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Journal articles on the topic 'Photovoltaic nanostructures'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Xiu, Fei, Hao Lin, Ming Fang, Guofa Dong, Senpo Yip, and Johnny C. Ho. "Fabrication and enhanced light-trapping properties of three-dimensional silicon nanostructures for photovoltaic applications." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 5 (May 19, 2014): 557–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-1119.

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AbstractIn order to make photovoltaics an economically viable energy solution, next-generation solar cells with higher energy conversion efficiencies and lower costs are urgently desired. Among many possible solutions, three-dimensional (3D) silicon nanostructures with excellent light-trapping properties are one of the promising candidates and have recently attracted considerable attention for cost-effective photovoltaic applications. This is because their enhanced light-trapping characteristics and high carrier collection efficiencies can enable the use of cheaper and thinner silicon materials. In this review, recent developments in the controllable fabrication of 3D silicon nanostructures are summarized, followed by the investigation of optical properties on a number of different nanostructures, including nanowires, nanopillars, nanocones, nanopencils, and nanopyramids, etc. Even though nanostructures with radial p-n junction demonstrate excellent photon management properties and enhanced photo-carrier collection efficiencies, the photovoltaic performance of nanostructure-based solar cells is still significantly limited due to the high surface recombination effect, which is induced by high-density surface defects as well as the large surface area in high-aspect-ratio nanostructures. In this regard, various approaches in reducing the surface recombination are discussed and an overall geometrical consideration of both light-trapping and recombination effects to yield the best photovoltaic properties are emphasized.

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Liu, Sheng Jun. "The Plasmonic Nanostructures Applied in the Photovoltaic Cell." Advanced Materials Research 893 (February 2014): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.893.186.

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Plasmonic, including of located surface Plasmon resonance (LSPR) and surface plasmon polariton (SPP), is a special kind of electromagnetic mode in nanometer scale. Plasmonic nanostructures can be generated to improving the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices. In the paper, the concepts of plasmonic and their influences by different metal nanostructure were introduced. Then the different principles of light utilization of plasmonic nanostructure in thin film photovoltaic cell was analyzed.

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Dinh Lam, Nguyen, Youngjo Kim, Kangho Kim, and Jaejin Lee. "Influences of InGaP Conical Frustum Nanostructures on the Characteristics of GaAs Solar Cells." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/785359.

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Conical frustums with quasihexagonal nanostructures are fabricated on an InGaP window layer of single junction GaAs solar cells using a polystyrene nanosphere lithography technique followed by anisotropic etching processes. The optical and photovoltaic characteristics of the conical frustum nanostructured solar cells are investigated. Reflectance of the conical frustum nanostructured solar cells is significantly reduced in a wide range of wavelengths compared to that of the planar sample. The measured reflectance reduction is attributed to the gradual change in the refractive index of the InGaP conical frustum window layer. An increase of 15.2% in the power conversion efficiency has been achieved in the fabricated cell with an optimized conical frustum nanostructure compared to that of the planar cell.

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Caruana, Liam, Thomas Nommensen, Toan Dinh, Dennis Tran, and Robert McCormick. "Photovoltaic Cell: Optimum Photon Utilisation." PAM Review Energy Science & Technology 3 (June 7, 2016): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pamr.v3i0.1409.

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In the 21st century, global energy consumption has increased exponentially and hence, sustainable energy sources are essential to accommodate for this. Advancements within photovoltaics, in regards to light trapping, has demonstrated to be a promising field of dramatically improving the efficiency of solar cells. This improvement is done by using different nanostructures, which enables solar cells to use the light spectrum emitted more efficiently. The purpose of this meta study is to investigate irreversible entropic losses related to light trapping. In this respect, the observation is aimed at how nanostructures on a silicon substrate captures high energy incident photons. Furthermore, different types of nanostructures are then investigated and compared, using the étendue ratio during light trapping. It is predicted that étendue mismatching is a parasitic entropy generation variable, and that the matching has an effect on the open circuit voltage of the solar cell. Although solar cells do have their limiting efficiencies, according to the Shockley-Queisser theory and Yablonovitch limit, with careful engineering and manufacturing practices, these irreversible entropic losses could be minimized. Further research in energy losses, due to entropy generation, may guide nanostructures and photonics in exceeding past these limits.Keywords: Photovoltaic cell; Shockley-Queisser; Solar cell nanostructures; Solar cell intrinsic and extrinsic losses; entropy; étendue; light trapping; Shockley Queisser; Geometry; Meta-study

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Aseev, Aleksander Leonidovich, Alexander Vasilevich Latyshev, and Anatoliy Vasilevich Dvurechenskii. "Semiconductor Nanostructures for Modern Electronics." Solid State Phenomena 310 (September 2020): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.310.65.

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Modern electronics is based on semiconductor nanostructures in practically all main parts: from microprocessor circuits and memory elements to high frequency and light-emitting devices, sensors and photovoltaic cells. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) with ultimately low gate length in the order of tens of nanometers and less is nowadays one of the basic elements of microprocessors and modern electron memory chips. Principally new physical peculiarities of semiconductor nanostructures are related to quantum effects like tunneling of charge carriers, controlled changing of energy band structure, quantization of energy spectrum of a charge carrier and a pronounced spin-related phenomena. Superposition of quantum states and formation of entangled states of photons offers new opportunities for the realization of quantum bits, development of nanoscale systems for quantum cryptography and quantum computing. Advanced growth techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy and chemical vapour epitaxy, atomic layer deposition as well as optical, electron and probe nanolithography for nanostructure fabrication have been widely used. Nanostructure characterization is performed using nanometer resolution tools including high-resolution, reflection and scanning electron microscopy as well as scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy. Quantum properties of semiconductor nanostructures have been evaluated from precise electrical and optical measurements. Modern concepts of various semiconductor devices in electronics and photonics including single-photon emitters, memory elements, photodetectors and highly sensitive biosensors are developed very intensively. The perspectives of nanostructured materials for the creation of a new generation of universal memory and neuromorphic computing elements are under lively discussion. This paper is devoted to a brief description of current achievements in the investigation and modeling of single-electron and single-photon phenomena in semiconductor nanostructures, as well as in the fabrication of a new generation of elements for micro-, nano, optoelectronics and quantum devices.

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Gonfa, Belete A., A. F. da Cunha, and Ana B. Timmons. "ZnO nanostructures for photovoltaic cells." physica status solidi (b) 247, no. 7 (April 23, 2010): 1633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200983684.

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7

Gupta, N., G. F. Alapatt, R. Podila, R. Singh, and K. F. Poole. "Prospects of Nanostructure-Based Solar Cells for Manufacturing Future Generations of Photovoltaic Modules." International Journal of Photoenergy 2009 (2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/154059.

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We present a comprehensive review on prospects for one-, two-, or three-dimensional nanostructure-based solar cells for manufacturing the future generation of photovoltaic (PV) modules. Reducing heat dissipation and utilizing the unabsorbed part of the solar spectrum are the key driving forces for the development of nanostructure-based solar cells. Unrealistic assumptions involved in theoretical work and the tendency of stretching observed experimental results are the primary reasons why quantum phenomena-based nanostructures solar cells are unlikely to play a significant role in the manufacturing of future generations of PV modules. Similar to the invention of phase shift masks (to beat the conventional diffraction limit of optical lithography) clever design concepts need to be invented to take advantage of quantum-based nanostructures. Silicon-based PV manufacturing will continue to provide sustained growth of the PV industry.

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8

Mauricio Ramírez, Andrés, Linda Cattin, Jean-Christian Bernède, Fernando Raúl Díaz, Manuel Alejandro Gacitúa, and María Angélica del Valle. "Nanostructured TiO2 and PEDOT Electrodes with Photovoltaic Application." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010107.

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In this work, nanostructured TiO2 and poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) layers were electrochemically prepared over transparent electrodes. Morphological characterization evidenced the presence of nanostructures as planed with 50-nm-wide TiO2 rod formations followed by 30-nm-wide PEDOT wires. Different characterizations were made to the deposits, establishing their composition and optic properties of the deposits. Finally, photovoltaic cells were prepared using this modified electrode, proving that the presence of PEDOT nanowires in the cell achieves almost double the efficiency of its bulk analogue.

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9

Chen, Cheng-Ying, Ming-Wei Chen, Jr-Jian Ke, Chin-An Lin, José R. D. Retamal, and Jr-Hau He. "Surface effects on optical and electrical properties of ZnO nanostructures." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 11 (August 6, 2010): 2055–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-12-05.

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This article presents a comprehensive review of the current research addressing the surface effects on physical properties and potential applications of nanostructured ZnO. Studies illustrating the transport, photoluminescence (PL), and photoconductivity properties of ZnO with ultrahigh surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio are reviewed first. Secondly, we examine recent studies of the applications of nanostructured ZnO employing the surface effect on gas/chemical sensing, relying on a change of conductivity via electron trapping and detrapping process at the surfaces of nanostructures. Finally, we comprehensively review the photovoltaic (PV) application of ZnO nanostructures. The ultrahigh S/V ratios of nanostructured devices suggest that studies on the synthesis and PV properties of various nanostructured ZnO for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) offer great potential for high efficiency and low-cost solar cell solutions. After surveying the current literature on the surface effects on nano-structured ZnO, we conclude this review with personal perspectives on a few surface-related issues that remain to be addressed before nanostructured ZnO devices can reach their ultimate potential as a new class of industrial applications.

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10

Zhang, Bo, Wenxu Xie, and Yong Xiang. "Development and Prospect of Nanoarchitectured Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/382389.

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This paper gives an overview of the development and prospect of nanotechnologies utilized in the solar cell applications. Even though it is not clearly pointed out, nanostructures indeed have been used in the fabrication of conventional solar cells for a long time. However, in those circumstances, only very limited benefits of nanostructures have been used to improve cell performance. During the last decade, the development of the photovoltaic device theory and nanofabrication technology enables studies of more complex nanostructured solar cells with higher conversion efficiency and lower production cost. The fundamental principles and important features of these advanced solar cell designs are systematically reviewed and summarized in this paper, with a focus on the function and role of nanostructures and the key factors affecting device performance. Among various nanostructures, special attention is given to those relying on quantum effect.

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Ahn, Sungmo, Devin Rourke, and Wounjhang Park. "Plasmonic nanostructures for organic photovoltaic devices." Journal of Optics 18, no. 3 (February 9, 2016): 033001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/18/3/033001.

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12

Mondal, S. P., and S. K. Ray. "Cadmium Sulfide Nanostructures for Photovoltaic Devices." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences 82, no. 1 (January 28, 2012): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40010-012-0002-3.

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13

Dag, Mehmet, Namık Akcay, Hasan Koten, and Kubilay Guner. "Determination of Photovoltaic Properties for Nanostructures." Journal of Electronic Materials 48, no. 11 (July 16, 2019): 6919–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-019-07380-7.

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14

Thrithamarassery Gangadharan, Deepak, Zhenhe Xu, Yanlong Liu, Ricardo Izquierdo, and Dongling Ma. "Recent advancements in plasmon-enhanced promising third-generation solar cells." Nanophotonics 6, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 153–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2016-0111.

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AbstractThe unique optical properties possessed by plasmonic noble metal nanostructures in consequence of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) are useful in diverse applications like photovoltaics, sensing, non-linear optics, hydrogen generation, and photocatalytic pollutant degradation. The incorporation of plasmonic metal nanostructures into solar cells provides enhancement in light absorption and scattering cross-section (via LSPR), tunability of light absorption profile especially in the visible region of the solar spectrum, and more efficient charge carrier separation, hence maximizing the photovoltaic efficiency. This review discusses about the recent development of different plasmonic metal nanostructures, mainly based on Au or Ag, and their applications in promising third-generation solar cells such as dye-sensitized solar cells, quantum dot-based solar cells, and perovskite solar cells.

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15

Bakhsh, Allah, Iftikhar Hussain Gul, Ashari Maqsood, Shang Hsuan Wu, Ching Hsiang Chan, and Yia Chung Chang. "Effect of High Substrate Temperature on Morphology, Structural and Optical Properties of CdZnS Nanostructures." Materials Science Forum 886 (March 2017): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.886.24.

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One-dimensional CdZnS nanostructures have been synthesized through the sublimation. Effect of high substrate temperature on morphology, structural and optical properties of these nanostructures has been studied. X-Ray diffraction peak intensity, lattice parameters, crystallite size decreased with an increase in substrate temperature. The morphology changed with the increase in the substrate temperature. Raman Spectroscopy confirmed the existence of constituent elements in CdZnS solid solution and an increase of Zn concentration with the rise in substrate temperature. The nanostructures exhibited strong photoluminescence emission in the green light region with a substrate temperature-dependent blue shift of 53 meV in emission energy. The Stoke’s shift energy raised from 45 meV to 302 meV as the substrate temperature increased from 510 °C to 550 °C. The stoichiometric deviancies, crystallite size, and quantum confinement effects resulted into an increase in the optical band gap from 2.4 eV to 2.71 eV. The results showed that CdZnS nanostructures could be potential candidates for nanostructure based optoelectronics and photovoltaic devices.

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Narasimhan, Vijay Kris, and Yi Cui. "Nanostructures for photon management in solar cells." Nanophotonics 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0001.

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AbstractThe concurrent development of high-performance materials, new device and system architectures, and nanofabrication processes has driven widespread research and development in the field of nanostructures for photon management in photovoltaics. The fundamental goals of photon management are to reduce incident light reflection, improve absorption, and tailor the optical properties of a device for use in different types of energy conversion systems. Nanostructures rely on a core set of phenomena to attain these goals, including gradation of the refractive index, coupling to waveguide modes through surface structuring, and modification of the photonic band structure of a device. In this review, we present recent developments in the field of nanostructures for photon management in solar cells with applications across different materials and system architectures. We focus both on theoretical and numerical studies and on progress in fabricating solar cells containing photonic nanostructures. We show that nanoscale light management structures have yielded real efficiency gains in many types of photovoltaic devices; however, we note that important work remains to ensure that improved optical performance does not come at the expense of poor electrical properties.

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17

Yang, Yuan, Kai Wang, Hai-Wei Liang, Guo-Qiang Liu, Mei Feng, Liang Xu, Jian-Wei Liu, Jin-Long Wang, and Shu-Hong Yu. "A new generation of alloyed/multimetal chalcogenide nanowires by chemical transformation." Science Advances 1, no. 10 (November 2015): e1500714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500714.

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One-dimensional metal chalcogenide nanostructures are important candidates for many technological applications such as photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices. However, the design and synthesis of one-dimensional metal chalcogenide nanostructured materials with controllable components and properties remain a challenge. We report a general chemical transformation process for the synthesis of more than 45 kinds of one-dimensional alloyed/hybrid metal chalcogenide nanostructures inherited from mother template TexSey@Se core-shell nanowires with tunable compositions. As many as nine types of monometal chalcogenide alloy nanowires (including AgSeTe, HgSeTe, CuSeTe, BiSeTe, PbSeTe, CdSeTe, SbSeTe, NiSeTe, and CoSeTe) can be synthesized. Alloyed and hybrid nanowires integrated with two or more alloyed metal chalcogenide phases can also be prepared. The compositions of all of these metal chalcogenide nanowires are tunable within a wide range. This protocol provides a new general route for the controllable synthesis of a new generation of one-dimensional metal chalcogenide nanostructures.

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18

Nagata, Akihiko, Takeo Oku, Tsuyoshi Akiyama, Atsushi Suzuki, Yasuhiro Yamasaki, and Tomohiro Mori. "Effects of Au Nanoparticle Addition to Hole Transfer Layer in Organic Photovoltaic Cells Based on Phthalocyanines and Fullerene." Journal of Nanotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/869596.

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Phthalocyanines/fullerene organic photovoltaic cells were fabricated and characterized. Effects of Au nanoparticle addition to a hole transfer layer were also investigated, and power conversion efficiencies of the photovoltaic cells were improved after blending the Au nanoparticle into PEDOT:PSS. Nanostructures of the Au nanoparticles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Energy levels of molecules were calculated by molecular orbital calculations, and the nanostructures and electronic property were discussed.

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19

Siemons, Nicholas, and Alessio Serafini. "Multiple Exciton Generation in Nanostructures for Advanced Photovoltaic Cells." Journal of Nanotechnology 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7285483.

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This paper reviews both experimental and theoretical work on nanostructures showing high quantum yields due to the phenomenon of multiple exciton generation. It outlines the aims and barriers to progress in identifying further such nanostructures and also includes important developments concerning solar devices where nanostructures act as the light-absorbing component. It reports on both semiconductor and carbon structures, both monocomposite (of various dimensionalities) and heterogeneous. Finally, it looks at future directions that can be taken to push solar cell efficiency above the classic limit set by Shockley and Queisser in 1961.

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20

Ilyassov, Baurzhan, Niyazbek Ibrayev, and Nurxat Nuraje. "Hierarchically assembled nanostructures and their photovoltaic properties." Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 40 (December 2015): 885–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.07.087.

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21

Jagvaral, Yesukhei, Qing Guo, Haiying He, and Ravindra Pandey. "Silicene-supported TiO2 nanostructures: a theoretical study of electronic and optical properties." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 18 (2019): 9335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp00894b.

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22

Filho, Aureo Murador, Dayse Iara dos Santos, Marcos Yukio Kussuda, Camilla dos Santos Zanatta, Jae Geon Kim, Don Qui Shi, and Shi Xie Dou. "ZnO-TiO₂ Composite Formed by Mixed Oxides via Polyol." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.888.

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Among the researches on preparation and test of nanostructured materials, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide have been the most frequent studied oxides. In order to extend their properties, composites have been prepared using three different methods: Polyol Method, Sol-gel Process and a combination of the two processes (hybrid process). Recent research showed best properties in composite materials than in pure oxides. In this work is presented the preparation and the structural characterization of ZnO-TiO2 composite nanostructures to be tested for their performance in electrocatalysis and in further trial on photovoltaic cells.

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23

Kostopoulou, A., E. Kymakis, and E. Stratakis. "Perovskite nanostructures for photovoltaic and energy storage devices." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 21 (2018): 9765–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01964a.

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24

Kim, Hyung-Bae, Harkjin Kim, Wan In Lee, and Du-Jeon Jang. "Hierarchical mesoporous anatase TiO2nanostructures with efficient photocatalytic and photovoltaic performances." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 18 (2015): 9714–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta01681a.

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Salavati-Niasari, Masoud, S. Mostafa Hosseinpour-Mashkani, Fatemeh Mohandes, and Sousan Gholamrezaei. "Synthesis, characterization and photovoltaic studies of CuInS2 nanostructures." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 26, no. 5 (February 11, 2015): 2810–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-2762-4.

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26

Conibeer, Gavin, Martin Green, Eun-Chel Cho, Dirk König, Young-Hyun Cho, Thipwan Fangsuwannarak, Giuseppe Scardera, et al. "Silicon quantum dot nanostructures for tandem photovoltaic cells." Thin Solid Films 516, no. 20 (August 2008): 6748–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2007.12.096.

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Conibeer, Gavin, Martin Green, Richard Corkish, Young Cho, Eun-Chel Cho, Chu-Wei Jiang, Thipwan Fangsuwannarak, et al. "Silicon nanostructures for third generation photovoltaic solar cells." Thin Solid Films 511-512 (July 2006): 654–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.12.119.

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Piok, T., C. Brands, P. J. Neyman, A. Erlacher, C. Soman, M. A. Murray, R. Schroeder, et al. "Photovoltaic cells based on ionically self-assembled nanostructures." Synthetic Metals 116, no. 1-3 (January 2001): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(00)00434-3.

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29

Kuo, Shou-Yi, Ming-Yang Hsieh, Hau-Vei Han, Fang-I. Lai, Yu-Lin Tsai, Jui-Fu Yang, Tsung-Yeh Chuang, and Hao-Chung Kuo. "Dandelion-shaped nanostructures for enhancing omnidirectional photovoltaic performance." Nanoscale 5, no. 10 (2013): 4270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nr00526g.

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Unni, Gautam E., V. N. Vineeth, G. S. Anjusree, Sajini Vadukumpully, V. P. Mahadevan Pillai, A. Sreekumaran Nair, and S. Suresh. "Photovoltaic Application of Rice Flake-Shaped ZnO Nanostructures." Journal of Electronic Materials 49, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 3290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08008-x.

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Gu, Min, Zi Ouyang, Baohua Jia, Nicholas Stokes, Xi Chen, Narges Fahim, Xiangping Li, Michael James Ventura, and Zhengrong Shi. "Nanoplasmonics: a frontier of photovoltaic solar cells." Nanophotonics 1, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2012): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2012-0180.

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AbstractNanoplasmonics recently has emerged as a new frontier of photovoltaic research. Noble metal nanostructures that can concentrate and guide light have demonstrated great capability for dramatically improving the energy conversion efficiency of both laboratory and industrial solar cells, providing an innovative pathway potentially transforming the solar industry. However, to make the nanoplasmonic technology fully appreciated by the solar industry, key challenges need to be addressed; including the detrimental absorption of metals, broadband light trapping mechanisms, cost of plasmonic nanomaterials, simple and inexpensive fabrication and integration methods of the plasmonic nanostructures, which are scalable for full size manufacture. This article reviews the recent progress of plasmonic solar cells including the fundamental mechanisms, material fabrication, theoretical modelling and emerging directions with a distinct emphasis on solutions tackling the above-mentioned challenges for industrial relevant applications.

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Ossai, Chinedu I., and Nagarajan Raghavan. "Nanostructure and nanomaterial characterization, growth mechanisms, and applications." Nanotechnology Reviews 7, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2017-0156.

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AbstractNanostructures are playing significant roles in the development of new functions and the enhancement of the existing functions of industrial devices such as sensors, transistors, diodes, lithium-ion batteries, and photovoltaic cells, due to their piezoelectricity, biocompatibility, and pyroelectrical characteristics. This research focused on the review of the characteristics of different nanostructures and nanomaterials such as ZnO, ZnS, MoS2, GO, TiO2, SnO2, and Fe2O3, their fabrication techniques, growth mechanisms, and applications. The factors affecting the growth mechanisms, the crystallographic natures, growth models of anisotropic nanostructures, and growth of nanocrystals, were also highlighted in this research. The existence of lattice mismatch, differential thermal expansion, and high deposition temperature, have affected uniform deposition of nanoparticles on substrates and caused heteroepitaxy, which has resulted in defective nanostructures. Although heteroepitaxy has negatively affected the characteristics and potential applications of nanostructures, it has also opened new research frontiers for potential new applications of nanostructures. The use of nanostructures for gas sensing is attributed to the high specific area, change of resistance on exposure to gases, and high photoconduction abilities, while the photon-carrier collection abilities and anti-reflectance qualities are vital for solar photovoltaic cells. Nanostructures have also been used as coating pigments to prevent corrosion of facilities, reduce urban heat islands and energy consumptions, due to the near infrared (NIR) reflective characteristics.

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Stroyuk, Oleksandr, Alexandra Raevskaya, and Nikolai Gaponik. "Solar light harvesting with multinary metal chalcogenide nanocrystals." Chemical Society Reviews 47, no. 14 (2018): 5354–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00029h.

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Yang, Bin, Masoud Mahjouri-Samani, Christopher M. Rouleau, David B. Geohegan, and Kai Xiao. "Low temperature synthesis of hierarchical TiO2 nanostructures for high performance perovskite solar cells by pulsed laser deposition." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 39 (2016): 27067–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp02896a.

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Feng, Hao-Lin, Wu-Qiang Wu, Hua-Shang Rao, Long-Bin Li, Dai-Bin Kuang, and Cheng-Yong Su. "Three-dimensional hyperbranched TiO2/ZnO heterostructured arrays for efficient quantum dot-sensitized solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 28 (2015): 14826–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02269j.

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Lashkova, N. A., A. I. Maximov, A. A. Ryabko, A. A. Bobkov, V. A. Moshnikov, and E. I. Terukov. "Synthesis of ZnO-based nanostructures for heterostructure photovoltaic cells." Semiconductors 50, no. 9 (September 2016): 1254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106378261609013x.

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Chou, Chun-Hsien, and Fang-Chung Chen. "Plasmonic nanostructures for light trapping in organic photovoltaic devices." Nanoscale 6, no. 15 (June 30, 2014): 8444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nr02191f.

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Siddique, Radwanul H., Yidenekachew J. Donie, Guillaume Gomard, Sisir Yalamanchili, Tsvetelina Merdzhanova, Uli Lemmer, and Hendrik Hölscher. "Bioinspired phase-separated disordered nanostructures for thin photovoltaic absorbers." Science Advances 3, no. 10 (October 2017): e1700232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700232.

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Zappettini, A., D. Calestani, L. Lazzarini, M. Villani, F. Fabbri, L. Zanotti, N. Coppedè, M. Nardi, and S. Iannotta. "Functionalized ZnO nanostructures for gas sensing and photovoltaic applications." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 67, a1 (August 22, 2011): C536—C537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767311086454.

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Shao, Qinghui. "Engineered Semiconductor Materials and Optimized Nanostructures for Photovoltaic Cells." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2013.1458.

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Saleem, Muhammad, L. Fang, Saleem F. Shaukat, M. Ashfaq Ahmad, Rizwan Raza, Majid Niaz Akhtar, Ayesha Jamil, Samia Aslam, and Ghazanfar Abbas. "Structural and photovoltaic characteristics of hierarchical ZnO nanostructures electrodes." Applied Surface Science 334 (April 2015): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.08.156.

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Athauda, Thushara J., Ujith S. K. Madduma-Bandarage, and Yolanda Vasquez. "Integration of ZnO/ZnS nanostructured materials into a cotton fabric platform." RSC Adv. 4, no. 106 (2014): 61327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra12074d.

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Inorganic semiconductor ZnO/ZnS nanostructures were coupled to flexible natural fibrous materials for potential applications that include wearable electronics, protective textiles, portable and flexible photovoltaic and solar cell devices.

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Poursafar, Jafar, Mohammadreza Kolahdouz, Ebrahim Asl-Soleimani, and Saeed Golmohammadi. "Ultrathin tandem-plasmonic photovoltaic structures for synergistically enhanced light absorption." RSC Advances 6, no. 60 (2016): 55354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra06586d.

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Perlich, Jan, Gunar Kaune, Mine Memesa, Jochen S. Gutmann, and Peter Müller-Buschbaum. "Sponge-like structures for application in photovoltaics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, no. 1894 (May 13, 2009): 1783–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0017.

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Large surface areas at an interface between two different materials are desired in many research fields where the interaction between these materials significantly affects the performance of the physical system. This behaviour is illustrated on sponge-like structures, which assign for such a high surface area, and demonstrate the development from bulk material to thin films and a variety of applications. The focus is on sponge-like nanostructures consisting of a network of aggregated titania nanoparticles applied in hybrid structures for photovoltaics. Examples based on a sol–gel process for the preparation of titania nanostructures in thin films, mimicking the sponge morphology, are shown. In general, titania films are widely used in photovoltaics, contributing to a large surface area available for interfacial reactions, e.g. charge carrier transfer routes. Interpenetrating networks with dimensions matching exciton diffusion lengths in the polymer component of a hybrid organic–inorganic photovoltaic structure are highly desirable. To characterize the fabricated morphology, atomic force microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy are employed in real space. The advanced scattering technique of grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering complements the characterization in reciprocal space. From the obtained results, the sponge-like morphology is verified, a physical description of the morphology with statistical relevance is constructed and the successful complete filling of the network is shown. According to this description, the presented sponge-like titania nanostructures are well suited for use in hybrid organic–inorganic solar cells.

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Shahriar Sabuktagin, Mohammed, and Khairus Syifa Hamdan. "Large plasmonic absorption enhancement effect of triangular silver nanowires in silicon." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 7 (July 2020): 191926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191926.

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Two-dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations were performed for evaluating optical absorption enhancement and loss effects of triangular silver (Ag) nanowires embedded in silicon (Si) thin-film photovoltaic device structures. Near-bandgap absorption enhancement in Si was much larger than the reported values of other nanostructures from similar simulations. A nanowire with equal sides of 20 nm length showed 368-fold absorption enhancement whereas only 5× and 15× enhancement were reported for solid spherical and two-dimensional core-shell type nanostructures, respectively. Undesirable absorption loss in the metal of the nanowire was 3.55× larger than the absorption in Si which was comparable to the value reported for the spherical nanoparticle. Interestingly, as the height of the nanowire was increased to form a sharper tip, absorption loss showed a significant drop. For a nanowire with 20 nm base and 20 nm height, absorption loss was merely 1.91× larger than the absorption in Si at the 840 nm plasmon resonance. This drop could be attributed to weaker plasmon resonance manifested by lower metallic absorption in the spatial absorption map of the nanowire. However, absorption enhancement in Si was still large due to strong plasmonic fields at the sharper and longer tip, which was effective in enhancing absorption over a larger area in Si. Our work shows that the shape of a nanostructure and its optimization can significantly affect plasmonic absorption enhancement and loss performance in photovoltaic applications.

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Zhang, Kristine A., David Ma, Ying-Chih Pu, and Yat Li. "Design of Novel Metal Nanostructures for Broadband Solar Energy Conversion." International Journal of Spectroscopy 2015 (February 3, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/147423.

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Solar power holds great potential as an alternative energy source, but current photovoltaic cells have much room for improvement in cost and efficiency. Our objective was to develop metal nanostructures whose surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectra closely match the solar spectrum to enhance light absorption and scattering. We employed the finite-difference time-domain simulation method to evaluate the effect of varying key parameters. A novel nanostructure with SPR absorption matching a region of the solar spectrum (300 to 1500 nm) that contains 90% of solar energy was successfully designed. This structure consists of a large gold-silica core-shell structure with smaller gold nanoparticles and nanorods on its surface. Such complex nanostructures are promising for broad and tunable absorption spectra. In addition, we investigated the SPR of silver nanoparticle arrays, which can achieve scattering close to the solar spectrum. We demonstrated an improvement in efficiency of over 30% with optimal nanoparticle radius and periods of 75 nm and 325 nm, respectively. In combination, our studies enable high-efficiency, tunable, and cost-effective enhancement of both light absorption and scattering, which has potential applications in solar energy conversion as well as biomedical imaging.

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Cavallo, Carmen, Francesco Di Pascasio, Alessandro Latini, Matteo Bonomo, and Danilo Dini. "Nanostructured Semiconductor Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5323164.

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Since O’Regan and Grätzel’s first report in 1991, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) appeared immediately as a promising low-cost photovoltaic technology. In fact, though being far less efficient than conventional silicon-based photovoltaics (being the maximum, lab scale prototype reported efficiency around 13%), the simple design of the device and the absence of the strict and expensive manufacturing processes needed for conventional photovoltaics make them attractive in small-power applications especially in low-light conditions, where they outperform their silicon counterparts. Nanomaterials are at the very heart of DSSC, as the success of its design is due to the use of nanostructures at both the anode and the cathode. In this review, we present the state of the art for bothn-type andp-type semiconductors used in the photoelectrodes of DSSCs, showing the evolution of the materials during the 25 years of history of this kind of devices. In the case ofp-type semiconductors, also some other energy conversion applications are touched upon.

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Ho, Ghim Wei, and Andrew See Weng Wong. "Aqueous Synthesis towards Vertically-Aligned and Selective Pattern of ZnO Nanostructures Arrays." Advanced Materials Research 67 (April 2009): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.67.7.

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For any future cost-effective applications of inorganic nanostructures in particular hybrid photovoltaic cell, solution processable and selective printable of inorganic nanomaterials is essential. The patterning and growth of highly ordered arrays of crystalline ZnO inorganic nanostructures use simple soft lithography technique and mild reaction conditions; both low in temperature and free from harmful organic additives. Variable yet controllable anisotropic growth of ZnO nanowires has been demonstrated on the transferred patterns of ZnO nanocystals.

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Luo, Bingwei, Yuan Deng, Yao Wang, Min Gao, Wei Zhu, Hasan Talib Hashim, and Jorge García-Cañadas. "Synergistic photovoltaic–thermoelectric effect in a nanostructured CdTe/Bi2Te3 heterojunction for hybrid energy harvesting." RSC Advances 6, no. 115 (2016): 114046–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20149k.

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A synergistic photovoltaic and thermoelectric effect takes place in a single heterojunction solar cell that consists of a p-type CdTe nanorod array and n-type Bi₂Te₃ nanostructures.

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Reddy, N. Koteeswara, M. Devika, K. R. Gunasekhar, and E. S. R. Gopal. "Fabrication of Photovoltaic Devices Using ZnO Nanostructures and SnS Thin Films." Nano 11, no. 07 (July 2016): 1650077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292016500776.

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The development of nontoxic and cost-effective solar cell devices is one of the challenging tasks even now. With this objective, solar cell devices using tin mono sulfide (SnS) thin films and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures with a superstrate configuration of ITO/ZnO film/ZnO nanorods/SnS film/Zn have been fabricated and their photovoltaic properties have been investigated. Vertically aligned ZnO nanostructures were grown on indium doped tin oxide substrate by chemical solution method and then, SnS thin films were deposited by thermal evaporation method. A typical solar cell device exhibited significant light conversion efficiency with an open circuit voltage and short circuit current of 350[Formula: see text]mV and 5.14[Formula: see text]mA, respectively.

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