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Journal articles on the topic 'Photovoltaic thermal dryer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Agrawal, Sanjay, Trapti Varshney, and Jitendra Kumar. "Comparative Analysis of Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) Solar Dryer." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 20, no. 1 (January 23, 2023): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw230009.

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As the world’s population is increasing, the demand for food is also increasing. Drying techniques increase the life and quality of crop and industrial food products. It also improves the economic condition of farmers. Drying reduces the water stored within the product by evaporation. It can be done by the use of conventional energy and different methods. Sun radiation is used for open sun drying around the globe. Open sun drying has many disadvantages in comparison to other drying techniques. Solar drying is comparatively clean and effective. Solar dryers are of mainly four types: 1) direct solar dryer; 2) indirect solar dryers; 3) mixed mode solar dryer and 4) hybrid solar dryers. Because electric and heat energy demand is increasing day by day worldwide, PV/T solar dryer becomes an interesting and upcoming interest of research nowadays. In this review article basics of different kinds of solar dryers and recent advancements in hybrid PV/T dryers have been presented. Results for drying grapes, medicinal herb, tomato, and wood using PV/T solar dryer are discussed in this study. Variations of drying time, energy consumption, efficiency with different air temperatures, air flow rate and RH are discussed. The use of different solar collectors, solar air heater and heat storage materials with hybrid PV/T dryer have also been reviewed.

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Ahmad, Asim, Om Prakash, Anil Kumar, Rajeshwari Chatterjee, Shubham Sharma, Vineet Kumar, Kushagra Kulshreshtha, Changhe Li, and Elsayed Mohamed Tag Eldin. "A Comprehensive State-of-the-Art Review on the Recent Developments in Greenhouse Drying." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 9493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249493.

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Drying via solar energy is an environmentally friendly and inexpensive process. For controlled and bulk level drying, a greenhouse solar dryer is the most suitable controlled level solar dryer. The efficiency of a solar greenhouse dryer can be increased by using thermal storage. The agricultural products dried in greenhouses are reported to be of a higher quality than those dried in the sun because they are shielded from dust, rain, insects, birds, and animals. The heat storage-based greenhouse was found to be superior for drying of all types of crops in comparison to a normal greenhouse dryer, as it provides constant heat throughout the drying process. Hence, this can be used in rural areas by farmers and small-scale industrialists, and with minor modifications, it can be used anywhere in the world. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of solar greenhouse dryers for drying various agricultural products, including their design, thermal modelling methods, cost, energy, and environmental implications. Furthermore, the choice and application of solar photovoltaic panels and thermal energy storage units in the solar greenhouse dryers are examined in detail, with a view to achieving continuous and grid-independent drying. The energy requirements of various greenhouse dryer configurations/shapes are compared. Thermodynamic and thermal modelling research that reported on the performance prediction of solar greenhouse dryers, and drying kinetics studies on various agricultural products, has been compiled in this study.

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3

Camayo, Bécquer, Miguel Quispe, Juan Raúl Massipe, José Galarza, and Enrique Mucha. "Autonomous solar thermal system design for indirect dehydration of Aguaymanto (Physalis Peruviana L.), Junín." La Granja 33, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17163/lgr.n33.2021.10.

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This paper aimed to design an autonomous indirect solar dryer, which can dehydrate the aguaymanto in a costeffective manner, yielding a quality product suitable for export from the central part highland of Peru. To complete this task, it was proposed to design a prototype of autonomous solar dryer of 100 kg per batch of aguaymanto, equipped with flat reflectors and forced air feed, and powered with photovoltaic energy. This system allows to dry aguaymanto fruit at the requirements needed for its exportation. The fryer has the following dimensions: inner dimensions of the drying chamber: bottom 0.60 m, width 1.40 m, and height 1.10 m, with additional 0.05 m for insulation. Hence, the outer measures are bottom 0.70 m, width 1.50 m, and height 1.20 m. Two solar collectors are proposed with the dimensions of each: 1.50 m wide, 2.40 m long, and 0.15 m height; 2 flat mirror reflectors are required. A 80 Wp photovoltaic panel was selected for the forced air system and process control. This solar dryer is expected to cope with the problem of post-harvest deterioration. Also, it will facilitate the export by improving product quality and providing a cost-effective technology.

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Tiwari, Sumit, and G. N. Tiwari. "Thermal analysis of photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) single slope roof integrated greenhouse solar dryer." Solar Energy 138 (November 2016): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.09.014.

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5

Adelaja, A. O., and S. J. Ojolo. "Design, Analysis and Experimental Evaluation of Photovoltaic Forced Convection Solar Dryer for the Tropics." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 3 (November 2010): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.3.49.

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The photovoltaic (pv) forced convection solar dryer comprises the solar collector, dryer and pv assemblies. It is designed for a continuous operation throughout the day. The direct solar irradiation is utilized during sunshine hours and it automatically switches power supply to the battery during cloud covers and non-insolation periods. The inclusion of a heat reservoir enables heat transfer to continue during this period. In this study, thermal and dryer analyses were done. Experimental investigations were carried out to evaluate the performance of the system by drying plantain chips. The useful power collected was found to be, 391.50W, collector efficiency, 65.6%, dryer efficiency, 39.6%, average drying rate during insolation, 0.0169kg/hr and total drying time was 23 hours. The maximum temperature attained was 55oC. The average drying non insolation period was 0.0112kg/hr. The capital cost is less than $350.

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6

Mohd Azmi, Mohd Syahriman, Zafri Azran Abdul Majid, and Mohd Hafidz Ruslan. "DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF A SOLAR DRYER HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC THERMAL SYSTEM." Jurnal Teknologi 85, no. 1 (December 2, 2022): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v85.14845.

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A solar dryer hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system has been designed, built and its performance has been studied. This research aims to develop a stand-alone solar dyer system, portable and less maintenance. This system consists of three main parts; PV/T system with configuration-Z thermal absorber plate, multi-direction solar collector with cross absorber plate and drying chamber. Solar thermal collector which was designed in the system is called a multi-direction solar collector because the solar radiation does not get the heat through the upper part but also on the lower sides. This situation will then increase the amount of heat that will absorb by the absorber plate. The cross absorber plate will be used in a multi-direction solar collector because it can be assembled row by row. Six sets of cross absorber plates are used in this system. PV/T airflow uses configuration-Z absorber plate which is placed under the photovoltaic (PV) module. The amount of heat produced from the PV/T configuration-Z is used as the pre-heat before the hot air flows to the multi-direction solar collector. While electric energy from PV is used to operate the ventilation fan. The solar dryer hybrid PV/T system tested its effectiveness in the field under the daily solar radiation. The total efficiency generated from PV/T configuration-Z system is in the range of 35% to 52%. For the multi-direction solar collector system, the output range was generated between 32.0 °C to 46.6 °C, whereas the thermal efficiency is in the range of 50% to 70%.

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7

Adelaja, A. O., B. Y. Ogunmola, and P. O. Akolade. "Development of a Photovoltaic Powered Forced Convection Solar Dryer." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.543.

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This solar conversion system incorporates a suction fan powered by a solar PV module. Located at the outlet of the chamber is the d.c suction fan utilised to achieve forced air circulation without the use of external power supply like grid electricity, fossil fuel and battery. Simple thermal energy balance equations and heat transfer equations were employed in the design of the system. The operational efficiency of the collector is 83.2% and mass flow rate 1.58kg/min, the maximum temperature achieved in the chamber was 58oC. The system was used to dry vegetable, hydrophylum. The capital cost is less than $150.

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8

Barnwal, P., and G. N. Tiwari. "Life Cycle Cost Analysis of a Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal Greenhouse Dryer." Open Environmental Journal 2, no. 1 (April 22, 2008): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874233500802010039.

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9

Barnwal, P., and G. N. Tiwari. "Life Cycle Cost Analysis of a Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal Greenhouse Dryer." Open Environmental Sciences 2, no. 1 (November 10, 2008): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876325100802010039.

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10

Ogueke, Nnamdi V., U. J. Njokuocha, and E. E. Anyanwu. "DESIGN AND MEASURED PERFORMANCE OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC THERMAL COLLECTOR-POWERED DRYER." International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment 18, no. 2 (2017): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjenercleanenv.2017020424.

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11

Tiwari, Sumit, G. N. Tiwari, and I. M. Al-Helal. "Performance analysis of photovoltaic–thermal (PVT) mixed mode greenhouse solar dryer." Solar Energy 133 (August 2016): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.04.033.

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12

Arslan, Erhan, and Mustafa Aktaş. "4E analysis of infrared-convective dryer powered solar photovoltaic thermal collector." Solar Energy 208 (September 2020): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.07.071.

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13

Tiwari, Sumit, and G. N. Tiwari. "Exergoeconomic analysis of photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) mixed mode greenhouse solar dryer." Energy 114 (November 2016): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.132.

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14

Minaei, Saeid, Ali Motevali, Barat Ghobadian, Ahmad Banakar, and Seyed Hashem Samadi. "An Investigation of Energy Consumption, Solar Fraction and Hybrid Photovoltaic–Thermal Solar Dryer Parameters in Drying of Chamomile Flower." International Journal of Food Engineering 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 697–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2014-0135.

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Abstract In this research, drying of a medicinal plant (chamomile) in a hybrid photovoltaic–thermal solar dryer with and without heat pump was investigated. The experiments were performed at three air speeds (0.5, 1, and 1.5 m/s), three levels of air temperature (40, 50, and 60°C), with and without using a heat pump. Results of analysis indicated that adding a heat pump to the photovoltaic solar dryer decreases drying time, energy consumption, and required specific energy. Solar energy fraction increased with decreasing air temperature and velocity. Analysis of the dryer-related parameters showed that the maximum and minimum thermal efficiencies were 33.8 and 16.4%, respectively, both in the no-heat-pump mode while with the heat pump, its maximum and minimum values were 38.4 and 19.7%, respectively. Moreover, the highest and lowest electrical efficiencies for the no-heat-pump mode were 13.4 and 9.1%, respectively; while using the heat pump, its maximum and minimum values were 14.1 and 10.4%, respectively. Results of analyzing the dryer’s coefficient of performance for drying chamomile showed that the highest and lowest coefficients of performance were 3.41 and 1.82, respectively. Eleven mathematical models were tested, and Page’s model was selected as the best for describing the drying behavior of chamomile flower.

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15

Geng, Wen Guang, Ling Gao, Xiao Xu Ma, Xiu Li Ma, Zong Yi Yu, and Xuan You Li. "Honeysuckle Drying by Using Hybrid ConcentratorPhotovoltaic-Thermal (PV/T) Dryer: An Experimental Study." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.132.

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This paper presents experimental performance of a concentrator photovoltaic thermal (CPV/T) dryer for drying of honeysuckle flowers. The dryer consists of a perspex box structure. Heat for drying is provided by the excess heat of concentrator PV module and one fan powered by this concentrator PV ventilate the dryer. To investigate the experimental performances of the solar dryer for drying of honeysuckle flowers, 2 full scale experimental runs were conducted. Of which one experimental runs were conducted by hot air and the drying air temperature varied from 65°C to 80°C, the drying time was 5 hours. The other t experimental runs were conducted for natural sun drying for comparison, and the drying time was 5 hours too. Experiments were conducted for drying of honeysuckle in the month of June, 2012. Various half hourly experimental data namely moisture evaporated, honeysuckle surface temperatures, ambient air temperature and humidity, etc. were recorded to evaluate heat and mass transfer for the proposed system. The experimental results show that the quality of hot air dried products in terms of color, form, texture, etc. was high-quality dried products.

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16

Uzoma, Sampson, Nnaemeka Nwakuba, and Kelechi Anyaoha. "Performance of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal crop dryer in hot humid Nigerian region." Poljoprivredna tehnika 44, no. 3 (2019): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/poljteh1902056u.

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17

Shyam, I. M. Al-Helal, Anil Kumar Singh, and G. N. Tiwari. "Performance evaluation of photovoltaic thermal greenhouse dryer and development of characteristic curve." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 7, no. 3 (May 2015): 033109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4921408.

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18

Mortezapour, Hamid, Barat Ghobadian, Saeid Minaei, and Mohammad Hadi Khoshtaghaza. "Saffron Drying with a Heat Pump–Assisted Hybrid Photovoltaic–Thermal Solar Dryer." Drying Technology 30, no. 6 (May 2012): 560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2011.645261.

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19

Veeramanipriya, E., and AR Umayal Sundari. "Performance evaluation of hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PVT) solar dryer for drying of cassava." Solar Energy 215 (February 2021): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.12.027.

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20

De, Ramen Kanti, and A. Ganguly. "Thermal model development and performance analysis of a solar photovoltaic supported greenhouse dryer." International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology 7, no. 4 (2016): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijret.2016.080116.

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21

Ganguly, A., and Ramen Kanti De. "Thermal model development and performance analysis of a solar photovoltaic supported greenhouse dryer." International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology 7, no. 4 (2016): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijret.2016.10000846.

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22

Sehrawat, Ravin, Ravinder Kumar Sahdev, Sumit Tiwari, and Suresh Kumar. "Performance analysis and environmental feasibility of bifacial photovoltaic thermal dryer with heat storage." Energy Conversion and Management 288 (July 2023): 117150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117150.

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23

Barnwal, P., and G. N. Tiwari. "Grape drying by using hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) greenhouse dryer: An experimental study." Solar Energy 82, no. 12 (December 2008): 1131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2008.05.012.

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24

Sehrawat, Ravin, Ravinder Kumar Sahdev, Deepak Chhabra, and Sumit Tiwari. "Experimentation and optimization of phase change material integrated passive bifacial photovoltaic thermal greenhouse dryer." Solar Energy 257 (June 2023): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.04.024.

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25

Gorawar, Mahesh B., P. P. Revankar, Vijay Tambarallimath, and K. Shekar. "Performance Studies on Solar Photovoltaic Thermal System for Crop Drying." Advanced Materials Research 768 (September 2013): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.768.90.

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The growing population demands adequate supply of food grains for its sustenance and supporting life activities. The agricultural produce in India has increased over the years due to improved farm practices despite of which the country is ranked 2nd in terms of the number of children suffering malnutrition. It is reported that the child mortality rate in the country due to hunger and sanitation is above 1,000 per day. The post harvest losses in India are estimated at 4 to 6 percent for food grains and 16 to 18 percent for fruits and vegetables occurring at various stages of harvesting, storage and processing. The post harvest remedies for the loss of food grains and other agricultural produce includes better post harvest storage techniques based on removal of moisture to store the produce without being perished. The crop drying techniques based on use of renewable energy offer succor to save the large agricultural produce that goes to drains without being consumed.The reported work deals with design of a solar crop dryer for drying based on solar Photovoltaic/ Thermal (SPV/T) techniqueKeywordsPost harvest losses, solar crop drying, solar PV/T systems,drying rate

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26

Şirin, Ceylin, Fatih Selimefendigil, and Hakan Fehmi Öztop. "Performance Analysis and Identification of an Indirect Photovoltaic Thermal Dryer with Aluminum Oxide Nano-Embedded Thermal Energy Storage Modification." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032422.

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In the current paper, different thermal energy storage unit-integrated photovoltaic thermal (PVT) air collectors with and without nanoparticles have been designed, fabricated and tested. Aluminum oxide nanoparticles have been integrated into the thermal storage unit to increase the performance of the PVT collector. The developed collectors have been tested in a drying application at two different mass flow rates. The major goals of this work are upgrading the performance of the PVT air collector by employing a nano-embedded thermal energy storage unit and analyzing the impacts of using nanoparticles in the latent heat storage unit in the PVT collector on the drying performance of the system. The drying time was reduced by approximately 15–22% by employing nanoparticles in the thermal storage unit. Moreover, overall exergy efficiency values were obtained in ranges of 12.49–14.67% and 13.64–16.06%, respectively, for modified and unmodified PVT air collectors. It should be indicated that the overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the PVT air collectors were improved in the ranges of 6.91–6.97% and 9.20–9.47%, respectively, by using nanoparticles in the thermal energy storage unit. The combination of increasing the flow rate and integrating nanoparticles into the storage unit improved the overall exergetic efficiency of the PVT air collector by 28.58%. The mean exergetic efficiency of the drying room was between 48.33 and 54.26%. In addition to the experimental analysis, dynamic models for thermal and exergy efficiencies of developed collectors were constructed by employing the system identification method.

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27

Shoeibi, Shahin, Hadi Kargarsharifabad, Seyed Ali Agha Mirjalily, and Mojtaba Zargarazad. "Performance analysis of finned photovoltaic/thermal solar air dryer with using a compound parabolic concentrator." Applied Energy 304 (December 2021): 117778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117778.

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28

Rouzegar, Mohammad Reza, Mohammad Hossein Abbaspour-Fard, Mahdi Hedayatizadeh, and Hamid Mohamadinezhad. "Comparison of drying kinetics of mint leaves by photovoltaic / thermal solar dryer and natural drying." Food Science and Technology 18, no. 119 (January 1, 2022): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/fsct.18.119.193.

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29

Barnwal, P., and G. N. Tiwari. "Life cycle energy metrics and CO2 credit analysis of a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal greenhouse dryer." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 3, no. 3 (July 2008): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/3.3.203.

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30

Gupta, Ankur, Agnimitra Biswas, Biplab Das, and Bale V. Reddy. "Development and testing of novel photovoltaic-thermal collector-based solar dryer for green tea drying application." Solar Energy 231 (January 2022): 1072–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.12.030.

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31

Barnwal, P., and Arvind Tiwari. "Thermodynamic performance analysis of a hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal (PV/T) integrated greenhouse air heater and dryer." International Journal of Exergy 6, no. 1 (2009): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijex.2009.023348.

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32

Kondareddy, Rajesh, N. Sivakumaran, K. Radhakrishnan, and Prakash Kumar Nayak. "Performance analysis of solar tunnel dryer with thermal storage and Photovoltaic system for drying star fruit." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 463 (April 7, 2020): 012138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/463/1/012138.

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33

Daghigh, Roonak, Roonak Shahidian, and Hooman Oramipoor. "A multistate investigation of a solar dryer coupled with photovoltaic thermal collector and evacuated tube collector." Solar Energy 199 (March 2020): 694–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.02.069.

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34

Nayak, Sujata, Ajit Kumar, Jaya Mishra, and G. N. Tiwari. "Drying and Testing of Mint (Mentha piperita) by a Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT)-Based Greenhouse Dryer." Drying Technology 29, no. 9 (July 2011): 1002–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2010.547265.

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35

Gupta, Ankur, Biplab Das, Agnimitra Biswas, and Jayanta Deb Mondol. "Sustainability and 4E analysis of novel solar photovoltaic-thermal solar dryer under forced and natural convection drying." Renewable Energy 188 (April 2022): 1008–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.02.090.

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36

Poonia, Surendra, A. K. Singh, and Dilip Jain. "Performance evaluation of phase change material (PCM) based hybrid photovoltaic/thermal solar dryer for drying arid fruits." Materials Today: Proceedings 52 (2022): 1302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.058.

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Dorouzi, Mahdiyeh, Hamid Mortezapour, Hamid-Reza Akhavan, and Ahmad Ghazanfari Moghaddam. "Tomato slices drying in a liquid desiccant-assisted solar dryer coupled with a photovoltaic-thermal regeneration system." Solar Energy 162 (March 2018): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.01.025.

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38

Lamrani, Bilal, Abdeslam Draoui, and Frédéric Kuznik. "Thermal performance and environmental assessment of a hybrid solar-electrical wood dryer integrated with Photovoltaic/Thermal air collector and heat recovery system." Solar Energy 221 (June 2021): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.04.035.

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39

Mirzaei, Saeid, Mehran Ameri, and Amin Ziaforoughi. "Energy-exergy analysis of an infrared dryer equipped with a photovoltaic-thermal collector in glazed and unglazed modes." Renewable Energy 169 (May 2021): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.046.

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40

Cerezal Mezquita, Pedro, Aldo Álvarez López, and Waldo Bugueño Muñoz. "Effect of Drying on Lettuce Leaves Using Indirect Solar Dryer Assisted with Photovoltaic Cells and Thermal Energy Storage." Processes 8, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8020168.

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The thin layer drying behavior of lettuce leaves was investigated using an indirect pilot solar dryer with thermal energy storage in water, equipped with solar collectors and photovoltaic cells. The drying procedure consisted of shredded lettuce leaves, temperature ≤ 52 °C, airspeed, 1.0 m∙s−1, and process time ~10.0 h. Fifteen drying models were adjusted to the experimental data obtained; three models with maximum values of coefficient of determination (R2)—Page, Midilli, and Kucuk, and Weibull Distribution, whose values of R2 ≥ 0.998, and other statistical parameters, χ2, SSE, and RMSE values closer to zero were chosen. The initial browning index BI = 120.5 ± 0.7 decreased compared to the dry sample BI = 78.99 ± 0.5, with chromatic coordinate degradations a* and b*; but not the luminosity L*; where ΔE = 8.26; whose meaning is that the dry sample is a “more opaque brownish color” due to the difference in the chroma ΔC = 6.65, and with a change from the yellow-green to yellow-red zone, and a difference in hue angle, Δh° = 14.27, between the fresh and the dried sample. Deff values for shredded lettuce leaves were 1.8 × 10−9 m2 s−1 for values ≤ 52 °C.

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Cerezal-Mezquita, Pedro, and Waldo Bugueño-Muñoz. "Drying of Carrot Strips in Indirect Solar Dehydrator with Photovoltaic Cell and Thermal Energy Storage." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 2147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042147.

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Minimizing agricultural losses, accompanied by employing technologies capable of taking advantage of solar energy, are the current challenges of the Antofagasta region of Chile due to having an average solar irradiance of 7.2 kWh/m2 per day. With this objective, using an indirect solar dryer with storage of thermal energy in the form of sensible heat, the effect of drying on the quality of carrot strips was studied using chromatic coordinates CIEL*a*b*, the color difference (ΔE), the relationship between redness/yellowness (R = a*/b*), browning index (BI), whiteness index (WI), chroma (C), hue angle (h°) and drying kinetics. The experimental drying data were fitted to 15 typically employed nonlinear regression models. The ΔE = 14.11 ± 0.14 between the carrots in the dry and fresh conditions represented a detectable color change, the R ratio increased from 0.75 to 0.89, the BI index decreased from 209.82 ± 0.62 to 148.38 ± 0.26 and the WI index increased from 24.5 ± 0.11 to 31.8 ± 0.17, indicating color affectations due to the process. The coefficients of determination, (R2) close to 1 and the values closest to 0 of χ2, SSE and RMSE, led to the best fit corresponding to the Weibull distribution model. In addition, it was found that the operation of the drying installation in the hours without incident solar radiation maintained the drying temperature values throughout the process.

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Çiftçi, Erdem, Ataollah Khanlari, Adnan Sözen, İpek Aytaç, and Azim Doğuş Tuncer. "Energy and exergy analysis of a photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system used in solar dryer: A numerical and experimental investigation." Renewable Energy 180 (December 2021): 410–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.08.081.

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Vengsungnle, P., J. Jongpluempiti, A. Srichat, S. Wiriyasart, and P. Naphon. "Thermal performance of the photovoltaic–ventilated mixed mode greenhouse solar dryer with automatic closed loop control for Ganoderma drying." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 21 (October 2020): 100659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2020.100659.

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Slimani, Mohamed El Amine, Madjid Amirat, Sofiane Bahria, Ildikó Kurucz, M’heni Aouli, and Rabah Sellami. "Study and modeling of energy performance of a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal solar collector: Configuration suitable for an indirect solar dryer." Energy Conversion and Management 125 (October 2016): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.03.059.

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Poonia, Surendra, A. K. Singh, Dilip Jain, and Mohammad Hamasha. "Design development and performance evaluation of photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) hybrid solar dryer for drying of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) fruit." Cogent Engineering 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1507084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2018.1507084.

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Amanlou, Yasaman, Teymour Tavakoli Hashjin, Barat Ghobadian, and Gholamhassan Najafi. "Mathematical Modeling of Thin-Layer Solar Drying for Yarrow, Coriander and Hollyhock." International Journal of Food Engineering 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2015-0134.

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Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the drying kinetics of Yarrow, Coriander and Hollyhock flowers. These three medicinal products were dried using a solar hybrid photovoltaic-thermal dryer. The drying process was examined at the air temperatures of 40°C, 50°C and 60°C and air velocities of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m/s. The experimental drying data were fitted to different theoretical models to predict the drying kinetics. Nonlinear regression analysis was performed to relate the parameters of the model with the drying conditions. The performance of these models was evaluated by comparing the correlation coefficient ($${R^2}$$), root mean square error (RMSE) and the chi-square ($${\chi ^2}$$) between the observed and the predicted moisture ratios. Among all the models, the exponential two-term was found to have the best fit in this study. Also the influence of plant type, air temperature and velocity was investigated.

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Téllez, Margarita Castillo, Beatriz Castillo-Téllez, Alberto Mejía Pérez Gerardo, Rachid Marzoug, and Diana C. Mex Álvarez. "Design of an Indirect Dryer with Coupling of Solar Collectors and its Thermal Characterization by Drying the Mint Leaves (Mentha spicate)." European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p411.

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Man has used solar energy to dry perishable products for many years, managing to preserve a wide variety of foods naturally; drying is a method that highly respects the food's properties and nutritional content. The consumption of medicinal and aromatic herbs in Mexico is traditional and widespread. In this work, an analysis of an indirect solar dryer's thermal behavior was carried out with the coupling of solar technologies (water heaters and air collectors and photovoltaic pumping as an aid to the generation of hot air) comparing with electric oven drying in Campeche, Campeche, Mexico. The experimental results showed that the indirect tunnel type dryer that works with evacuated tubes and solar air heater simultaneously is the most efficient technology, with average drying times of 300 min and final humidity of 9.6%. A study of colorimetry, water activity, and drying speed was carried out to control the drying process. It was found that it is possible to use solar energy to dry food as a means of conservation in warm-humid climates, also obtaining significant energy savings and contributing to caring for the environment.

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Yandri, Erkata, Ratna Ariati, Aep Saepul Uyun, Roy Hendroko Setyobudi, Herry Susanto, Kamaruddin Abdullah, Satriyo Krido Wahono, Yogo Adhi Nugroho, Abubakar Yaro, and Juris Burlakovs. "Potential Energy Efficiency and Solar Energy Applications in a Small Industrial Laundry: A Practical Study of Energy Audit." E3S Web of Conferences 190 (2020): 00008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019000008.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential for energy savings because the laundry industry consumes a lot of energy and water. If the laundry industries are not controlled, it will cause serious environmental and energy problems. The audit activity was divided into three stages. Pre-audit stage, the auditors were divided into groups with clear details of tasks and responsibilities, starting with conducting energy audits on the floor, analyzing statistical data, and process flow. Site audit stage; conduct an audit on the floor from the beginning to the end of the process, then collecting and confirming the statistical data for energy and production. Post-audit stage, complete the audit report that will be submitted or presented to the laundry management, which consists of; audit findings with loss or savings analysis, accompanied by recommendations for further improvement. The results show that there are many savings opportunities, especially by overcoming the energy wasted in the production process. Improvements can be made by overcoming energy waste and controlling energy consumption and production more efficiently, implementing renewable energy technology such as solar dryer and hybrid photovoltaic and thermal (PVT) collector, and then considering industrial revolution 4.0 with IoT and ICT.

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Jorge de Jesús, Chan-González, Castillo Téllez Margarita, Castillo-Téllez Beatriz, Lezama-Zárraga Francisco Román, Mejía-Pérez Gerardo Alberto, and Vega-Gómez Carlos Jesahel. "Improvements and Evaluation on Bitter Orange Leaves (Citrus aurantium L.) Solar Drying in Humid Climates." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 9393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169393.

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Dried, bitter orange leaves are widely used because of their nutritious and medicinal applications. As a result, many technologies have been used to accomplish its drying process. However, drying needs a long time and high energy demand, especially in humid climates. In this paper, bitter orange leaf drying was carried out using thermal and photovoltaic solar energy (integrated system, IS), eliminating the high humidity inside of the drying chamber to improve this process. A regular solar dryer (RD) was also used to compare the kinetics, mathematical modeling, and colorimetry study (as a quality parameter), evaluating both systems’ performances. The drying leaves’ weights were stabilized after 330 min in the RD and after 240 min in the IS, with a maximum drying rate of 0.021 kg water/kg dry matter∙min, reaching a relative humidity of 7.9%. The Page and Modified Page models were the best fitting to experimental results with an Ra2 value of 0.9980. In addition, the colorimetric study showed a better-preserved color using the IS, with an ∆E of 9.12, while in the RD, the ∆E was 20.66. Thus, this system implementation can reduce agroindustry costs by reducing time and energy with a better-quality and sustainable product, avoiding 53.2 kg CO2 emissions to the environment.

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Djegham, Ali, Taloub Djedid, Bouras Abdelkarim, and Zied Driss. "An Empirical Investigation of the Electrical and Thermal Performance of Photovoltaic-thermal Hybrid Sensor (PV/T)." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 21 (May 5, 2022): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23201.2022.21.8.

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The combination photovoltaic-thermal solar collector produces at the same time electricity gratitude to photovoltaic solar energy and warmth gratitude to thermal energy because it is known that the traditional photovoltaic panel produces three times more heat than the electricity. The increase in warmth inside the module is one of the principal reasons of the reduced performance of photovoltaic solar panels. Thus the necessity for a thermal evacuation technique. The benefit of a hybrid technique is the cooling of the photovoltaic cells gratitude to the circulation of a fluid, which will be warmed during its passage via the sensor. The novelty of this study is to recover this thermal energy by heating or drying. Previous dryers worked with thermal sensors thanks to the greenhouse effect, which gives only heat. The purpose of this paper is the realization experimental of a PV/T sensor and so the examination of the impact of different parameters on the energy performance of the PV/T sensor. The impacts recommend that this kind of collector is a nicely alternative to photovoltaic modules and thermal collectors seated individually.

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