Journal articles: 'Photovoltaics cell'

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Sim, Yeon Hyang, Min Ju Yun, Seung I. Cha, and Dong Yoon Lee. "Fractal solar cell array for enhanced energy production: applying rules underlying tree shape to photovoltaics." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476, no. 2239 (July 2020): 20200094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0094.

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Plants and photovoltaics share the same purpose as harvesting sunlight. Therefore, botanical studies could lead to new breakthroughs in photovoltaics. However, the basic mechanism of photosynthesis is different to semiconductor-based photovoltaics and the gap between photosynthesis and solar cells must be bridged before we can apply the botanical principles to photovoltaics. In this study, we analysed the role of the fractal structures found in plants in light harvesting based on a simplified model, rotated the structures by 90° and applied them to fractal-structured photovoltaic Si solar cell arrays. Adoption of botanically inspired fractal structures can result in solar cell arrays with omnidirectional properties, and in this case, yielded a 25% enhancement in electric energy production. The fractal structure used in this study was two-dimensional and symmetric; investigating and optimizing three-dimensional asymmetric fractal structures would further enhance the performance of photovoltaics. Furthermore, this study represents only the first step towards the development of a new type of photovoltaics based on botanical principles, and points to further aspects of botanical knowledge that could be exploited, in addition to plant fractal structures. For example, leaf anatomy, phyllotaxis and chloroplastic mechanisms could be applied to the design of new types of photovoltaics.

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Bourdoucen, Hadj, Joseph A. Jervase, Abdullah Al-Badi, Adel Gastli, and Arif Malik. "Photovoltaic Cells and Systems: Current State and Future Trends." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 5 (December 1, 2000): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol5iss0pp185-207.

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Photovoltaics is the process of converting solar energy into electrical energy. Any photovoltaic system invariably consists of solar cell arrays and electric power conditioners. Photovoltaic systems are reliable, quiet, safe and both environmentally benign and self-sustaining. In addition, they are cost-effective for applications in remote areas. This paper presents a review of solar system components and integration, manufacturing, applications, and basic research related to photovoltaics. Photovoltaic applications in Oman are also presented. Finally, the existing and the future trends in technologies and materials used for the fabrication of solar cells are summarized.

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Zhou, Fu Fang, Qing Lan Ma, Yuan Ming Huang, Zhuo Ran She, and Chun Xu Pan. "Effects of Phosphoric Acid on the Photovoltaic Properties of Photovoltaic Cells with Laminated Polypyrrole-Fullerene Layers." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.861.

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By applying phosphoric acid in dispersion of fullerene in the fabrication of polypyrrolefullerene photovoltaic cells we present laminated active structure of polypyrrole and subsequent fullerene layers, with two other reference methods to incorporate fullerene: (i) in a physically blended monolayer; and (ii) in a blend from chemical reaction. I-V characteristics show that a blend monolayer cell can display photosensitive effect however without photovoltaics; a bilayer cell displays photovoltaics either in dark or in illumination, with its VOC up to1V and its JSC up to12.5 μA cm-2 under AM1 105 mW cm-2 condition. The results demonstrate that phosphoric acid is effective in dispersion of fullerene as well as combining it with polypyrrole layer in a photovoltaic cell. The effects of phosphoric acid in fabricating a bilayered photovoltaic cell are discussed mainly in terms of H-bonding.

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Slaoui, Abdelilah, and Reuben T. Collins. "Advanced Inorganic Materials for Photovoltaics." MRS Bulletin 32, no. 3 (March 2007): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2007.24.

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AbstractBy 2050, world annual energy consumption is predicted to grow from the present 13 terawatt - years (TWyr) to nearly 30 TWyr. Although all energy sources must be considered in meeting this challenge, solar energy may arguably be the only carbon-free source capable of supplying a significant fraction of energy at these levels. This issue of MRS Bulletin reviews the status and future development of solar photovoltaic technologies based on inorganic materials. The discussion begins with materials and cell designs for second-generation photovoltaics based on thin films [a-Si:H, Si, Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2, CdTe]. Recent advances in tandem cells and concentrators are alsoreported, along with photovoltaic approaches involving nanoscale materials such as quantum dot arrays. Finally, work on transparent conducting oxides that are critical to nearly all cell designs are discussed.

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Shin, Dong, and Suk-Ho Choi. "Recent Studies of Semitransparent Solar Cells." Coatings 8, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8100329.

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It is necessary to develop semitransparent photovoltaic cell for increasing the energy density from sunlight, useful for harvesting solar energy through the windows and roofs of buildings and vehicles. Current semitransparent photovoltaics are mostly based on Si, but it is difficult to adjust the color transmitted through Si cells intrinsically for enhancing the visual comfort for human. Recent intensive studies on translucent polymer- and perovskite-based photovoltaic cells offer considerable opportunities to escape from Si-oriented photovoltaics because their electrical and optical properties can be easily controlled by adjusting the material composition. Here, we review recent progress in materials fabrication, design of cell structure, and device engineering/characterization for high-performance/semitransparent organic and perovskite solar cells, and discuss major problems to overcome for commercialization of these solar cells.

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Jäger-Waldau, Arnulf. "Thin Film Photovoltaics: Markets and Industry." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/768368.

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Since 2000, total PV production increased almost by two orders of magnitude, with a compound annual growth rate of over 52%. The most rapid growth in annual cell and module production over the last five years could be observed in Asia, where China and Taiwan together now account for about 60% of worldwide production. Between 2005 and 2009, thin film production capacity and volume increased more than the overall industry but did not keep up in 2010 and 2011 due to the rapid price decline for solar modules. Prices for photovoltaic electricity generation systems have more than halved over the last five years making the technology affordable to an ever-increasing number of customers worldwide. With worldwide over 60 GW cumulative installed photovoltaic electricity generation capacity installed in November 2011, photovoltaics still is a small contributor to the electricity supply, and another 10 to 15 years of sustained and aggressive growth will be required for photovoltaic solar electricity to become one of the main providers of electricity. To achieve this, a continuous improvement of the current solar cell technologies will be necessary.

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Abu Hamed, Tareq, Nadja Adamovic, Urs Aeberhard, Diego Alonso-Alvarez, Zoe Amin-Akhlaghi, Matthias Auf der Maur, Neil Beattie, et al. "Multiscale in modelling and validation for solar photovoltaics." EPJ Photovoltaics 9 (2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2018008.

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Photovoltaics is amongst the most important technologies for renewable energy sources, and plays a key role in the development of a society with a smaller environmental footprint. Key parameters for solar cells are their energy conversion efficiency, their operating lifetime, and the cost of the energy obtained from a photovoltaic system compared to other sources. The optimization of these aspects involves the exploitation of new materials and development of novel solar cell concepts and designs. Both theoretical modeling and characterization of such devices require a comprehensive view including all scales from the atomic to the macroscopic and industrial scale. The different length scales of the electronic and optical degrees of freedoms specifically lead to an intrinsic need for multiscale simulation, which is accentuated in many advanced photovoltaics concepts including nanostructured regions. Therefore, multiscale modeling has found particular interest in the photovoltaics community, as a tool to advance the field beyond its current limits. In this article, we review the field of multiscale techniques applied to photovoltaics, and we discuss opportunities and remaining challenges.

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Davis, Mark W., A. Hunter Fanney, and Brian P. Dougherty. "Prediction of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Cell Temperatures*." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 123, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1385825.

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A barrier to the widespread application of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) is the lack of validated predictive performance tools. Architects and building owners need these tools in order to determine if the potential energy savings realized from building integrated photovoltaics justifies the additional capital expenditure. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) seeks to provide high quality experimental data that can be used to develop and validate these predictive performance tools. The temperature of a photovoltaic module affects its electrical output characteristics and efficiency. Traditionally, the temperature of solar cells has been characterized using the nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT), which can be used in conjunction with a calculation procedure to predict the module’s temperature for various environmental conditions. The NOCT procedure provides a representative prediction of the cell temperature, specifically for the ubiquitous rack-mounted installation. The procedure estimates the cell temperature based on the ambient temperature and the solar irradiance. It makes the approximation that the overall heat loss coefficient is constant. In other words, the temperature difference between the panel and the environment is linearly related to the heat flux on the panels (solar irradiance). The heat transfer characteristics of a rack-mounted PV module and a BIPV module can be quite different. The manner in which the module is installed within the building envelope influences the cell’s operating temperature. Unlike rack-mounted modules, the two sides of the modules may be subjected to significantly different environmental conditions. This paper presents a new technique to compute the operating temperature of cells within building integrated photovoltaic modules using a one-dimensional transient heat transfer model. The resulting predictions are compared to measured BIPV cell temperatures for two single crystalline BIPV panels (one insulated panel and one uninsulated panel). Finally, the results are compared to predictions using the NOCT technique.

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Kazmerski, Lawrence L. "Photovoltaics characterization: A survey of diagnostic measurements." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 10 (October 1998): 2684–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0372.

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The advancement of the photovoltaic technology is closely linked to the standard evaluation of the product, the diagnosis of problems, the validation of materials and cell properties, and the engineering and documentation of the ensemble of device properties from internal interfaces through power outputs. The focus of this paper is on some of the more common, visible, and important techniques dealing with physical-chemical through electro-optical parameters, which are linked intimately to the performance quality of materials and devices. Two areas, defined by their spatial-resolution qualities, are emphasized: macroscale and microscale measurement technologies. The importance, strengths, and limitations of these techniques are stressed, especially their significance to photovoltaics. Included are several techniques that have been developed specifically to address problems and requirements for photovoltaics. The regime of measurement literally covers arrays through atoms.

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ADIKAARI, A. A. D. T., and S. R. P. SILVA. "EXCIMER LASER CRYSTALLIZATION AND NANOSTRUCTURING OF AMORPHOUS SILICON FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS." Nano 03, no. 03 (June 2008): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292008000915.

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Excimer laser crystallization of amorphous silicon has been extensively studied for electronic applications. Most of the early works has been on thin film transistor fabrication from laser crystallized silicon. However, in parallel, the applicability of the technique for photovoltaics has also been pursued. Direct crystallization of the absorber layer of a thin film amorphous silicon cell has proven unsuitable, due to poor device performance. The surface nanostructuring capability of the laser process, as a result of the crystallization appears to be of more scientific significance, and a number of applications have been reported. This review covers the established physics of excimer laser crystallization in the context of photovoltaics. It also expands on more recent applications of excimer laser nanostructuring of amorphous silicon, especially for photovoltaic applications. The outlook of the technique for photovoltaics is discussed with the use of reported successes, briefly discussing the fundamental improvements.

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Fanney, A. Hunter, Brian P. Dougherty, and Mark W. Davis. "Measured Performance of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Panels*." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 123, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1385824.

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The photovoltaic industry is experiencing rapid growth. Industry analysts project that photovoltaic sales will increase from their current $1.5 billion level to over $27 billion by 2020, representing an average growth rate of 25%. (Cook et. al. 2000)[1]. To date, the vast majority of sales have been for navigational signals, call boxes, telecommunication centers, consumer products, off-grid electrification projects, and small grid-interactive residential rooftop applications. Building integrated photovoltaics, the integration of photovoltaic cells into one or more of the exterior surfaces of the building envelope, represents a small but growing photovoltaic application. In order for building owners, designers, and architects to make informed economic decisions regarding the use of building integrated photovoltaics, accurate predictive tools and performance data are needed. A building integrated photovoltaic test bed has been constructed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to provide the performance data needed for model validation. The facility incorporates four identical pairs of building integrated photovoltaic panels constructed using single-crystalline, polycrystalline, silicon film, and amorphous silicon photovoltaic cells. One panel of each identical pair is installed with thermal insulation attached to its rear surface. The second paired panel is installed without thermal insulation. This experimental configuration yields results that quantify the effect of elevated cell temperature on the panels’ performance for different cell technologies. This paper presents the first set of experimental results from this facility. Comparisons are made between the electrical performance of the insulated and non-insulated panels for each of the four cell technologies. The monthly and overall conversion efficiencies for each cell technology are presented and the seasonal performance variations discussed. Daily efficiencies are presented for a selected month. Finally, plots of the power output and panel temperatures are presented and discussed for the single-crystalline and amorphous silicon panels.

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Götz, Maximilian, Norbert Osterthun, Kai Gehrke, Martin Vehse, and Carsten Agert. "Ultrathin Nano-Absorbers in Photovoltaics: Prospects and Innovative Applications." Coatings 10, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030218.

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Approaching the first terawatt of installations, photovoltaics (PV) are about to become the major source of electric power until the mid-century. The technology has proven to be long lasting and very versatile and today PV modules can be found in numerous applications. This is a great success of the entire community, but taking future growth for granted might be dangerous. Scientists have recently started to call for accelerated innovation and cost reduction. Here, we show how ultrathin absorber layers, only a few nanometers in thickness, together with strong light confinement can be used to address new applications for photovoltaics. We review the basics of this new type of solar cell and point out the requirements to the absorber layer material by optical simulation. Furthermore, we discuss innovative applications, which make use of the unique optical properties of the nano absorber solar cell architecture, such as spectrally selective PV and switchable photovoltaic windows.

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Catchpole, Kylie R. "Nanostructures in photovoltaics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1849 (October 20, 2006): 3493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1902.

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The world has recently been waking up to the urgent need to move away from fossil fuels and towards a low-carbon economy. To achieve this, we need a way of producing electricity that is efficient, widely applicable and cheap. At the same time, there has recently been an appreciation of the tremendous scope for making entirely new types of devices, and even seeing new physics, by structuring matter at the nanoscale. Furthermore, the occurrence of self-assembly in nature suggests that a range of types of nanoscale structures could be made simply and cheaply. The application of nanostructures to photovoltaics combines a field of almost limitless possibilities with a problem of vital urgency. In this paper, some of the newer ideas emerging from this trend are described, along with how they challenge our ideas on what a solar cell looks like. We are at the beginning of a time of radically rethinking the design of the solar cell, which may lead to the exploitation of completely new physical ideas in achieving a sustainable energy future.

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Greenham, Neil C. "Polymer solar cells." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1996 (August 13, 2013): 20110414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0414.

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This article reviews the motivations for developing polymer-based photovoltaics and describes some of the material systems used. Current challenges are identified, and some recent developments in the field are outlined. In particular, recent work to image and control nanostructure in polymer-based solar cells is reviewed, and very recent progress is described using the unique properties of organic semiconductors to develop strategies that may allow the Shockley–Queisser limit to be broken in a simple photovoltaic cell.

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Sun, Qiang, Cai Shen, Deyu Wang, Tao Zhang, Huaxia Ban, Yan Shen, Zhipan Zhang, Xiao-Li Zhang, Guanjun Yang, and Mingkui Wang. "Efficient and Stable Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells with Inorganic Perovskite/Carbon Quantum Dot-Graded Heterojunction." Research 2021 (July 12, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9845067.

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This work reports on a compositionally graded heterojunction for photovoltaic application by cooperating fluorine-doped carbon quantum dots (FCQDs in short) into the CsPbI2.5Br0.5 inorganic perovskite layer. Using this CsPbI2.5Br0.5/FCQDs graded heterojunction in conjunction with low-temperature-processed carbon electrode, a power conversion efficiency of 13.53% for 1 cm2 all-inorganic perovskite solar cell can be achieved at AM 1.5G solar irradiation. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the highest efficiency reported for carbon electrode based all-inorganic perovskite solar cells so far, and the first report of 1 cm2 carbon counter electrode based inorganic perovskite solar cell with PCE exceeding 13%. Moreover, the inorganic perovskite/carbon quantum dot graded heterojunction photovoltaics maintained over 90% of their initial efficiency after thermal aging at 85° for 1056 hours. This conception of constructing inorganic perovskite/FCQDs graded heterojunction offers a feasible pathway to develop efficient and stable photovoltaics for scale-up and practical applications.

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Wang, Xiao Hui, Hai Xin Cheng, Dong Wang, Wei Liang Guo, and Han Chi Cheng. "Research of Grid-Connected Operation Control of PV Cells in Microgrid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 2063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2063.

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A control model of PV cell operating in grid-connected state is researched in this paper. Based on the equivalent circuit of PV (Photovoltaics) cell and its mathematical model, a general engineering control model of photovoltaic array is established. The MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracing) algorithm is realized by controlling the duty cycle of BOOST circuit to tracing the maximum power, and the control strategy of double closed-loop control of voltage and current guarantees stable DC output and rapid dynamic responses of current. The simulation model can provide guidelines for practice engineering design.

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Grätzel, Michael. "Molecular photovoltaics that mimic photosynthesis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173030459.

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Learning from the concepts used by green plants, we have developed a photovoltaic cell based on molecular light absorbers and mesoporous electrodes. The sensitized nanocrystalline injection solar cell employs organic dyes or transition-metal complexes for spectral sensitization of oxide semiconductors, such as TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, and Nb2O5. Mesoporous films of these materials are contacted with redox electrolytes, amorphous organic hole conductors, or conducting polymers, as well as inorganic semiconductors. Light harvesting occurs efficiently over the whole visible and near-IR range due to the very large internal surface area of the films. Judicious molecular engineering allows the photoinduced charge separation to occur quantitatively within femtoseconds. The certified overall power conversion efficiency of the new solar cell for standard air mass 1.5 solar radiation stands presently between 10 and 11. The lecture will highlight recent progress in the development of solar cells for practical use. Advancement in the understanding of the factors that govern photovoltaic performance, as well as improvement of cell components to increase further its conversion efficiency will be discussed.

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Uno, Masatoshi. "Development of a modular compensator that achieves improvement in the amount of power generation of a solar cell system by equalizing electrical characteristics." Impact 2020, no. 4 (October 13, 2020): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.4.60.

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Interest in photovoltaic systems, which are a renewable energy technology that transforms the energy from the Sun into electricity using photovoltaics, or solar panels, is on the rise. With non-renewable energy sources such as coal and fuel recognised as finite, the importance of improving renewable sources, such as solar energy, is more and more pressing. Unfortunately, there are still many challenges and drawbacks associated with photovoltaic systems, which is why research in this area is of the utmost importance. Dr Masatoshi Uno is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Ibaraki University, Japan. He has a multitude of research interests spanning switching power converters, cell equalisers, life evaluation for supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries and the development of fuel cell systems. Dr Masatoshi Uno's work seeks to enable photovoltaic systems to deliver impressive power at low cost and complexity and overcome the challenges associated with traditional photovoltaic systems.

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van Deelen, Joop. "Photovoltaics: Upconversion Configurations versus Tandem Cells." MRS Advances 2, no. 52 (2017): 2997–3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.484.

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ABSTRACTFor a wide range of bandgaps of solar cell materials, the potential contribution of upconversion materials was calculated and related to various configurations of the solar cell and upconversion layers. Moreover, by comparing these various strategies with the potential of a dual junction tandem cell configuration, a compelling case is made for upconverters.At idealized 100% conversion efficiency, the upconverter with a single junction cell is more efficient than a dual junction tandem cell. It was also found that a single junction cell with an upconverter that is ‘only’ 80% efficient has a similar efficiency as an ideal dual junction cell. This result shows that upconverters are certainly a route worthwhile to pursue, especially because the single junction cells plus upconverters could have more cost reduction potential than dual junction cell configurations.Additionally, it was investigated if an upconverter that uses two different photon energies would create a large surplus in efficiency. For a cell band gap of 1.55 eV a theoretical maximum efficiency (here defined as Voc*Isc) of 54.5% was calculated. Although there is a further increase in efficiency compared to converters with a single conversion energy, very careful bandgap tuning with a tolerance < 0.02 eV is required, which makes this system rather sensitive for material and solar spectrum fluctuations and it is suggested that a simple upconverter material is a more favorable strategy.

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Ziemińska-Stolarska, Aleksandra, Monika Pietrzak, and Ireneusz Zbiciński. "Application of LCA to Determine Environmental Impact of Concentrated Photovoltaic Solar Panels—State-of-the-Art." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 3143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113143.

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Photovoltaic systems represent a leading part of the market in the renewable energies sector. Contemporary technology offers possibilities to improve systems converting sun energy, especially for the efficiency of modules. The paper focuses on current concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) technologies, presenting data for solar cells and modules working under lab conditions as well as in a real environment. In this paper, we consider up-to-date solutions for two types of concentrating photovoltaic systems: high-concentration photovoltaics (HCPV) and low-concentration photovoltaics (LCPV). The current status of CPV solar modules was complemented by the preliminary results of new hybrid photovoltaic technology achieving records in efficiency. Compared to traditional Si-PV panels, CPV modules achieve greater conversion efficiency as a result of the concentrator optics applied. Specific CPV technologies were described in terms of efficiency, new approaches of a multijunction solar cell, a tracking system, and durability. The results of the analysis prove intensive development in the field of CPV modules and the potential of achieving record system efficiency. The paper also presents methods for the determination of the environmental impact of CPV during the entire life cycle by life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis and possible waste management scenarios. Environmental performance is generally assessed based on standard indicators, such as energy payback time, CO2 footprint, or GHG emission.

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Sánchez-Molina, Irene, Alejandra Soriano, Christian G. Claessens, Tomás Torres, and Henk J. Bolink. "Incorporation of a tricationic subphthalocyanine in an organic photovoltaic device." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 17, no. 10 (September 9, 2013): 1016–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424613500922.

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A new tricationic subphthalocyanine was synthesized and employed as light-harvesting and donor material in an ionic solid state organic photovoltaic cell. The incorporation of ionic dyes in organic photovoltaics aims to take advantage of ionic movement in order to enhance the charge transport properties of these materials. In this preliminary study, we report the results obtained in the fabrication of a partially solution-processed device with a cationic dye, where an effiency of 0.5% was reached.

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Wang, Shi, Kaili Hou, Yujin Xing, Qingshun Dong, Kai Wang, Yanping Lv, and Yantao Shi. "Flexibly assembled and readily detachable photovoltaics." Energy & Environmental Science 10, no. 10 (2017): 2117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01889d.

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Youngman, Tomas H., Rasmus Nielsen, Andrea Crovetto, Brian Seger, Ole Hansen, Ib Chorkendorff, and Peter C. K. Vesborg. "Semitransparent Selenium Solar Cells as a Top Cell for Tandem Photovoltaics." Solar RRL 5, no. 7 (April 28, 2021): 2100111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.202100111.

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Kazmerski, Lawrence L. "Photovoltaics: A review of cell and module technologies." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1, no. 1-2 (March 1997): 71–170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-0321(97)00002-6.

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Hill, R. "From solar cell research to a photovoltaics industry." physica status solidi (b) 194, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221940103.

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Mansfield, Lorelle M., Christopher P. Muzzillo, Stephen Glynn, and Ingrid L. Repins. "Cell-level reliability testing procedures for CIGS photovoltaics." MRS Advances 6, no. 24 (July 20, 2021): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43580-021-00107-z.

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Greulich-Weber, Siegmund, M. Zöller, and B. Friedel. "Textile Solar Cells Based on SiC Microwires." Materials Science Forum 615-617 (March 2009): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.239.

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The solar cell concept presented here is based on 3C-SiC nano- or microwires and conju¬gated polymers. Therefore the silicon carbide wires are fabricated by a sol-gel route including a car-bothermal reduction step, allowing growth with predetermined uniform diameters between 0.1 and 2μm and lengths up to several centimetres. The design of our photovoltaic device is therein based on a p-i-n structure, well known e.g. from silicon photovoltaics, involving an intrinsic semiconduc¬tor as the central photoactive layer, sandwiched between two complementary doped wide-bandgap semiconductors giving the driving force for charge separation. In our case the 3C-SiC microwires act as the electron acceptor and simultaneously as carrier material for all involved components of the photovoltaic element.

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TAHIR, MUHAMMAD BILAL, HASNAIN JAVAD, KHALID NADEEM, and A. MAJID. "ZnO THIN FILMS: RECENT DEVELOPMENT, FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATIONS FOR DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL." Surface Review and Letters 25, no. 07 (October 2018): 1930001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x19300016.

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Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) provide promisingly, organic–inorganic, clean hybrid, cost effective and efficient molecular solar cell devices. Due to their distinct and multifunctional qualities, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures are promising materials used to create photoanodes for DSSCs due to the availability of larger surface area than bulk sheet substance, effectual light-dispersing centers, and when mixed with titanium dioxide they produce a core–shell formation that diminishes the coalition rate and provide direct charge. Moreover, ZnO thin sheets have been broadly observed due of its potential application in various fields i.e. piezoelectric, photovoltaic, pyroelectric and optoelectronic utilization. This review studies the recent advances in the fabrication of zinc oxide-based photovoltaics; synthesis of ZnO nanostructures with variable morphologies including thin sheets, nanotubes, nanorods, nanoflowers, nanofibers and factors that control the growth and morphologies of these nanospecies and part of crystallographic planes for the fabrication of various zinc oxide nanoshapes. In the next part of this paper, numerous fabrication routes — doped and undoped ZnO thin films — are discussed and different parameters of photovoltaics are investigated, e.g. efficiency pre and post annealing temperatures, fill factors spinning speed and coating time, additives, nature of precursor which impacts on morphological and optical parameters of these sheets. In short, this review is dedicated to the ZnO photoanode, its properties, issues related to ZnO photoanode, various improvement approaches, fabrication methods successfully trialled so far followed by market potential of the DSSC technology, conclusion and recommendations

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Kim, Soyeon, Muhammad Jahandar, Jae Hoon Jeong, and Dong Chan Lim. "Recent Progress in Solar Cell Technology for Low-Light Indoor Applications." Current Alternative Energy 3, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570180816666190112141857.

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Photovoltaic cells have recently attracted considerable attention for indoor energy harvesting for low-power-consumption electronic products due to the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT platform is being developed with a vision of connecting a variety of wireless electronic devices, such as sensors, household products, and personal data storage devices, which will be able to sense and communicate with their internal states or the external environment. A self-sustainable power source is required to power such devices under low light indoor environments. Inorganic photovoltaic cells show excellent device performance under 1 Sun illumination and dominate the market for outdoor applications. However, their performance is limited for indoor applications with low incident light intensities as they exhibit low photo-voltage. Among the emerging photovoltaic technologies, organic photovoltaics have unique advantages, including solution processibility, flexibility, and lightweight tailorable design; hence, they are considered the best solution for indoor light harvesting applications due to their high photo-voltage, strong absorption of UV-visible wavelengths, and a spectral response similar to that emitted by modern indoor lighting systems. In this review article, we discuss the factors affecting device performance of different photovoltaic technologies under low incident light intensities or indoor conditions and provide a comprehensive analysis of future opportunities for enhancing indoor performance of the photovoltaic devices. Furthermore, we discuss some of the results of semi-transparent organic solar cell which operated under complex environmental conditions like low illumination, incident light angle etc. Based on the results, one can suggest that semi-transparent organic solar cell is a more suitable case for progressive indoor solar cell. After highlighting the factors that limit indoor device performance of photovoltaic cells, we discuss potential applications of IoT devices powered by organic photovoltaic cells in indoor lighting environments.

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Caruana, Liam, Thomas Nommensen, Toan Dinh, Dennis Tran, and Robert McCormick. "Photovoltaic Cell: Optimum Photon Utilisation." PAM Review Energy Science & Technology 3 (June 7, 2016): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pamr.v3i0.1409.

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In the 21st century, global energy consumption has increased exponentially and hence, sustainable energy sources are essential to accommodate for this. Advancements within photovoltaics, in regards to light trapping, has demonstrated to be a promising field of dramatically improving the efficiency of solar cells. This improvement is done by using different nanostructures, which enables solar cells to use the light spectrum emitted more efficiently. The purpose of this meta study is to investigate irreversible entropic losses related to light trapping. In this respect, the observation is aimed at how nanostructures on a silicon substrate captures high energy incident photons. Furthermore, different types of nanostructures are then investigated and compared, using the étendue ratio during light trapping. It is predicted that étendue mismatching is a parasitic entropy generation variable, and that the matching has an effect on the open circuit voltage of the solar cell. Although solar cells do have their limiting efficiencies, according to the Shockley-Queisser theory and Yablonovitch limit, with careful engineering and manufacturing practices, these irreversible entropic losses could be minimized. Further research in energy losses, due to entropy generation, may guide nanostructures and photonics in exceeding past these limits.Keywords: Photovoltaic cell; Shockley-Queisser; Solar cell nanostructures; Solar cell intrinsic and extrinsic losses; entropy; étendue; light trapping; Shockley Queisser; Geometry; Meta-study

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Beach, Joseph D., and Brian E. McCandless. "Materials Challenges for CdTe and CuInSe2 Photovoltaics." MRS Bulletin 32, no. 3 (March 2007): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2007.26.

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AbstractThe record laboratory cell (∼1 cm2 area) efficiency for thin-film cadmium telluride (CdTe) is 16.5%, and that for a copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2) thin-film alloy is 19.5%. Commercially produced CdTe and CuInSe2 modules (0.5–1 m2 area) have efficiencies in the 7–11% range. Research is needed both to increase laboratory cell efficiencies and to bring those small - area efficiencies to large-area production. Increases in laboratory CdTe cell efficiency will require increasing open-circuit voltage, which will allow cells to harvest more energy from each absorbed photon. This will require extending the minority carrier lifetime from its present τ ≤ 2 ns to τ ≥ 10 ns and increasing hole concentration in the CdTe beyond 1015 cm2, which appears to be limited by compensating defects. Increasing laboratory CuInSe2-based cell efficiency significantly beyond 19.5% will also require increasing the open-circuit voltage, either by increasing the bandgap, the doping level, or the minority carrier lifetime. The photovoltaic cells in commercial modules occupy tens of square centimeters, and both models and experiments have shown that low-performing regions in small fractions of a cell can significantly reduce the overall cell per formance. Increases in commercial module efficiency will require control of materials properties across large deposition areas in a high-throughput environment to minimize such non-uniformities. This article discusses approaches used and research needed to increase the ultimate efficiencies of CdTe- and CuInSe2-based devices and translate these gains to commercial photovoltaic modules.

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Jones, Russell K., James H. Ermer, Christopher M. Fetzer, and Richard R. King. "Evolution of Multijunction Solar Cell Technology for Concentrating Photovoltaics." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 51 (October 22, 2012): 10ND01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.51.10nd01.

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Jones, Russell K., James H. Ermer, Christopher M. Fetzer, and Richard R. King. "Evolution of Multijunction Solar Cell Technology for Concentrating Photovoltaics." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 51, no. 10S (October 1, 2012): 10ND01. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.51.10nd01.

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del Cañizo, Carlos, Gonzalo del Coso, and Antonio Luque. "Ultrapurification of Silicon for Photovoltaic Applications." Advances in Science and Technology 74 (October 2010): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.74.99.

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The recent explosive growth of Photovoltaics and the relative avidity for silicon of the predominant solar cell technology have resulted in a dramatic change of the polysilicon industry structure. While in the past the polysilicon was manufactured almost exclusively for the semiconductor industry, now more than half of the market is devoted to the solar industry. The different alternative routes to purify silicon for photovoltaic applications are presented in the paper, analysing their advantages and drawbacks. Emphasis is made on the CENTESIL initiative, a new private-public partnership venture promoting a pilot plant that is in an advanced state of construction. The goal is to allow the photovoltaic companies worldwide to count with an independent research centre to help them to establish their own polysilicon plant.

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Beard, Matthew C., Justin C. Johnson, Joseph M. Luther, and Arthur J. Nozik. "Multiple exciton generation in quantum dots versus singlet fission in molecular chromophores for solar photon conversion." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2044 (June 28, 2015): 20140412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0412.

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Both multiple exciton generation (MEG) in semiconductor nanocrystals and singlet fission (SF) in molecular chromophores have the potential to greatly increase the power conversion efficiency of solar cells for the production of solar electricity (photovoltaics) and solar fuels (artificial photosynthesis) when used in solar photoconverters. MEG creates two or more excitons per absorbed photon, and SF produces two triplet states from a single singlet state. In both cases, multiple charge carriers from a single absorbed photon can be extracted from the cell and used to create higher power conversion efficiencies for a photovoltaic cell or a cell that produces solar fuels, like hydrogen from water splitting or reduced carbon fuels from carbon dioxide and water (analogous to biological photosynthesis). The similarities and differences in the mechanisms and photoconversion cell architectures between MEG and SF are discussed.

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Sanders, S., D. Stümmler, J. D. Gerber, J. H. Seidel, G. Simkus, M. Heuken, A. Vescan, and H. Kalisch. "Showerhead-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskite Films for Solar Cell Application." MRS Advances 5, no. 8-9 (2020): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.126.

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AbstractIn the last years, perovskite solar cells have attracted great interest in photovoltaic (PV) research due to their possibility to become a highly efficient and low-cost alternative to silicon solar cells. Cells based on the widely used Pb-containing perovskites have reached power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of more than 20 %. One of the major hurdles for the rapid commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics is the lack of deposition tools and processes for large areas. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an appealing technique because it is scalable and furthermore features superior process control and reproducibility in depositing high-purity films. In this work, we present a novel showerhead-based CVD tool to fabricate perovskite films by simultaneous delivery of precursors from the gas phase. We highlight the control of the perovskite film composition and properties by adjusting the individual precursor deposition rates. Providing the optimal supply of precursors results in stoichiometric perovskite films without any detectable residues.

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Lee, Woo-ram, Syed Mubeen, Galen D. Stucky, and Martin Moskovits. "A surface plasmon enabled liquid-junction photovoltaic cell." Faraday Discussions 178 (2015): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00185k.

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Plasmonic nanosystems have recently been shown to be capable of functioning as photovoltaics and of carrying out redox photochemistry, purportedly using the energetic electrons and holes created following plasmonic decay as charge carriers. Although such devices currently have low efficiency, they already manifest a number of favorable characteristics, such as their tunability over the entire solar spectrum and a remarkable resistance to photocorrosion. Here, we report a plasmonic photovoltaic using a 25 μm thick electrolytic liquid junction which supports the iodide/triiodide (I⁻/I₃⁻) redox couple. The device produces photocurrent densities in excess of 40 μA cm⁻², an open circuit voltage (V_oc) of ∼0.24 V and a fill factor of ∼0.5 using AM 1.5 G solar radiation at 100 mW cm⁻². The photocurrent and the power conversion efficiency are primarily limited by the low light absorption in the 2-D gold nanoparticle arrays. The use of a liquid junction greatly reduces dielectric breakdown in the oxide layers utilized, which must be very thin for optimal performance, leading to a great improvement in the long-term stability of the cell's performance.

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Vourdoubas, John. "Possibilities of Using Fuel Cells for Energy Generation in Agricultural Greenhouses: A Case Study in Crete, Greece." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 8 (June 15, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n8p113.

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The possibility of using fuel cells powered by solar hydrogen for energy generation in greenhouses with reference to the island of Crete, Greece has been examined. Change of fossil fuels used in greenhouses with renewable energies and sustainable energy technologies is very important for mitigation of climate change. Various renewable energy sources and low carbon emission technologies including geothermal energy, biomass, solar photovoltaics and co-generation systems have been used so far. Use of solar photovoltaics for generating electricity consumed in water electrolysis for hydrogen production has been investigated. Hydrogen feeding a proton exchange membrane fuel cell co-generating electricity and heat was used in a greenhouse located in Crete, Greece. The system could be useful in a stand-alone greenhouse with annual specific energy consumption at 150 KWh/m2. A solar photovoltaic system with nominal power at 33.33 KWp powering an electrolytic cell at 5.71 KW could produce annually 2,083 kg hydrogen. The hydrogen could feed a fuel cell at 1.71 KWel generating annually all the electricity required in a greenhouse of 1,000 m2. Co-produced heat could also cover 11.11% of the annual heat requirements in the greenhouse. It was found though that the overall electric efficiency of the system was very low at 4.5%. The low overall efficiency and the size of the solar-PV required indicate that the abovementioned energy system is not suitable in commercial agricultural greenhouses.

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Atamanuk, Katherine, Justin Luria, and Bryan D. Huey. "Direct AFM-based nanoscale mapping and tomography of open-circuit voltages for photovoltaics." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (June 14, 2018): 1802–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.171.

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The nanoscale optoelectronic properties of materials can be especially important for polycrystalline photovoltaics including many sensor and solar cell designs. For thin film solar cells such as CdTe, the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current are especially critical performance indicators, often varying between and even within individual grains. A new method for directly mapping the open-circuit voltage leverages photo-conducting AFM, along with an additional proportional-integral-derivative feedback loop configured to maintain open-circuit conditions while scanning. Alternating with short-circuit current mapping efficiently provides complementary insight into the highly microstructurally sensitive local and ensemble photovoltaic performance. Furthermore, direct open-circuit voltage mapping is compatible with tomographic AFM, which additionally leverages gradual nanoscale milling by the AFM probe essentially for serial sectioning. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional results for CdTe solar cells during in situ illumination reveal local to mesoscale contributions to PV performance based on the order of magnitude variations in photovoltaic properties with distinct grains, at grain boundaries, and for sub-granular planar defects.

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Xu, Zhi Long, Chao Li, Lian Fen Liu, and Zhong Ming Huang. "Key Technology on the Solar Photovoltaic & Thermal System." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.901.

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Using the concentrating and tracking photovoltaics generation technology, the area of photovoltaic cells is only one-fifth of the traditional one if both generate same power output, and therefore the cost of photovoltaic power generation is greatly reduced. The concentrating solar cells produced with the special construction and lamination technique have the functions of heat exchanging and temperature controlling, which prevent the solar panel from over-temperature caused by the concentrating light and the crystal silicon cell pieces will always work under 60°C, and hence the photoelectric conversion efficiency increase. The rest solar energy that cannot be converted into electrical energy by the concentrating solar cells is absorbed by water flowing through it. The flat-plate collector reheat the water flowed from the concentrating solar cells’ heat exchanger and the additional product, hot water, whose temperature is over 80°C, is got. Hence, the total efficiency of photovoltaic & thermal conversion is more than 55%. The solar photovoltaic & thermal system can high efficiently, but low costly and practicably, utilize the solar photovoltaic & thermal and practical.

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Sultana, Najmin Ara, Md Obidul Islam, Mainul Hossain, and Zahid Hasan Mahmood. "Comparative Performance Study of Perovskite Solar Cell for Different Electron Transport Materials." Dhaka University Journal of Science 66, no. 2 (July 26, 2018): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v66i2.54553.

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In recent times, planar organo-metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) achieved high power conversion efficiency (PCE > 22%). Mixed organic-inorganic halide perovskites, with excellent light harvesting properties, have evolved as a promising class of semiconductors for photovoltaics. In this work, compositional and electrical characterizations of materials used for different layers of PSC have been studied. One dimensional solar cell simulator wx-AMPS is used for numerical simulation of such devices and all simulations are done under AM1.5 illuminations and 300K temperature. Investigating the influences of thickness of electron transport material (ETM), hole transporting material (HTM) and absorber on the photovoltaic performance of PSCs, it is observed that, increase in thickness of perovskite (MAPbI3) results in the increase in PCE of solar cells, whereas increase in thickness of ETM layer results in decrease in the efficiency of the devices. The ETM plays a vital role on the performance of PSC. In this paper, for the first time performances of PSC for three different ETMs (TiO2, ZnO or SnO2) are calculated and analyzed simultaneously with the simulator wx-AMPS. The photovoltaic performances have been explored and efficiencies of 27.6%, 27.5% and 28.02% are reported for perovskite solar cells with TiO2, ZnO and SnO2 as ETM respectively for a specific thickness. Finally, this simulation study concludes that ZnO and SnO2 may be effective alternatives of the commonly used material, TiO2 as they are economically more potential and give somewhat better photovoltaic performance. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 66(2): 109-114, 2018 (July)

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Wnuk, Sławomir, George Loumakis, and Roberto Ramirez-Iniguez. "Use of a 2-layer thermoelectric generator structure for photovoltaics cells cooling and energy recovery." E3S Web of Conferences 239 (2021): 00003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123900003.

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A 2-layer thermoelectric generator was tested as a solution to increase the output of a PV cell. A number of practical experiments were carried out on both single and two combined thermoelectric generator (TEG) configurations connected in series with photovoltaic (PV) cells and connected to a load independently from each other. Testing was performed using a class AAA solar simulator system Sol3A and under real outdoor weather conditions. The results show a reduction of the maximum cell temperature by 10.3 ° on average and at the same time an increase in the tested photovoltaics-thermo-generators (PV-TEGs) voltage output of the proposed hybrid systems by 28.56-30.54% compared to the plain PV cell. It was experimentally confirmed that the TEGs-PV structure performs better than the bare PV cell during decline of insolation utilising, in addition to the limited at this time solar energy, the heat accumulated by the multilayer structure components. Experiments showed that for the selected period of time (1600s) the energy output increased by 27.6% compared to a plain PV cell. For a constant level of artifical light (1000W/m2) the PV-TEG’s hybrid system showed an increase of energy yield of 3.1% compared to a plain PV system.

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NIJS, J. F., J. SZLUFCIK, J. POORTMANS, and R. P. MERTENS. "CRYSTALLINE SILICON BASED PHOTOVOLTAICS: TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET TRENDS." Modern Physics Letters B 15, no. 17n19 (August 20, 2001): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021798490100204x.

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An overview is given concerning industrial technologies, IMECS's advanced pilot line crystalline silicon solar cell technologies and medium term developments for industrial crystalline silicon terrestrial solar cell fabrication. Also IMEC's work on thin film crystalline silicon solar cells is shortly presented, all of this taking into account the existing market and technology trends.

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Vangelidis, Ioannis, Anna Theodosi, Michail J. Beliatis, Keyur K. Gandhi, Argiris Laskarakis, Panos Patsalas, Stergios Logothetidis, S. Ravi P. Silva, and Elefterios Lidorikis. "Plasmonic Organic Photovoltaics: Unraveling Plasmonic Enhancement for Realistic Cell Geometries." ACS Photonics 5, no. 4 (January 23, 2018): 1440–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01390.

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Cotfas, Daniel Tudor, Petru Adrian Cotfas, and Octavian Mihai Machidon. "Study of Temperature Coefficients for Parameters of Photovoltaic Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5945602.

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The temperature is one of the most important factors which affect the performance of the photovoltaic cells and panels along with the irradiance. The current voltage characteristics, I-V, are measured at different temperatures from 25°C to 87°C and at different illumination levels from 400 to 1000 W/m2, because there are locations where the upper limit of the photovoltaic cells working temperature exceeds 80°C. This study reports the influence of the temperature and the irradiance on the important parameters of four commercial photovoltaic cell types: monocrystalline silicon—mSi, polycrystalline silicon—pSi, amorphous silicon—aSi, and multijunction InGaP/InGaAs/Ge (Emcore). The absolute and normalized temperature coefficients are determined and compared with their values from the related literature. The variation of the absolute temperature coefficient function of the irradiance and its significance to accurately determine the important parameters of the photovoltaic cells are also presented. The analysis is made on different types of photovoltaics cells in order to understand the effects of technology on temperature coefficients. The comparison between the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current was also performed, calculated using the temperature coefficients, determined, and measured, in various conditions. The measurements are realized using the SolarLab system, and the photovoltaic cell parameters are determined and compared using the LabVIEW software created for SolarLab system.

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Nishioka, Kensuke, Kosei Sato, and Yasuyuki Ota. "Temperature Characteristics of Concentrator Photovoltaics Analyzed by Circuit Calculation." Advanced Materials Research 894 (February 2014): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.894.234.

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Temperature characteristic analysis of the triple-junction solar cell was carried out using circuit simulator under concentration conditions. The temperature exponent of saturation current density for each single-junction solar cell was derived. Extracted temperature exponents were used in the equivalent circuit model for the triple-junction solar cell, and the calculations of solar cell performance were carried out at various temperatures and concentration ratios. The calculation results agreed well with the measured results.

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Nguyen, Bich Phuong, Taehoon Kim, and Chong Rae Park. "Nanocomposite-Based Bulk Heterojunction Hybrid Solar Cells." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/243041.

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Photovoltaic devices based on nanocomposites composed of conjugated polymers and inorganic nanocrystals show promise for the fabrication of low-cost third-generation thin film photovoltaics. In theory, hybrid solar cells can combine the advantages of the two classes of materials to potentially provide high power conversion efficiencies of up to 10%; however, certain limitations on the current within a hybrid solar cell must be overcome. Current limitations arise from incompatibilities among the various intradevice interfaces and the uncontrolled aggregation of nanocrystals during the step in which the nanocrystals are mixed into the polymer matrix. Both effects can lead to charge transfer and transport inefficiencies. This paper highlights potential strategies for resolving these obstacles and presents an outlook on the future directions of this field.

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Sarniak, Mariusz T., Jacek Wernik, and Krzysztof J. Wołosz. "Application of the Double Diode Model of Photovoltaic Cells for Simulation Studies on the Impact of Partial Shading of Silicon Photovoltaic Modules on the Waveforms of Their Current–Voltage Characteristic." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 24, 2019): 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122421.

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Photovoltaics (PV) is the phenomenon of converting sun energy into electric energy by using photovoltaic cells. Furthermore, solar energy is the major renewable energy source. PV modules are systematically more efficient and manufacturing costs decrease at the same time. The PV module performance is affected by ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed, rainfall, incident solar radiation intensity and spectrum, dust deposition, pollution, and shading, which are environmental factors. The problem of partial shading of the generator often arises when designing photovoltaic installations. If it is not possible to avoid this phenomenon, its impact on the operation of the photovoltaic system should be estimated. The classical method is to measure the current–voltage characteristics, but it requires switching off the installation for the duration of the measurements. Therefore, this paper proposes a method using a computer simulation in the Matlab package with the implemented component “Solar Cell” for this purpose. Three cases of partial shading of photovoltaic modules with different degrees of shading were analyzed. The obtained results of the computer simulation were verified for two types of silicon PV modules: Mono- and polycrystalline.

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Zhang, Jiaying, and Yingfan Zhang. "Forecast of photovoltaic power generation based on DBSCAN." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123602016.

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The power output of the photovoltaic power generation has prominent intermittent fluctuation characteristics. Large-scale photovoltaic power generation access will bring a specific impact on the safe and stable operation of the power grid. With the increase in the proportion of renewable energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaics, the phenomenon of wind abandonment and light abandonment has further increased. The photovoltaic power generation prediction is one of the critical technologies to solve this problem. It is of outstanding academic and application value to research photovoltaic power generation prediction methods and systems. Therefore, accurately carrying out the power forecast of photovoltaic power plants has become a research hot point in recent years. It is favored by scholars at home and abroad. First, this paper builds a simulation model of the photovoltaic cell based on known theoretical knowledge. Then it uses the density clustering algorithm (DBSCAN) in the clustering algorithm and classifies the original data. Finally, according to a series of problems such as the slow modeling speed of photovoltaic short-term power prediction, the bidirectional LSTM photovoltaic power prediction model, and CNN-GRU photovoltaic power prediction model based on clustering algorithm are proposed. After comparing the two models, it is concluded that the bidirectional LSTM prediction model is more accurate.

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Bernardes, Sara, Ricardo A. Marques Lameirinhas, João Paulo N. Torres, and Carlos A. F. Fernandes. "Characterization and Design of Photovoltaic Solar Cells That Absorb Ultraviolet, Visible and Infrared Light." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010078.

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The world is witnessing a tide of change in the photovoltaic industry like never before; we are far from the solar cells of ten years ago that only had 15–18% efficiency. More and more, multi-junction technologies seem to be the future for photovoltaics, with these technologies already hitting the mark of 30% under 1-sun. This work focuses especially on a state-of-the-art triple-junction solar cell, the GaInP/GaInAs/Ge lattice-matched, that is currently being used in most satellites and concentrator photovoltaic systems. The three subcells are first analyzed individually and then the whole cell is put together and simulated. The typical figures-of-merit are extracted; all the I−V curves obtained are presented, along with the external quantum efficiencies. A study on how temperature affects the cell was done, given its relevance when talking about space applications. An overall optimization of the cell is also elaborated; the cell’s thickness and doping are changed so that maximum efficiency can be reached. For a better understanding of how varying both these properties affect efficiency, graphic 3D plots were computed based on the obtained results. Considering this optimization, an improvement of 0.2343% on the cell’s efficiency is obtained.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Photovoltaics cell'

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