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Journal articles on the topic 'Photosystem antenna size'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Schiphorst, Christo, Luuk Achterberg, Rodrigo Gómez, Rob Koehorst, Roberto Bassi, Herbert van Amerongen, Luca Dall’Osto, and Emilie Wientjes. "The role of light-harvesting complex I in excitation energy transfer from LHCII to photosystem I in Arabidopsis." Plant Physiology 188, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 2241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab579.

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Abstract Photosynthesis powers nearly all life on Earth. Light absorbed by photosystems drives the conversion of water and carbon dioxide into sugars. In plants, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) work in series to drive the electron transport from water to NADP+. As both photosystems largely work in series, a balanced excitation pressure is required for optimal photosynthetic performance. Both photosystems are composed of a core and light-harvesting complexes (LHCI) for PSI and LHCII for PSII. When the light conditions favor the excitation of one photosystem over the other, a mobile pool of trimeric LHCII moves between both photosystems thus tuning their antenna cross-section in a process called state transitions. When PSII is overexcited multiple LHCIIs can associate with PSI. A trimeric LHCII binds to PSI at the PsaH/L/O site to form a well-characterized PSI–LHCI–LHCII supercomplex. The binding site(s) of the “additional” LHCII is still unclear, although a mediating role for LHCI has been proposed. In this work, we measured the PSI antenna size and trapping kinetics of photosynthetic membranes from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Membranes from wild-type (WT) plants were compared to those of the ΔLhca mutant that completely lacks the LHCI antenna. The results showed that “additional” LHCII complexes can transfer energy directly to the PSI core in the absence of LHCI. However, the transfer is about two times faster and therefore more efficient, when LHCI is present. This suggests LHCI mediates excitation energy transfer from loosely bound LHCII to PSI in WT plants.

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2

Mäenpää, Pirkko, and Bertil Andersson. "Photosystem II Heterogeneity and Long-Term Acclimation of Light-Harvesting." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 44, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1989): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1989-5-611.

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Abstract The main chlorophyll a/b protein complex of the chloroplast thylakoid membrane is organized into two subpopulations; one inner which is tightly bound to the photosystem II core and one outer which is bound more loosely or peripherally. In this study, changes in the LHC II com position due to long-term light acclimation were analyzed and quantified in spinach thylakoids and isolated stroma lamellae vesicles. The results show that; photosystem II located in the appressed thylakoid regions (α-centres) which have a relatively large antenna size, contains both the inner and outer LHC II with a predominance of the latter (58-70%). At low light the antenna size o f the α-center becomes larger due to a specific increase of the outer pool o f LHC II. The antenna size of photosystem II in the stroma thylakoids (β-centres) is smaller and contains mainly or only the inner LHC II pool. In contrast to the α-centres the β-centres centres do not undergo adaptive changes in their size in response to long-term changes in the light intensities.

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3

van Rensen, Jack J. S., and Leon E. E. M. Spätjens. "Photosystem II Heterogeneity in Triazine-Resistant and Susceptible Biotypes of Chenopodium album." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 42, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 794–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1987-0625.

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The heterogeneity of photosystem II with respect to α and β centers was investigated in triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Chenopodium album . In both biotypes the light harvesting antenna sizes of photosystem II α centers was larger than those of β centers. In the resistant biotype the antenna size of the α centers was smaller than those in the susceptible one. There was not much difference in the antenna sizes of the β centers. The proportion of β centers was larger in the resistant biotype compared with the sensitive one.

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4

Rensen, Jack J. S. van, and Leon E. E. M. Spätjens. "Photosystem II Heterogeneity in Triazine-Resistant and Susceptible Biotypes of Chenopodium album." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 42, no. 7-8 (August 1, 1987): 794–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1987-7-808.

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The heterogeneity of photosystem II with respect to a and β centers was investigated in triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Chenopodium album. In both biotypes the light harvesting antenna sizes of photosystem II a centers was larger than those of β centers. In the resistant biotype the antenna size of the a centers was smaller than those in the susceptible one. There was not much difference in the antenna sizes of the β centers. The proportion of β centers was larger in the resistant biotype compared with the sensitive one.

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5

Sundby, Cecilia, Anastasios Melis, Pirkko Mäenpää, and Bertil Andersson. "Temperature-dependent changes in the antenna size of Photosystem II. Reversible conversion of Photosystem IIα to Photosystem IIβ." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 851, no. 3 (October 1986): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(86)90084-8.

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6

Hemelrijk, Petra W., and Hans J. van Gorkom. "Size-distributions of antenna and acceptor-pool of Photosystem II." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1274, no. 1-2 (May 1996): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(96)00006-0.

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7

Guenther, J. E., J. A. Nemson, and A. Melis. "Photosystem stoichiometry and chlorophyll antenna size in Dunaliella salina (green algae)." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 934, no. 1 (June 1988): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(88)90125-9.

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8

Joshi, Manoj K., Prasanna Mohanty, and Salil Bose. "Inhibition of State Transition and Light-Harvesting Complex II Phosphorylation-Mediated Changes in Excitation Energy Distribution in the Thylakoids of SANDOZ 9785-Treated Plants." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 50, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1995): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1995-1-212.

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Abstract Thylakoids isolated from SAN 9785 (4-chloro-5-dimethylamino-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazi-none)-treated pea plants showed an inhibition of “state transition” and the light-harvesting complex II (LHC II) phosphorylation-mediated changes in the energy distribution between photosystem II (PS II) and photosystem I (PS I) as measured by a decrease in PS II and an increase in PS I fluorescence yield. Interestingly, in these thylakoids the extent of phosphorylation-induced migration of light-harvesting complex (LHC II-P) to non-appressed membrane regions was only marginally inhibited. We propose that the suppression in the ability for “state transition” by SANDOZ 9785 (SAN 9785) treatment occurs due to a lack of effective coupling of the migrated LHC II-P and PS I. Since we observed a decrease in the antenna size of PS I of the treated plants, the lack of effective coupling is attributed to this decrease in the antenna size of PS I.

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9

Barter, Laura M. C., Maria Bianchietti, Chris Jeans, Maria J. Schilstra, Ben Hankamer, Bruce A. Diner, James Barber, James R. Durrant, and David R. Klug. "Relationship between Excitation Energy Transfer, Trapping, and Antenna Size in Photosystem II†." Biochemistry 40, no. 13 (April 2001): 4026–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi001724q.

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10

Park II, Y., W. S. Chow, and J. M. Anderson. "Antenna Size Dependency of Photoinactivation of Photosystem II in Light-Acclimated Pea Leaves." Plant Physiology 115, no. 1 (September 1, 1997): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.115.1.151.

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11

Jia, Ting, Hisashi Ito, and Ayumi Tanaka. "Simultaneous regulation of antenna size and photosystem I/II stoichiometry in Arabidopsis thaliana." Planta 244, no. 5 (July 9, 2016): 1041–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-016-2568-5.

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12

Zulfugarov, Ismayil S., Ok-Kyung Ham, Sujata R. Mishra, Ji-Young Kim, Krishna Nath, Hee-Young Koo, Ho-Seung Kim, Yong-Hwan Moon, Gynheung An, and Choon-Hwan Lee. "Dependence of reaction center-type energy-dependent quenching on photosystem II antenna size." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1767, no. 6 (June 2007): 773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2007.02.021.

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13

Chow, W. S., J. M. Anderson, and A. Melis. "The Photosystem Stoichiometry in Thylakoids of Some Australian Shade-adapted Plant Species." Functional Plant Biology 17, no. 6 (1990): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9900665.

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The concentrations of functional photosystem I1 (PSII) reaction centres in leaves and photosystem I reaction centres (P700) in thylakoids isolated from comparable leaves of Australian shade-adapted plant species of diverse taxa, life-forms and habitats were compared. The concentrations of PSII were determined directly in leaves by the oxygen yield per single-turnover flash in the presence of far-red background illumination. The concentrations of P700 were determined by the light-induced absorbance change of thylakoid membranes at 703 nm. On a chlorophyll basis, the amounts of both functional PSII and P700 were lower in shade species than in sun species. The PSII/PSI reaction centre stoichiometries of the shade species ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 indicating that (i) shade-adapted species do not have a fixed 1: 1 ratio; and (ii) their PSWPSI ratios are usually lower than those of sun species (1.7-1.8). We conclude that shade plants display variable photosystem stoichiometry. The results are discussed in terms of the interplay between the adjustment of photosystem stoichiometry and that of the light-harvesting chlorophyll antenna size of each photosystem in the thylakoid membrane of shade species.

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14

Andreasson, Eva, Per Svensson, Claes Weibull, and Per-Åke Albertsson. "Separation and characterization of stroma and grana membranes — evidence for heterogeneity in antenna size of both Photosystem I and Photosystem II." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 936, no. 3 (December 1988): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(88)90010-2.

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15

Kula-Maximenko, Monika, Kamil Jan Zieliński, and Ireneusz Ślesak. "The Role of Selected Wavelengths of Light in the Activity of Photosystem II in Gloeobacter violaceus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 4021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084021.

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Gloeobacter violaceus is a cyanobacteria species with a lack of thylakoids, while photosynthetic antennas, i.e., phycobilisomes (PBSs), photosystem II (PSII), and I (PSI), are located in the cytoplasmic membrane. We verified the hypothesis that blue–red (BR) light supplemented with a far-red (FR), ultraviolet A (UVA), and green (G) light can affect the photosynthetic electron transport chain in PSII and explain the differences in the growth of the G. violaceus culture. The cyanobacteria were cultured under different light conditions. The largest increase in G. violaceus biomass was observed only under BR + FR and BR + G light. Moreover, the shape of the G. violaceus cells was modified by the spectrum with the addition of G light. Furthermore, it was found that both the spectral composition of light and age of the cyanobacterial culture affect the different content of phycobiliproteins in the photosynthetic antennas (PBS). Most likely, in cells grown under light conditions with the addition of FR and G light, the average antenna size increased due to the inactivation of some reaction centers in PSII. Moreover, the role of PSI and gloeorhodopsin as supplementary sources of metabolic energy in the G. violaceus growth is discussed.

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16

Kornyeyev, D. Y. "The Antenna Size of QB-reducing Photosystem 2 Complexes in Different Fractions of Subchloroplast Particles." Photosynthetica 35, no. 2 (March 1, 1997): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1006975210174.

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17

Ghirardi, Maria L., and Anastasios Melis. "Chlorophyll b deficiency in soybean mutants. I. Effects on photosystem stoichiometry and chlorophyll antenna size." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 932 (1988): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(88)90147-8.

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18

Borisova-Mubarakshina, Maria M., Daria V. Vetoshkina, Ilya A. Naydov, Natalia N. Rudenko, Elena M. Zhurikova, Nikolai V. Balashov, Lyudmila K. Ignatova, Tatyana P. Fedorchuk, and Boris N. Ivanov. "Regulation of the size of photosystem II light harvesting antenna represents a universal mechanism of higher plant acclimation to stress conditions." Functional Plant Biology 47, no. 11 (2020): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp19362.

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We investigated acclimatory responses of Arabidopsis plants to drought and salinity conditions before the appearance of obvious signs of damage caused by these factors. We detected changes indicating an increase in the reduction level of the chloroplast plastoquinone pool (PQ pool) 5–7 days after introduction of the stress factors. After 10–14 days, a decrease in the size of PSII light harvesting antenna was observed in plants under conditions of drought and salinity. This was confirmed by a decrease in content of PSII antenna proteins and by downregulation of gene expression levels of these proteins under the stress conditions. No changes in values of performance index and maximum quantum yield of PSII were detected. Under drought and salinity, the content of hydrogen peroxide in leaves was higher than in control leaves. Thus, we propose that reduction of the size of PSII antenna represents one of the universal mechanisms of acclimation of higher plants to stress factors and the downsizing already begins to manifest under mild stress conditions. Both the PQ pool reduction state and the hydrogen peroxide content are important factors needed for the observed rearrangement.

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19

Owens, T. G., S. P. Webb, L. Mets, R. S. Alberte, and G. R. Fleming. "Antenna size dependence of fluorescence decay in the core antenna of photosystem I: estimates of charge separation and energy transfer rates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84, no. 6 (March 1, 1987): 1532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.6.1532.

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20

Srivastava, Madhulika, Devaki Bhaya, and Salil Bose. "Changes in the antenna size of Photosystem I and Photosystem II in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 grown in the presence of SANDOZ 9785 ? a Photosystem II inhibitor." Photosynthesis Research 41, no. 2 (August 1994): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00019408.

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21

Tanaka, Ryouichi, Yoshihiro Koshino, Shinichiro Sawa, Sumie Ishiguro, Kiyotaka Okada, and Ayumi Tanaka. "Overexpression of chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) enlarges the antenna size of photosystem II in Arabidopsis thaliana." Plant Journal 26, no. 4 (May 2001): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.2641034.x.

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22

Tadmor, Yuval, Amir Raz, Shira Reikin-Barak, Vivek Ambastha, Eli Shemesh, Yehoram Leshem, Omer Crane, et al. "Metamitron, a Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain Inhibitor, Modulates the Photoprotective Mechanism of Apple Trees." Plants 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 2803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122803.

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Chemical thinning of apple fruitlets is an important practice as it reduces the natural fruit load and, therefore, increases the size of the final fruit for commercial markets. In apples, one chemical thinner used is Metamitron, which is sold as the commercial product Brevis® (Adama, Ashdod, Israel). This thinner inhibits the electron transfer between Photosystem II and Quinone-b within light reactions of photosynthesis. In this study, we investigated the responses of two apple cultivars—Golden Delicious and Top Red—and photosynthetic light reactions after administration of Brevis®. The analysis revealed that the presence of the inhibitor affects both cultivars’ energetic status. The kinetics of the photoprotective mechanism’s sub-processes are attenuated in both cultivars, but this seems more severe in the Top Red cultivar. State transitions of the antenna and Photosystem II repair cycle are decreased substantially when the Metamitron concentration is above 0.6% in the Top Red cultivar but not in the Golden Delicious cultivar. These attenuations result from a biased absorbed energy distribution between photochemistry and photoprotection pathways in the two cultivars. We suggest that Metamitron inadvertently interacts with photoprotective mechanism-related enzymes in chloroplasts of apple tree leaves. Specifically, we hypothesize that it may interact with the kinases responsible for the induction of state transitions and the Photosystem II repair cycle.

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23

Blifernez-Klassen, Olga, Hanna Berger, Birgit Gerlinde Katharina Mittmann, Viktor Klassen, Louise Schelletter, Tatjana Buchholz, Thomas Baier, Maryna Soleimani, Lutz Wobbe, and Olaf Kruse. "A gene regulatory network for antenna size control in carbon dioxide-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells." Plant Cell 33, no. 4 (January 27, 2021): 1303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab012.

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Abstract In green microalgae, prolonged exposure to inorganic carbon depletion requires long-term acclimation responses, involving modulated gene expression and the adjustment of photosynthetic activity to the prevailing supply of carbon dioxide. Here, we describe a microalgal regulatory cycle that adjusts the light-harvesting capacity at photosystem II (PSII) to the prevailing supply of carbon dioxide in Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). It engages low carbon dioxide response factor (LCRF), a member of the squamosa promoter-binding protein (SBP) family of transcription factors, and the previously characterized cytosolic translation repressor nucleic acid-binding protein 1 (NAB1). LCRF combines a DNA-binding SBP domain with a conserved domain for protein–protein interaction. LCRF transcription is rapidly induced by carbon dioxide depletion. LCRF activates NAB1 transcription by specifically binding to tetranucleotide motifs present in its promoter. Accumulation of the NAB1 protein enhances translational repression of its prime target mRNA, encoding the PSII-associated major light-harvesting protein LHCBM6. The resulting truncation of the PSII antenna size helps maintaining a low excitation during carbon dioxide limitation. Analyses of low carbon dioxide acclimation in nuclear insertion mutants devoid of a functional LCRF gene confirm the essentiality of this novel transcription factor for the regulatory circuit.

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24

Jia, Ting, Hisashi Ito, and Ayumi Tanaka. "The Chlorophyll b Reductase NOL Participates in Regulating the Antenna Size of Photosystem II in Arabidopsis Thaliana." Procedia Chemistry 14 (2015): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2015.03.057.

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25

Hansson, Örjan, Jacques Duranton, and Paul Mathis. "Yield and lifetime of the primary radical pair in preparations of Photosystem II with different antenna size." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 932 (1988): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(88)90142-9.

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26

Borisova-Mubarakshina, M. M., D. V. Vetoshkina, N. N. Rudenko, G. N. Shirshikova, T. P. Fedorchuk, I. A. Naydov, and B. N. Ivanov. "The size of the light-harvesting antenna of higher plant photosystem ii is regulated by illumination intensity through transcription of antenna protein genes." Biochemistry (Moscow) 79, no. 6 (June 2014): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0006297914060042.

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27

Shi, Jiale, Mengyun Jiang, He Wang, Zhi Luo, Yanjing Guo, Ying Chen, Xiaoxi Zhao, et al. "Effects of Mycotoxin Fumagillin, Mevastatin, Radicicol, and Wortmannin on Photosynthesis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Plants 12, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030665.

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Mycotoxins are one of the most important sources for the discovery of new pesticides and drugs because of their chemical structural diversity and fascinating bioactivity as well as unique novel targets. Here, the effects of four mycotoxins, fumagillin, mevastatin, radicicol, and wortmannin, on photosynthesis were investigated to identify their precise sites of action on the photosynthetic apparatus of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Our results showed that these four mycotoxins have multiple targets, acting mainly on photosystem II (PSII). Their mode of action is similar to that of diuron, inhibiting electron flow beyond the primary quinone electron acceptor (QA) by binding to the secondary quinone electron acceptor (QB) site of the D1 protein, thereby affecting photosynthesis. The results of PSII oxygen evolution rate and chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence imaging suggested that fumagillin strongly inhibited overall PSII activity; the other three toxins also exhibited a negative influence at the high concentration. Chl a fluorescence kinetics and the JIP test showed that the inhibition of electron transport beyond QA was the most significant feature of the four mycotoxins. Fumagillin decreased the rate of O2 evolution by interrupting electron transfer on the PSII acceptor side, and had multiple negative effects on the primary photochemical reaction and PSII antenna size. Mevastatin caused a decrease in photosynthetic activity, mainly due to the inhibition of electron transport. Both radicicol and wortmannin decreased photosynthetic efficiency, mainly by inhibiting the electron transport efficiency of the PSII acceptor side and the activity of the PSII reaction centers. In addition, radicicol reduced the primary photochemical reaction efficiency and antenna size. The simulated molecular model of the four mycotoxins’ binding to C. reinhardtii D1 protein indicated that the residue D1-Phe265 is their common site at the QB site. This is a novel target site different from those of commercial PSII herbicides. Thus, the interesting effects of the four mycotoxins on PSII suggested that they provide new ideas for the design of novel and efficient herbicide molecules.

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28

Kuryanchyk, Tatsiana G., and Nikolay V. Kozel. "Photosynthetic apparatus of barley plants treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid: mechanisms of adaptation to drought." Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, no. 3 (November 8, 2022): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2957-5060-2022-3-26-38.

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A significant effect of soil drought on the morphometric parameters of the leaves of barley plants of the Brovar and Avans varieties, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, as well as the content of photosynthetic pigments in them has been established. It has been shown that during drought, the treatment of leaves of barley plants of the Brovar variety with 5-aminolevulinic acid causes a decrease in the content of proteins of photosystem antenna complexes, which leads to a decrease in the size of the light-harvesting antenna and is an effective mechanism for protecting the photosynthetic apparatus from oxidative stress. Fine adjustment of the photosynthetic apparatus components of leaves of barley plants ofthe Brovar variety to drought may be a key factor in determining the resistance of this variety to this type of abiotic stress. In the Avans variety, these adaptation mechanisms are either absent or manifest to a lesser extent, which leads to a more intensive development of oxidative stress in plants of this variety under the action of soil drought.

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Bielczynski, Ludwik W., Gert Schansker, and Roberta Croce. "Consequences of the reduction of the Photosystem II antenna size on the light acclimation capacity of Arabidopsis thaliana." Plant, Cell & Environment 43, no. 4 (February 5, 2020): 866–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pce.13701.

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30

Kirst, Henning, Jose Gines Garcia-Cerdan, Andreas Zurbriggen, Thilo Ruehle, and Anastasios Melis. "Truncated Photosystem Chlorophyll Antenna Size in the Green Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii upon Deletion of the TLA3-CpSRP43 Gene." Plant Physiology 160, no. 4 (October 5, 2012): 2251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.206672.

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31

Härtel, Heiko, and Heiko Lokstein. "Relationship between quenching of maximum and dark-level chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo: dependence on Photosystem II antenna size." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1228, no. 1 (February 1995): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(94)00172-2.

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32

Yang, Young Nam, Thi Thuy Linh Le, Ji-Hye Hwang, Ismayil S. Zulfugarov, Eun-Ha Kim, Hyun Uk Kim, Jong-Seong Jeon, Dong-Hee Lee, and Choon-Hwan Lee. "High Light Acclimation Mechanisms Deficient in a PsbS-Knockout Arabidopsis Mutant." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 2695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052695.

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The photosystem II PsbS protein of thylakoid membranes is responsible for regulating the energy-dependent, non-photochemical quenching of excess chlorophyll excited states as a short-term mechanism for protection against high light (HL) stress. However, the role of PsbS protein in long-term HL acclimation processes remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the role of PsbS protein during long-term HL acclimation processes in wild-type (WT) and npq4-1 mutants of Arabidopsis which lack the PsbS protein. During long-term HL illumination, photosystem II photochemical efficiency initially dropped, followed by a recovery of electron transport and photochemical quenching (qL) in WT, but not in npq4-1 mutants. In addition, we observed a reduction in light-harvesting antenna size during HL treatment that ceased after HL treatment in WT, but not in npq4-1 mutants. When plants were adapted to HL, more reactive oxygen species (ROS) were accumulated in npq4-1 mutants compared to WT. Gene expression studies indicated that npq4-1 mutants failed to express genes involved in plastoquinone biosynthesis. These results suggest that the PsbS protein regulates recovery processes such as electron transport and qL during long-term HL acclimation by maintaining plastoquinone biosynthetic gene expression and enhancing ROS homeostasis.

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33

Polle, Juergen E. W., Krishna K. Niyogi, and Anastasios Melis. "Absence of Lutein, Violaxanthin and Neoxanthin Affects the Functional Chlorophyll Antenna Size of Photosystem-II but not that of Photosystem-I in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Plant and Cell Physiology 42, no. 5 (May 15, 2001): 482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pce058.

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34

Baroli, Irene, and Anastasios Melis. "Photoinhibitory damage is modulated by the rate of photosynthesis and by the photosystem II light-harvesting chlorophyll antenna size." Planta 205, no. 2 (May 18, 1998): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050323.

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35

Wientjes, Emilie, Herbert van Amerongen, and Roberta Croce. "Quantum Yield of Charge Separation in Photosystem II: Functional Effect of Changes in the Antenna Size upon Light Acclimation." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 117, no. 38 (April 11, 2013): 11200–11208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp401663w.

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36

Mathur, Sonal, Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, and Anjana Jajoo. "Analysis of high temperature stress on the dynamics of antenna size and reducing side heterogeneity of Photosystem II in wheat leaves (Triticum aestivum)." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1807, no. 1 (January 2011): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.09.001.

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Osmond, Barry, Wah Soon Chow, Barry J. Pogson, and Sharon A. Robinson. "Probing functional and optical cross-sections of PSII in leaves during state transitions using fast repetition rate light induced fluorescence transients." Functional Plant Biology 46, no. 6 (2019): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp18054.

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Plants adjust the relative sizes of PSII and PSI antennae in response to the spectral composition of weak light favouring either photosystem by processes known as state transitions (ST), attributed to a discrete antenna migration involving phosphorylation of light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes in PSII. Here for the first time we monitored the extent and dynamics of ST in leaves from estimates of optical absorption cross-section (relative PSII antenna size; aPSII). These estimates were obtained from in situ measurements of functional absorption cross-section (σPSII) and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (φPSII); i.e. aPSII = σPSII/φPSII (Kolber et al. 1998) and other parameters from a light induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) device (Osmond et al. 2017). The fast repetition rate (FRR) QA flash protocol of this instrument monitors chlorophyll fluorescence yields with reduced QA irrespective of the redox state of plastoquinone (PQ), as well as during strong ~1 s white light pulses that fully reduce the PQ pool. Fitting this transient with the FRR model monitors kinetics of PSII → PQ, PQ → PSI, and the redox state of the PQ pool in the ‘PQ pool control loop’ that underpins ST, with a time resolution of a few seconds. All LIFT/FRR criteria confirmed the absence of ST in antenna mutant chlorina-f2 of barley and asLhcb2–12 of Arabidopsis, as well as STN7 kinase mutants stn7 and stn7/8. In contrast, wild-type barley and Arabidopsis genotypes Col, npq1, npq4, OEpsbs, pgr5 bkg and pgr5, showed normal ST. However, the extent of ST (and by implication the size of the phosphorylated LHCII pool participating in ST) deduced from changes in aʹPSII and other parameters with reduced QA range up to 35%. Estimates from strong WL pulses in the same assay were only ~10%. The larger estimates of ST from the QA flash are discussed in the context of contemporary dynamic structural models of ST involving formation and participation of PSII and PSI megacomplexes in an ‘energetically connected lake’ of phosphorylated LHCII trimers (Grieco et al. 2015). Despite the absence of ST, asLhcb2-12 displays normal wild-type modulation of electron transport rate (ETR) and the PQ pool during ST assays, reflecting compensatory changes in antenna LHCIIs in this genotype. Impaired LHCII phosphorylation in stn7 and stn7/8 accelerates ETR from PSII →PQ, over-reducing the PQ pool and abolishing the yield difference between the QA flash and WL pulse, with implications for photochemical and thermal phases of the O-J-I-P transient.

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Tyystjärvi, Esa, Reetta Kettunen, and Eva-Mari Aro. "The rate constant of photoinhibition in vitro is independent of the antenna size of Photosystem II but depends on temperature." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1186, no. 3 (July 1994): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(94)90177-5.

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39

Colpo, Andrea, Sara Demaria, Costanza Baldisserotto, Simonetta Pancaldi, Marian Brestič, Marek Živčak, and Lorenzo Ferroni. "Long-Term Alleviation of the Functional Phenotype in Chlorophyll-Deficient Wheat and Impact on Productivity: A Semi-Field Phenotyping Experiment." Plants 12, no. 4 (February 12, 2023): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040822.

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Wheat mutants with a reduced chlorophyll synthesis are affected by a defective control of the photosynthetic electron flow, but tend to recover a wild-type phenotype. The sensitivity of some mutants to light fluctuations suggested that cultivation outdoors could significantly impact productivity. Six mutant lines of Triticum durum or Triticum aestivum with their respective wild-type cultivars were cultivated with a regular seasonal cycle (October–May) in a semi-field experiment. Leaf chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters were analysed at the early (November) and late (May) developmental stages, and checked for correlation with morphometric and grain-production parameters. The alleviation of the phenotype severity concerned primarily the recovery of the photosynthetic-membrane functionality, but not the leaf chlorophyll content. Photosystem II (PSII) was less photoprotected in the mutants, but a moderate PSII photoinhibition could help control the electron flow into the chain. The accumulation of interchain electron carriers was a primary acclimative response towards the naturally fluctuating environment, maximally exploited by the mature durum-wheat mutants. The mutation itself and/or the energy-consuming compensatory mechanisms markedly influenced the plant morphogenesis, leading especially to reduced tillering, which in turn resulted in lower grain production per plant. Consistently with the interrelation between early photosynthetic phenotype and grain-yield per plant, chlorophyll-fluorescence indexes related to the level of photoprotective thermal dissipation (pNPQ), photosystem II antenna size (ABS/RC), and pool of electron carriers (Sm) are proposed as good candidates for the in-field phenotyping of chlorophyll-deficient wheat.

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Harrison, Michael A., Anastasios Melis, and John F. Allen. "Restoration of irradiance-stressed Dunaliella salina (green alga) to physiological growth conditions: changes in antenna size and composition of Photosystem II." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1100, no. 1 (April 1992): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(92)90129-p.

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41

Boichenko, Vladimir A., Wolfgang Wiessner, Vyacheslav V. Klimov, Dierk Mende, and Sándor Demeter. "Hydrogen Photoevolution Indicates an Increase in the Antenna Size of Photosystem I in Chlamydobotrys stellata during Transition from Autotrophic to Photoheterotrophic Nutrition." Plant Physiology 100, no. 1 (September 1, 1992): 518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.100.1.518.

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42

Barbato, R., G. Friso, F. Rigoni, F. Dalla Vecchia, and G. M. Giacometti. "Structural changes and lateral redistribution of photosystem II during donor side photoinhibition of thylakoids." Journal of Cell Biology 119, no. 2 (October 15, 1992): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.119.2.325.

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The structural and topological stability of thylakoid components under photoinhibitory conditions (4,500 microE.m-2.s-1 white light) was studied on Mn depleted thylakoids isolated from spinach leaves. After various exposures to photoinhibitory light, the chlorophyll-protein complexes of both photosystems I and II were separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and analysed by Western blotting, using a set of polyclonals raised against various apoproteins of the photosynthetic apparatus. A series of events occurring during donor side photoinhibition are described for photosystem II, including: (a) lowering of the oligomerization state of the photosystem II core; (b) cleavage of 32-kD protein D1 at specific sites; (c) dissociation of chlorophyll-protein CP43 from the photosystem II core; and (d) migration of damaged photosystem II components from the grana to the stroma lamellae. A tentative scheme for the succession of these events is illustrated. Some effects of photoinhibition on photosystem I are also reported involving dissociation of antenna chlorophyll-proteins LHCI from the photosystem I reaction center.

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Renger, G., HJ Eckert, A. Bergmann, J. Bernarding, B. Liu, A. Napiwotzki, F. Reifarth, and HJ Eichler. "Fluorescence and Spectroscopic Studies of Exciton Trapping and Electron Transfer in Photosystem II of Higher Plants." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 2 (1995): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950167.

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Measurements of time-resolved fluorescence decay, laser-flash-induced absorption changes in the UV and at 820 nm and of the relative fluorescence quantum yield in different preparations (thylakoids, photosystem II (PSII) membrane fragments and PSII core complexes) from spinach led to a number of conclusions. (1) Light is transformed into Gibbs energy with trapping times of 250 ps and 130 ps in open reaction centres of PSII membrane fragments and PSII core complexes, respectively. Assuming rapid Boltzmann distribution of excitation energy and taking into account the antenna properties (size and spectral distribution), the molecular rate constant of primary charge separation is estimated to be about (3 ps)-1. (2) The electron transfer from Pheo- to QA is characterised by a rate constant of (300 ps)-1. (3) The QA- reoxidation kinetics are significantly retarded in D2O suspensions. These H/D isotope effects are interpreted as to reflect hydrogen-bond dependent changes in the protein dynamics that are relevant to electron transfer. (4) In PSII reaction centres closed for photochemical trapping the yield of a primary radical pair with lifetimes exceeding 1 ns is comparatively small (c 30%) at room temperature. Short illumination in the presence of Na2S2O4 changes the radical pair dynamics. (5) Photoinhibition under aerobic conditions impairs the primary charge separation and leads to formation of quencher(s) of excitation energy.

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Borisova-Mubarakshina, Maria M., Boris N. Ivanov, Daria V. Vetoshkina, Valeriy Y. Lubimov, Tatyana P. Fedorchuk, Ilya A. Naydov, Marina A. Kozuleva, et al. "Long-term acclimatory response to excess excitation energy: evidence for a role of hydrogen peroxide in the regulation of photosystem II antenna size." Journal of Experimental Botany 66, no. 22 (August 31, 2015): 7151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv410.

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45

Lokstein, Heiko, Li Tian, Jürgen E. W. Polle, and Dean DellaPenna. "Xanthophyll biosynthetic mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana: altered nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence is due to changes in Photosystem II antenna size and stability." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1553, no. 3 (February 2002): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-2728(02)00184-6.

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46

Jennings, Robert C., Khalid Islam, and Giuseppe Zucchelli. "Spinach-thylakoid phosphorylation: Studies on the kinetics of changes in photosystem antenna size, spill-over and phosphorylation of light-harvesting chlorophyll ab protein." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 850, no. 3 (July 1986): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(86)90117-9.

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47

Patzlaff, Jason S., and Bridgette A. Barry. "Pigment Quantitation and Analysis by HPLC Reverse Phase Chromatography: A Characterization of Antenna Size in Oxygen-Evolving Photosystem II Preparations from Cyanobacteria and Plants†." Biochemistry 35, no. 24 (January 1996): 7802–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi960056z.

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48

Hsu, Bandar, and Yaulee Lee. "The Photosystem II Heterogeneity of Chlorophyll b-Deficient Mutants of Rice: a Fluorescence Induction Study." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 2 (1995): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950195.

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It has been shown that the fluorescence induction curve of DCMU-poisoned spinach thylakoids can be resolved into three kinetically different phases, a rapid sigmoidal phase (�) followed by two slower exponential phases (β and γ), by using a mathematical analysis method previously described (Hsu, B. D., Lee, Y. S. and Jang, Y. R. (1989). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 975, 44-49). There is evidence suggesting that the a-phase originates from the major 'normal' photosystem II (PSII) centres, while the β and γphases arise from the two minor groups of 'abnormal' PSII centres with low quantum efficiencies due to their slow electron donation systems (Hsu, B. D. and Lee, J. Y. (1991). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1056, 285-292). The same kinetic analysis was made on several chlorophyll �-deficient mutants of rice. PSIIα was identified by its responses to the variation in excitation light intensity, the addition of ferricyanide and the depletion of Mg2+, whereas the slower PSIIβ and PSIIγ were identified by their reaction to the addition of electron donors like hydroxylamine. It was found that the three types of PSII were present in all the mutants studied, irrespective of the amounts of chlorophyll b and the light-harvesting complexes associated with PSII (LHCII). The results suggest that the PSII heterogeneity cannot be attributed to a difference in the antenna size. The variable content of LHCII in mutants mainly affects a single type of PSII, PSIIα. They also suggest that the presence of sigmoidicity in the a-phase (i.e. cooperation between PSIIα units) does not require LHCII, but the effects brought about by Mg2+-depletion (e.g. lowering of fluorescence yield and slowing down of fluorescence rise) are LHCII-dependent.

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Song, Qingfeng, Yu Wang, Mingnan Qu, Donald R. Ort, and Xin-Guang Zhu. "The impact of modifying photosystem antenna size on canopy photosynthetic efficiency-Development of a new canopy photosynthesis model scaling from metabolism to canopy level processes." Plant, Cell & Environment 40, no. 12 (September 21, 2017): 2946–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pce.13041.

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50

Khan, Imran, Ahmad Zada, Ting Jia, and Xueyun Hu. "Effect of the Enhanced Production of Chlorophyll b on the Light Acclimation of Tomato." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 3377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043377.

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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) is one of the widely cultured vegetables under protected cultivation, in which insufficient light is one of the major factors that limit its growth, yield, and quality. Chlorophyll b (Chl b) is exclusively present in the light-harvesting complex (LHC) of photosystems, while its synthesis is strictly regulated in response to light conditions in order to control the antenna size. Chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) is the sole enzyme that converts Chl a to Chl b for Chl b biosynthesis. Previous studies have shown that overexpressing CAO without the regulating domain (A domain) in Arabidopsis overproduced Chl b. However, the growth characteristics of the Chl b overproduced plants under different light environmental conditions are not well studied. Considering tomatoes are light-loving plants and sensitive to low light stress, this study aimed to uncover the growth character of tomatoes with enhanced production of Chl b. The A domain deleted Arabidopsis CAO fused with the FLAG tag (BCF) was overexpressed in tomatoes. The BCF overexpressed plants accumulated a significantly higher Chl b content, resulting in a significantly lower Chl a/b ratio than WT. Additionally, BCF plants possessed a lower maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and anthocyanin content than WT plants. The growth rate of BCF plants was significantly faster than WT plants under low-light (LL) conditions with light intensity at 50–70 µmol photons m−2 s−1, while BCF plants grew slower than WT plants under high-light (HL) conditions. Our results revealed that Chl b overproduced tomato plants could better adapt to LL conditions by absorbing more light for photosynthesis but adapt poorly to excess light conditions by accumulating more ROS and fewer anthocyanins. Enhanced production of Chl b is able to improve the growth rate of tomatoes that are grown under LL conditions, indicating the prospect of employing Chl b overproduced light-loving crops and ornamental plants for protected or indoor cultivation.

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