Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Photosynthetic parameter'
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Bricker, Kelley J. "The Effects of Light and Nutrients on Algal Photosynthetic Parameters." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1240590016.
Full textSrirangam, Siva. "Retrieval of Oceanic and Physiological Parameters Using Computational Intelligence." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SrirangamS2004.pdf.
Full textDaymond, Andrew James. "An investigation into physiological parameters underlying yield variation between different varieties of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325213.
Full textPereira, Dinaelza Castelo. "Efeito dos parâmetros ambientais sobre a macroalga Gracilaria domingensis: estratégias de aclimatação e fotoproteção na espécie." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-19012015-152336/.
Full textIn their natural habitat algae are exposed to simultaneous action of various factors, as radiation (photosynthetically active radiation and ultraviolet), temperature, salinity, nutrient availability and others. The variation in these factors in the natural environment occurs collectively and the algae capability for quick response is determinant for survival. In this work, studies related to the effects of environmental variation on the macroalgae Gracilaria domingensis were performed. Three chromatic strains were cultivated in the sea, at different times of the year (dry and rainy seasons). Biochemical and photosynthetic responses were accessed on a daylight time scale and on a week time scale. The reached results for photosynthetic parameters, pigment content, glutathione concentrations, mycosporine-like amino acids concentrations, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus tissue content, lipids and fatty acids levels and agar yield, revealed the altered biochemical and physiological profile of macroalgae. These changes were environment related and suggest metabolism changes as a strategy used by this organism to acclimate.
Khosravi, Narges [Verfasser], John P. [Akademischer Betreuer] Burrows, John P. [Gutachter] Burrows, and Justus [Gutachter] Notholt. "Space-Borne Retrieval of Solar-Induced Plant Fluorescence and its Relationship to Photosynthetic Parameters / Narges Khosravi ; Gutachter: John P. Burrows, Justus Notholt ; Betreuer: John P. Burrows." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/116577223X/34.
Full textShaw, Shreya [Verfasser], and Robin [Akademischer Betreuer] Ghosh. "Comparative physiological parameters for the analysis of H2 production by the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the photosynthetic purple bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum / Shreya Shaw ; Betreuer: Robin Ghosh." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1209545098/34.
Full textPaleari, L. "IN SILICO IDEOTYPING: DEFINITION AND EVALUATION OF RICE IDEOTYPES IMPROVED FOR RESISTANCE/TOLERANCE TRAITS TO BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESSORS UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/483333.
Full textGusman, Grasielle Soares. "Respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas de Lactuca sativa cv Hanson submetida ao arsenato (AsV) e arsenito (AsIII)." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2011. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4323.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The inorganic forms of arsenic (As), arsenate (AsV) and arsenite (AsIII) are considered the most toxic as well as the most found in plants. As contamination in foods represents a great risk to the public health, since it is considered the second mainly way of contamination by this metalloid. Therefore, lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa cv Hanson) were exposed to different AsV and AsIII concentrations, 0.0, 6.6, 13.2, 26.4 and 52.8 μmol L-1 for three days. It was evaluated As accumulation and distribution in roots and leaves, and its effect on vegetal growth, gas exchange, fluorescence of chlorophyll a and chlorophylls and carotenoids concentration, as well as on mineral nutrition, evaluating the concentration of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) and the regulation of the antioxidant enzymatic system as superoxide dismutase (SOD), total peroxidases (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The tested plants accumulated significant amounts of As with the increment of AsV and AsIII concentration in the nutrient solution, in leaves and roots, observing higher accumulation in roots. This fact promoted reduction in gas exchange parameters as liquid photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gS), transpiration (E) and effective use of water (EUW), except at 6.6 μmol L-1 AsV. The internal concentration of CO2 (Ci) increased at the highest AsV and AsIII concentrations, which indicated changes in the biochemical phase of photosynthesis. The parameters of fluorescence of chlorophyll a were changed with reduction on photochemical quenching (qP), electron transport rate (ETR), followed by the increment in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), which showed a change in the photochemical phase of photosynthetic process. In consequence, plant growth was affected, except the roots of plants that were exposed to the concentration of 6.6 μmol L-1 AsV. The exposition of plants to AsV and AsIII resulted in increasing lipid peroxidation as observed by the increment in malonaldehyde (MDA), an indicator of the action of the oxidative stress. However, this oxidative stress was not able to affect tylacoid membrane and cloroplastic pigments concentration, chlorophylls and carotenoids, as observed by the unaltered minimal fluorescence (F0) and potential photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). The oxidative stress followed by the direct damages suffered by the roots, promoted changes in the mineral nutrition of leaves and roots. The concentration of nutrients involved with tolerance mechanisms, as Ca and Mg, were increased. The concentration of 6.6 μmol L-1, of both chemical forms promoted increment in phosphorus (P) concentration, not being this result observed at the highest concentrations of AsV and AsIII. The probably reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced, due to the exposition to AsV and AsIII promoted changes in the antioxidant enzymatic system. In the leaves, it was observed an increment in the activities of SOD, CAT, POX and APX, whereas in the roots, of SOD, CAT and GR, characterizing differentiated tolerance mechanism in leaves and roots.
As formas inorgânicas de arsênio (As), arsenato (AsV) e arsenito (AsIII) são consideradas as mais tóxicas sendo também, as mais encontradas em plantas. A contaminação de As em alimentos representa um grande risco à saúde pública, já que essa é considerada a segunda principal forma de contaminação por esse metalóide. Assim, plantas de alface (Lactuca sativa cv Hanson) foram expostas a diferentes concentrações de AsV e AsIII, 0,0; 6,6; 13,2; 26,4 e 52,8 μmol L-1, por três dias. Foram avaliados o acúmulo e a distribuição de As em raízes e folhas e o efeito no crescimento vegetal, nas trocas gasosas, na fluorescência da clorofila a e na concentração de clorofilas e carotenóides, assim como as alterações na nutrição mineral, avaliando-se a concentração de cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), fósforo (P), ferro (Fe), manganês (Mn) e cobre (Cu) e a regulação das enzimas do sistema antioxidante, como dismutase do superóxido (SOD), peroxidases totais (POX), catalase (CAT), redutase da glutationa (GR) e peroxidase do ascorbato (APX). As plantas testadas acumularam quantidades significativas de As, à medida que se aumentou a concentração de AsV e AsIII na solução nutritiva, em folhas e raízes, observando-se maior acúmulo nas raízes. Tal fato, promoveu redução nos parâmetros de trocas gasosas como fotossíntese líquida (A), condutância estomática (gS), transpiração (E) e eficiência do uso da água (EUA), exceto para 6,6 μmol L-1 AsV. A concentração interna de CO2 (Ci) aumentou nas maiores concentrações de AsV e AsIII, indicando alteração na etapa bioquímica da fotossíntese. Os parâmetros de fluorescência da clorofila a foram alterados, com redução no coeficiente de extinção fotoquímico (qP) e transporte relativo de elétrons (ETR), acompanhados do aumento do coeficiente de extinção não-fotoquímico (NPQ), evidenciando alteração na etapa fotoquímica do processo fotossintético. Em consequência, o crescimento das plantas foi afetado, à exceção das raízes daquelas expostas à concentração de 6,6 μmol L-1 de AsV. A exposição das plantas ao AsV e AsIII resultou em peroxidação de lipídios crescente, conforme observado pelo aumento na concentração de malonaldeído (MDA), indicativo de ação do estresse oxidativo. Entretanto, esse estresse oxidativo não foi capaz de afetar as membranas dos tilacóides e a concentração dos pigmentos cloroplastídicos, clorofilas e carotenóides, conforme observado pela inalteração da fluorescência mínima (F0) e da eficiência fotoquímica potencial do fotossistema II (Fv/Fm). O estresse oxidativo, acompanhado dos danos diretos sofridos pelo sistema radicular, promoveu alterações na nutrição mineral de folhas e raízes. A concentração dos nutrientes envolvidos com mecanismos de tolerância, como Ca e Mg, foram aumentadas. A concentração 6,6 μmol L-1, de ambas as formas químicas promoveu aumento na concentração de fósforo (P), não sendo esse resultado observados nas concentrações superiores de AsV e AsIII. A provável produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), decorrentes da exposição ao AsV e AsIII promoveu alteração no sistema enzimático antioxidante. Nas folhas, observou-se aumento nas atividades da SOD, CAT, POX e APX, enquanto, nas raízes, da SOD, CAT e GR, caracterizando mecanismo de tolerância diferenciado nas folhas e raízes.
Davids, Danielle Andrea. "Physiological and molecular characterization of wheat cultivars to Fusarium oxysporum infection." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7708.
Full textBiotic stress is one of the main causes for agricultural loss of economically important cereal crops. The increasing prevalence of biotic stress inflicted by fungal species such as Fusarium has significantly reduced yields and quality of cereals, threatening sustainable agriculture and food security worldwide. Interactions between wheat and Fusarium spp. such as Fusarium oxysporum promotes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overproduction of ROS can become toxic to plants depending on the scavenging ability of antioxidant systems to maintain redox homeostasis. This study investigated the effects of F. oxysporum on the physiological and biochemical response of three wheat cultivars namely, SST 056, SST 088 and SST 015. Physiological responses were monitored by measuring changes observed in plant growth parameters including shoot and root growth and biomass, relative water content as well as photosynthetic metabolism and osmolyte content in all three wheat cultivars. Downstream biochemical analysis involved monitoring the accumulation of ROS biomarkers (superoxide and hydrogen peroxide) as well as the detection of enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD). These biochemical responses were only monitored on the two wheat cultivars which presented contrasting responses to F. oxysporum infection. Results showed that F. oxysporum significantly reduced plant growth, biomass, chlorophyll pigments and relative water content of all three cultivars, with the highest reduction observed for SST 088 relative to SST 015 and SST056. On the other hand, proline content was significantly enhanced in all three wheat cultivars, with the highest increase observed for SST 015 relative to SST 056 and SST 088. Based on the contrasting physiological results observed for these three cultivars, downstream biochemical analysis was focused on SST 015 and SST 088. F. oxysporum trigged an increased in superoxide and hydrogen peroxide contents in both cultivars, with the highest increase observed for SST 088. A similar trend was observed for the extent of lipid peroxidation, manifested as enhanced MDA levels. Furthermore, F. oxysporum differentially altered antioxidant enzyme activity relative to the control of both wheat cultivars. A Significant increase in SOD activity was observed for both cultivars in response to F. oxysporum. However, contrasting responses in APX and POD activity (as seen for the band intensities of individual isoforms) was observed in these wheat cultivars in response to F. oxysporum. Based on the results obtained in this study we suggest that F. oxysporum infection has varying degrees of severity in different wheat cultivars. In light of the significant reduction of plant development coupled with enhanced ROS accumulation and differential antioxidant capacity for SST 015 relative SST 088, we suggest that SST 015 is more resilient to F. oxysporum. We thus conclude that a direct relationship exists between ROS accumulation and antioxidant scavenging in regulating plant tolerance against F. oxysporum pathogens.
Giannini, Maria Fernanda Colo. "The influence of phytoplankton pigments composition and dominant cell size on fluorescence-derived photophysiological parameters and implications for primary production rates." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21134/tde-08122016-114954/.
Full textA fluorescência da clorofila-a do fitoplâncton, medida in situ, pode ser uma ferramenta para estimar produção primária no oceano em grande escala temporal e espacial. Esta técnica não-invasiva permite análises rápidas de parâmetros foto-fisiológicos ao contrário de metodologias tradicionais (assimilação de 14C e produção de O2). Os principais parâmetros foto-fisiológicos de instrumentos disponíveis hoje tratam-se de eficiências, e como tal, requerem cuidados em serem interpretados. A compreensão das principais fontes de variabilidade da eficiência fotoquímica e de absorção de luz no fitoplâncton marinho tem aumentado nos últimos anos, em sua maioria em cultivos monoespecíficos. Em comunidades naturais, entretanto, o desenvolvimento de modelos de produção primária baseados na fluorescência da clorofila-a ainda é limitado uma vez que estão sujeitos à uma ampla gama de fatores ambientais e biológicos. Esse estudo testa a hipótese de que modelos foto-fisiológicos para estimar produção primária podem ser aprimorados considerando-se características fundamentais do fitoplâncton, como a composição de pigmentos e tamanho celular dominante. A estratégia foi contrastar parâmetros foto-fisiológicos derivados de medidas em regiões oceanográficas distintas, assim como medidas em um ambiente específico com diferentes concentrações de nutrientes ao longo do período amostrado. Adicionalmente, apresentamos através de cultivos monoespecíficos, como parâmetros foto-fisiológicos são quantitativamente relacionados à produção de carbono e os efeitos interativos da composição taxonômica e tamanho celular nessa relação. A proporção de pigmentos fotossintéticos e fotoprotetores da comunidade foram relacionados à eficiência fotoquímica e seção transversal de absorção de luz, porém variaram de acordo com a região oceanográfica e profundidade na coluna d\'água. Uma parameterização de taxas de produção primária derivadas da fluorescência, usando quatro classes de tamanho dominantes, foi proposta para comunidades naturais de fitoplâncton sob condições de nutrientes diferentes em um ambiente costeiro, mostrando que os parâmetros diferiram entre as classes de tamanho acima de um limiar de concentração de nutrientes. As taxas de conversão diretas entre produção primária derivada da fluorescência e taxas de assimilação de carbono, computadas para dois tamanhos de fitoplâncton crescidos em condições controladas em laboratório, mostraram que tamanho celular influencia as eficiências de absorção de luz e fotoquímica, porém respostas espécie-específicas na alocação de energia fotossintética dominaram as diferenças observadas em como a luz absorvida é utilizada para assimilação de carbono, ou seja, na razão de elétrons exigidos para assimilação de carbono. Os resultados destacam a importância do acoplamento da disponibilidade de nutrientes com a comunidade fitoplanctônica, assim como das medidas de fluorescência da clorofila-a no oceano e nos modelos de produção primária. Este trabalho apresenta uma contribuição inédita nos esforços crescentes em aplicar técnicas baseadas na fluorescência para entender e parameterizar estimativas de produção primária nos sistemas marinhos, especialmente em ambientes altamente dinâmicos.
Neto, Ana Maria Pereira. "Efeito de poluentes metálicos nos níveis de pigmentos fotossintéticos presentes em algas marinhas e avaliação do papel estrutural de carotenos em membranas miméticas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-30012008-105655/.
Full textThis work involves the study of the levels of photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids and chlorophylls, contained in the marine algae Tetraselmis gracilis and Gracilaria tenuistipitata, under conditions of cellular senescence and anthropogenic stress (metallic pollution). Due to the fundamental organizational role of carotenoids in thylakoid membranes, its structural features in lipid bilayers were evaluated. Also in this last mentioned study, it was employed the methanolic extract of T. gracilis. In order to perform these studies, the algae were cultivated and the growth curves determined. Also, the typical chromatograms were obtained, and some photosynthetic pigments were identified trough commercial standards, which were then analyzed and quantified in crude extracts of different growth phases. The toxicity of the metals Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb were determined trough bioassays, which led to the toxicological parameters EC15 and EC50 estimation (the effective concentration that causes 15 and 50% of reduction of the algal growth, respectively). For each metal, the acute and chronic stress models were built, and the photosynthetic pigments contents\' quantified. Liposomes were constructed with the incorporation of carotenes and of the T. gracilis\' methanolic extract in the bilayer, which were then submitted to light scattering, calorimetric, hydrodynamic radius and phospholipid assays. Fluorescence and chemiluminescence measurements were used to study the NO kinetics of liberation and permeation. Also, it was accomplished the extraction and pre-isolation of carotenes contained in T. gracilis. For each type of metal and stress occasioned, different levels of pigments were observed, a consequence of the different mechanisms employed against reactive oxygen species. At higher exposure periods, higher pigments\' contents were quantified, which probably corresponds to an algae acclimatative strategy. The EC50 value found for Cu is higher than the standard one previously stated in the CONAMA\'s nº 357 resolution. This means that effluents containing Cu, in levels allowed by the law, may cause damage to the marine biota. Moreover, it\'s suggested a reevaluation of the standard limiting value for this metal, in order to preserve aquatic ecosystems. A higher fluidity of the lipid bilayer, occasioned by a large perturbation of the membrane\'s structure, was accomplished by incorporating the extract of T. gracilis. This was observed independently of the cells\' growth phase. &$946;-carotene and licopene interfere in the lipid bilayer structure, lowering the hydrodynamic diameter of large unilamellar vesicles, an effect not previously reported in literature. This reduces the temperature were the phase transition initiates, broadens the transition gap, lowers the calorific capacity and enthalpy values, consequently, modifying the transition cooperation. Only β-carotene induces a higher fluidity of the lipid system and a faster NO permeation trough the membrane, which suggests that it may modify physical properties of the membrane.
FANI, FABIOLA. "Pigment variability and photosynthetic parameters of natural and cultured Raphidophyceans." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/488457.
Full textŠTUMBAUER, Václav. "Modelling, parameter estimation, optimisation and control of transport and reaction processes in bioreactors." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261635.
Full textLi, Hsin-Yun, and 李欣芸. "The Effect of Parameter Conditions Change and Carbon Cloth Material Surface Modification on Electricity Production in Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26635048361851915003.
Full text國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系
103
The technology of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is a technology of degrading organics in waste water using microbes to generate chemical energy which is then transformed into electricity. Although MFCs seem advantageous from the theoretical perspective, in practice, the development cost is quite high as their electricity generation efficiency is influenced by factors such as internal resistance, electrode material and quality, and form of waste water. This study developed a membrane bioreactor-photosynthetic microbial fuel cell, (MBR-PMFC) system, resolving the issue of traditional MFCs of the positive electrode run-through area being too small and reducing the usage of catalyst. This study increased the anode run-through area by covering the anode with the cathode chamber. Moreover, in the cathode, nannochloropsis oculata was used to generate dissolved oxygen to reduce catalyst added. The focus of this study is on the discussions regarding the system electricity generation efficiency with different electrode materials (graphite and platinum), anode and cathode volume ratios (1:7, 1:5, and 1:3), and anode and cathode area ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1). The research findings are summarized below: (1) With the volume ratio of 1:7 and the electrode area ratio of 1:1, the PDmax with the modified carbon fiber cloth electrodes was 27 mW/m2, 152% higher than the PDmax with unmodified carbon fiber cloth electrodes, which was 11 mW/m2. And the anode COD removal rate was also 40% higher in comparison. (2) With the Pt carbon fiber cloth electrodes and the electrode area ratio of 1:1, the PDmax with the volume ratio of 1:3 was 171 mW/m2, 529% higher than the PDmax with original volume ratio of 1:3, which was 27 mW/m2. Moreover, it was 10% higher compared with the PDmax with the volume ratio of 1:7 and that with the volume ratio of 1:5. (3) With the Pt carbon fiber cloth electrodes and the volume ratio of 1:3, the PDmax with the electrode area ratio of 1:1 was 171 mW/m2, 45% higher than the PDmax with the electrode area ratio of 1:2 and that with the electrode area ratio of 2:1, while the improvement in the COD removal rate was not significant in comparison.
Kao, Sheng-Kai, and 高聖凱. "The changes of photosynthesis and primary productivity in Sarcodia suieae following different environmental parameters." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ck6bgj.
Full text國立臺灣海洋大學
環境生物與漁業科學學系
107
Studied on the optimum primary productivity, photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll-a contents of Sarcodia suieae , which was cultured in different illuminance (45.50, 99.09, 126.96 and 164.22 μmol photon /m2/s), temperature (15, 20 and 30 °C) and NaHCO3 concentrations (0, 0.1 and 0.2 mol/L) for 6 hours. In ambient of 0.2 M NaHCO3 concentration, the maximum value of the optimum primary productivity had significant increased with increasing of illuminance (p<0.05); on the contrary, In the 0 M NaHCO3 concentration, the maximum value of the optimum primary productivity had significant decreased with increasing of illuminance (p<0.05). The optimum primary productivity of S. suieae was also had significant difference among different temperature environments. The maximum value of the optimum primary productivity had significant decreased with increasing of illuminance at 15 and 20°C (p<0.05), the maximum value of the optimum primary productivity had significant increased with increasing of illuminance at 30°C (p<0.05). With different illuminances, there was no significant difference in chlorophyll-a contents of S. suieae (p>0.05). The photosynthesis rate of S. suieae had significant difference in various environmental factors. Overall, the photosynthesis rate is the most stable at 20°C in various illuminance and NaHCO3 concentration environment. However, the photosynthesis rate has the highest maximum value at 30 °C ,0.2 M NaHCO3 concentration and 164.22 μmol photon /m2/s in this experiment.
Řehořová, Kateřina. "Vliv 24-epibrassinolidu na vybrané parametry genotypů kukuřice a bobu lišících se citlivostí k suchu." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-347883.
Full textJelénková, Iva. "Analýza antioxidačních systémů, morfologických a fyziologických parametrů u dvou odrůd bobu (Vicia faba L.) během stresu suchem." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322029.
Full textPanchártek, Daniel. "Analýza parametrů, u nichž se předpokládá souvislost se suchovzdorností, u různých genotypů čiroku." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322066.
Full text"Physio-biochemical characterization of two wheat cultivars to Fusarium proliferatum infection." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7526.
Full textWheat is a key global commodity in terms of acreage and tradeable value and as a staple in household diets. Many factors including biotic stress conditions have detrimental effects on global wheat production and yield. The increasing prevalence of biotic stress inflicted by fungal species such as Fusarium has significantly reduced yield and quality of cereal crops thus, threatening sustainable agriculture and food security. Interactions between wheat and Fusarium spp. such as Fusarium proliferatum triggers the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to levels toxic to the plant thus leading to oxidative damage and ultimate cellular death. In order to maintain redox homeostasis, plants rely on ROS-scavenging antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) to control ROS molecules to levels less toxic to plants. This study investigated the impact of F. proliferatum on the physio-biochemical responses of two wheat cultivars (SST 015 and SST 088). Changes in seed germination, growth, biomass, chlorophyll and mineral contents were monitored. Furthermore, changes in ROS accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity was measured in the shoots of both wheat cultivars.