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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Photovoltaic Architecture'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Yan, Jinghui. "Full Bridge LLC Converter Secondary Architecture Study for Photovoltaic Application." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82490.

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The increasing global energy demand calls for attention on renewable energy development. Among the available technology, the photovoltaic (PV) panels is a popular solution. Thus, targeted Power Conditioning Systems (PCSs) are drawing increased attention in research. Microconverter is one of the PCS that can support versatile applications in various power line architectures. This work focuses on the comparison of circuit secondary side architectures for LLC converter for microconverter application. As the research foundation, general characteristic of solar energy and PV panel operation are introduced for the understanding of the needs. Previous works are referenced and compared for advantages and limitation. Base on conventional secondary resonant full bridge LLC converter, the two sub-topologies of different secondary rectification network: active, full bridge secondary and active voltage doubler output end LLC converter are presented in detail. The main operating principle is also described in mathematical formula with the corresponding cycle-by-cycle operation to ensure the functional equality before proceeding to performance comparison. Circuit efficiency analysis is conducted on the main power stage and the key components with frequency consideration. The hardware circuit achieved the designed function while the overall hardware efficiency result agrees with analysis. In the implementation, the transformer is costume built for the system pacification. Another part is the parasitic effect analysis. At a high operating frequency and to achieve very high-frequency operation, parasitic effect need to be fully understood and considered as it may have the dominating effect on the system.
Master of Science
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2

Makki, Adham. "Innovative heat pipe-based photovoltaic/thermoelectric (PV/TEG) generation system." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43330/.

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PV systems in practice experience excessive thermal energy dissipation that is inseparable from the photo-electric conversion process. The temperature of PV cells under continuous illumination can approach 40°C above ambient, causing a drop in the electrical performance of about 30%. The significance of elevated temperature on PV cells inspired various thermal management techniques to improve the operating temperature of the cells and hence their conversion efficiency. Hybrid PV/Thermal (PV/T) collectors that can supply both electrical and thermal energy are attractive twofold solution, being able to cool the PV cells and thus improving the electrical power output as well as collecting the thermal energy by-product for practical utilization. The challenges present on the performance of PV systems due to elevated operating temperature is considered the research problem within this work. In this research, an integrated hybrid heat pipe-based PV/Thermoelectric (PV/TEG) collector is proposed and investigated theoretically and experimentally. The hybrid collector considers modular integration of a PV absorber rated at 170W with surface area of 1.3 m2 serving as power generator as well as thermal absorber. Five heat pipes serving as the heat transport mediums were attached to the rear of the module to extract excessive heat accumulating on the PV cells. The extracted heat is transferred via boiling-condensation cycle within the heat pipe to a bank of TEG modules consisting of five 40 mm x 40 mm modules, each attached to the condenser section of each heat pipe. In principle, the incorporation of heat pipe-TEG thermal waste recovery assembly allow further power generation adopting the Seebeck phenomena of Thermoelectric modules. A theoretical numerical analysis of the collector proposed is conducted through derivation of differential equations for the energy exchange within the system components based on energy balance concepts while applying explicit finite difference numerical approach for solutions. The models developed are integrated into MATLAB/SIMULINK environment to assess the cooling capability of the integrated collector as well as the addition power generation through thermal waste heat recovery. The practical performance of the collector proposed is determined experimentally allowing for validation of the simulation model, hence, a testing rig is constructed based on the system requirements and operating principles. Reduction in the PV cell temperature of about 8°C, which account for about 16% reduction in the PV cell temperature response compared to a conventional PV module under identical conditions is attained. In terms of the power output available from the PV cells, enhanced power performance of additional 5.8W is observed, contributing to an increase of 4% when compared with a PV module. The overall energy conversion efficiency of the integrated collector was observed to be steady at about 11% compared to that of the conventional PV module (9.5%) even at high ambient temperature and low wind speeds. Parametric analysis to assess the performance enhancements associated to the number of heat pipes attached to the PV module is conducted. Increasing the number of heat pipes attached to 15 pipes permits improved thermal management of the PV cells realised by further 7.5% reduction in the PV module temperature in addition to electrical output power improvement of 5%.
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3

Bilton, Amy M. (Amy Marlou). "A modular design architecture for application to community-scale photovoltaic-powered reverse osmosis systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79337.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013.
This electronic version was submitted and approved by the author's academic department as part of an electronic thesis pilot project. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from department-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-158).
Access to safe, clean drinking water is a major challenge for many communities. These communities are often near seawater and/or brackish groundwater sources, making desalination a possible solution. Unfortunately, desalination is energy intensive and a reliable, inexpensive power supply is also challenging for remote locations. Photovoltaic reverse osmosis systems (PVRO) can be used to provide water for underserved communities. A feasibility study which demonstrates the economic viability of such systems is discussed here. PVRO systems are assembled from mass-produced modular components. This approach reduces manufacturing costs. However, designing a system optimized for a specific location is difficult. For even a small inventory of components, the number of design choices is enormous. A designer with significant expertise is required to tailor a PVRO system for a given location, putting this technology out of reach of many communities. This thesis develops a modular design architecture which can be implemented in a computer program to enable non-experts to configure systems from inventories of modular components. This architecture is not limited to PVRO systems, but can also be used to design other systems composed of modular components such as cars, electronics, and computers. The method uses a hierarchy of filters to limit the design space based on design principles and calculations. The system is then configured from the reduced design space using optimization methods and detailed system models. In this thesis, the modular design architecture is implemented for PVRO systems. A set of detailed physics-based system models are developed to enable this process. A novel method of representing a PVRO system using a graph is developed to enable rapid evaluation of different system configurations. This modeling technique is validated using the MIT Experimental PVRO system constructed as part of this research. A series of case studies are conducted to validate the modular design approach for PVRO systems. The first set of case studies considers a deterministic solar input and water demand. The design goal is to determine the lowest cost system that meets the water demand requirements. It is shown that the method is able to tailor systems for a wide range of locations and water demands from a large system inventory. The validity of these solutions is demonstrated by simulating a custom designed system in the wrong location. Another case study shows that the approach can be used to determine market potential of new components. The second set of case studies considers variations in the solar radiation and water demand. The design goal is to determine the lowest cost PVRO system that meets the water demand profile with a specified probability. Two methods that use historical solar insolation and water demand to account for variations are presented. The first method characterizes the historical data and develops models to synthetically generate solar insolation and water demand profiles, and then simulates the system performance over 100 years to calculate the loss-of-water probability. In the second method, distributions of solar radiation and water demand are calculated from historical data and used to directly calculate the probability of running out of water in the worst month of the year. Both methods are implemented and shown to produce feasible system configurations. The direct calculation method is shown to reduce the required computation time and is suitable for different systems with variable inputs.
by Amy M. Bilton.
Ph.D.
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4

Berasategi, Arostegi Aloña. "New optimized electrical architectures of photovoltaic generators with high conversion efficiency." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2079/.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est l'optimisation du rendement des chaînes de conversion photovoltaïques (PV). Différentes améliorations de l'architecture électriques et de ses algorithmes de commande ont été développées afin d'obtenir un haut rendement de conversion sur une grande plage de puissance d'entrée. Ces travaux portent également sur l'allongement de la durée de vie de l'étage de conversion électrique. Les avantages et les inconvénients d'un système composé de convertisseurs connectés en parallèle ont été montrés notamment à travers une analyse de pertes. Ces études ont permis la conception d'une nouvelle architecture constituée par des convertisseurs parallélisés. Cette dernière est appelée "Convertisseur Multi-Phase Adaptative" (MPAC). Sa singularité réside dans ses algorithmes de commande qui adaptent les phases actives selon la production de puissance en temps réel et recherchent la configuration la plus efficiente à chaque instant. De cette façon, le MPAC garantit un haut rendement de conversion sur toute la plage de puissance de fonctionnement. Une autre loi de commande permet quant à elle d'uniformiser le temps de fonctionnement de chaque phase par l'implémentation d'un algorithme de rotation de phase. Ainsi, le stress des composants de ces phases est maintenu homogène, assurant un vieillissement homogène pour chacune des phases. Etant donné alors le faible stress appliqué sur chaque composant, la structure MPAC présente une durée de vie plus importante. Les améliorations de l'étage de conversion de puissance ont pu montrer par la réalisation d'un prototype expérimental et par la réalisation de tests expérimentaux la validation globale du système. Pour finir, des tests comparatifs entre une chaîne de conversion PV classique et notre système ont montré une amélioration significative du rendement de conversion
This thesis focuses in the optimization of the efficiency of photovoltaic power conversion chain. In this way, different improvements have been proposed in the electrical architecture and its control algorithms in order to obtain high efficiency in a large rage of input power and long life-time of PV power conversion system. Using loss analysis, the benefits and drawbacks of parallel connection of power structures has been shown. This analysis has allowed the conception of a new optimized architecture constituted by parallelized power converters, called Multi-Phase Adaptive Converter (MPAC). The singularity of these power structures consists on the adaptation of the phases of the converter depending on the power production in real-time and looking for the most efficient configuration all time. In this way, the MPAC guarantees high conversion efficiency for all power ranges. Another control law is also implemented which guarantees a rotation of the phases to keep their working time uniform. Thus, the stress of the components of all the phases is kept homogenous, assuring a homogeneous aging of the phases. Since the global stress of the component is lower, the MPAC presents a longer life-time. The improvements in the power conversion stage are shown by experimental prototypes. Experimental tests have been done for global validation. Comparison with a classical power conversion stage shows the improvement in the global conversion efficiency
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5

Munoz-Coreas, Edgard. "Stargrazer One: A New Architecture for Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking of Solar Photovoltaic Sources." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/76.

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The yield from a solar photovoltaic (PV) source is dependent on factors such as light and temperature. A control system called a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) ensures that the yield from a solar PV source is maximized in spite of these factors. This thesis presents a novel implementation of a perturb and observe (PO) MPPT. The implementation uses a switched capacitor step down converter and a custom digital circuit implementation of the PO algorithm. Working in tandem, the switched capacitor step down converter and the custom digital circuit implementation were able to successfully track the maximum power point of a simulated solar PV source. This implementation is free of the overhead encountered with general purpose processor based MPPT implementations. This makes this MPPT system a valid candidate for applications where general purpose processors are undesirable. This document will begin by discussing the current state of MPPT research. Afterward, this thesis will present studies done to be able to use the chosen switched capacitor step down converter. Then the digital circuit PO implementation will be discussed in detail. Simulations of the architecture will be presented. Finally, experimental validation using a hardware prototype will be shown.
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6

Rasin, Ahmed Tasnim. "High efficiency quantum dot-sensitised solar cells by material science and device architecture." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/78822/1/Ahmed%20Tasnim_Rasin_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis studied cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide quantum dots and their performance as light absorbers in quantum dot-sensitised solar cells. This research has made contributions to the understanding of size dependent photodegradation, passivation and particle growth mechanism of cadmium sulfide quantum dots using SILAR method and the role of ZnSe shell coatings on solar cell performance improvement.
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Jones, David Charles. "Control Techniques for the Maximization of Power Converter Robustness and Efficiency in a Parallel Photovoltaic Architecture." Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3561982.

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A parallel connected photovoltaic (PV) architecture connects individual PV panels in parallel to a high voltage inverter input bus through intervening dedicated dc-dc converters. These per-panel parallel PV converters provide the large voltage boost normally obtained through the series connection of panels to the inverter input. The goal of this thesis is the development of control algorithms which maximize the robustness and power harvesting of a parallel PV converter, subject to maximum power and current constraints. Meeting this goal requires the invention of several new algorithms and analytical results.

A new state plane technique including generalized diode reverse recovery is developed to produce an accurate model of the parallel converter dc transformer circuit, greatly improving on prior modeling techniques. Existing perturb and observe (PO) maximum power point tracking algorithms are shown to suffer from small local maxima, called traps, in the measured PV power curve. A generalized PO (GPO) algorithm is invented to greatly improve tracking robustness in the presence of traps. A new nonlinear controller is developed which integrates GPO and current limit functions, providing for rapid and stable transition between the two associated modes.

A dead zone avoidance and mitigation (DZAM) processor is invented to address an operational dead zone which exists near the buck-boost mode boundary in a noninverting buck-boost converter. DZAM improves on prior dead zone mitigation techniques for this converter through autonomous operation and the avoidance of any decrease in converter efficiency or operational bandwidth. A significant improvement in the buck-boost efficiency curve is achieved by generalizing the DZAM processor nonlinearity in a way which enables optimal adaptation of an effective converter switching frequency.

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8

Yu, Xu. "Investigation of a novel multifunctional roof panel for hybrid photovoltaic/thermal/daylight application in atrium and large green house." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30595/.

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Daylight is an energy efficient solution for illumination and visual comfort in buildings. However, successful daylight design requires effective daylight control technology to eliminate the negative impact such as overheating, unbalanced indoor daylight distribution and glare. With this mind, the current thesis presents a novel multifunctional roof panel which might be applied in atrium and large green house. The working principle of the panel is based on the non-imaging low-concentration solar collector: dielectric Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC). Detailed study on the dielectric CPC has found that there would be some light escaping from side wall of CPC when the incident light is beyond CPC acceptance angle, which could actually be used for indoor daylight provision; while the incident light concentrated on the base of CPC could be used for concentrating PV application. Thus a dielectric CPC panel which consists of several trough dielectric CPC rods is designed and manufactured, its function of hybrid PV/Daylight is investigated through PHOTOPIA simulation and outdoor testing, both simulated and measured results showed that under sunny condition, only 10-15% of light could be transmitted through the panel in cooling season, and the rest of the light is used for concentrating PV application; while light transmittance of about 40-60% is achievable in winter period, when daylight is desired. Additionally, constant light transmittance of about 40% is achievable under overcast sky. The above figures could verify the seasonal daylight control ability of the panel. On the other hand, for the designed panel, the rejected heat on PV could still flow into the building. As a result, a PV/Thermal system is designed to remove the rejected heat on PV cell and reutilize it for thermal application such as food drying. The design parameter such as approach velocity, pitch distance, and perforation porosity are numerically investigated by CFD simulation. The prototype of the system is built and measured under solar simulator and real sky. Both simulated and measurement results showed that the heat recovery efficiency could be 40-80% depending on different geometries and approach velocities; and little amount of rejected heat could transfer from the PV cell to the building interior. The hybrid PV/Thermal application seems to be achievable. Lastly, the energy and economic performance for the EW-orientated dielectric CPC panel is investigated using new proposed concept of “inner south projection angle” and its correlation with the CPC optical performance, the building energy simulation software EnergyPlus and its weather data are also employed. An example case on an educational building with a central atrium in Nottingham shows that: compared to the conventional double glazing window, there is 55% increase in useful daylight illuminance (500-2000lux) percentage; 81.5% reduction in window solar heat gain in cooling season and only 10.78% reduction in window solar heat gain in heating season; there is also a power generation of 290.65W/m2 from PV cells; and the estimated payback period is less than 5 years. Therefore, the proposed multifunctional roof panel for PV/Thermal/Daylight application could comprehensively utilise the solar energy and provide comfort thermal and visual indoor environment.
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9

Soria, Bruno. "Etude des performances électriques annuelles de modules photovoltaïques bifaces. Cas particulier modules bifaces intégrés en façade verticale." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT066/document.

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Malgré le bénéfice apparent des modules bifaces, cette technologie souffre toujours d'un manque de visibilité sur les gains en performance qu'elle apporte. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le cas de modules bifaces verticaux intégrés sur une façade et nous évaluons plusieurs architectures de modules spécifiques aux contraintes électriques et optiques des applications bifaces. Nous avons mis en place une méthodologie d'évaluation des performances électriques annuelles de modules bifaces basée sur trois outils : un dispositif de caractérisation en double éclairement au simulateur solaire, un banc de test modulable en environnement extérieur et son modèle optique avec un logiciel de tracé de rayons. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus à court terme dans différentes configurations du banc ont permis de valider notre modèle optique. Ainsi, les performances annuelles de l'application façade verticale à échelle réduite ont pu être maximisées suivant les paramètres importants de l'application et du module. En particulier, les avantages d'une architecture à cellules découpées, à interconnexion en parallèle et à verres texturés ont été évalués séparément vis-à-vis des pertes résistives qui surviennent en double éclairement et du rayonnement souvent non-uniforme et diffus incident sur la face arrière du module. Ce travail à échelle réduite a permis de dresser des perspectives pour un module de taille réelle et d'initier des études à l'échelle du système biface
Despite the apparent benefits of bifacial modules, their application still suffers from a lack of visibility on the performance gain that they can actually provide. In this thesis we consider the specific application of vertically oriented bifacial modules, notably for facade integration. We also consider several innovative module architectures to work around some of the electrical and optical constraints of bifacial modules. We have developed a methodology to evaluate the annual electrical performance of bifacial modules based on three tools. Firstly, a double illumination characterization setup is used in a solar simulator for comparing module architectures. Then, a reduced scale outdoor test bench allows us to evaluate bifacial module performance in a variety of configurations. Finally, a ray-tracing model validated with short-term outdoor data leads to the annual electrical performance. This methodology allowed us to find optimal performance according to the most important parameters of application and module. Specifically, a module architecture using half-cut cells, a parallel cell interconnection and textured glasses have been analysed with respect to their influence on the resistive losses which occur in double illumination as well as to their influence on the effect of non-uniform and diffuse irradiance on the backside of the module. This work enabled us to propose real size module architectures and to launch studies at the bifacial system level
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10

Ego, Christophe. "Oligo and polyfluorenes of controlled architecture for applications in opto-electronics." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210958.

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Polyfluorenes are polymers with outstanding properties: They are semi-conducting, relatively rigid, quite stable chemically and thermally, easily substituted and therefore potentially soluble in numerous solvents and more importantly, they exhibit blue electro- and photoluminescence. For all these reasons, these polymers are the subjects of numerous academic and industrial researches.

The first subject of this work deal with the design, the synthesis and the characterisation of polyfluorenes end-capped with perylene dicarboximide derivatives. These perylene moieties are able to interact by energy transfer under specific conditions of illumination, proximity and orientation. Their observation by single molecule spectroscopy permitted therefore to gain valuable information concerning the three-dimensional folding of single polyfluorene chains. To complete this study, the synthesis and characterisation of a perylene end-capped trimer of fluorene was performed. This structure being monodisperse, a finer analysis of the energy-transfer occurring between both perylene dyes could be accomplished, which confirmed the structural hypothesis made for the polymer. During these studies, it has been observed that, in addition to the energy transfer occurring between both perylene derivatives, another energy transfer occurs between the polyfluorene backbone and the perylene derivatives upon excitation of the first. This led to the idea of the synthesis of a polyfluorene bearing perylenes dicarboximide as side chains. This perylene-rich polyfluorene has been used to build a photovoltaic cell efficient in the wavelengths of both polyfluorene absorption and perylene carboximide absorption.

Another subject of this work was the design, synthesis and characterisation of polyfluorenes bearing bulky phenoxy groups as side-chains. These polymers, due to their lower tendency toward aggregation, exhibited a better stability of their emission colour upon annealing. Similarly, a series of homo- and copolymers of fluorene bearing bulky and hole accepting triphenylamine substituants was synthesised and characterised. In addition to their improved colour stability in comparison with dialkylpolyfluorenes, the LEDs build with these materials exhibited a very low turn on voltage.


Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation chimie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Viljoen, Francois. "A sustainable strategic architecture for the provision of solar energy to SMMEs in Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97284.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Many rural areas in Africa still lack adequate electricity supply. This has been identified as a major obstacle to development in many African nations. The high costs associated with providing electricity through national grid systems prevent many governments from delivering electricity to remote rural areas. The purpose of this study is to define a strategic architecture and business model that can be used to provide solar energy to Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) in Africa. The desired outcome is a sustainable business model for solar energy provision that can be implemented in the African context. This study uses the strategic architecture framework developed by Ungerer, Pretorius and Herholdt (2011) to achieve this. Primary data was collected through interviews with industry experts and this was supplemented with a comprehensive review of current literature. An analysis of the PV market shows that solar PV has grown significantly over the past decade and the industry is already extremely competitive. The highest competitive pressures include substitute products, high buyer bargaining because of low product differentiation, and the threat of new entrants. The industry has a clearly defined value chain starting with the manufacturing of PV panels and other systems components, but goes as far as providing financing to customers. The profit potential in the industrial and commercial segments is highest and key competitors in this segment offer similar products and services. The customer analysis showed that small businesses vary considerably in the products and services they offer and that their energy needs also differ. Services that can be offered to these customers include energy efficiency assessments, system design, pre-project services, financing, system installation and system monitoring, operation and maintenance. The organisation that will implement the strategy is a company called Solshare. The organisation identified its vision and mission, and core values and defined the domain it will participate in. The commercial and industrial segments are regarded as the most appealing segments and the core product offering is energy efficiency assessments and solar installations. This will be offered through an innovative shared-solar model that also includes system financing, system monitoring and system optimisation, and will be implemented by carefully selected partners to minimise cost. Solshare’s objective is to develop a distinctive competence in financing and implementing shared-solar projects through strategic partnerships, while providing excellent customer service. It will employ is a focused low-cost strategy by providing solar energy to small businesses at the lowest cost possible, through a shared resource approach. Costs will be managed by focusing on a core set of activities and outsourcing non-core activities. The key value proposition is the development, installation and servicing of quality shared-solar solutions at the lowest cost. The cost drivers include the costs of solar system components procured from suppliers, the installation costs, salaries, marketing costs, system maintenance, and legal fees to draw up contracts and lease agreements. Income streams include energy assessments, fees charged for site selection and procurement, the installation of systems, and the monitoring and maintenance of installed systems. The capital mix consists of 30% equity and 70% debt and organisation aims to optimise resource velocity through completing new installations within a four month period and by employing a core team of professional sales and technical staff, while outsourcing non-core processes.
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Deo, Vishwadeep. "Real-Time Adaptive Systems for Building Envelopes." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19769.

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The thesis attempts to investigate the issues pertaining to design, fabrication and application of real-time adaptive systems for building envelopes, and to answer questions raised by the idea of motion in architecture. The thesis uses the Solar Decathlon Competition as a platform to base all the research and consequently to verify their applications. Photo-voltaic (PV) panels and shading devices are two different components of Georgia Institute of Technology s the Solar Decathlon House, located above the roof, that are based on the concept of Homeostasis or self-regulated optimization. For the PV panels, the objective is to optimize energy production, by controlling their movement to track the changing position of Sun, whereas, the objective for the shading devices is to reduce heating or cooling loads by controlling the position of shading devices, thus controlling direct and diffused heat gains through the roof. To achieve this adaptive feature, it required three layers of operations. First was the design of the mechanics of movement, which tried to achieve the required motion for the PV panels and shading devices by using minimum components and parameters. Second was the design of the individual parts that are consistent with the overall concept of the House. And finally, the third layer is the design of controls that automates the motion of the PV panels and Shading Devices, using a set of sensors that actuate the attached motors. As a final product, there is an attempt to integrate the precision and material efficiency of digital fabrication with the self-regulated optimization of the roof components.
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Badawy, Mohamed O. "Grid Tied PV/Battery System Architecture and Power Management for Fast Electric Vehicles Charging." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1468858915.

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Poláková, Simona. "Příprava perovskitových solárních článků se standardní n-i-p strukturou a jejich optimalizace." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444539.

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The diploma thesis deals with the study of perovskite solar cells with a regular n-i-p architecture. The theoretical part of this work is mainly focused on the stability of perovskite solar cells, i.e. thermal stability and the influence of UV radiation on final perovskite solar cell stability. Furthermore, the deposition methods, the architecture of solar cells and the materials used for the preparation of electron and hole transport layers were described in more detail. The experimental part deals with the optimization of the preparation of perovskite solar cells (especially in terms of resulting photovoltaic conversion efficiency), with a description of the structure preparation process of the final photovoltaic cell and the interpretation of the measured results.
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Dias, Lucas Sabino. "Incorporação de sistemas fotovoltaicos em envoltórias de Edificações: tecnologia e arquitetura." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16132/tde-01072014-112103/.

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Nossas cidades e edifícios são extremamente dependentes da energia elétrica, produzida, normalmente, em locais afastados dos grandes centros, gastando ainda mais recursos na transmissão, manutenção da rede, transformação de corrente contínua em alternada e assim por diante. Uma das alternativas a este modelo é a utilização de sistemas de produção de energia junto às cidades. Dentre as alternativas para a produção de energia no perímetro urbano, destacam-se os sistemas fotovoltaicos, que são leves, silenciosos, não liberam poluentes na sua utilização, entre outras vantagens. Para que sejam incorporados nos edifícios utilizando todo seu potencial energético e compositivo, como parte da edificação, é necessário que os arquitetos assumam esta responsabilidade como um desafio criativo, de maneira a contribuir para mudança da atual dinâmica dos edifícios e cidades. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem o objetivo de caracterizar atributos que orientem os projetistas na incorporação de sistemas de geração fotovoltaica em envoltórias de edificações. Por meio da experiência prática de projeto, fabricação, montagem, operação e desmontagem do protótipo de Residência Zero Ekó House, que participou da competição de casas solares Solar Decathlon Europe 2012 e de bases bibliográficas, que permitiram apresentar um panorama geral das tecnologias de captação e incorporação fotovoltaicas disponíveis; elaborou-se um modelo de projeto para orientar os projetistas na relação das tecnologias fotovoltaicas com a arquitetura e os edifícios, auxiliando nas tomadas de decisões iniciais do projeto da envoltória do edifício.
Our cities and buildings are extremely dependent on electricity produced, usually, far away from the big cities, expending more resources in transmission, network maintenance, conversion of dc to ac and so on. One alternative to this model is the use of power systems integrated to the cities. Among the alternatives for energy production in urban area, highlight the photovoltaic systems, which are lightweight, silent, does not release pollutants in their use, among other advantages. To be incorporated into buildings using all their energy and aesthetic potential, as part of the building, it is necessary that the architects assume this responsibility as a creative challenge, to contribute to changing the current dynamics of buildings and cities. Thus, this study aims to characterize attributes to guide designers in incorporating photovoltaic systems on the building envelope. Through practical experience in design, manufacture, assembly, operating and disassembly of the Zero Energy prototype Ekó House, who attended the solar house competition Solar Decathlon Europe 2012 and bibliographic databases, which allowed to provide an overview of photovoltaic technologies available; was elaborated a model to guide designers in relation with photovoltaic technologies in architecture and buildings, assisting in making initial decisions related to the envelope of buildings.
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16

Reiter, Renan Diego de Oliveira. "Análise e projeto de conversores estáticos para sistemas fotovoltaicos parcialmente sombreados." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3701.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work presents a study and analysis of photovoltaic systems subject to partial shading, where the main consequence is the reduction of its energy production. To mitigate this problem, it is proposed a new photovoltaic architecture known as hybrid architecture. In this architecture, the system is separated into arrays that can be partially or completely shaded with other arrays that are not shaded. The partially shaded modules are connected in parallel to maximize its energy production, while unshaded ones are connected in series. A dc-dc converter is used with the array with the modules subject to partial shading for maximum power extraction of this array, to match the operating voltage of both arrays, and to ensure that during its operation, the unshaded array operates in maximum power point. Additionally, it is presented the small signal modeling of the dc-dc converter through the generalized modeling technique, with the inclusion of the dynamic of a photovoltaic array through an equivalent approximate model by a voltage source with a series resistance, and linearized for different curve points of the photovoltaic module. The proposed control system for this converter uses a controller based on the internal model principle, as the resonant one, whose objective is, besides eliminating the low frequency ripple at the input of photovoltaic module to reduce the losses of the maximum power point tracking algorithm, also reduce the dc-bus capacitance in dual-stage photovoltaic inverters. Shaded photovoltaic systems present higher complexity to predict its energy production. This is because there are different configurations to connect photovoltaic modules among each other, which results in different values of generated power. Consequently, a general methodology of energy production forecast that uses only the shaded area of the modules as a factor of analysis can be imprecise. Based on this, a new methodology for energy production forecast in partially shaded photovoltaic systems is presented. The proposed method consists in identifying the shaded modules in each time, to quantify the hourly irradiation incident on all modules, analyze the electrical configuration of the array and, from that, calculate the produced energy. At the end are presented simulation and experimental results that validate the use of hybrid architecture in photovoltaic systems that present partial shading conditions.
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo e análise de sistemas fotovoltaicos que apresentam redução da produção de energia devido ao sombreamento parcial em módulos fotovoltaicos. Para mitigar este problema, é proposta uma nova arquitetura de sistemas fotovoltaicos denominada arquitetura híbrida. Nessa arquitetura, o sistema é separado em um arranjo de módulos que podem ser parcialmente ou totalmente sombreados e outro com módulos não-sombreados. Os módulos do arranjo passíveis de sombreamento são conectados em paralelo entre si para se maximizar sua produção de energia, enquanto que os módulos não-sombreados são arranjados em série. Um conversor CC-CC é empregado junto ao arranjo dos módulos passíveis de sombreamento para extração da máxima potência desse arranjo, para compatibilizar a tensão de operação dos dois arranjos, e para garantir que durante a operação conjunta, o arranjo que nunca é sombreado opere no ponto de máxima potência. Adicionalmente, obtém-se a modelagem de pequenos sinais do conversor CC-CC através da modelagem generalizada, com a inclusão da dinâmica de um arranjo fotovoltaico através de um modelo equivalente aproximado por uma fonte de tensão em série com uma resistência, e linearizado para diversos pontos da curva do painel. Como proposta de sistema de controle desse conversor, utiliza-se um controlador baseado no princípio do modelo interno, como o ressonante, cujo objetivo é, além de eliminar a ondulação em baixa frequência presente na entrada dos painéis para reduzir as perdas do algoritmo de rastreamento do ponto de máxima potência, também possibilitar a redução da capacitância do barramento CC de inversores de duplo estágio. Sistemas fotovoltaicos sombreados apresentam maior complexidade para se prever a produção de energia. Isso ocorre pois existem diversas configurações para se conectar os módulos fotovoltaicos entre si, cujo impacto resulta em diferentes valores da energia gerada. Por consequência, uma metodologia generalizada de previsão da produção de energia que utilize apenas a área sombreada dos módulos como fator de análise pode ser pouco precisa. Com base nisso, uma nova metodologia para previsão da produção de energia em sistemas fotovoltaicos parcialmente sombreados é apresentada. O método proposto consiste em identificar os módulos sombreados em cada hora, quantificar a irradiação horária incidente em todos os módulos, analisar a configuração elétrica do arranjo e, a partir disso, calcular a energia produzida. Por fim são apresentados resultados de simulação e experimentais que validam a utilização da arquitetura híbrida em sistemas fotovoltaicos que apresentam condições de sombreamento parcial.
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17

Ramond, Adrien. "Conception et réalisation d'une nouvelle architecture multi-entrées multi-sorties pour la gestion de micro puissance dans les systèmes autonomes." Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660368.

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L'autonomie énergétique des systèmes embarqués est un frein majeur au développement de l'intelligence ambiante et de l'internet des objets. Cette thèse présente un système générique de gestion de micro-puissance capable d'alimenter un nœud de réseau de capteurs autonomes et communicant sans fil (WSN). L'architecture proposée est basée sur un convertisseur DC/DC abaisseur simple inductance multi-entrées multi-sorties (SI MIMO) associé à un circuit de recherche du point de puissance maximal (MPPT) très basse consommation. Nous montrons dans ce travail que cette famille de convertisseurs permet d'hybrider efficacement plusieurs sources et plusieurs éléments de stockage pour fournir les tensions régulées nécessaires à l'alimentation électrique d'un nœud de WSN. Pour ce faire, et dans le cadre du projet PCB², nous avons réalisé un convertisseur SI MIMO à base de composants discrets ultra basse consommation sur carte PCB. Ce convertisseur interface un récupérateur piézoélectrique, une cellule photovoltaïque et une batterie fine au LIPON (Lithium Phosphorous Oxynitride) enterrée dans le circuit imprimé, pour alimenter un capteur de température enregistreur. Le développement de modèles pour chacun de ces dispositifs et leur implémentation dans un environnement de simulation système en VHDL-AMS a permis, dans un premier temps, de valider le concept présenté, puis, a guidé le travail de conception et d'optimisation du circuit du démonstrateur. Le rendement ainsi obtenu avoisine 55% dans les conditions normales d'utilisation et tend vers 70% lorsque le niveau de puissance qui transite dans le convertisseur dépasse 500 µW.
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18

Heidel, Timothy David. "Photosynthesis-inspired device architectures for organic photovoltaics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57534.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2010.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-166).
Organic semiconductor photovoltaics offer a promising route to low-cost, scalable, emissions-free electricity generation. However, achieving higher power conversion efficiencies is critical before these devices can play a larger role in our future energy generation landscape. Organic photovoltaic devices are currently limited by two primary challenges: (1) a trade-off between light absorption and exciton diffusion and (2) low open-circuit voltage due to charge recombination at the donor-acceptor interface. In this work, we demonstrate two new device architectures inspired by photosynthesis that aim to overcome these two challenges. First, we overcome the trade-off between light absorption and exciton diffusion by introducing an external light absorbing antenna layer. We model energy transfer from the antenna to the charge generating layers via surface plasmon polariton modes in the interfacial thin silver contact and via radiation into waveguide modes. We experimentally demonstrate devices with both single layer antennas and strongly absorbing resonant cavity antennas. We measure energy transfer efficiency from the antenna layer to the PV active layers as high as 51±10%. We discuss structural design criteria and describe ideal antenna material characteristics. Second, we reduce charge transfer state recombination in organic photovoltaics by inserting a thin interfacial layer at the donor-acceptor interface. The thin interfacial layer creates a cascade energy structure that destabilizes the Coulombically bound charge transfer state formed immediately following exciton dissociation. We nd the optimal interfacial layer thickness to be approximately 1.5 nm. In CuPc/C₆₀ devices, under simulated solar illumination the short-circuit current increased 34%, the open-circuit voltage increased 33%, and the power conversion eciency increased 49%. Thin interfacial layers can also be used to study the physics of exciton separation.
by Timothy David Heidel.
Ph.D.
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19

Sullivan, Paul James. "Novel device architectures for improved organic molecular photovoltaic cells." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441963.

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20

Bolognesi, Margherita. "Organic bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic devices: materials, device architectures and interfacial processes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128202.

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Research on organic photovoltaic devices (OPV) has developed during the past 30 years, but especially in the last decade it has attracted scientific and economic interest triggered by a rapid increase in power conversion efficiencies. Thanks to the indtroduction of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) concept, today BHJ OPV efficiencies are exceeding 9%. This thesis gives an overview on the different possible strategies that could be adopted for a further. improvement of BHJ OPV devices performances. The accurate analysis of the chemical, energetic and physical criteria governing the solar cells functioning allowed to individuate some critical aspects and apply possible solutions by a fine tuning of the materials chemical structures, device processing techniques and device architecture engineering. Even though noit in all cases the applied strategy successfully led to device efficiency improvements, the fundamental understanding of some of the efficiency limiting factors could serve as useful scientific basis for future developments.
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21

Juhlin, Henrik. "Planering, förutsättningar ocheffekter av implementering avsolceller i stadsutvecklingsprojekt." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets elektronik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-148976.

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Today, buildings utilize 40 % of the total energy consumption. New energyrestrictions and directives have entered the construction industry. Photovoltaic is asustainable, clean and quiet solution that integrates well in the urban environment buthave not yet reached a breakthrough on the Swedish market. The conditions for solarenergy production are often set in the early planning stages where they rarely arebeing prioritized.This master of engineering project focuses on identifying problems regardingimplementation of photovoltaic in city development projects and giving suggestions topossible improvements in the planning- and construction process. It also givesrecommendations on how the conditions for energy production can be optimized inthe early zoning stage.By conducting simulations with PVsystV5.21, on three ongoing city developmentprojects in Umeå, Malmö and Stockholm and by carry out and analyzing interviewswith city planners, constructors and architects, some conclusions have been made.Several improvements, both politically, with changes in the subsidization systemand/or instatement of a new law with feed-in tariffs, and within the solar- andconstruction industry itself, with better communication between different parts of theprocess as well as better use of experience, can be made. By including photovoltaic inthe local plan it is possible to give a region large areas with orientation toward south,increasing the solar energy potential with up to 50 % which also increase themotivation for implementing photovoltaic in the project. These are essential for asignificant increase of photovoltaic in city development.
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22

Huang, Chih-Hao. "Towards supramolecular heterojunctions : self-assembled hydrogen-bonded architectures for organic photovoltaic devices." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13320.

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Ces travaux ont pour but la conception et la synthèse de composants moléculaires photo-et électro-actifs programmés l'auto-organiser en hétérojonctions supramoléculaires actives en conversion photovoltaïque. L'utilisation de fullerène (C60) et d'oligothiophène portant des motifs de reconnaissances moléculaires par liaisons hydrogène permet la conception d'architectures supraméoléculaires en ruban, optimisées pour la séparation et le transport de charges efficaces. L'étude de monocouches auto-assemblées portant des groupes de reconnaissance moléculaires permet de structurer la couche active et augmente la réponse photovoltaïque des dispositifs. La fabrication de cellules solaires organiques à l'état solide avec ces matériaux auto-assemblées a également été étudiée.
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23

Gailly, Frédéric. "Alimentation électrique d'un site isolé à partir d'un générateur photovoltaïque associé à un tandem électrolyseur/pile à combustible (batterie H2/O2)." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/11527/1/Gailly_Frederic.pdf.

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Les systèmes à énergies renouvelables couplés à un stockage hydrogène apportent des solutions nouvelles et innovantes à l'alimentation électrique des milieux peu ou non électrifiés. Le concept de batterie H2 qui équipe ce type de système est une forme de stockage originale qui apporte l'autonomie et l'indépendance électrique pour des longues durées (typiquement stockage saisonnier). Le fonctionnement de cette batterie H2 est le suivant : un électrolyseur produit des gaz (H2 et O2) avec les surplus d'énergie de la source renouvelable ; l'hydrogène, voire l'oxygène, est ensuite stocké dans des réservoirs pour être utilisé ultérieurement grâce à une pile à combustible lorsque la source renouvelable est insuffisante. Dans cette étude, nous nous intéresserons spécifiquement au couplage entre des générateurs photovoltaïques avec une batterie H2/O2 pour l'alimentation d'un site isolé sans interruption. Ces travaux de recherche s'inscrivent dans le projet ANR PEPITE (ANR-PanH 2007-2012) et ont été menés en partenariat avec HELION Hydrogen Power, le CEA Liten et l'Université de Corse. Le projet est également labellisé par les pôles de compétitivité CAPENERGIES et TENERRDIS. Tout d'abord, une réflexion générale s'appuyant sur les propriétés d'une batterie H2/O2 démontre la nécessité d'introduire une batterie (ici au plomb) pour garantir un fonctionnement instantané et sans interruption. Puis, une étude qualitative sur les architectures électriques possibles (bus de tension DC, AC…) a été menée pour s'achever sur une étude quantitative réalisée spécifiquement pour le projet PEPITE. Parallèlement à cela, différentes stratégies de gestions énergétiques ont été proposées afin d'utiliser les deux stockages dans les meilleures conditions, de limiter leur vieillissement ainsi que les pertes. Deux bancs d'essais à échelle réduite (un premier à bus DC et un second à bus AC) ont été réalisés au sein du laboratoire LAPLACE afin de valider les études et de préparer le prototype final qui sera testé sur le site de HELION Hydrogen Power au cours de l'été 2011.
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24

Schuchardt, Guillaume. "Performance et durée de vie des architectures photovoltaïques organiques tandems." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAA004/document.

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Le photovoltaïque organique est une technologie pleine de promesses tant ses avantages sont nombreux : flexibilité, légèreté, conformabilité, faible coût de fabrication, etc. Seulement, les rendements modérés et la durée de vie limitée des dispositifs ralentissent encore son déploiement. L’une des stratégies envisagée à l’augmentation des rendements est l’utilisation d’une architecture tandem qui consiste en la superposition de deux sous-cellules ayant des spectres d’absorption complémentaires. Seulement, aucune étude n’a été faite sur la stabilité de ces dispositifs dans le temps. Ce travail de thèse a donc pour objectif de concevoir des cellules tandems à haut rendement et d’étudier leur durée de vie sous une illumination AM1.5G 1000 W/m².Dans un premier temps, un travail d’optimisation en cellule simple a permis d’atteindre des rendements compris entre 2,7% et 5,6% en moyenne. Ces dispositifs ont été ensuite intégrés en cellule tandem avec l’appui d’un outil de simulation optique permettant d’atteindre des rendements proches des 7% et affichant un gain de 1% en moyenne par rapport aux meilleures dispositifs simple jonction.L’étude de la stabilité a été ensuite faite suivant une approche systémique des propriétés optiques (UV-Visible), optoélectroniques (EQE et J(V)) et électroniques (Spectroscopie d’impédance et SKP) des dispositifs simple et double jonction et des matériaux seuls. Les diminutions de performances observées sont liées à une dégradation principalement causées par les molécules acceptrices utilisées. Une amélioration de la durée de vie des sous-cellules en architecture tandems a également été observée probablement due à un effet filtre.Enfin, une première étude de la spectroscopie d’impédance appliquée aux cellules tandems est présentée ; technique permettant potentiellement de suivre l’évolution de chaque sous-cellule indépendamment dans le temps.Mots-clés : cellule solaire photovoltaïque organique tandem, simulation optique, vieillissement, spectroscopie d’impédance, dimérisation, dégradation, PC71BM
Organic photovoltaics is a promising technology with many advantages: flexibility, lightness, conformability, and low manufacturing costs. The only limiting factors to its commercialization are the moderate efficiency and the limited lifetime of the devices. One strategy that can increase its efficiency is the use of a tandem architecture which consists of a stack of two subcells with complementary absorption spectra. However, no study has been done on the stability of these devices. The objective of this thesis is to design high-performance tandem cells and study their stability under illumination AM1.5 1000 W/m². As a first step, the optimization of single cells allowed us to achieve efficiencies from 2.7% to 5.6% on average. These devices were then combined to form a tandem cell with the support of an optical simulation tool. This resulted in efficiency close to 7% and a gain of 1% on average compared to the best simple junction devices. A stability study was then carried out using a systemic approach to the optical (UV-Visible), optoelectronic (EQE and J (V)) and electronic (Impedance Spectroscopy and SKP) properties of single and double junction devices and of the materials themselves. Decreases in performance were observed, which are related to a degradation mainly caused by the acceptor molecules. Any prolongation in the lifetime of sub-cells in tandem architecture can be explained by a filter effect. Finally, a preliminary study of impedance spectroscopy applied to tandem cells is presented. This technique would allow us to follow the degradation of each sub-cell independently directly in the tandem architecture.Keywords : organic tandem solar cell, optical simulation, ageing, impedance spectroscopy, dimerization, degradation, PC71BM
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Abdi, Jalebi Mojtaba. "Chemical modifications and passivation approaches in metal halide perovskite solar cells." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283216.

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This dissertation describes our study on different physical properties of passivated and chemically modified hybrid metal halide perovskite materials and development of highly efficient charge transport layers for perovskite solar cells. We first developed an efficient electron transport layer via modification of titanium dioxide nanostructure followed by a unique chemical treatment in order to have clean interface with fast electron injection form the absorber layer in the perovskite solar cells. We then explored monovalent cation doping of lead halide perovskites using sodium, copper and silver with similar ionic radii to lead to enhance structural and optoelectronic properties leading to higher photovoltaic performance of the resulting perovskite solar cells. We also performed thorough experimental characterizations together with modeling to further understand the chemical distribution and local structure of perovskite films upon monovalent cation doping. Then, we demonstrate a novel passivation approach in alloyed perovskite films to inhibit the ion segregation and parasitic non-radiative losses, which are key barriers against the continuous bandgap tunability and potential for high-performance of metal halide perovskites in device applications, by decorating the surfaces and grain boundaries with potassium halides. This leads to luminescence quantum yields approaching unity while maintaining high charge mobilities along with the inhibition of transient photo-induced ion migration processes even in mixed halide perovskites that otherwise show bandgap instabilities. We demonstrate a wide range of bandgaps stabilized against photo-induced ion migration, leading to solar cell power conversion efficiencies of 21.6% for a 1.56 eV absorber and 18.3% for a 1.78 eV absorber ideally suited for tandem solar cells. We then systematically compare the optoelectronic properties and moisture stability of the two developed passivation routes for alloyed perovskites with rubidium and potassium where the latter passivation route showed higher stability and loading capacity leading to achieve substantially higher photoluminescence quantum yield. Finally, we explored the possibility of singlet exciton fission between low bandgap perovskites and tetracene as the triplet sensitizer finding no significant energy transfer between the two. We then used tetracene as an efficient dopant-free hole transport layer providing clean interfaces with perovskite layer leading to high photoluminescence yield (e.g. ~18%). To enhance the poor ohmic contact between tetracene and the metal electrode, we added capping layer of a second hole transport layer which is extrinsically doped leading to 21.5% power conversion efficiency for the subsequent solar cells and stabilised power output over 550 hours continuous illumination.
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26

Howden, Rachel M. (Rachel Mary). "Oxidative chemical vapor deposition of conductive polymers for use in novel photovoltaic device architectures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81680.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
The conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), (PEDOT), deposited via oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) has been investigated for use in organic electronic devices. The oCVD process as well as the application of oCVD PEDOT in photovoltaic devices is described. oCVD enables the synthesis of conjugated conductive films with advantageous properties for organic optoelectronic device applications. The oCVD process of forming the polymer film allows compatibility with a wide range of substrates, including those that are flexible or fragile, and provides a relatively low-energy means of depositing film layers that may not be possible through solution or other processing. Films deposited using varying oCVD process and pre- and post-treatment parameters (e.g. temperature, oxidant exposure, rinsing) were characterized based on their physical and electrical properties. It was found that acid rinsing of the already deposited films led to lower sheet resistance and surface roughness and an improvement in film stability. The oCVD PEDOT has been demonstrated as a replacement for solution-processed PEDOT:PSS as a hole transporting layer as well as for the transparent electrode material (typically ITO) in typical organic photovoltaic structures. Reverse-structure photovoltaic cells were also created using direct deposition of PEDOT electrodes onto small molecule active layer materials yielding fully dry-processed devices. The direct deposition of PEDOT top electrodes has enabled the fabrication of devices on opaque substrates leading to a greater than ten-fold improvement in previous devices fabricated on paper. Compatibility with novel photovoltaic materials has been demonstrated in work done using oCVD PEDOT as HTLs on graphene electrodes to make ITO-free devices.
by Rachel M. Howden.
Ph.D.
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27

Caballero, Sandra Catalina. "Architectural variations in residences and their effects on energy generation by photovoltaics." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41204.

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In the current global market, there are plenty solutions for the savings of energy in the different areas of consumption in buildings: Green roofs and walls, cool roofs, daylighting, motion sensors, and others but there are very few sources of renewable energy at the reach of a common person in residential (smaller) scale. Photovoltaic systems are the most well-know and reliable process of harvesting energy at this small scale. The relationship between energy demand and energy production when installing a photovoltaics system in a residence is one of the main drivers while making a decision at the time of purchasing a system. However, architectural decisions in early stages may influence, enhance or even decrease the possible energy generation and interior performance, thus influencing the possible return of investment. This study evaluates the possible architectural variations that may be beneficial or disadvantegous at a particular city and other circumstances. From, roof, angle, location, roof articulation, layout articulation , shading devices and others, this paper shows a spectrum of convenient and inconvenient projects due to current conditions like climate, solar radiation, typical construction, electricity rates and government incentives. As a conclusion a hierarchy of architectural elements when being used with photovoltaics is developed to demonstrate that a common user can strategically play with architectural features of his/her house to take the most out of the system.
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28

Parize, Romain. "Architectures radiales à base de nanofils de ZnO pour des applications photovoltaïques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI017/document.

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L'énergie solaire représente un énorme potentiel pour la production d'électricité. Les recherches dans ce domaine se sont donc accélérées au cours des dernières années; en particulier le développement de matériaux semiconducteurs non-toxiques pouvant être élaborés par une technique bas côut et facile de mise en oeuvre telle que les croissances en chimie liquide. C'est dans ce contexte que l'oxyde de zinc (ZnO) prend une place de plus en plus importante au sein des laboratoires de recherche.Cette thèse a été effectuée dans plusieurs buts. Le premier était d'améliorer notre compréhension des mécanismes mis jeu lors de la croissance de nanofils de ZnO par dépôt en bain chimique, et notamment le rôle des précurseurs chimiques introduits dans le bain. Par la suite, des études morphologiques et du recuit de cristallisation de couches minces de TiO2 et de Sb2S3 déposées sous forme de coquilles sur les nanofils de ZnO par ALD, SILAR et pyrolyse d'aérosol se sont révélées primordiales pour l'élaboration de cellules solaires composées d'hétérostructures à base de nanofils de ZnO/TiO2/SB2S3. Dans ce type de cellule le ZnO joue le rôle de conducteur d'électrons alors que le TiO2 passive les états de surface des nanofils de ZnO et les protège. Le Sb2S3, quant à lui,absorbe les photons du spectre solaire et produit des excitons pour la création de courant.Ces hétérostructures sont élaborées pour la toute première fois et n'ont jamais été rapportées dans la littérature. Un rendement de photoconversion de 2,3% a été déterminé. Cette valeur est encourageante pour la suite des études et représente le premier rendement efficace pour ce type d'hétérostructures très prometteuses
Solar energy has a huge potential for the futur electricity generation. The research in this area is therefore accelerating these last years; Especially, the development of non-toxic semiconductor materials, which can be elaborated by a low-cost and easy-to-use techniques such as growths in liquid chemistry. In this context, zinc oxide (ZnO) has become increasingly important in research laboratories.This thesis has been carried out for several purposes. The first was to improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the growth of ZnO nanowires by chemical bath deposition, and, in particular, the role of chemical precursors introduced into the bath. Subsequently, morphological studies and crystallization annealing studies of TiO2 and Sb2S3 shells deposited on ZnO nanowires by ALD, SILAR and spray pyrolysis are found to be essential for the preparation of heterostructures based on ZnO nanowires/TiO2/SB2S3 for solar cells. In this kind of cell, the ZnO is the electron conductor, whereas the TiO2 passivates the surface of the ZnO nanowires and protects them. The Sb2S3 absorbs the photons of the solar spectrum and produces excitons for the creation of current.These heterostructures are elaborated for the first time and have never been reported in the literature. A photoconversion efficiency of 2.3% was determined in this manuscript. This value is encouraging for the next studies on these materials and represents the first effective efficiency for this kind of promising heterostructures
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29

Blewett-Silcock, Tymandra. "The visual impacts of renewable energy systems : UK public perception of building integrated photovoltaics." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324931.

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30

Le, Tai. "Architectures électriques optimales de centrales photovoltaïques linéaires et services contribués au réseau." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALT014.

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En France, le projet de Programmation pluriannuelle de l’énergie (PPE) publié début 2019 prévoit de multiplier par 4 ou 5 la capacité de production d’énergie photovoltaïque en moins de 10 ans. Dans ce contexte de forte demande en énergie « propre », d’un réseau électrique à fort taux d’énergie renouvelable (ENR) (jusqu’à 30% en 2030 en France) et d’expansion du solaire, ceci nécessite d’installer de nombreuses grandes centrales photovoltaïques (PV) de l’ordre de quelques centaines MW chacune. Or, au regard des surfaces requises, le développement des grandes centrales solaires au sol peut engendrer des conflits d’usage avec les terres agricoles et affecter la biodiversité. La question des terrains disponibles à cette utilisation devient donc cruciale.L’objectif de cette thèse est de présenter et d’étudier une solution qui répond à cette problématique : profiter de surfaces linéaires, s’étendant sur des dizaines, voire des centaines de kilomètres, comme les pistes cyclables, les bordures d’autoroute, les voies ferrées… pour installer des systèmes PV de fortes puissances. Ces surfaces potentielles ont pour avantages d’être très présentes, exploitables pour le PV et pas chères. L’installation de nouveaux types de centrales PV linéaires va ouvrir des opportunités, mais par contre, elles auront aussi des challenges à relever, comme les contraintes techniques spécifiques, à caractériser et étudier.Les travaux de cette thèse vont, entre autres, consister à définir et optimiser l’architecture électrique de ces grands systèmes photovoltaïques linéaires innovants. Elle se divise en six chapitres :- Le premier chapitre présente l’état de l’art et le contexte énergétique de l’énergie renouvelable, de l’énergie solaire et des systèmes PV linéaires.- Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous développons un outil de modélisation qui doit être à la fois précis, fiable, robuste et qui peut s’adapter à chacun des besoins en simulation de la thèse. Dans ce chapitre, nous présentons les modèles Matlab/Simulink détaillés de tous les composants principaux d’un système PV typique.- Dans le troisième chapitre, nous constituons d’abord, à partir des modèles détaillés des composants développés dans le chapitre précédent, un modèle complet d’un système PV. Après avoir vérifié la fiabilité de ce modèle, nous l’utilisons pour modéliser différentes architectures électriques d’une grande centrale PV linéaire afin d’estimer les performances relatives de chacune d’elles, d’étudier les exigences ou limites techniques et de déterminer des architectures innovantes et plus performantes pour ce nouveau type de système PV.- Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous concevons un outil d’optimisation efficace afin de traiter des problèmes d’optimisation technico-économique des grands systèmes PV linéaires, car les aspects financiers sont toujours prépondérants dans la conception d’une centrale et de ses composants.- Au cinquième chapitre, nous exploitons les contributions avantageuses que peuvent apporter les systèmes PV linéaires de forte puissance occupant un territoire sur une longueur notable vis-à-vis des services pour le réseau électrique. Six différents services auxiliaires seront abordés : le réglage de fréquence, le réglage de tension, l’amélioration de la stabilité du réseau, la capacité de support en cas de court-circuit, la gestion de congestion et la compensation des pertes de transport d’électricité.- Enfin, la thèse se termine par une conclusion sur les points innovants et les avantages que les centrales PV linéaires offrent pour répondre à de réels besoins et procurer des bénéfices, choses que les architectures classiques ne peuvent pas proposer. Nous faisons aussi un point sur les limites de la politique énergétique et de la technologie actuelle vis-à-vis de ce nouveau type de système PV et ouvrons quelques perspectives qui pourront faire suite à cette recherche
In France, the Multiannual Energy Programming project published in early 2019 plans to multiply by 4 or 5 the production capacity of photovoltaic energy in less than 10 years. In this context of strong demand for "clean" energy, an electricity network with a high rate of renewable energy (ENR) (up to 30% in 2030 in France) and the expansion of solar energy, many large photovoltaic (PV) plants of the order of a few hundred MW each have to be installed. However, because of the required surfaces, the development of large-scale ground-mounted solar power plants can lead to conflicts of use with agricultural land and affect biodiversity. The question of the land availability for this use therefore becomes crucial.The objective of this thesis is to present and study a solution that can respond to this problem: take advantage of linear surfaces, extending from hundreds of meters to tens, or even hundreds of kilometers, and only a few meters or few tens of meters large, such as cycle paths, motorway edges, railways, river dikes, etc. to install high-power PV systems. These potential surfaces have the advantages of being very present in Europe and throughout the world, exploitable for PV and inexpensive (because of little value for other uses). The installation of new types of linear PV plants will open up opportunities but on the other hand, they also have challenges to face such as technical problems to identify and study.The work of this thesis will, in particular, consist in defining and optimizing the electrical architecture of these large-scale innovative linear photovoltaic systems, according to criteria related to energy performance, operating reliability and installation, maintenance costs because so-called classical architectures are unsuitable here. This thesis will also aim to identify the services contributed by these plants to the electricity network. It is divided into six chapters:- The first chapter presents the state of the art and the energy context of renewable energy, solar energy and linear PV systems.- In the second chapter, we develop a modeling tool, which must be at the same time precise, reliable, robust and which can be adapted to each of the simulation needs of the thesis. In this chapter, we present detailed Matlab / Simulink models of all major components of a typical PV system.- In the third chapter, we first constitute, from the detailed models of the components developed in the previous chapter, a complete model of a PV system. After verifying the reliability of this model, we use it to model different electrical architectures of a large-scale linear PV plant in order to estimate the relative performance of each of them, study the technical requirements or limits and determine innovative and more efficient architectures for this new type of PV system.- In the fourth chapter, we design an efficient optimization tool in order to deal with technical and economic optimization problems of large-scale linear PV systems, since financial aspects are always preponderant in the design of a plant and its components.- In the fifth chapter, we exploit the advantageous contributions that high power linear PV systems occupying a territory over a significant length can make regarding the services for the electricity network. Six different auxiliary services, or even system services are discussed: frequency adjustment, voltage adjustment, improvement of network stability, support capacity in the event of a short-circuit, congestion management and compensation of electricity transmission losses.- Finally, the thesis ends with a conclusion on the innovative points and the advantages of linear PV plants to offer the possibility of responding to real needs and provide benefits that conventional architectures cannot. We also make a review of the limits of current policy and technology regarding this new PV system type and open some perspectives that may follow this research
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31

Belchi, Raphaëlle. "Architectures à base de nanostructures de carbone et TiO₂pour le photovoltaïque." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS329/document.

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Le photovoltaïque est une énergie renouvelable pouvant aider à lutter contre le réchauffement climatique et l’épuisement des ressources fossiles utilisées pour la production d’énergie. La filière émergente à base de matériaux pérovskites (photovoltaïque de 3ème génération) est très prometteuse car elle utilise des matériaux abondants et faciles à mettre en œuvre (technologie bas-coût) et a montré de plus des rendements record compétitifs en peu de temps. Il reste cependant des verrous technologiques à lever afin de pouvoir développer cette technologie à grande échelle. L’un deux consiste à améliorer la couche de TiO₂ qui transporte les électrons et dont les défauts limitent les performances et la durée de vie des cellules photovoltaïques pérovskites. Ce travail propose l’utilisation de matériaux à base de nanostructures de carbone et de TiO₂ pour améliorer le transport et la collecte des électrons au sein de ces cellules photovoltaïques et ainsi améliorer leur rendement. Pour cela, la pyrolyse laser, technique singulière de production continue de nanoparticules, a été adaptée pour l’élaboration de nanocomposites TiO₂/graphène aux propriétés contrôlées. Ces matériaux ont été caractérisés puis intégrés aux cellules photovoltaïques pérovskites qui ont démontré une meilleure efficacité en présence de graphène. Par ailleurs, ce travail présente une architecture innovante à base de nanotubes de carbone alignés verticalement, en vue d’une application pour la collecte des électrons photo-générés des cellules photovoltaïques pérovskites. Les matériaux carbonés présentent donc de fortes potentialités pour l’optoélectronique, et plus particulièrement pour le photovoltaïque de 3ème génération
Photovoltaic is a promising renewable energy to tackle global warming and the depletion of fossil resources. The emerging field of perovskite solar cells (3rd generation photovoltaic) is very attractive because it uses abundant and easy-processing materials (low-cost technology) and provides competitive efficiencies.Still, efforts remain to be performed to develop this technology, especially concerning the improvement of efficient and reliable charge transporting electrodes. Titanium dioxide layer, commonly used for electron extraction, presents defects that limit the performance and lifetime of the perovskite solar cells.This work proposes the use of materials based on TiO₂ and carbon nanostructures to improve the electron transport and collection within the solar cells, in order to enhance the power conversion efficiency. The singular technique of laser pyrolysis, which is a continuous process of nanoparticles synthesis, was adapted to produce TiO₂/graphene nanocomposites with well-controlled properties. These materials have been characterized and integrated into perovskite solar cells that demonstrate an improved efficiency in presence of graphene.Besides, this work presents an innovating architecture based on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes for the electron collection of a perovskite solar cell. We show then the strong potential of carbon materials for optoelectronic, especially 3rd generation photovoltaic
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32

El, Moussawi Zeinab. "Matériaux composites nano-architecturés à base de nanotubes de carbone pour application photovoltaïque." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI095.

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L’utilisation des nanotubes de carbone (CNT) dans les cellules photovoltaïques (PV) se limitent à leur application comme électrodes ou comme dopant dans la couche active à cause de leur conductivité extrêmement élevée provocant des courts-circuits au sein de la cellule. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons proposé et validé un nouveau concept consistant à développer les SWNT comme matériaux actifs accepteurs alternatifs au PCBM (dérivé de fullerène) pour le photovoltaïque organique.Nous avons développé une voie de synthèse chimique basée sur la fonctionnalisation contrôlée des SWNT et la quantification de leur degré de fonctionnalisation. Ce nouveau concept permettra l’élaboration des SWNT « sur mesure » avec des conductivités et des propriétés optiques et électrochimiques modulables et adéquats avec les propriétés requise pour une intégration dans les dispositifs photovoltaïques en hétérojonctions avec les polymères pi-conjugués donneurs commerciaux.Il a été mis en évidence grâce aux caractérisations des propriétés finales des SWNT synthétisés que la conductivité, l’absorption dans l’UV-visible et les propriétés électrochimiques évoluent graduellement selon deux modes en fonction du degré de fonctionnalisation. De plus, la fonctionnalisation contrôlée des SWNT induit un effet dispersant permettant de faciliter leur intégration dans les dispositifs PV en utilisant les technologies de mise en œuvre par voie solvant existantes comme l’impression par jet d’encre ou roll-to-roll l’élaboration des couches minces par voie solvant. La preuve de ce concept a été validée grâce aux tests en cellules PV avec un polymère standard commercial P3HT et un polymère à faible gap optique synthétisé
Controlled modulation of intrinsic functional (absorption, band gap, conductivity) and physico-chemical properties (dispersability, solvent-processability) of CNTs could broaden up their application potential in nanotechnology. However, it has been an ambitious synthetic goal for more than a decade. In this work, we developed an efficient methodology to do so in a mastered manner on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). It involves the meticulous functionalization based on gradual formation of covalent aryl bonds. It was proven that, the intrinsic electrical conductivity, optical and electrochemical properties of the functionalized SWNTs could be gradually modulated in two steps depending on the functionalization degree. The so- controlled covalent functionalization was the basic synthetic technique to make SWNT easier to manipulate and tolerably soluble, with modulated electrical and electrochemical properties, so that the performances in photovoltaic cells were unusually appreciated. Unsorted functionalized SWNTs were employed in organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells as electron acceptors or dopants with commercial polymer (P3HT) and novel, synthesized low bandgap copolymer, respectively
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33

Diac, Andreea Petronela. "Design, synthesis and supramolecular architectures of new heterocyclic compounds with potential applications in material chemistry and photovoltaic conversion." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0019/document.

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La thèse intitulée «Design, Synthesis and SupramolecularArchitectures of New Heterocyclic Compounds with PotentialApplications in Material Chemistry and Photovoltaic Conversion” eststructurée en cinq chapitres traitant de nouveaux: a)cyclopenta[c]pyrannes hétérocyclique; b)des propriétés fluorescentes; d) potentiels dispositifs de l'électroniquemoléculaire; d) donneurs moléculaires pour les photovoltaïquesorganiques et e) carbon‘quantum’dots électroluminescents.Le premier chapitre présente une étude des dérivéspseudoazulenique ayant une unité cyclopenta[porte sur leur synthèse, l'analyse structurale et leur comportement dansdes réactions de substitution électrophile pour obtenir des composésayant des propriétés fluorescentes.Le deuxième chapitre présentediastéréoisomères et l'étude de propriétés de fluorescencedérivés d’indenopyrone.Le troisième chapitre décrit la synthèse des nouvellesarchitectures basées sur l’unité cyclopenta[être modifiés structurellement par l'influence d'un stimulus chimiqueou électrochimique afin d'élaborer des potentiels dispositifs del'électronique moléculaire.Dans le quatrième chapitre, la synthèsedes propriétés électroniques des nouvelles molécucellules solaires organiques (OSC) ontLe cinquième et dernier chapitre décrit la passivation desdéfauts de surface des nanoparticules de carbone avec desmolécules organiques ou des polymères pour obtenir desnanoparticules de carbone photoluminescentse surnommé ‘quantum dots
The thesis entitled “Design, Synthesis and SupramolecularArchitectures of New Heterocyclic Compounds with PotentialApplications in Material Chemistry and Photovoltaic Conversion” isstructured into five chapters concerning new: a) heterocycliccyclopenta[c]pyrans; b) indenopyrone derivatives with fluorescentproperties; c) potential devices of molecular electronics; d)donors for organic photovoltaics and e) electroluminescent carbon‘quantum’ dots.The first chapter presents a study of pseudoazulenederivatives having a cyclopenta[c]pyran unit. The survey comprises thesynthesis, structural analysis and reactivity towards electrophilicsubstitution in order to obtain fluorescent compounds.The second chapter deals with the separation odiastereoisomers and the study of fluorescent propertiesindenopyrone derivatives.The third chapter describes the synthesis of newarchitectures based on cyclopenta[c]pyran unit that can be structurallymodified by the influence of a chemical or electrochemical stimulus inorder to work as potential devices in molecular electronics.In the fourth chapter, the synthesis andelectronic properties of new molecular donors for organic solar cellswas described.The fifth and last chapter outlines the passivation of surfacedefects on carbon nanoparticles using small organic molecules orpolymers in order to obtain photoluminescent carbon nanoparticlesdubbed as carbon‘quantum’dots
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34

Lovati, Marco. "Methodologies and tools for BiPV implementation in the early stages of architectural design." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/263544.

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Photovoltaic technology is among the best tools our civilization has to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas that are currently altering the atmosphere composition of our planet. The idea of using photovoltaic surfaces on the envelope of buildings is called with the acronym of BIPV (building integrated photovoltaics), it offers the advantage of producing energy in the same location of the demand for electricity. Furthermore, BIPV allows to save monetary and environmental costs by substituting building materials with photovoltaic collectors. As every technology,BIPV follows an adoption pattern that is bringing it from a very limited niche product to a pervasive one. Nevertheless, the adoption rate of BIPV appears to be slow, and the industry has offered little opportunities of business for its stakeholders over the last 20 years. There are multiple reasons for this sluggish growth, and a considerable body of scientific literature has offered potential solutions to the problem. The building industry is notoriously slow in picking up innovation, furthermore the BIPV material needs to compete with much more mature, versatile and often cheaper cladding technologies and materials. Numerous research endeavors are focusing on the development of new BIPV claddings to have diversified colors, dimensions, shapes and other properties. The argument is that the technology is not mature and thus cannot be adopted by the bulk of architects and designers. Unfortunately, the premium characteristics of these new materials often come with a higher price and a reduced efficiency, thus reducing their market potential. Other research endeavors, among which this thesis, are focusing on the design of buildings: trying to include the use of photovoltaics into the architectural practice through education and software development. Numerous software has been developed over the last 20 years with the aim of calculating the productivity or the economic outlook of a BIPV system. The main difference between the existing software and the method presented here lies in the following fact: previously, the capacity and positions of a BIPV system are required as input for the calculation of performance, in this method the capacity and positions of the BIPV system are given as the output of an optimization process. A designer whois skeptical or disengaged about the use of BIPV could be induced to avoid its use entirely by the discouraging simulation results given by the lack of a techno-economic optimal configuration. Conversely, a designer who opt for a premium architectural PV material would, thank to the methodology shown, be able to assess the impact its unitary cost has on the optimal BIPV capacity of the building. Ultimately, the method presented provides new knowledge to the designer regarding the use of BIPV on his building, hopefully this can facilitate the spread of BIPV technology. The method described was translated into a software tool to find the best positions and number of PV surfaces over the envelope of the building and the best associated battery capacity. The tool is based on the combined use of ray-tracing (for irradiation calculation) and optimization algorithms, its use led to the following conclusions: • BIPV is profitable under a wide range of assumptions if installedin the correct capacities • 20% of the residential electric demand can easily be covered by PV without the need for electric storage and in a profitable way • Despite an interesting rate of return of the investment, the payback time was generally found to be long (over 10 years) • More research is needed to assess the risk on the investment on BIPV: if found to be low, future financial mechanisms could increase its spread despite the long payback time • The optimal capacity in energy terms (i.e. the energy consumed on-site minus the energy used to produce a BIPV system) tends to be far higher than any techno-economic optimum • The specific equivalent CO2 emissions for an NPV optimal system have been found to be between 70 and 123 [kg CO2 eq/MWh] under the range of assumptions applied • The installation of optimal BIPV capacity could change the overall residential CO2 emission of -12%, +13%, -29% in England, France and Greece respectively • despite the non optimal placement of a BIPV system compared to a ground mounted, south oriented one, and despite the noncontemporaneity of production and consumption, the BIPV still easily outperforms the energy mix of most countries when optimized for maximum NPV. • The part of the building envelope that have the most annual irradiation (i.e. the roof) should not necessarily host the entirety of the system as other facades might have an advantage in terms of matching production and consumption times. • when different scenarios are made in terms of techno-economic input parameters (e.g. degradation of the system, future costs of maintenance, future variation of electricity price etc..) larger capacities are optimal for optimistic outlooks and vice-versa • the optimal capacity for the expected scenario (i.e. the 50 % ile) can be considered robust as it performs close to the optimum in optimistic and pessimistic scenarios alike. • a reduction in price for the electric storage appears to have a positive effect on the optimal capacity of PV installed for the case study considered. • when a group of households is optimized separately V.S. aggregated together, the aggregation have a huge positive effect on all KPIs of the resulting system: in the NPV optimal system of a case study examined the installed capacity ( +118%), the NPV ( +262.2%) and the self-sufficiency( +51%) improved thanks to aggregation.
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35

Lovati, Marco. "Methodologies and tools for BiPV implementation in the early stages of architectural design." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/263544.

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Abstract:
Photovoltaic technology is among the best tools our civilization has to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas that are currently altering the atmosphere composition of our planet. The idea of using photovoltaic surfaces on the envelope of buildings is called with the acronym of BIPV (building integrated photovoltaics), it offers the advantage of producing energy in the same location of the demand for electricity. Furthermore, BIPV allows to save monetary and environmental costs by substituting building materials with photovoltaic collectors. As every technology,BIPV follows an adoption pattern that is bringing it from a very limited niche product to a pervasive one. Nevertheless, the adoption rate of BIPV appears to be slow, and the industry has offered little opportunities of business for its stakeholders over the last 20 years. There are multiple reasons for this sluggish growth, and a considerable body of scientific literature has offered potential solutions to the problem. The building industry is notoriously slow in picking up innovation, furthermore the BIPV material needs to compete with much more mature, versatile and often cheaper cladding technologies and materials. Numerous research endeavors are focusing on the development of new BIPV claddings to have diversified colors, dimensions, shapes and other properties. The argument is that the technology is not mature and thus cannot be adopted by the bulk of architects and designers. Unfortunately, the premium characteristics of these new materials often come with a higher price and a reduced efficiency, thus reducing their market potential. Other research endeavors, among which this thesis, are focusing on the design of buildings: trying to include the use of photovoltaics into the architectural practice through education and software development. Numerous software has been developed over the last 20 years with the aim of calculating the productivity or the economic outlook of a BIPV system. The main difference between the existing software and the method presented here lies in the following fact: previously, the capacity and positions of a BIPV system are required as input for the calculation of performance, in this method the capacity and positions of the BIPV system are given as the output of an optimization process. A designer whois skeptical or disengaged about the use of BIPV could be induced to avoid its use entirely by the discouraging simulation results given by the lack of a techno-economic optimal configuration. Conversely, a designer who opt for a premium architectural PV material would, thank to the methodology shown, be able to assess the impact its unitary cost has on the optimal BIPV capacity of the building. Ultimately, the method presented provides new knowledge to the designer regarding the use of BIPV on his building, hopefully this can facilitate the spread of BIPV technology. The method described was translated into a software tool to find the best positions and number of PV surfaces over the envelope of the building and the best associated battery capacity. The tool is based on the combined use of ray-tracing (for irradiation calculation) and optimization algorithms, its use led to the following conclusions: • BIPV is profitable under a wide range of assumptions if installedin the correct capacities • 20% of the residential electric demand can easily be covered by PV without the need for electric storage and in a profitable way • Despite an interesting rate of return of the investment, the payback time was generally found to be long (over 10 years) • More research is needed to assess the risk on the investment on BIPV: if found to be low, future financial mechanisms could increase its spread despite the long payback time • The optimal capacity in energy terms (i.e. the energy consumed on-site minus the energy used to produce a BIPV system) tends to be far higher than any techno-economic optimum • The specific equivalent CO2 emissions for an NPV optimal system have been found to be between 70 and 123 [kg CO2 eq/MWh] under the range of assumptions applied • The installation of optimal BIPV capacity could change the overall residential CO2 emission of -12%, +13%, -29% in England, France and Greece respectively • despite the non optimal placement of a BIPV system compared to a ground mounted, south oriented one, and despite the noncontemporaneity of production and consumption, the BIPV still easily outperforms the energy mix of most countries when optimized for maximum NPV. • The part of the building envelope that have the most annual irradiation (i.e. the roof) should not necessarily host the entirety of the system as other facades might have an advantage in terms of matching production and consumption times. • when different scenarios are made in terms of techno-economic input parameters (e.g. degradation of the system, future costs of maintenance, future variation of electricity price etc..) larger capacities are optimal for optimistic outlooks and vice-versa • the optimal capacity for the expected scenario (i.e. the 50 % ile) can be considered robust as it performs close to the optimum in optimistic and pessimistic scenarios alike. • a reduction in price for the electric storage appears to have a positive effect on the optimal capacity of PV installed for the case study considered. • when a group of households is optimized separately V.S. aggregated together, the aggregation have a huge positive effect on all KPIs of the resulting system: in the NPV optimal system of a case study examined the installed capacity ( +118%), the NPV ( +262.2%) and the self-sufficiency( +51%) improved thanks to aggregation.
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36

Khanduyeva, Natalya. "Conjugated Polymer Brushes (Poly(3-hexylthiophene) brushes): new electro- and photo-active molecular architectures." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1232556562686-70575.

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The aim of the present work was to screen the main methods for the synthesis of conjugated polymers for their suitability in the preparation of conductive polymer brushes. The main focus was put on the grafting of intrinsically soluble substituted regioregular polyalkylthiophenes because of their excellent optoelectronic properties. The resulting polymer films were characterized and their optoelectrical properties studied. For the first time, a synthesis of conductive polymer brushes on solid substrates using “grafting-from” method was performed. The most important, from my opinion, finding of this work is that regioregular head-to-tail poly-3-alkylthiophenes – benchmark materials for organic electronics - can be now selectively grafted from appropriately-terminated surfaces to produce polymer brushes of otherwise soluble polymers - the architecture earlier accessible only in the case of non-conductive polymers. In particular, we developed a new method to grow P3ATs via Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization (KCTP) of 2-bromo-5-chloromagnesio-3-alkylthiophene. Exposure of the initiator layers to monomer solutions leads to selective chain-growth polycondensation of the monomers from the surface, resulting into P3AT brushes in a very economical way. The grafting process was investigated in detail and the structure of the resulting composite films was elucidated using several methods. The obtained data suggests that the grafting process occurs not only at the poly(4-bromstyrene) (PS-Br)/polymerization solution interface, but also deeply inside the swollen PS-Br films, penetrable for the catalyst and for the monomer The grafting process was investigated in detail and the structure of the resulting composite film was elucidated using ellipsometry, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), and Conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). The obtained data suggests that the grafting process occurs not only at the poly(4-bromostyrene), PS-Br/polymerization solution interface, but also deeply inside the swollen PS-Br film, which is penetrable for the catalyst and the monomer. The process results in an interpenetrated PS-Br/P3HT network, in which relatively short poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT grafts emanate from long, cross-linked PS-Br chains. A further method investigated during our work was to covalently graft regioirregular P3HT to substrates modified by macromolecular anchors using oxidative polymerization of 3HT with FeCl3. P3HT layers with variable thicknesses from 30 nm up to 200 nm were produced using two steps of polymerization reaction. The P3HT obtained by oxidative polymerization had always an irregular structure, which was a result of the starting monomer being asymmetric, which is undesired for electronic applications. The third method for the production of conductive polymer brushes was to graft regioregular poly(3,3''-dioctyl-[2,2';5',2'']terthiophene) (PDOTT) by electrochemical oxidative polycondensation of symmetrically substituted 3,3''-dioctyl-[2,2';5',2'']terthiophene (DOTT). A modification of the supporting ITO electrode by the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of compounds having polymerizable head-groups with properly adjusted oxidative potentials was found to be essential to achieve a covalent attachment of PDOTT chains. The polymer films produced show solvatochromism and electrochromism, as well as the previous two methods. After polymerization, the next step towards building organic electronic devices is applying the methods obtained in nano- and microscale production. Block copolymers constitute an attractive option for such surface-engineering, due to their ability to form a variety of nanoscale ordered phase-separated structures. However, block copolymers containing conjugated blocks are less abundant compared to their non-conjugated counterparts. Additionally, their phase behaviour at surfaces is not always predictable. We demonstrated in this work, how surface structures of non-conductive block copolymers, such as P4VP-b-PS-I, can be converted into (semi)conductive P4VP-b-PS-graft-P3HT chains via a surface-initiated polymerization of P3HT (Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization (KCTP) from reactive surface-grafted block copolymers. This proves that our method is applicable to develop structured brushes of conductive polymers. We believe that it can be further exploited for novel, stimuli-responsive materials, for the construction of sensors, or for building various opto-electronic devices. The methods developed here can in principle be adapted for the preparation of any conductive block copolymers and conductive polymers, including other interesting architectures of conductive polymers, such as block copolymers, cylindrical brushes, star-like polymers, etc. To this end, one needs to synthesize properly-designed and multi-functional Ni-initiators before performing the polycondensation.
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37

Lavado, Villa Luiz Fernando. "Architectures de puissance et commandes associées pour la gestion des ombrages dans les installations photovoltaïques. Power Architectures and Control Systems Associated to the Management of Shadows in Photovoltaic Plants." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00951411.

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L'énergie photovoltaïque est à nos jours l'une des sources intermittentes les plus développée. Plusieurs années de recherche confèrent une importante maturité à la fois aux modules et aux systèmes de extraction et traitement de son électricité. Cependant, il lui reste encore un important obstacle à franchir avant son utilisation à large échelle : la présence des ombres. Alors que plusieurs solutions ont été déjà proposées pour ce problème, la recherche sur l'ombre en tel que phénomène complexe reste embryonnaire. Cette thèse a pour but de combler ce besoin à la fois en étudiant la présence d l'ombre et en y proposant une nouvelle réponse. L'étude de l'ombre comprend la proposition d'une théorie sur l'intermittence qui prend en compte des aspect à la fois électriques et optiques. A travers de cette théorie, une relecture de la littérature est aussi proposée et donne lieu à une classification des solutions existantes en séries ou parallèles. Les solutions séries utilisent plusieurs structures d'électronique de puissance pour extraire l'énergie d'un nombre plus restreint des cellules photovoltaïques et par conséquent y confinent l'impact de l'ombre. En contre partie, les solutions parallèles utilisent des structures spéciales pour redistribuer le courant parmi les cellules ombrées et illuminées, ce qui amène à l'effacement de l'ombre. La nouvelle réponse à l'ombre proposée dans ce travail s'agit d'une structure parallèle à forte potentiel d'intégration monolithique. Inspirée de son équivalent pour les batteries, cette nouvelle topologie est applicable à plusieurs échelles mais sa commande reste un aspect à maîtriser. Son concept de base est validé au niveau d'un seul module photovoltaïque par la création d'un prototype et une validation expérimentale. Sa commande y est ensuite développée, testée et validée. Le système est capable de détecter la présence de l'ombre, choisir la meilleure stratégie pour la mitiger et l'implémenter en toute autonomie. Le résultat final est une augmentation de la puissance de sortie d'environ 40% dans certains cas.
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38

Khanduyeva, Natalya. "Conjugated Polymer Brushes (Poly(3-hexylthiophene) brushes): new electro- and photo-active molecular architectures." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23635.

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The aim of the present work was to screen the main methods for the synthesis of conjugated polymers for their suitability in the preparation of conductive polymer brushes. The main focus was put on the grafting of intrinsically soluble substituted regioregular polyalkylthiophenes because of their excellent optoelectronic properties. The resulting polymer films were characterized and their optoelectrical properties studied. For the first time, a synthesis of conductive polymer brushes on solid substrates using “grafting-from” method was performed. The most important, from my opinion, finding of this work is that regioregular head-to-tail poly-3-alkylthiophenes – benchmark materials for organic electronics - can be now selectively grafted from appropriately-terminated surfaces to produce polymer brushes of otherwise soluble polymers - the architecture earlier accessible only in the case of non-conductive polymers. In particular, we developed a new method to grow P3ATs via Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization (KCTP) of 2-bromo-5-chloromagnesio-3-alkylthiophene. Exposure of the initiator layers to monomer solutions leads to selective chain-growth polycondensation of the monomers from the surface, resulting into P3AT brushes in a very economical way. The grafting process was investigated in detail and the structure of the resulting composite films was elucidated using several methods. The obtained data suggests that the grafting process occurs not only at the poly(4-bromstyrene) (PS-Br)/polymerization solution interface, but also deeply inside the swollen PS-Br films, penetrable for the catalyst and for the monomer The grafting process was investigated in detail and the structure of the resulting composite film was elucidated using ellipsometry, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), and Conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). The obtained data suggests that the grafting process occurs not only at the poly(4-bromostyrene), PS-Br/polymerization solution interface, but also deeply inside the swollen PS-Br film, which is penetrable for the catalyst and the monomer. The process results in an interpenetrated PS-Br/P3HT network, in which relatively short poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT grafts emanate from long, cross-linked PS-Br chains. A further method investigated during our work was to covalently graft regioirregular P3HT to substrates modified by macromolecular anchors using oxidative polymerization of 3HT with FeCl3. P3HT layers with variable thicknesses from 30 nm up to 200 nm were produced using two steps of polymerization reaction. The P3HT obtained by oxidative polymerization had always an irregular structure, which was a result of the starting monomer being asymmetric, which is undesired for electronic applications. The third method for the production of conductive polymer brushes was to graft regioregular poly(3,3''-dioctyl-[2,2';5',2'']terthiophene) (PDOTT) by electrochemical oxidative polycondensation of symmetrically substituted 3,3''-dioctyl-[2,2';5',2'']terthiophene (DOTT). A modification of the supporting ITO electrode by the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of compounds having polymerizable head-groups with properly adjusted oxidative potentials was found to be essential to achieve a covalent attachment of PDOTT chains. The polymer films produced show solvatochromism and electrochromism, as well as the previous two methods. After polymerization, the next step towards building organic electronic devices is applying the methods obtained in nano- and microscale production. Block copolymers constitute an attractive option for such surface-engineering, due to their ability to form a variety of nanoscale ordered phase-separated structures. However, block copolymers containing conjugated blocks are less abundant compared to their non-conjugated counterparts. Additionally, their phase behaviour at surfaces is not always predictable. We demonstrated in this work, how surface structures of non-conductive block copolymers, such as P4VP-b-PS-I, can be converted into (semi)conductive P4VP-b-PS-graft-P3HT chains via a surface-initiated polymerization of P3HT (Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization (KCTP) from reactive surface-grafted block copolymers. This proves that our method is applicable to develop structured brushes of conductive polymers. We believe that it can be further exploited for novel, stimuli-responsive materials, for the construction of sensors, or for building various opto-electronic devices. The methods developed here can in principle be adapted for the preparation of any conductive block copolymers and conductive polymers, including other interesting architectures of conductive polymers, such as block copolymers, cylindrical brushes, star-like polymers, etc. To this end, one needs to synthesize properly-designed and multi-functional Ni-initiators before performing the polycondensation.
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39

Abdelli, Marwen. "Élaboration et caractérisations des cellules photovoltaïques organiques nano-architecturées." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI040.

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La recherche dans le domaine du photovoltaïque connait une évolution importante grâce au développement de nouveau matériaux/concepts. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons proposé de réaliser des cellules solaires à architecture proche la structure interpénétrée idéale combinant un réseau de nanofils de ZnO synthétisés « sur mesure » et une couche active organique à base d’une hétérojonction D/A en volume. La compréhension des mécanismes de croissance des nanofils de ZnO et la maitrise de la synthèse ont abouti à un protocole expérimentale optimal permettant une fabrication reproductible de substrats ITO/nano-fils de ZnO avec des morphologies maitrisées (L ≈ 200 nm et D ≈ 30 nm) proches des distances et tailes critiques nécessaires pour l’élaboration des cellules solaires. Après la phase d’optimisation de l’assemblage des cellules solaire et leurs caractérisations, une densité de courant 22 mA/cm² (2 fois meilleure que la cellule 2D) a été obtenue a été obtenu avec une architecture à base de nanofils de ZnO conduisant un rendement photovoltaïque de 7.7 % (1.4 fois meilleur que la cellule 2D) validant ainsi l’efficacité du concept de la nano-texturation des substrats, les caractéristiques morphologiques choisies de la nano-texture, la méthode d’assemblage des cellules et l’ensemble des matériaux utilisés
Thanks to the development of new materials and innovative concepts, the photovoltaic research field constantly growing. This thesis aims at developing solar cells based on architecture close to interpenetrating structure, which combine synthetized ZnO nanowires and an active layer composed of a volume heterojunction donor/acceptor. We developed an efficient experimental protocol to synthetize via hydrothermal growing in mastered and reproducible manner ZnO nanowires on ITO substrate. An optimal morphology on ZnO nanowires with length close to 200 nm and diameter close to 30nm, required for photovoltaic application, was targeted and successfully obtained. After the optimization of solar cells assembly and their characterizations, short-circuit current density of 22 mA/cm² (2 times better than the 2D cells) and power conversion efficiency of 7.7% (1.4 times better than the 2D cells) were obtained for solar cells based on ZnO nanowires architecture. This result validates the efficiency of the concept of nanotexturing of substrates, the method of solar cells assembly, the chosen morphological characteristics of the nanotexture and the selected materials
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40

Abrahams, Richard Warren. "Sky Above, Earth Below: Design of the Sun School for Environmental Studies." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33096.

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With the increasing destruction of our natural environment, and with the realization that we ultimately depend upon this environment, my thesis explores the role of Architecture in designing the built environment to be harmonious with the natural one. How can Architecture be a teaching tool for the natural and built environments? Through the design of The Sun School for Environmental studies involving the integration of a building’s site, photovoltaic technology, daylighting, and natural ventilation, how can Architecture encourage a building to teach about itself? How can a building respond to its occupants, and to sun, wind, daylight and temperature? How can Architecture encourage the occupants to interact with the building, learn about it, respond to it, and consequently to increase their awareness of it?
Master of Architecture
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41

Schylander, Anna. "Building-Integrated Photovoltaics for a Habitat on Mars : A Design Proposal Based on the Optimal Location and Placement of Integrated Solar Cells." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-72753.

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The ever-increasing challenges that we face with our consumption of resources on Earth are factors which have prompted researchers to show interest in studying the possibilities of human habitat on other celestial bodies. Mars is a stone planet and is at such distance from the sun that it could be feasible for future settlements with the right technology and solutions. Future missions to Mars rely on solar panels as their primary power system. Utilizing solar architecture is a solution that reduces both a building’s energy consumption and the extent of environmental damage fossil fuels are causing the Earth. This leads to extensive opportunities to explore how we can increase the use of renewable energy using new technologies developed for use on Earth but also for use in the space industry.   This study used a qualitative method through literature studies and semi-structured interviews as well as a quantitative method through calculations. The literature study was meant to act as a theoretical base for this study and for the interviews by creating an understanding of the world’s usage of renewable and non-renewable energy sources and how solar power works by the means of photovoltaic cells. The interviews were held to identify the opportunities and obstacles regarding a solar power system on Mars as well as the usage of BIPV (building-integrated photovoltaics) in extreme environments. Mathematical calculations were based on the fundamental geometric shape of a cylinder where the walls were set to be the varying parameter. Six locations on Mars with different coordinates and underlying matters were selected to the study based on the knowledge collected from the literature study and the interviews.   Aspects that needs to be considered for building-integrated photovoltaics placed on a building’s envelope on Mars are several. Some of the most crucial are: dust deposition and dust in the atmosphere, a climate with major temperature extremes, the habitats location on the planet and the amount of output energy provided by BIPV partly affected by the Mars-Sun distance. If the fundamental geometric shape of the building is a cylinder, the building’s shape would to form as a truncated cone with smaller wall slopes the closer the equator the habitat is located. If the habitat is placed far away from the equator the walls’ slope, the optimal tilt angle of the photovoltaic module, would be steeper and increase with the higher latitude. The maximized power by using BIPV on a building on Mars is provided as close to the equator as possible due to the big amount of sunlight reaching the surface. If BIPV could be used on the Martian surface is still a relatively extensive hypothesis. Studies about Mars and other planets tend to result in this kind of approach because of the many insecurities that cannot be proven before humans get to the planet or detailed tests have been accomplished and analyzed. A solar power system shows great opportunities for future human missions to Mars but BIPV is not considered an option in the near future without further research and development verifying the option.
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42

Armendáriz, Mikel. "Cost-effective Communication and Control Architectures for Active Low Voltage Grids." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elkraftteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217271.

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The monitoring and control of low voltage distribution grids has historically been disregarded due to the unidirectional flow of power. However, nowadays the massive integration of distributed energy resources into distribution grids, such as solar photovoltaics, distributed storage, electric vehicles and demand response programs, presents some challenges. For instance, the unidirectional top-down power flow is being replaced by power flows in any direction: top-down and bottom-up. This paradigm shift adds extra regulatory, economic, and technical complexity for the Distribution System Operators (DSO). Thus to overcome the possible operational constraints, thermal limits, or voltage problems in the grid, an update of the existing electricity infrastructures is required. In response to this new situation, this thesis investigates the cost-effective communication and control architectures that are required for active low voltage grid monitoring and control applications, considering the regulatory constraints and the efficient utilization of the assets from a DSO’s perspective. The solutions include: i) optimal sensor placement configuration to perform low voltage state estimation, ii) optimal metering infrastructure designs for active low voltage monitoring applications, iii) coordinated control strategies to allow the integration of microgrid-like structures into the distribution grids, iv) optimal placement of actuators for operating the control strategies, v) a multiagent-based control solution for self-healing and feeder reconfiguration applications, and vi) a framework model and simulations to assess the reliability of the ICT infrastructure that enables the monitoring and control applications. As concluding remark, since the deployment of technology at low voltage grids is restricted to assets owned by the DSO, the operability of the grid is limited. This condition makes it so that the required communication and control enhancement solutions shall prioritize cost-effectiveness over comprehensiveness and complexity. Thus, the results from the presented studies show that it is essential to perform thorough cost-benefit analyses of the potential improvement solutions for each grid, because this will allow deploying the right technology only at the necessary locations.

QC 20171106

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43

Král, Jakub. "Energeticky efektivní řadový rodinný dům." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227602.

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The aim of my diploma thesis is a design of a new energy efficient terraced house in the gap site. Building has two dwelling unit of category 4+kitchenette and 6+ kitchenette. Building has a cellar, two floors and an attic. The cellar structures and horizontal structures are made of reinforced concrete. Sand-lime bricks are used for masonry. The building is covered with gabled roof with timber roof truss. In this building there are used rainwater and renewable energy in a form of electrical energy made by photovoltaic panels.
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44

Abu, Qadourah Jenan [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Nytsch-Geusen, Christoph [Gutachter] Nytsch-Geusen, and Christoph [Gutachter] Gengnagel. "Architectural integration of photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies in multi-family residential buildings in the Mediterranean area / Jenan Abu Qadourah ; Gutachter: Christoph Nytsch-Geusen, Christoph Gengnagel ; Betreuer: Christoph Nytsch-Geusen." Berlin : Universität der Künste Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1215340222/34.

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45

Raybaud, Blaise. "Evaluation de l’impact des propriétés optiques large-bande de l’environnement sur le productible (énergie incidente) en milieu urbain." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI126.

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La performance d’un module photovoltaïque est conditionnée par l’environnement dans lequel il est installé. En effet, la quantité d’énergie solaire convertie en électricité dépend de l’irradiance incidente sur le module. Les progrès dans l’intégration des modules photovoltaïques sur bâtiment et la diminution de leurs coûts amènent à considérer le potentiel solaire en milieu urbain, en toiture mais aussi en façade. En milieu urbain, la densité des bâtiments limite les apports solaires en façade par la présence de masques. La volonté publique encourage une augmentation de la production locale d’énergies renouvelables. Il est alors nécessaire de se doter d’outils numériques permettant d’évaluer avec précision le potentiel solaire en ville, et ainsi évaluer la rentabilité d’installations photovoltaïques. Il s’agit en particulier d’évaluer les apports solaires issus des réflexions sur les différentes surfaces composant la scène urbaine. Les problématiques d’intégration visuelle, soulevant la question des couleurs et des spectres incidents sur les surfaces dans différentes gammes de longueurs d’ondes doivent également être considérées Enfin, ces outils doivent également permettre d’évaluer l’impact d’une intégration photovoltaïque en milieu urbain afin d’éviter de renforcer les phénomènes d’îlot de chaleur. Les travaux de thèse se sont donc focalisés sur les méthodes de simulation d’ensoleillement en milieu urbain, au travers du développement de deux stratégies de modélisation (radiosité et lancer de rayons). Les modèles de simulation sont comparés sous des hypothèses de réflexions optiques équivalentes, permettant une validation des hypothèses utilisées dans chacune des méthodes. Parallèlement, une qualification des propriétés optiques de matériaux typiques de l’environnement urbain permet la construction de modèles de réflexion optiques basés sur les distributions de réflectivité bidirectionnelles (BRDF en anglais). Ces modèles, injectés dans les modèles d’irradiance, permettent d’évaluer la part d’énergie issue des différents modes de réflexion. Par ailleurs, des mesures d’irradiances sont réalisées en milieu extérieur. Un banc de test est conçu de sorte à mesurer les irradiances perçues en façade et au sol. Différentes configurations sont testées dans via cette maquette. Les mesures obtenues sont alors confrontées aux résultats numériques sous conditions réelles, permettant une validation des modèles
The performance of a photovoltaic module is conditioned by the environment in which it is installed. Indeed, the amount of solar energy converted into electricity depends on the incident irradiance on the module. Progress in the integration of photovoltaic modules on buildings and the reduction of their costs leads us to consider the solar potential in urban environments, both on roofs and facades. In an urban environment, the density of buildings limits solar gain on the facade by the presence of masks. Public institutes encourages an increase in the local production of renewable energies. It is therefore necessary to acquire digital tools to accurately assess the solar potential in cities, and thus evaluate the profitability of photovoltaic installations. In particular, it is necessary to evaluate the solar contributions resulting from reflections on the various surfaces that make up the urban scene. Visual integration issues, raising the question of colours and incident spectra on surfaces in different wavelength ranges must also be considered. Finally, these tools must also make it possible to assess the impact of photovoltaic integration in an urban environment in order to avoid reinforcing heat island phenomena. The PhD work is therefore focused on methods for simulating sunshine in an urban environment, through the development of two modelling strategies (radiosity and ray throwing). The simulation models are compared under the hypotheses of equivalent optical reflections, allowing a validation of the hypotheses used in each of the methods. At the same time, a qualification of the optical properties of typical materials from the urban environment allows the construction of optical reflection models based on Bidirectional Reflectivity Distributions Functions (BRDF). These models are integrated into the irradiance models. Therefore, it possible to evaluate the ratio of energy resulting from the different reflection modes. In addition, irradiance measurements are carried out in an external environment. A test bench is designed to measure the irradiances perceived on the facade and on the ground. Different configurations are tested using this mock-up. The measurements obtained are then compared with the numerical results under real conditions, enabling the models to be validated
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46

Chia, Liang Wei. "Determination of an Optimal Green Solution of an Education Building Based On Net Present Value and Life Cycle Carbon Dioxide Emissions." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1259774301.

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47

Andersson, Joakim. "Opera i Stockholm, Galärvarvet." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-35072.

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48

Kohoutová, Zuzana. "Mrakodrap " EVO" (Experimentální výškový objekt)." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226025.

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The subject of this diploma thesis is the architectural design of Skyscraper "EVO" (experimental high-rise building) located in Brno. The building integrates various functions (residential, restaurant, shops, office space and gallery) at relatively small built-up area. The aim of the thesis is to create the design of a high-rise building with appropriate scale and which creates space for interconnection of different functions and will become new dominant of the city. The proposed building is located in the part of the city called Veveří. The building site is defined by Šumavská and Veveří streets. The building is designed as a single rectangular prism shaped volume. The entrances to the building are at the level of surrounding terrain. The building has 31 aboveground floors and 9 underground floors. The simple shape of building is structured by horizontal bands of consoles which create shields against excessive sun exposure and vertical atriums embedded in the main volume. These atriums connect interior and exterior. This atrium create connection between interior and exterior and ease the penetration of natural daylight inside the building. The dominant material used is glass, which is applied both in exterior and interior. The glass used on glazing of atrium sis colored transparent photovoltaic glass. Bands are in white color.
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49

Wen, Chang Tzu, and 張子文. "The application of photovoltaic system in architecture." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43097760161038367508.

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碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系
89
The global environment is worsen nowadays, renewable energy is the only way to go. Popularizing renewable energy extensively and speedy could be contributive to reduce the impact of environment. But how work out the " photovoltaic "（called PV）for best benefit and making the system push forward without a hitch, needs to undertake from establishing local foundational database. The main purpose of the research is starting from climate simulation, analyze how local climate factors influences PV generating efficiency. On the other hand, through the analyze of electrical consumption of building to evaluate the benefit from PV system. Finally, integrating the information provide to designers and users. Results and conclusions of this research are: 1. The insolation of Taiwan is between 2.61 kW/m2-day and 4.26 kW/m2-day. 1. Through the simulation of PV cell temperature, as high as 46.7℃ to 57.8℃ at the period of 1:00 pm July. Overall, the average efficiency of PV module is between 85﹪and 89.7﹪. 3. In Taiwan area, consider the influence of temperature , the best elevation of PV module is between 11.7degree and 18.9 degree during the whole year, and between -0.8degree to -8.4degree from June to August. 4. After consider the insolation, temperature and damaged factors during electricity generating, the actual efficiency of PV module is between 0.638 and 0.673 compare with original value in Taiwan area. From the point view of generating, 1kW PV system at the max value is from 648.2kWh to 1011.1 kWh annually. 5. To imitate the scheme driftage of installing PV system, provide for designers and users.
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50

Klem, Ethan. "Infrared Sensitive Solution-processed Quantum Dot Photovoltaics in a Nanoporous Architecture." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/16748.

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If solar energy is to be a significant component of our energy supply, technologies are required which produce high efficiency solar cells using inexpensive materials and versatile manufacturing processes. Solution-processed materials have been used to create low cost, easily fabricated devices, but have suffered from low power conversion efficiencies. A lack of infrared energy capture limits their efficiency. In this work we develop solution-processed photovoltaic devices using lead sulphide quantum dots and high surface area porous oxide electrodes. The resultant devices have a spectral response from 400 to 1800 nm. In fabricating these devices we utilize crosslinking molecules. We explore the impact crosslinkers have on the mobility and morphology of quantum dot films using field effect transistors and transmission electron microscopy. We also explore a hybrid organic/inorganic route for controlling the net doping in quantum dot films. We investigate the chemical and compositional changes that lead sulphide quantum dots films undergo during crosslinker treatment and annealing. Using this information we optimize our charge separation efficiency and our open circuit voltage. The resulting devices have an infrared power conversion efficiency of 2%, four orders of magnitude higher than that in previously reported lead sulphide quantum dot devices.
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