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1
Saidi, Abdelaziz Salah. "Impact of large photovoltaic power penetration on the voltage regulation and dynamic performance of the Tunisian power system." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 5 (July 22, 2020): 1774–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598720940864.
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By the year 2023, the Tunisian power transmission grid has been projected to include photovoltaic pool of power of 937 MW, scattered throughout the whole landscape of the nation. This paper investigates high photovoltaic energy penetration impacts voltage regulation and dynamic performance of the grid. Load flow analysis is implemented to investigate the power system capability for the case of incorporating the desired photovoltaic power. Computer-based simulations have been used for evaluating the upgradation of the grid. Moreover, the study is based on bifurcation diagrams taking the photovoltaic generation as a bifurcation parameter and time response simulations to grid disturbances. Professional PSAT simulation toolbox has been used for the power flow simulation studies. Network- related faults like outage of photovoltaic farm event, three-phase short-circuit at a conventional bus, and voltage dip at the largest photovoltaic station have been considered. It is hoped that the results of the presented study would benefit Tunisian’s utility’s policies on integration of PV systems. Moreover, this comprehensive analysis and study will be a valuable guide for assessing and improving the performance of national grid systems of any other countries also, that gives the huge potential and need for solar energy penetration into the grid systems.
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Nema Hawas, Majli, Ihsan Jabbar Hasan, and Mohannad Jabbar Mnati. "Simulation and analysis of the distributed photovoltaic generation systems based on DIgSILENT power factory." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 3 (October 7, 2022): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i3.pp1227-1238.
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The voltage <span>stability of the system has become an important component for the steady and dependable functioning of the power system as a result of multiple blackouts around the world (particularly in Iraq). Distributed photovoltaic systems are a subset of decentralized power generating systems that generate electricity using renewable energy sources like solar cells, wind turbines, and water power plants. In order to size a solar-grid-connected home system properly and to confirm the impact of photovoltaics on the system, this article will also do a steady-state analysis. The heating and cooling loads were taken into account when evaluating the residential load profile. With the help of predicted energy use, the photovoltaic (PV) system was sized. The solar system's power output was calculated, and the key variables affecting system performance were examined. The DigSilent power factory 15.2 was used to simulate all of the investigations. This article achieves better system stability outcomes.</span>
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Henao-Bravo, Elkin Edilberto, Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja, Andrés Julián Saavedra-Montes, Daniel González-Montoya, and Julián Sierra-Pérez. "Design Method of Dual Active Bridge Converters for Photovoltaic Systems with High Voltage Gain." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071711.
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In this paper, a design method for a photovoltaic system based on a dual active bridge converter and a photovoltaic module is proposed. The method is supported by analytical results and theoretical predictions, which are confirmed with circuital simulations. The analytical development, the theoretical predictions, and the validation through circuital simulations, are the main contributions of the paper. The dual active bridge converter is selected due to its high efficiency, high input and output voltages range, and high voltage-conversion ratio, which enables the interface of low-voltage photovoltaic modules with a high-voltage dc bus, such as the input of a micro-inverter. To propose the design method, the circuital analysis of the dual active bridge converter is performed to describe the general waveforms derived from the circuit behavior. Then, the analysis of the dual active bridge converter, interacting with a photovoltaic module driven by a maximum power point tracking algorithm, is used to establish the mathematical expressions for the leakage inductor current, the photovoltaic current, and the range of operation for the phase shift. The design method also provides analytical equations for both the high-frequency transformer equivalent leakage inductor and the photovoltaic side capacitor. The design method is validated through detailed circuital simulations of the whole photovoltaic system, which confirm that the maximum power of the photovoltaic module can be extracted with a correct design of the dual active bridge converter. Also, the theoretical restrictions of the photovoltaic system, such as the photovoltaic voltage and power ripples, are fulfilled with errors lower than 2% with respect to the circuital simulations. Finally, the simulation results also demonstrate that the maximum power point for different environmental conditions is reached, optimizing the phase shift factor with a maximum power point tracking algorithm.
4
Frydrychowicz-Jastrzębska, Grażyna. "Maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic systems." ITM Web of Conferences 28 (2019): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20192801021.
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The subject of the analysis was the optimisation of interoperation between the photovoltaic battery (PV) and DC motor, which drives a fan, with respect to the maximum efficiency of conversion of the electric energy into mechanical energy. Based on the block diagram, a mathematical model of this circuit was developed to ensure the mutual matching between the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of the battery and the receiver operation point. A computer simulation of the battery characteristics was conducted taking into account the changing MPP location on the characteristic vs. changes in solar radiation and temperature. The issue was considered for the optimal motor excitation coefficient, both changing and averaged in time. The energy conversion efficiency was determined for selected PV modules, as well as time.
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Tugay, D. V., S. I. Korneliuk, O. O. Shkurpela, and V. S. Akimov. "Simulation of industrial solar photovoltaic station with transformerless converter system." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 5 (2020): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-5/073.
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Purpose. Creation of a detailed model of a solar photovoltaic station with a converter system based on a cascaded multi-level inverter with the MPPT (maximum power point tracker) function to investigate its operating modes in distributed power systems. Methodology. To carry out the research, the paper used the methods of system synthesis, mathematical and computer modeling to create photovoltaic station models and components; a physical experiment in obtaining thermal characteristics of the photovoltaic module Solarday SDM72360 W; modern power theories for synthesis of the vector control system of a multi-level inverter. Findings. the Matlab-model of solar photovoltaic station with transformerless 29-level cascade voltage inverter is synthesized. The model confirmed the serviceability and efficiency of the converter system and the power plant as a whole. An algorithm is proposed and an MPP tracker with volt-ampere characteristics of the photovoltaic module, which corresponds to the maximum power extraction, is synthesized on the basis of the algorithm. The algorithm was validated by the model for any solar radiation intensity. Originality. The total mathematical model of the photoelectric module, which accounts for its energy and heat characteristics, is obtained and can be used for simulating the operation of any computer model of the photoelectric converter under Matlab/Simulink/SimPowerSystems environment. Practical value. The model results indicate the prospects of industrial implementation of transformerless multi-level converter systems to be used in the structure of powerful solar photovoltaic stations.
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Deng, Jun, Nan Xia, Jungang Yin, Jiliang Jin, Shutao Peng, and Tong Wang. "Small-Signal Modeling and Parameter Optimization Design for Photovoltaic Virtual Synchronous Generator." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020398.
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With the continuous proliferation of renewable energy generation, distributed photovoltaic inverters operating at a maximum power point reduce the inertia of power systems, degrading system frequency stability and potentially causing severe oscillations in systems after being disturbed. The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control method, which causes photovoltaic inverters to possess inertia and damping, now plays an important role in the field of distributed generation. However, while introducing the advantages of synchronous machines, problems with oscillations are also introduced and the stochastic fluctuation characteristic of photovoltaics results in the stochastic drifting of the operating point. This paper presents an adaptive controller parameter design method for a photovoltaic-VSG (PV-VSG) integrated power system. Firstly, a small-signal model of the PV-VSG is built and a state space model is deduced. Then, the small-signal stability and low frequency oscillation characteristics of the photovoltaic power generation system are analyzed. Finally, considering the limitations of system oscillations and the stochastic drifting of the operating point, a global optimization design method for controller parameters used to improve system stability is proposed. The time domain simulation shows that an optimized PV-VSG could provide sufficient damping in the case of photovoltaic power output changes across a wider range.
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Zheng, Gu Ping, and Wei Yang. "Research on Energy Conversion Model of Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation System." Advanced Materials Research 429 (January 2012): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.429.222.
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Solar photovoltaic power is a new form of new energy. It is the energy conversion model that change solar energy into light energy. This article is that energy conversion model of solar photovoltaic power generation system was studied. For household photovoltaic power generation systems, the system’s energy conversion is described by mathematical calculation and computer simulation. It makes an intensive study of the process of radiation, battery energy and power conversion during the whole course of the solar photovoltaic power generation.
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Leigh, R. W., P. D. Metz, and K. Michalek. "Photovoltaic-Electrolyzer System Transient Simulation Results." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 108, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268086.
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Brookhaven National Laboratory has developed a Hydrogen Technology Evaluation Center to illustrate advanced hydrogen technology. The first phase of this effort investigated the use of solar energy to produce hydrogen from water via photovoltaic-powered electrolysis. A coordinated program of system testing, computer simulation, and economic analysis has been adopted to characterize and optimize the photovoltaic-electrolyzer system. This paper presents the initial transient simulation results. Innovative features of the modeling include the use of real weather data, detailed hourly modeling of the thermal characteristics of the PV array and of system control strategies, and examination of systems over a wide range of power and voltage ratings. The transient simulation system TRNSYS was used, incorporating existing, modified or new component subroutines as required. For directly coupled systems, we found the PV array voltage which maximizes hydrogen production to be quite near the nominal electrolyzer voltage for a wide range of PV array powers. The array voltage which maximizes excess electricity production is slightly higher. The use of an ideal (100 percent efficient) maximum power tracking system provides only a six percent increase in annual hydrogen production. An examination of the effect of PV array tilt indicates, as expected, that annual hydrogen production is insensitive to tilt angle within ± 20 deg of latitude. Summer production greatly exceeds winter generation. Tilting the array, even to 90 deg, produces no significant increase in winter hydrogen production.
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Henz, Cristiano Luiz, and Fabiano Perin Gasparin. "Investigation on Control Strategies for a Single-Phase Photovoltaic Inverter Using PSCAD/EMTDC Software." Power Electronics and Drives 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pead-2021-0006.
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Abstract In the last decades, electric power produced through photovoltaic conversion has been increasing because of the need to reduce fossil fuel burning. Recently, photovoltaic systems have become more competitive and their role in the renewable energies market share is steadily gaining in importance. Improvements in the power electronics employed in the DC/AC conversion are topics of interest in the quest for more efficient and eventually reduced-cost inverters. The goal of this paper is to perform an investigation of control strategies and propose a topology for a single-phase DC/AC converter for photovoltaic arrays using the simulation software Power System Computer Aided Design/ Electromagnetic Transient Design and Control (PSCAD/EMTDC). The circuit proposed in this paper employs an isolating transformer to a grid-connected photovoltaic inverter. The control strategy proposed uses the instantaneous reactive power theory (p–q theory) and phase-locked loop (PLL). The p-q theory uses two virtual axes in the Park Transformation, which provide to the control system a good dynamic response, accuracy, and decoupling between the control and power system. Computer simulations using the electromagnetic transient software PSCAD show the efficiency of the proposed strategy for a single-phase inverter. The control strategy and topology are quite simple and easy to implement in the future using a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The results provide insights into new power electronics solutions, which can improve the efficiency and efficacy of the current available in DC/AC converters for photovoltaic systems.
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Huang, Kuo-Hua, Kuei-Hsiang Chao, Zhi-Yao Sun, and Cheng-Yi Ho. "Design and Implementation of Three-Phase Smart Inverter of the Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010294.
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The main purpose of this paper is to conduct design and implementation on three-phase smart inverters of the grid-connected photovoltaic system, which contains maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and smart inverter with real power and reactive power regulation for the photovoltaic module arrays (PVMA). Firstly, the piecewise linear electrical circuit simulation (PLECS) power electronic real-time control system was applied to construct the simulation and actual test environment for the three-phase mains parallel photovoltaic system, where the KC200GT photovoltaic module was used to form a 1600W system for conducting the simulation. For enabling the PVMA to output the maximum power in terms of both insolation and ambient temperature, where the perturbation and observation (P&O) method was used for MPPT. Then, the voltage-power control technology was added to the grid-connected photovoltaic inverter. When the grid voltage p.u. value is between 1.0 and 1.03, the smart inverter starts voltage-power regulation, reducing the real power output to 1440W, and absorbing the system’s reactive power to 774VAr. The power factor of the grid system end is controlled to 0.9 (lagging), and the grid voltage is reduced to norminal value 220V. If the grid voltage p.u. value is between 0.97 and 1.0, the smart inverter starts voltage-power regulation, controlling the output real power to 1440W and the reactive power to the system to 774VAr, so that the power factor of the system end is controlled to 0.9 (leading), and the grid voltage is increased to norminal value 220V. Finally, the results from the simulation and actual test were used to demostrate the effectiveness of the regulation performance of the smart inverter.
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Wu, Kui Hua, Wei Sun, Jian Wang, Shen Quan Yang, Yi Qun Wang, and Bo Li. "Design of the Three-Phase Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Inverter." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1938–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1938.
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Photovoltaic grid-connected power generation is the inevitable development trend of solar photovoltaic systems,grid inverter is an essential part of photovoltaic grid-connected power generation. With the developed three phase current type PWM inverter device as the research object, and symmetry rules sampling method is applied to the inverter, through the method combined by the computer simulation and experiment research, the device was verified by simulation and experimental .The results show that: This method could not only effectively reduce the DC side inductance volume of the current-mode PWM inverter , and it could make output AC currents sinusoidal and in phase with grid voltages, but also improve the efficiency of the system, it will be more suitable for photovoltaic grid-connected.
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Manuel Godinho Rodrigues, Eduardo, Radu Godina, Mousa Marzband, and Edris Pouresmaeil. "Simulation and Comparison of Mathematical Models of PV Cells with Growing Levels of Complexity." Energies 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 2902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112902.
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The amount of energy generated from a photovoltaic installation depends mainly on two factors—the temperature and solar irradiance. Numerous maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques have been developed for photovoltaic systems. The challenge is what method to employ in order to obtain optimum operating points (voltage and current) automatically at the maximum photovoltaic output power in most conditions. This paper is focused on the structural analysis of mathematical models of PV cells with growing levels of complexity. The main objective is to simulate and compare the characteristic current-voltage (I-V) and power-voltage (P-V) curves of equivalent circuits of the ideal PV cell model and, with one and with two diodes, that is, equivalent circuits with five and seven parameters. The contribution of each parameter is analyzed in the particular context of a given model and then generalized through comparison to a more complex model. In this study the numerical simulation of the models is used intensively and extensively. The approach utilized to model the equivalent circuits permits an adequate simulation of the photovoltaic array systems by considering the compromise between the complexity and accuracy. By utilizing the Newton–Raphson method the studied models are then employed through the use of Matlab/Simulink. Finally, this study concludes with an analysis and comparison of the evolution of maximum power observed in the models.
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Idzkowski, Adam, Karolina Karasowska, and Wojciech Walendziuk. "Temperature Analysis of the Stand-Alone and Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems Based on Simulation and Measurement Data." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 4274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164274.
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Sunlight is converted into electrical energy due to the photovoltaic effect in photovoltaic cells. Energy yield of photovoltaic systems depends on the solar array location, orientation, tilt, tracking and local weather conditions. In order to determine the amount of energy produced in a photovoltaic system, it is important to analyze the operation of the photovoltaic (PV) arrays in real operating conditions and take into account the impact of external factors such as irradiance, ambient temperature or the speed of blowing wind, which is the natural coolant of PV panels. The analysis was carried out based on mathematical models and actual measurement data, regarding the dependence of the average temperature of PV arrays on variable and difficult to predict ambient conditions. The analysis used standard (nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT)), King, Skoplaki, Faiman and Mattei thermal models and the standard model for flat-plate photovoltaic arrays. Photovoltaic installations PV1, PV2a and PV2b, being part of the hybrid power plant of the Bialystok University of Technology, Poland, were the objects of the research. In the case of a free-standing solar system, the Skoplaki model proved to be the best method for determining the average temperatures of the PV arrays. For building-integrated PV systems, a corrected value of the mounting coefficient in the Skoplaki model was proposed, and the original results were compared. The comparison of the accuracy measures of the average operating temperatures for three micro-power plants, differently mounted and located, is presented.
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Li, Shengshan, Ming Li, and Liangliang Liu. "Modeling and stability study of a high frequency and high efficiency photovoltaic DC boost converter." Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcm-194056.
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Many practical photovoltaic power generation systems with higher output voltage levels rely on photovoltaic DC boost converters with high frequency and high efficiency, which performance directly affect the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic power generation systems. This paper investigates a high-frequency and high-efficiency photovoltaic DC boost converter, which adopts the Boost full-bridge isolation circuit topology with active clamps. The conductance increment method is used as the maximum power point tracking algorithm. The small signal models of its power circuit and control circuit are established to obtain the system model and analyze its stability. The simulation results indicate that the ripple coefficient of output current is less than 3%, and the ripple coefficient of output voltage is less than 5%, which meets the stability requirements.
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Riquelme-Dominguez, Jose Miguel, and Sergio Martinez. "A Photovoltaic Power Curtailment Method for Operation on Both Sides of the Power-Voltage Curve." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 3906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153906.
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Massive integration of non-dispatchable energy into electric power systems is a challenging task. Electric power systems are becoming increasingly vulnerable in terms of frequency stability, as renewable energy displaces conventional synchronous generation from the energy mix. For this reason, grid codes are starting to demand different ancillary services from renewable generators, such as frequency control. In contrast to wind generators, which can deliver to the grid part of the kinetic energy stored in their rotating mass, photovoltaic generators must provide this service using batteries or power curtailment methods. The latter approach is preferable regarding the initial investment and its implementation cost, and several methods have been presented in the literature for this purpose. However, there is no consensus in which is the most appropriate side for operating the photovoltaic system in the curtailed mode. As both possible options have advantages and drawbacks, this paper proposes a novel photovoltaic power curtailment strategy that allows operation on both sides of the power-voltage curve depending on the needs. Moreover, in order to estimate the output characteristic of the photovoltaic system, a real-time nonlinear least squares curve fitting is applied. The proposed methodology has been tested in a simulation environment and the results show that this strategy achieves the requested active power reserves, regardless of the operation side.
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Tavakkoli, Mehdi, Jafar Adabi, Sasan Zabihi, Radu Godina, and Edris Pouresmaeil. "Reserve Allocation of Photovoltaic Systems to Improve Frequency Stability in Hybrid Power Systems." Energies 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 2583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102583.
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This study suggests a model to include a solar power system or photovoltaic system (PV) in the control of frequency by taking into account a percentage of the PV power production for back-up reserve. This is done by investigating two scenarios: PV contribution in (1) initial primary frequency control and (2) entire primary frequency control. As explained in section three, 10% power of the PV modules which receive more than 400 w/m2 irradiation is allocated for the power reserve. The power generation of photovoltaic systems depends largely on weather conditions which makes their output power associated with some degree of uncertainty. For this reason, in this paper, a PV system is considered along with conventional hydro and thermal units and they are modeled in MATLAB/Simulink (version 9.3, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) with the purpose of exploring the behavior of the intended method. In the next phase, for further studies, this system is extended to multi-area power systems including gas turbines. The results of the simulation demonstrated that the photovoltaic involvement in the control of frequency can successfully amend the frequency of the overall network. Not only it can decrease the overshoot and undershoot of the frequency response, it has the ability to improve the settling time as well, which helps the system reach the steady state easily and in shorter time. Specifically, the overshoot has reached nearly zero in both one area and two area systems and undershoot has declined up to 60% and 50% in the one area and two-area system, respectively. Considering settling time, while it had a negligible improvement in the one area system, it showed a remarkable enhancement in the two-area system, which improved from about 25 s to 6 s by using the proposed method.
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Lim, Hee-Won, Il-Kwon Kim, Ji-Hyeon Kim, and U.-Cheul Shin. "Simulation-Based Fault Detection Remote Monitoring System for Small-Scale Photovoltaic Systems." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 9422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249422.
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A small-scale grid-connected PV system that is easy to install and is inexpensive as a remote monitoring system may cause economic losses if its failure is not found and it is left unattended for a long time. Thus, in this study, we developed a low-cost fault detection remote monitoring system for small-scale grid-connected PV systems. This active monitoring system equipped with a simulation-based fault detection algorithm accurately predicts AC power under normal operating conditions and notifies its failure when the measured power is abnormally low. In order to lower the cost, we used a single board computer (SBC) with edge computing as a data server and designed a monitoring system using openHAB, an open-source software. Additionally, we used the Shewhart control chart as a fault detection criterion and the ratio between the measured and predicted ac power for the normal operation data as an observation. As a result of the verification test for the actual grid-connected PV system, it was confirmed that the developed remote monitoring system was able to accurately identify the system failures in real-time, such as open circuit, short circuit, partial shading, etc.
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Zhu, Ruijin, Weilin Guo, and Xuejiao Gong. "Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Output Prediction Based on k-Fold Cross-Validation and an Ensemble Model." Energies 12, no. 7 (March 29, 2019): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071220.
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Short-term photovoltaic power forecasting is of great significance for improving the operation of power systems and increasing the penetration of photovoltaic power. To improve the accuracy of short-term photovoltaic power forecasting, an ensemble-model-based short-term photovoltaic power prediction method is proposed. Firstly, the quartile method is used to process raw data, and the Pearson coefficient method is utilized to assess multiple features affecting the short-term photovoltaic power output. Secondly, the structure of the ensemble model is constructed, and a k-fold cross-validation method is used to train the submodels. The prediction results of each submodel are merged. Finally, the validity of the proposed approach is verified using an actual data set from State Power Investment Corporation Limited. The simulation results show that the quartile method can find outliers which contributes to processing the raw data and improving the accuracy of the model. The k-fold cross-validation method can effectively improve the generalization ability of the model, and the ensemble model can achieve higher prediction accuracy than a single model.
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Leng, Feng, Chengxiong Mao, Dan Wang, Ranran An, Yuan Zhang, Yanjun Zhao, Linglong Cai, and Jie Tian. "Applications of Digital-Physical Hybrid Real-Time Simulation Platform in Power Systems." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 2682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102682.
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Digital-physical hybrid real-time simulation (hybrid simulation) platform integrates the advantages of both digital simulation and physical simulation by combining the physical simulation laboratory and the real-time digital simulator. Based on a 400 V/50 kVA hybrid simulation platform with 500 kVA short-circuit capacity, the hybrid simulation methodology and a Hausdorff distance based accuracy evaluation method are proposed. The case validation of power system fault recurrence is performed through this platform, and the stability and accuracy are further validated by comparing the hybrid simulation waveform and field-recorded waveform and by evaluating the accuracy with the proposed error index. Two typical application scenarios in power systems are studied subsequently. The static var generator testing shows the hybrid simulation platform can provide system-level testing conditions for power electronics equipment conveniently. The low-voltage ride through standard testing of a photovoltaic inverter indicates that the hybrid simulation platform can be also used for voltage standard testing for various power system apparatus with low cost. With this hybrid simulation platform, the power system simulation and equipment testing can be implemented with many advantages, such as short period of modelling, flexible modification of parameter and network, low cost, and low risk. Based on this powerful tool platform, there will be more application scenarios in future power systems.
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Bao, Guangqing, Hongtao Tan, Kun Ding, Ming Ma, and Ningbo Wang. "A Novel Photovoltaic Virtual Synchronous Generator Control Technology Without Energy Storage Systems." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 2240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122240.
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Photovoltaic virtual synchronous generator (PV-VSG) technology, by way of simulating the external characteristics of a synchronous generator (SG), gives the PV energy integrated into the power grid through the power electronic equipment the characteristics of inertial response and active frequency response (FR)—this attracts much attention. Due to the high volatility and low adjustability of PV energy output, it does not have the characteristics of a prime mover (PM), so it must be equipped with energy storage systems (ESSs) in the DC or AC side to realize the PV-VSG technology. However, excessive reliance on ESSs will inevitably affect the application of VSG technology in practical PV power plants (PV-PPs). In view of this, this paper proposes the PV power reserve control type VSG (PV-PRC-VSG) control strategy. By reducing the active power output of part of the PV-PPs, the internal PV-PPs can maintain a part of the active power up/down-regulation ability in real time, instead of relying on external ESSs. By adjusting the active reserve power of this part, the output of the PV-PPs can be controlled within a certain range, and the PV-PPs can better simulate the PM characteristics and realize the FR of the grid by combining the VSG technology. At the same time, the factors affecting the reserve ratio are analyzed, and the position of the voltage operating point in PRC mode is deduced. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed control strategy is effective and correct.
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Emara, Dina, Mohamed Ezzat, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz, Karar Mahmoud, Matti Lehtonen, and Mohamed M. F. Darwish. "Novel Control Strategy for Enhancing Microgrid Operation Connected to Photovoltaic Generation and Energy Storage Systems." Electronics 10, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111261.
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Recently, the penetration of energy storage systems and photovoltaics has been significantly expanded worldwide. In this regard, this paper presents the enhanced operation and control of DC microgrid systems, which are based on photovoltaic modules, battery storage systems, and DC load. DC–DC and DC–AC converters are coordinated and controlled to achieve DC voltage stability in the microgrid. To achieve such an ambitious target, the system is widely operated in two different modes: stand-alone and grid-connected modes. The novel control strategy enables maximum power generation from the photovoltaic system across different techniques for operating the microgrid. Six different cases are simulated and analyzed using the MATLAB/Simulink platform while varying irradiance levels and consequently varying photovoltaic generation. The proposed system achieves voltage and power stability at different load demands. It is illustrated that the grid-tied mode of operation regulated by voltage source converter control offers more stability than the islanded mode. In general, the proposed battery converter control introduces a stable operation and regulated DC voltage but with few voltage spikes. The merit of the integrated DC microgrid with batteries is to attain further flexibility and reliability through balancing power demand and generation. The simulation results also show the system can operate properly in normal or abnormal cases, thanks to the proposed control strategy, which can regulate the voltage stability of the DC bus in the microgrid with energy storage systems and photovoltaics.
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Alhussainy, Abdullah Ali, and Thamar Saad Alquthami. "Power quality analysis of a large grid-tied solar photovoltaic system." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 7 (July 2020): 168781402094467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020944670.
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Over the last decades, the deployment of large solar-based photovoltaic power plants has grown tremendously. The undesirable impact of high integration level of photovoltaic systems has led energy stakeholders to regulate such penetration to avoid this negative impact. One major concern with regard to photovoltaic penetration is the issue of power quality. Poor power quality can be a source of system disturbance and major economic losses. However, the power quality analysis is not widely discussed in the literature, with most of the studies focusing on the harmonic issues as potential power quality problem, but this study shows that there are a number of power quality issues, such as undervoltage, overvoltage, power fluctuation, and power factor. This study presents practical approaches to a grid-connected solar photovoltaic plant with associated control circuits developed in the time-domain. The power quality of a grid-connected solar photovoltaic plant is investigated by an analysis of the inverter output voltage and nominal current for different photovoltaic plant sizes. Also, the effect of different conditions of solar irradiance and ambient temperature on the power quality is analyzed. To identify power quality issues, a photovoltaic plant time-domain model is developed using Power Systems Computer Aided Design software. Various solar photovoltaic plant controls such as maximum power point tracking and modulation signals sinusoidal pulse width modulation and pulse width modulation for direct current-to-direct current boost converter are developed and integrated into the simulation environment. Several case studies are performed taking into account different photovoltaic plant ratings such as 250 kW–3 MW, where the point of common coupling is monitored.
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Bordeașu, Dorin, Octavian Proștean, Ioan Filip, Florin Drăgan, and Cristian Vașar. "Modelling, Simulation and Controlling of a Multi-Pump System with Water Storage Powered by a Fluctuating and Intermittent Power Source." Mathematics 10, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 4019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10214019.
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In recent years, many pumping systems have begun to be powered by renewable energy generators, including mostly photovoltaic generators and, less frequently, electrical wind generators. Because of the technology’s complexity and novelty (it has not yet reached its maturation), most of those systems consist of single pumps powered by photovoltaic generators or electrical wind generators. For this reason, the current paper proposes a strategy for driving a multi-pump system with water storage powered by a fluctuating and intermittent power source, such as power grids, which are limited by price variation over different periods during the day, or photovoltaic generators and/or electrical wind generators. The current work begins by proposing a model of a multi-pump system with water storage, followed by the design of a control strategy for operating such a system powered by a fluctuating and intermittent power source in an energy-efficient manner, without sacrificing the reliability, robustness and lifetime of the plant. Finally, an analysis of two concrete situations encountered in practice is made: in one, the considered multi-pump system is powered only by a power grid limited by price variation over three periods; in the other, it is powered by a photovoltaic generator.
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Jones, C. Birk, Matthew Lave, Matthew J. Reno, Rachid Darbali-Zamora, Adam Summers, and Shamina Hossain-McKenzie. "Volt-Var Curve Reactive Power Control Requirements and Risks for Feeders with Distributed Roof-Top Photovoltaic Systems." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 4303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174303.
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The benefits and risks associated with Volt-Var Curve (VVC) control for management of voltages in electric feeders with distributed, roof-top photovoltaic (PV) can be defined using a stochastic hosting capacity analysis methodology. Although past work showed that a PV inverter’s reactive power can improve grid voltages for large PV installations, this study adds to the past research by evaluating the control method’s impact (both good and bad) when deployed throughout the feeder within small, distributed PV systems. The stochastic hosting capacity simulation effort iterated through hundreds of load and PV generation scenarios and various control types. The simulations also tested the impact of VVCs with tampered settings to understand the potential risks associated with a cyber-attack on all of the PV inverters scattered throughout a feeder. The simulation effort found that the VVC can have an insignificant role in managing the voltage when deployed in distributed roof-top PV inverters. This type of integration strategy will result in little to no harm when subjected to a successful cyber-attack that alters the VVC settings.
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Bahri, Mohamed, Mohamed Talea, Hicham Bahri, and Mohamed Aboulfatah. "An efficient scanning algorithm for photovoltaic systems under partial shading." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 6 (December 1, 2022): 5799. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i6.pp5799-5807.
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<span lang="EN-US">This paper proposes a new technique of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for a photovoltaic (PV) system connected to three phase grids under partial shading condition (PSC), based on a new combined perturb and observe (P&O) with scanning algorithm. This new algorithm main advantages are the high-speed tracking compared to existing algorithms, high accuracy and simplicity which makes it ideal for hardware implementation. Simulation was carried on MATLAB/Simulink. Results showed the effectiveness in speed and accuracy of our algorithm over the existing ones either during standard condition (STC) or PSC. Furthermore, conventional direct power control (DPC) was applied to synchronize successfully the injected power with the grid, which makes our algorithm global and works efficiently under severe conditions.</span>
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Muhammed, Abdullahi Oboh, and Muhyaddin Rawa. "A Systematic PVQV-Curves Approach for Investigating the Impact of Solar Photovoltaic-Generator in Power System Using PowerWorld Simulator." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102662.
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With the recent growing interest in renewable energy integrated power systems across the globe for the various economic and environmental benefits, it is also significant to consider their influence on voltage stability in power systems. Therefore, this paper reports the static voltage stability impact of solar photovoltaic generation on power networks using PowerWorld simulator power-voltage (P–V)- and voltage-reactive power (V–Q)-curves to investigate the renewable energy generator model performance suitability. The impact of varying power factor control and static voltage droop control of a photovoltaic plant on the maximum generated power, threshold voltage profile and reactive power marginal loading has been examined. Besides, the concept of percentage change in voltage-power sensitivity has been systematically utilized to determine the optimal location for the solar photovoltaic generator on the power grid and the feasible penetrations have been defined for selected system buses. From the simulation results it can be concluded that in a steady-state analysis of the grid integrated power system the effects of power factor (pf) control and voltage droop control should be considered by power grid engineers for effective system operation and, equally, the application of percentage change in voltage-power sensitivity should be extended to real networks to determine the best positions for multiple installations of renewable energy resources.
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Verdugo, Cristian, Samir Kouro, Christian A. Rojas, Marcelo A. Perez, Thierry Meynard, and Mariusz Malinowski. "Five-Level T-type Cascade Converter for Rooftop Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 8, 2019): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091743.
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Multilevel converters are widely considered to be the most suitable configurations for renewable energy sources. Their high-power quality, efficiency and performance make them interesting for PV applications. In low-power applications such as rooftop grid-connected PV systems, power converters with high efficiency and reliability are required. For this reason, multilevel converters based on parallel and cascaded configurations have been proposed and commercialized in the industry. Motivated by the features of multilevel converters based on cascaded configurations, this work presents the modulation and control of a rooftop single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic multilevel system. The configuration has a symmetrical cascade connection of two three-level T-type neutral point clamped power legs, which creates a five-level converter with two independent string connections. The proposed topology merges the benefits of multi-string PV and symmetrical cascade multilevel inverters. The switching operation principle, modulation technique and control scheme under an unbalanced power operation among the cell are addressed. Simulation and experimental validation results in a reduced-scale power single-phase converter prototype under variable conditions at different set points for both PV strings are presented. Finally, a comparative numerical analysis between other T-type configurations to highlight the advantages of the studied configuration is included.
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Wu, Yonghu, Cun Huang, Fen Dong, Guoxiang Li, Gaowei Wang, and Sai Zhang. "Study on Frequency Stability of an Independent System Based on Wind-Photovoltaic-Energy Storage-Diesel Generator." Electronics 11, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 3956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233956.
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Wind and photovoltaic power generation connected to the independent power system can save fuel, reduce carbon emissions, and provide significant economic and environmental benefits. Influenced by the characteristics of light resources and wind resources, the wind and photovoltaic output active power is characterized by volatility and randomness, which affects the frequency stability of the independent power system. In order to evaluate the frequency stability, in this paper, the simulation model of an independent power system is established, and the simulation model of a diesel generator, wind and photovoltaic are connected. Through droop calculation and Simulink simulation, the frequency characteristics of an independent power system under different working conditions are analyzed, and the maximum absorption capacity of wind and photovoltaic is studied. In an independent power system, when the new energy output is 25% of the total output, all the new energy output is cut off, the frequency drops by 0.5 Hz, and the frequency fluctuation is within the specified range.
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Atoui, Adil, Mostefa Kermadi, Mohamed Seghir Boucherit, Khelifa Benmansour, Said Barkat, Fethi Akel, and Saad Mekhilef. "A fast and accurate global maximum power point tracking controller for photovoltaic systems under complex partial shadings." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp69-84.
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<span lang="EN-US">The operating conditions of partially shaded photovoltaic (PV) generators created a need to develop highly efficient global maximum power point tracking (GMPPT) methods to increase the PV system performance. This paper proposes a simple, efficient, and fast GMPPT based on fuzzy logic control to reach the point of global maximum power. The approach measures the PV generator current in the areas where it is almost constant to estimate the local maximums powers and extracts the highest among them. The performance of this method is evaluated firstly by simulation versus four well-known recent methods, namely the hybrid particle swarm optimization, modified cuckoo search, scrutinization fast algorithm, and shade-tolerant maximum power point tracking (MPPT) based on current-mode control. Then, experimental verification is conducted to verify the simulation findings. The results confirm that the proposed method exhibits high performance for complex partial irradiances and can be implemented in <br /> low-cost calculators.</span>
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Dawan, Promphak, Kobsak Sriprapha, Songkiate Kittisontirak, Terapong Boonraksa, Nitikorn Junhuathon, Wisut Titiroongruang, and Surasak Niemcharoen. "Comparison of Power Output Forecasting on the Photovoltaic System Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems and Particle Swarm Optimization-Artificial Neural Network Model." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020351.
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The power output forecasting of the photovoltaic (PV) system is essential before deciding to install a photovoltaic system in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, due to the uneven power production and unstable data. This research simulates the power output forecasting of PV systems by using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), comparing accuracy with particle swarm optimization combined with artificial neural network methods (PSO-ANN). The simulation results show that the forecasting with the ANFIS method is more accurate than the PSO-ANN method. The performance of the ANFIS and PSO-ANN models were verified with mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAP) and mean absolute percent error (MAPE). The accuracy of the ANFIS model is 99.8532%, and the PSO-ANN method is 98.9157%. The power output forecast results of the model were evaluated and show that the proposed ANFIS forecasting method is more beneficial compared to the existing method for the computation of power output and investment decision making. Therefore, the analysis of the production of power output from PV systems is essential to be used for the most benefit and analysis of the investment cost.
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Mendez, Efrain, Alexandro Ortiz, Pedro Ponce, Israel Macias, David Balderas, and Arturo Molina. "Improved MPPT Algorithm for Photovoltaic Systems Based on the Earthquake Optimization Algorithm." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 3047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123047.
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Nowadays, owing to the growing interest in renewable energy, Photovoltaic systems (PV) are responsible of supplying more than 500,000 GW of the electrical energy consumed around the world. Therefore, different converters topologies, control algorithms, and techniques have been studied and developed in order to maximize the energy harvested by PV sources. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods are usually employed with DC/DC converters, which together are responsible for varying the impedance at the output of photovoltaic arrays, leading to a change in the current and voltage supplied in order to achieve a dynamic optimization of the transferred energy. MPPT algorithms such as, Perturb and Observe (P&O) guarantee correct tracking behavior with low calibration parameter dependence, but with a compromised relation between the settling time and steady-state oscillations, leading to a trade off between them. Nevertheless, proposed methods like Particle Swarm Optimization- (PSO) based techniques have improved the settling time with the addition of lower steady-state oscillations. Yet, such a proposal performance is highly susceptible and dependent to correct and precise parameter calibration, which may not always ensure the expected behavior. Therefore, this work presents a novel alternative for MPPT, based on the Earthquake Optimization Algorithm (EA) that enables a solution with an easy parameters calibration and an improved dynamic behavior. Hence, a boost converter case study is proposed to verify the suitability of the proposed technique through Simscape Power Systems™ simulations, regarding the dynamic model fidelity capabilities of the software. Results show that the proposed structure can easily be suited into different power applications. The proposed solution, reduced between 12% and 36% the energy wasted in the simulation compared to the P&O and PSO based proposals.
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Kraiem, Habib, Flah Aymen, Lobna Yahya, Alicia Triviño, Mosleh Alharthi, and Sherif S. M. Ghoneim. "A Comparison between Particle Swarm and Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithms for Improving the Battery Autonomy in a Photovoltaic System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 7732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167732.
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This research focuses on a photovoltaic system that powers an Electric Vehicle when moving in realistic scenarios with partial shading conditions. The main goal is to find an efficient control scheme to allow the solar generator producing the maximum amount of power achievable. The first contribution of this paper is the mathematical modelling of the photovoltaic system, its function and its features, considering the synthesis of the step-up converter and the maximum power point tracking analysis. This research looks at two intelligent control strategies to get the most power out, even with shading areas. Specifically, we show how to apply two evolutionary algorithms for this control. They are the “particle swarm optimization method” and the “grey wolf optimization method”. These algorithms were tested and evaluated when a battery storage system in an Electric Vehicle is fed through a photovoltaic system. The Simulink/Matlab tool is used to execute the simulation phases and to quantify the performances of each of these control systems. Based on our simulation tests, the best method is identified.
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Gosumbonggot, Jirada, and Goro Fujita. "Global Maximum Power Point Tracking under Shading Condition and Hotspot Detection Algorithms for Photovoltaic Systems." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050882.
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Photovoltaic (PV) technology has been gaining an increasing amount of attention as a renewable energy source. Irradiation and temperature are the two main factors which impact on PV system performance. When partial shading from the surroundings occurs, its incident shadow diminishes the irradiation and reduces the generated power. Moreover, shading affects the pattern of the power–voltage (P–V) characteristic curve to contain more than one power peak, causing difficulties when developing maximum power point tracking. Consequently, shading leads to a hotspot in which spreading the hotspot widely on the PV panel’s surface increases the heat and causes damage to the panel. Since it is not possible to access the circuit inside the PV cells, indirect measurement and fault detection methods are needed to perform them. This paper proposes the global maximum power point tracking method, including the shading detection and tracking algorithm, using the trend of slopes from each section of the curve. The effectiveness was confirmed from the dynamic short-term testing and real weather data. The hotspot-detecting algorithm is also proposed from the analysis of different PV arrays’ configuration, which is approved by the simulation’s result. Each algorithm is presented using the full mathematical equations and flowcharts. Results from the simulation show the accurate tracking result along with the fast-tracking response. The simulation also confirms the success of the proposed hotspot-detection algorithm, confirmed by the graphical and numerical results.
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Thitichaiworakorn, Nuntawat, Nattapon Chayopitak, and Natchpong Hatti. "Efficiency Improvement of Three-Phase Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverters for Photovoltaic Systems." International Journal of Photoenergy 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2162190.
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Medium-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems using cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters have a capability to perform individual maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for each PV panel or each small group of panels, resulting in minimization of both power losses from panel mismatch and effect of partial shading. They also provide high power quality, modularity, and possibility of eliminating dc-dc boost stage and line-frequency transformer. However, each PV panel in the system is subjected to a double-line-frequency voltage ripple at the dc-link which reduces the MPPT efficiency. This paper proposes a dc-link voltage ripple reduction by third-harmonic zero-sequence voltage injection for improving the MPPT efficiency. Moreover, a control method to achieve individual MPPT control of each inverter cell is also presented. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed methods were verified by computer simulation.
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Gursoy, Mehmetcan, Guangping Zhuo, Andy G. Lozowski, and Xin Wang. "Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems with Sliding Mode Control." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 6071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196071.
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A new sliding-mode-control-based power conversion scheme is proposed for photovoltaic energy conversion systems. The perturbation and observation (P&O) maximum power-point tracking (MPPT) approach is adopted for optimizing the power generation capabilities from solar panels. Due to the inherent nonlinear dynamics of power converters, we need to adopt a nonlinear control approach to optimize the energy conversion efficiency and tolerate the fluctuations and changes of load and sunlight irradiance. In this manuscript, novel first-and higher-order sliding mode control approaches are proposed, aiming to provide a systematic approach for the robust and optimal control of solar energy conversion, which guarantees Lyapunov stability and consistent performance in the face of external perturbations and disturbances. Moreover, to eliminate the chattering phenomenon inherent in the first-order approach, super-twisting second-order sliding mode control is developed for the buck-boost converter. Furthermore, the output of DC–DC converter supplies a voltage-oriented-control (VOC)-based space-vector pulse-width-modulated inverter to generate three-phase AC power to the grid. To demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed scheme, computer simulations and dSPACE hardware-in-the-loop platform have been carried on for examining the proposed sliding-mode-control-based solar energy conversion system.
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Yu, Yue, and Keiji Wada. "Simulation Study of Power Management for a Highly Reliable Distribution System using a Triple Active Bridge Converter in a DC Microgrid." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 3178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113178.
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Owing to the acute energy shortage issue and the increasing energy demands of information and communication technology systems worldwide, the development of a DC microgrid that can utilize renewable energy sources, such as wind and photovoltaic power, has been accelerated. Therefore, power management for DC microgrid distributed systems is promoted to achieve high reliability and efficiency in power distribution systems. For industry and power transmission applications such as data centers, power management with the help of DC converters is highly recommended. In this paper, we propose a prototype of a power distribution system with a triple active bridge (TAB) converter for data centers in the DC microgrid. Moreover, we introduce a power management approach for a distribution system using the TAB converter. Finally, we perform simulations of the proposed configuration to verify the controllability of the circuit performance and the high reliability of the system.
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Rueda Torres, Jose, Nidarshan Veera Kumar, Elyas Rakhshani, Zameer Ahmad, Ebrahim Adabi, Peter Palensky, and Mart van der Meijden. "Dynamic Frequency Support for Low Inertia Power Systems by Renewable Energy Hubs with Fast Active Power Regulation." Electronics 10, no. 14 (July 11, 2021): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141651.
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This paper concerns the feasibility of Fast Active Power Regulation (FAPR) in renewable energy hubs. Selected state-of-the-art FAPR strategies are applied to various controllable devices within a hub, such as a solar photovoltaic (PV) farm and an electrolyzer acting as a responsive load. Among the selected strategies are droop-based FAPR, droop derivative-based FAPR, and virtual synchronous power (VSP)-based FAPR. The FAPR-supported hub is interconnected with a test transmission network, modeled and simulated in a real-time simulation electromagnetic transient (EMT) environment to study a futuristic operating condition of the high-voltage infrastructure covering the north of the Netherlands. The real-time EMT simulations show that the FAPR strategies (especially the VSP-based FAPR) can successfully help to significantly and promptly limit undesirable large instantaneous frequency deviations.
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Kohata, Yasushi, Koichiro Yamauchi, and Masahito Kurihara. "High-Speed Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic Systems Using Online Learning Neural Networks." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 14, no. 6 (September 20, 2010): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2010.p0677.
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Photo Voltaic (PV) devices have a Maximum Power Point (MPP) at which they generate maximum power. Because the MPP depends on solar radiation and PV panel temperature, it is not constant over time. A Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is widely used to continuously obtain maximum power, but if the solar radiation changes rapidly, the efficiency of most classic MPPT (e.g., the Perturbation and Observation (P&O) method) reduces. MPPT controllers using neural network respond quickly to rapidly changing solar radiation but must usually undergo prelearning using PV-specific data, so we propose MPPT that handles both online learning of PV properties and feed-forward control of the DC-DC converter with a neural network. Both simulation results and actual device performance using our proposed MPPT showed great efficiency even under rapidly changing solar radiation. Our proposal is implemented using a small microcomputer using low computational power.
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Go, Seok-Il, and Joon-Ho Choi. "Design and Dynamic Modelling of PV-Battery Hybrid Systems for Custom Electromagnetic Transient Simulation." Electronics 9, no. 10 (October 11, 2020): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101651.
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Battery energy storage systems (BESS) can alleviate the unstable effects of intermittent renewable energy systems, such as solar and wind power systems. In addition, a BESS can level the load of the existing utility grid. The penetration rate of this type of system is expected to increase in the future power grid, i.e., the microgrid. In this paper, a modeling technique is proposed that allows users to customize the photovoltaic (PV) battery hybrid systems. A dynamic power system computer-aided design/electromagnetic transients including DC system (PSCAD/EMTDC) model of a PV battery hybrid system is presented in this paper. Dynamic modeling of PV arrays, BESS, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms, and bidirectional converters are provided as well. The PV model, battery model, and MPPT control model are designed using a user-defined model (UDM) for custom electromagnetic transient simulation. A control method for stabilizing the output of the PV battery hybrid system is proposed. Finally, a PSCAD/EMTDC simulation is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the operating algorithm.
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Van Tan, Nguyen, Nguyen Binh Nam, Nguyen Huu Hieu, Le Kim Hung, Minh Quan Duong, and Le Hong Lam. "A Proposal for an MPPT Algorithm Based on the Fluctuations of the PV Output Power, Output Voltage, and Control Duty Cycle for Improving the Performance of PV Systems in Microgrid." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 4326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174326.
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In microgrids, distributed generators that cannot be dispatched, such as a photovoltaic system, need to control their output power at the maximum power point. The fluctuation of their output power should be minimized with the support of the maximum power point tracking algorithm under the variation of ambient conditions. In this paper, a new maximum power point tracking method based on the parameters of power deviation (ΔPPV), voltage difference (ΔVPV), and duty cycle change (ΔD) is proposed for photovoltaic systems. The presented algorithm achieves the following good results: (i) when the solar radiance is fixed, the output power is stable around the maximum power point; (ii) when the solar radiance is rapidly changing, the generated power is always in the vicinity of maximum power points; (iii) the effectiveness of energy conversion is comparable to that of intelligent algorithms. The proposed algorithm is presented and compared with traditional and intelligent maximum power point tracking algorithms on the simulation model by MATLAB/Simulink under different radiation scenarios to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Yang, Minghui, Chunsheng Wang, Yukun Hu, Zijian Liu, Caixin Yan, and Shuhang He. "Load Frequency Control of Photovoltaic Generation-Integrated Multi-Area Interconnected Power Systems Based on Double Equivalent-Input-Disturbance Controllers." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 21, 2020): 6103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226103.
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With the rapid increase of photovoltaic (PV) penetration and distributed grid access, photovoltaic generation (PVG)-integrated multi-area power systems may be disturbed by more uncertain factors, such as PVG, grid-tie inverter parameters, and resonance. These uncertain factors will exacerbate the frequency fluctuations of PVG integrated multi-area interconnected power systems. For such system, this paper proposes a load frequency control (LFC) strategy based on double equivalent-input-disturbance (EID) controllers. The PVG linear model and the multi-area interconnected power system linear model were established, respectively, and the disturbances were caused by grid voltage fluctuations in PVG subsystem and PV output power fluctuation and load change in multi-area interconnected power system. In PVG subsystems and multi-area interconnected power systems, two EID controllers add differently estimated equivalent system disturbances, which has the same effect as the actual disturbance, to the input channel to compensate for the impact of actual disturbances. The simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that the frequency deviation range of the proposed double EID method is 6% of FA-PI method and 7% of conventional PI method, respectively, when the grid voltage fluctuation and load disturbance exist. The double EID method can better compensate for the effects of external disturbances, suppress frequency fluctuations, and make the system more stable.
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Çakmak, Hüseyin, Anselm Erdmann, Michael Kyesswa, Uwe Kühnapfel, and Veit Hagenmeyer. "A new distributed co-simulation architecture for multi-physics based energy systems integration." at - Automatisierungstechnik 67, no. 11 (November 26, 2019): 972–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2019-0081.
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Abstract Simulating energy systems integration scenarios enables a comprehensive consideration of interdependencies between multimodal energy grids. It is an important part of the planning for the redesign of the current energy system infrastructure, which is essential for the foreseen drastic reduction of carbon emissions. In contrast to the complex implementation of monolithic simulation architectures, emerging distributed co-simulation technologies enable the combination of several existing single-domain simulations into one large energy systems integration simulation. Accompanying disadvantages of coupling simulators have to be minimized by an appropriate co-simulation architecture. Hence, in the present paper, a new simulation architecture for energy systems integration co-simulation is introduced, which enables an easy and fast handling of the therefore required simulation setup. The performance of the new distributed co-simulation architecture for energy systems integration is shown by a campus grid scenario with a focus on the effects of power to gas and the reversal process onto the electricity grid. The implemented control strategy enables a successful co-simulation of electrolysis coupled with photovoltaics, a hydrogen storage with a combined heat and power plant and a variable power consumption.
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Jamshidpour, Ehsan, Slavisa Jovanovic, and Philippe Poure. "Equivalent Two Switches and Single Switch Buck/Buck-Boost Circuits for Solar Energy Harvesting Systems." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030583.
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In this paper, a comparative analysis has been presented of two equivalent circuits of non-isolated buck/buck-boost converters under synchronous control, used in a stand-alone Photovoltaic-battery-load system. The first circuit consists of two cascaded buck and buck-boost classical converters with two controllable switches. The buck converter is used to extract the maximum power of the Photovoltaic source, and the buck-boost converter is applied for the output voltage level control. The second circuit consists of a proposed converter with a single controllable switch. In both cases, the switching frequency is used to track the maximum power point and the duty ratio controls the output voltage level. Selected simulation results and experimental tests confirm that the two conversion circuits have identical behavior under synchronous control. This study shows that the single switch converter has a lower size and cost, but it is limited in the possible control strategy.
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Piróg, S., R. Stala, and Ł. Stawiarski. "Power electronic converter for photovoltaic systems with the use of FPGA-based real-time modeling of single phase grid-connected systems." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10175-010-0137-9.
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Power electronic converter for photovoltaic systems with the use of FPGA-based real-time modeling of single phase grid-connected systemsThe paper presents a method of investigation of grid connected systems with a renewable energy source. The method enables fast prototyping of control systems and power converters components by real-time simulation of the system. Components of the system such as energy source (PV array), converters, filters, sensors and control algorithms are modeled in FPGA IC. Testing the systems before its practical application reduces cost and time-to-market. FPGA devices are commonly used for digital control. The resources of the FPGAs used for preliminary testing can be sufficient for the complete system modelling. Debugging tools for FPGA enable observation of many signals of the analyzed power system (as a result of the control), with very advanced triggering tools. The presented method of simulation with the use of hardware model of the power system in comparison to classical simulation tools gives better possibilities for verification of control algorithms such as MPPT or anti-islanding.
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Subramaniam, Umashankar, Sridhar Vavilapalli, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Frede Blaabjerg, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, and Dhafer Almakhles. "A Hybrid PV-Battery System for ON-Grid and OFF-Grid Applications—Controller-In-Loop Simulation Validation." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 9, 2020): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030755.
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In remote locations such as villages, islands and hilly areas, there is a possibility of frequent power failures, voltage drops or power fluctuations due to grid-side faults. Grid-connected renewable energy systems or micro-grid systems are preferable for such remote locations to meet the local critical load requirements during grid-side failures. In renewable energy systems, solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems are accessible and hybrid PV-battery systems or energy storage systems (ESS) are more capable of providing uninterruptible power to the local critical loads during grid-side faults. This energy storage system also improves the system dynamics during power fluctuations. In present work, a PV-battery hybrid system with DC-side coupling is considered, and a power balancing control (PBC) is proposed to transfer the power to grid/load and the battery. In this system, a solar power conditioning system (PCS) acts as an interface across PV source, battery and the load/central grid. With the proposed PBC technique, the system can operate in following operational modes: (a) PCS can be able to work in grid-connected mode during regular operation; (b) PCS can be able to charge the batteries and (c) PCS can be able to operate in standalone mode during grid side faults and deliver power to the local loads. The proposed controls are explained, and the system response during transient and steady-state conditions is described. With the help of controller-in-loop simulation results, the proposed power balancing controls are validated, for both off-grid and on-grid conditions.
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Alaskar, Azzan, and Abdulaziz Alkuhayli. "Reliability Evaluation of Active Distribution Systems with Distributed Generations." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1026, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1026/1/012064.
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Abstract Reliability evaluation is essential in designing, planning, operating modern power systems. System operators must operate the network securely and efficiently with minimal interruption events. With the recent advances in power electronics and control, distributed generations (DG) such as photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine, and storage systems are expected to grow in distribution networks. This high level of distributed generations penetration in the grid can increase the complexity of operating the system. This is caused by intermittent nature of solar irradiance and wind speed. This paper proposes a methodology used to assess distribution networks containing stochastic resources such as photovoltaic. This method will use the Monte Carlo simulation with a stochastic model to evaluate the distribution network’s reliability. The system and load point reliability indices such as frequency of loss of load and expected energy not to supplied will be computed in this technique. In addition, the configuration of distribution networks to improve system’s reliability to facilitate system restoration after pre-fault conditions will be assessed.
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Fanney, A. Hunter, Mark W. Davis, Brian P. Dougherty, David L. King, William E. Boyson, and Jay A. Kratochvil. "Comparison of Photovoltaic Module Performance Measurements." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 128, no. 2 (January 5, 2006): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2192559.
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Computer simulation tools used to predict the energy production of photovoltaic systems are needed in order to make informed economic decisions. These tools require input parameters that characterize module performance under various operational and environmental conditions. Depending upon the complexity of the simulation model, the required input parameters can vary from the limited information found on labels affixed to photovoltaic modules to an extensive set of parameters. The required input parameters are normally obtained indoors using a solar simulator or flash tester, or measured outdoors under natural sunlight. This paper compares measured performance parameters for three photovoltaic modules tested outdoors at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). Two of the three modules were custom fabricated using monocrystalline and silicon film cells. The third, a commercially available module, utilized triple-junction amorphous silicon cells. The resulting data allow a comparison to be made between performance parameters measured at two laboratories with differing geographical locations and apparatus. This paper describes the apparatus used to collect the experimental data, test procedures utilized, and resulting performance parameters for each of the three modules. Using a computer simulation model, the impact that differences in measured parameters have on predicted energy production is quantified. Data presented for each module includes power output at standard rating conditions and the influence of incident angle, air mass, and module temperature on each module’s electrical performance. Measurements from the two laboratories are in excellent agreement. The power at standard rating conditions is within 1% for all three modules. Although the magnitude of the individual temperature coefficients varied as much as 17% between the two laboratories, the impact on predicted performance at various temperature levels was minimal, less than 2%. The influence of air mass on the performance of the three modules measured at the laboratories was in excellent agreement. The largest difference in measured results between the two laboratories was noted in the response of the modules to incident angles that exceed 75deg.
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Li, Tianyu, Shengyu Tao, Ruixiang Zhang, Zhixing Liu, Lei Ma, Jie Sun, and Yaojie Sun. "Reliability Evaluation of Photovoltaic System Considering Inverter Thermal Characteristics." Electronics 10, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151763.
Full textAbstract:
The reliable operation of photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems is related to the security and stability of the power grid and is the focus of current research. At present, the reliability evaluation of PV power generation systems is mostly calculated by applying the standard failure rate of each component, ignoring the impact of thermal environment changes on the failure rate. This paper will use the fault tree theory to establish the reliability assessment method of PV power plants, model the PV power plants working in the variable environment through the hardware-in-the-loop simulation system, and analyze the influence of the thermal characteristics of the inverter’s key components on the reliability of the PV power plant. Studies have shown that the overall reliability of bus capacitors, inverters, and PV power plants is reduced by 18.4%, 30%, and 18.7%, respectively, compared to when the thermal characteristics of bus capacitors are not considered. It can be seen that thermal attenuation has a great influence on the reliability of the PV power generation system.
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Henao-Bravo, Elkin Edilberto, Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja, and Andrés Julián Saavedra-Montes. "Adaptive Control of Photovoltaic Systems Based on Dual Active Bridge Converters." Computation 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation10060089.
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Dual active bridge converters (DAB) are used to interconnect photovoltaic (PV) generators with AC and DC buses or isolated loads. However, a controller is needed to provide a stable and efficient operation of the DAB converter when the PV generator must be interconnected with a DC bus, which is particularly important in microinverter applications. Therefore, this paper proposes the design of a cascade controller for a PV system based on a DAB converter. The converter is controlled using a peak current control and an adaptive PI voltage control; thus the methodology to design the cascade controller is developed in two steps; first, the PV system formed by a PV generator, a DAB converter, and an inverter or load is introduced, including the description of the leakage current; as a second step, the model of the PV system to design the cascade controller is presented. Then, a relationship between the phase shift factor and the peak current of the leakage inductor is derived, which is used to design the peak current controller to ensure the DAB converter operation at the most efficient operating condition. On the other hand, an adaptive PI controller for the PV voltage is designed to ensure the reference tracking provided by a maximum power point (MPP) algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed cascade controller is demonstrated through realistic examples simulated in PSIM. The power and control circuits implemented in PSIM are presented to encourage the use of the proposed solution. The simulation results confirm the correct operation of the control system, which mitigates the oscillatory perturbation produced by an inverter connected to the PV system, and also ensures the maximum power extraction from the PV panel by following the MPP reference.
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H. Salman, Uzba, Shahir Fleyeh Nawaf, and Mohammad Omar Salih. "Studying and analyzing the performance of photovoltaic system by using fuzzy logic controller." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 1687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i3.3680.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this paper is to implement a circuit-based simulation model of a photovoltaic (PV) cell in order to investigate the electrical behavior of the practical cell with respect to some changes in weather parameters such as irradiation and temperature. The research focuses on using a simulation model to achieve the maximum power of solar energy by using the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. The circuit simulation model consists mainly of three subsystems: PV cells: DC/DC converter; and MPPT controller-based logic fuzzy control. Dynamic analysis of the system is carried out and the results are recorded. The maximum power control function is achieved with the appropriate power control of the power inverter. Fuzzy logic controller has been used to perform MPPT functions to get maximum power from the PV panel. The proposed circuit was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and the results show that the output sequence is non-linear and almost constant current to the open circuit voltage and the power has maximum motion to voltage for certain environmental conditions.