronoun in tad and we have elaborated a derivation theory of this morpheme
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Touchard-Issaev, Séverine. "La structure de la phrase dans les Vingt-six sermons au peuple d'Afrique d'Augustin d'Hippone." Lille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL30013.
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Ce travail est une étude linguistique des Vingt-six sermons au peuple d'Afrique d'Augustin d'Hippone. Cette recherche porte sur deux ensembles d'exemples : des structures "homomorphes" contenant le verbe esse (être) et pouvant ^etre interprétées soit comme des structures à copule soit comme des structures à prédicat d'existence ; et des exemples contenant des propositions subordonnées "enclavées" entre différents constituants de la structure phrastique ou de la phrase. L'étude des structures "homomorphes" montre qu'il existe tout un réseau d'indices permettant d'éviter toute ambiguïté dans l'interprétation des structures étudiées : ordre des constituants, modes verbaux, particules de liaison, nature des structures et des constituants. . . L'étude des "enclaves" de propositions subordonnées montre que c'est une construction qui répond à un certain nombre de contraintes et qu'il existe des schémas configurationnels précis dans la construction des structures phrastiques et des phrases
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Mohammed, Ali Aousouk. "Agreement in relative clauses and the theory of phrase structure : a study of Standard Arabic." Thesis, Bangor University, 2004. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/agreement-in-relative-clauses-and-the-theory-of-phrase-structure--a-study-of-standard-arabic(427cf53f-65f8-46f3-8466-2ee54c6b0fb3).html.
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This dissertation is primarily concerned with the structure of relative clauses in Standard Arabic (SA) within the framework of phrase structure proposed in Kayne (1994). According to Kayne, relative clauses are assigned the structure [D CP] where D is base-generated externally and takes CP as complement. This study emphasises that D in SA originates within the relative clause and moves with its NP complement to SpecCP. The moved DP enters into Spec-head agreement with the complementizer since both the head and Spec carry the same [c]-features, in addition to [+defj and, sometimes, [+Case]. The subject trace in main clauses, which I assume to be a null resumptive pronoun, is properly governed by the complementizer which agrees both with the antecedent and the verb. Object extraction, in some cases, requires an overt resumptive pronoun. In such cases, we adopt the analysis that treats resumptive pronouns as spell-out traces. We have proposed that in cases where a resumptive pronoun appears, the "head" moves to SpecCP but its [c]-features remain in the extraction site. When a gap appears, the "head" and its features move together to SpecCP. Subject relativization from ? an-embedded clauses is different from subject relativization from ? anna-embedded clauses. The former takes place from the postverbal position to avoid the Empty Category Principle (ECP). We adopt the Split-CP hypothesis (Rizzi 1997) and assume that subject extraction in ? annaembedded clauses takes place from SpecTop. The extraction site is obligatorily filled with a resumptive pronoun. The object, too, can be extracted from SpecTop or from its base-position. In both cases, an obligatory resumptive pronoun occupies the extraction site. We have shown that the intermediate CP is not a proper landing site for the extracted subject or object. The reason is that the head of the intermediate CP does not bear the features of the antecedent and therefore movement to the Spec of the intermediate CP is not legitimate. We have proposed that free relatives also involve movement to SpecCP. This proposal is based on the fact that 11adhii can be overt only if DP occupies its Spec position. We therefore have proposed that features of a null DP must occupy the Spec position in this type of relatives. Thus Spec-head agreement in these relatives is also realised. Reduced (participial) relatives are analysed as full relatives and therefore are assigned the same structure apart from the fact that they contain a functional head which I call partA° (Participle Affix). We have proposed that the morpheme preceding the participle is a reduced form of the complementizer lladhii. This assumption is supported by the fact that it can only be preceded by a DP whether overt or null. Here again we have Spec-head agreement as in full relative clauses.
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Matsubara, Shigeki, Yoshihide Kato, and Seiji Egawa. "Sentence Compression by Removing Recursive Structure from Parse Tree." Springer, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/15113.
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Matsuoka, Mikinari. "Linking arguments to phrase structure : a study of passives, psych verbs, and ditransitive verbs in Japanese." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38231.
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This thesis investigates the question of how the arguments of a given verb are linked to positions in a phrase structure. Through a study of passives, psych verbs, and ditransitive verbs in Japanese, it provides empirical support for the hypothesis that arguments having particular thematic roles are associated with particular syntactic positions systematically.Chapter 2 deals with passives, in particular, two types of passive constructions, direct and indirect passives. Following some previous works, it is argued that the subject of a direct passive is generated in the same position as an object of the corresponding active verb, having the same thematic role, whereas the subject of an indirect passive is projected as an argument of a separate predicate. Several pieces of evidence for this hypothesis which are not given in the literature are provided here.
Chapter 3 is concerned with psych verbs, focusing on those that participate in a causative alternation. It is proposed that causative counterparts of these verbs can have two different structures that are parallel to the two types of passives discussed in Chapter 2. The subject of one type is generated in the same position as the object of the noncausative counterpart, having the same thematic role, whereas the subject of the other type is projected as an argument of a separate predicate.
Chapter 4 takes up ditransitive verbs, specifically, those that have inchoative counterparts, which do not project the subject of the ditransitive construction. There are two types of such verbs: one promotes the accusative argument of the ditransitive construction, rather than the dative one, to the subject of the inchoative counterpart, while the other chooses the dative argument over the accusative one for the subject of the inchoative counterpart. It is argued that this reflects the difference in the base-generated position of the dative argument between the two types of verbs. Moreover, the dative arguments of the two are distinguished in terms of thematic role.
This research is meant to contribute toward having a further understanding of how the participants of an event are expressed in grammatical forms.
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Lin, Jimmy J. (Jimmy Jr-Pin) 1979. "Event structure and the encoding of arguments : the syntax of the Mandarin and English verb phrase." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28710.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 181-194).
(cont.) to variations in the way functional elements interact with verbal roots. Overall, my work not only contributes to our understanding of how events are syntactically represented, but also explicates interactions at the syntax-semantics interface, clarifying the relationship between surface form, syntactic structure, and logical form. A theory of argument structure grounded in independently-motivated syntactic constraints, on the one hand, and the semantic structure of events, on the other hand, is able to account for a wide range of empirical facts with few stipulations.
This work presents a theory of linguistic representation that attempts to capture the syntactic structure of verbs and their arguments. My framework is based on the assumption that the proper representation of argument structure is event structure. Furthermore, I develop the hypothesis that event structure is syntactic structure, and argue that verb meanings are compositionally derived in the syntax from verbalizing heads, functional elements that license eventive interpretations, and verbal roots, abstract concepts drawn from encyclopedic knowledge. The overall goal of the enterprise is to develop a theory that is able to transparently relate the structure and meaning of verbal arguments. By hypothesis, languages share the same inventory of primitive building blocks and are governed by the same set of constraints--all endowed by principles of Universal Grammar and subjected to parametric variations. Support for my theory is drawn from both Mandarin Chinese and English. In particular, the organization of the Mandarin verbal system provides strong evidence for the claim that activity and state are the only two primitive verb types in Chinese--achievements and accomplishments are syntactically-derived complex categories. As a specific instance of complex event composition, I examine Mandarin resultative verb compounds and demonstrate that a broad range of variations can be perspicuously captured in my framework. I show that patterns of argument sharing in these verbal compounds can be analyzed as control, thus grounding argument structure in well-known syntactic constraints such as the Minimum Distance Principle. Finally, I argue that cross-linguistic differences in the realization of verbal arguments can be reduced
by Jimmy Lin.
Ph.D.
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Hafidi, Mohamed. "Structure syntaxique et semantique de la phrase complexe en arabe litteraire contemporain. (topicalisee, completive et relative)." Paris 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA030088.
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Cette etude s'articule autour de deux points fondamentaux : premierement, le rapport entre la forme et le contenu (syntaxe semantique). Deuxiemement, l'analyse de certains aspects de la phrase complexe en arabe litteraire contemporain. Le premier point constitue le cadre general dans lequel s'effectue ce travail. En effet, la question principale qui est posee est la suivante : une analyse linguistique fondee sur la forme et uniquement sur celle-ci, et qui ecarte le contenu, est-elle exhaustive et rigoureuse pour l'etude d'une langue? la reponse que presente cette etude est negative. En fait, l'exploration de certaines theories linguistiques telles que la grammaire generative et la syntaxe structurale (premiere partie) ainsi que l'analyse des structures concretes de la langue, l'arabe dans ce cas (deuxieme, troisieme et quatrieme parties), nous montrent clairement que les analyses formelles sont loin d'epuiser et d'elucider les problemes que souleve l'analyse de la structure d'une langue. Partant des etudes formalistes de g. Ayoub "la structure de la phrase verbale en arabe standard" et a. Fassi fihri "la linguistique arabe, forme et interpretation", il apparait qu'une analyse formelle n'epuise pas tous les problemes que suggerent des structures telles que la structure topicalisee, la structure completive et la structure relative. Les hypotheses formelles telles que "topique" et "syntagme complementeur". . . Demeurent inconvaincantes. Par consequent, nous pensons qu'une analyse qui ne separe pas la forme du contenu est plus adequate et donc necessaire. D'ou le postulat implicite : "la structure fonctionnelle" est le niveau le plus pertinent et pour l'etude d'une langue et pour l'analyse des rapports entre la syntaxe et la semantique. Telle est la these que l'on a tentee de developper et de defendre dans ce travailThis research is devoted to the analysis of two major topics. First, the relationship between form and content (syntax and semantic). Second, the analysis of certain aspects of the complex sentence in contemporary literary arabic. The first point, however constitutes the general body in which this study is treated. In fact, the principal question risen here is as follows : is the linguistic analysis, exclusively based on the form -regard less to the content- rigorous and exhaustive for the study of a given language? the answer this study presents is a negative one. However, the study of certain linguistic theories such as the generative grammar and the structural syntax (in the first part), and the analysis of concrete structure of language, arabic in this case (in the second, third and fourth parts), such a study shows us that the formal ana- lyses are too far to illuminate the problems that the analysis of the structure of a language rises. Departing from the formalist studies of g. Ayoub, "la structure de la phrase verbale en arabe standard" and a. Fassi fihri, "la linguistique arabe, form et interpretation", it seems that a formal analysis does not exhaust all the problems of the structures of arabic lan- guage suggest, such as the topic structure, the completing structure and the relative structure. Some formal hypothesises like "topic" and "complementzer phrase". . . Remain non convincing. Therefore we think that an analysis not separating form and content is as adequate as necessary. Hence, the implicit postulate "functional structure" is the most pertinent level for the study of a language as well as for the analysis of the relationship between the syntax and the semantic
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Hafidi, Mohamed. "Structure syntaxique et sémantique de la phrase complexe en arabe littéraire contemporain topicalisée, complétive et relative." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37598141v.
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Miura, Kaori. "Syntax of dative-accusative constructions in Japanese." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26011.
Full textAbstract:
Both ditransitive verbs and causative transitive verbs in Japanese are linked with the two verbal arguments: the dative phrase and the accusative phrase. Despite this similarity, the syntax of these verbs is in sharp contrast: the ditransitive verb construction involves the mono-clausal structure, whereas the transitive causative construction contains the bi-clausal structure (Kuroda 1965b, Saito 1982; 1985, Hoji 1985, Miyagawa 1989, among others). One crucial instance for such distinction is the behavior of the dative phrase of the two types of construction with respect to the ‘subjecthood’. The subject-oriented anaphor in Japanese (e.g., zibun ‘self’) can take the dative phrase of the transitive causative verb as its antecedent, whereas it cannot the dative phrase with the ditransitive verb as its antecedent (Kuroda 1965b). Notwithstanding the difference, this thesis attempts to proposes a unified account for these two types of dative-accusative constructions in terms of the Phase Theory within the framework of Generative Grammar (Chomsky 2000; 2001). Investigating four subcategories of dative-accusative verbs (i.e., spray/load verbs, give verbs, causative transitive verbs and causative motion verbs), I claim that there are two types of Dative Case Assignment in Japanese: the In-situ Assignment and the Assignment after Movement. The former type of assignment is manifested in VP of give verbs and in that of transitive causative verbs; on the other hand, the latter type of assignment is identified in VP of spray/load verbs and in that of causative motion verbs. In the Phase theory, the probe-goal relation between the functional head and its ccommanding goal(s) (i.e., (Multiple) Agree) governs Case-licensing mechanism. In standard assumptions, the Accusative Case domain is the c-command domain of the light verb v (Chomsky 2004). Following these assumptions, I claim that the two types of Dative Case Assignment can be ultimately attributed to the two distinctive Case features on the functional head v of the four types of dative-accusative constructions: vacc[+multiple] and vdat. If vacc[+multiple] is selected by Merge, the Dative Assignment after Movement is implemented, whereas if vdat is selected, the In-situ Dative Assignment is induced. Hence, the difference in Dative Case Assignment is predicted at which Select picks up vocabularies from the Lexicon in order to set up a reference set for a derivation of the dative-accusative construction. The in-situ dative assignment for the ditransitive construction has been proposed in the literature (e.g., Miyagawa 1996); however, no proposal of a movement-based dative assignment for the ditransitive construction has been made. This is one of the important outcomes of my thesis. However, the most important consequence of my two types of Dative Assignment is the link between two hitherto unrelated phenomena: Dative Case Assignment and the condition on argument alternation. Argument alternation has attracted much attention in the literature of lexical semantics, being independently analyzed from most of the syntactic properties of these ditransitive verbs that I examine in the thesis (Kageyama 1980; 1996, Levin 1993, Kishimoto 2001c, Iwata 2008). However, I show that the condition on argument alternation can be written solely by the syntactic terms without any stipulation of constructional meaning; namely, when vdat is selected in a numeration of a ditransitive verb, the derived verb is never licensed to participate in argument alternation, whereas when vacc [+multiple] is selected, the complex verb is licensed to participate in the alternation. A further contribution of my thesis is to accommodate a new pair within the causative-ditransitive paradigm in Japanese in addition to its already-existing membership between transitive causative verbs and give verbs (Kuno 1973, Miyagawa 1996): a pair of causative motion verbs and spray/load verbs. This new pairing further strengthens the existence of the causative-ditransitive paradigm as a natural class in Japanese. The pairing is solely motivated by the Dative Case Assignment that I propose.
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Güngördü, Zelal. "Incremental constraint-based parsing : an efficient approach for head-final languages." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/516.
Full textAbstract:
In this dissertation, I provide a left-to-right incremental parsing approach for Headdriven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG; Pollard and Sag (1987, 1994)). HPSG is a lexicalized, constraint-based theory of grammar, which has also been widely exploited in computational linguistics in recent years. Head-final languages are known to pose problems for the incrementality of head-driven parsing models, proposed for parsing with constraint-based grammar formalisms, in both psycholinguistics and computational linguistics. Therefore, here I further focusmy attention on processing a head-final language, specifically Turkish, to highlight any challenges that may arise in the case of such a language. The dissertation makes two principal contributions, the first part mainly providing the theoretical treatment required for the computational approach presented in the second part. The first part of the dissertation is concerned with the analysis of certain phenomena in Turkish grammar within the framework of HPSG. The phenomena explored in this part include word order variation and relativization in Turkish. Turkish is a head-final language that exhibits a considerable degree of word order freedom, with both local and long-distance scrambling. I focus on the syntactic aspects of this freedomin simple and complex Turkish sentences, detailing the assumptions Imake both to dealwith the variation in the word order, and also to capture certain restrictions on that variation, within the HPSG framework. The second phenomenon, relativization in Turkish, has drawn considerable attention in the literature, all accounts so far being within the tradition of transformational grammar. Here I propose a purely lexical account of the phenomenon within the framework of HPSG, which I claim is empirically more adequate than previous accounts, as well as being computationally more attractive. The motivation behind the work presented in the second part of the dissertation mainly stems from psycholinguistic considerations. Experimental evidence (e.g. Marslen- Wilson (1973)) has shown that human language processing is highly incremental, meaning that humans construct aword-by-word partial representation of an utterance as they hear each word. Here I explore the computational effectiveness of an incremental processing mechanism for HPSG grammars. I argue that any such processing mechanism has to employ some sort of nonmonotonicity in order to guarantee both completeness and termination, and propose a way of doing that without violating the soundness of the overall approach. I present a parsing approach for HPSG grammars that parses a string of words fromleft to right, attaching every word of the input to a global structure as soon as it is encountered, thereby dynamically changing the structure as the parse progresses. I further focus on certain issues that arise in incremental processing of a “free”word order, head-final language like Turkish. First, I investigate howthe parser can benefit from the case values in Turkish in foreseeing the existence of an embedded phrase/clause before encountering its head, thereby improving the incrementality of structuring. Second, I propose a strategy for the incremental recovery of filler-gap relations in certain kinds of unbounded dependency constructions in Turkish, which further enables one to capture a number of (strong) preferences that humans exhibit in processing certain examples with potentially ambiguous long-distance dependency relations.