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Journal articles on the topic 'Photorefractive materials'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Agulló-López, F. "Photorefractive Materials." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 3 (March 1994): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400039658.

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There is a growing demand for nonlinear optical materials for a variety of applications—lasers and coherent sources, electrooptic devices, communication technologies, and optical processors and computers. Nonlinear optics is a vast field requiring materials with diverse performance features. Photorefractive (PR) materials, which experience a change in the refractive index under the effect of inhomogeneous illumination, constitute a relevant branch of the field. They behave as third-order nonlinear materials, which can be considered, in general, as photorefractive. However, the materials more commonly designated as photorefractives involve a charge-transport-induced nonlinearity, and it is these materials which are the object of this issue of the MRS Bulletin.At variance with conventional (often designated as Kerr) nonlinear materials, photorefractives are sensitive not to the local light intensity but to its spatial variation; i.e., they are nonlocal materials. This feature makes them more complicated to deal with than their conventional counterparts, since a χ(3) susceptibility cannot be properly defined (except as a k-dependent function). On the other hand, this sensitivity gives them some unique and interesting features. In particular, an interference light pattern illuminating the crystal and the generated index grating are phase-shifted, leading to remarkable beam coupling and amplification effects. The coupling gain can be markedly enhanced by applying alternating electric fields or by oscillating the interference fringes with a piezoelectric mirror. Efficient image amplifiers have been made using this effect.

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2

Valley, G. C., M. B. Klein, R. A. Mullen, D. Rytz, and B. Wechsler. "Photorefractive Materials." Annual Review of Materials Science 18, no. 1 (August 1988): 165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.18.080188.001121.

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3

Xu, Lei, and Guanying Chen. "Optimization of Blue Photorefractive Properties and Exponential Gain of Photorefraction in Sc-Doped Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 Crystals." Crystals 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081059.

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Sc:Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals were grown from congruent melt by using the Czochralski method. A series of LiNbO3 crystals (Li/Nb = 48.6/51.4) with 0.1 wt% RuO2, 0.06 wt% Fe2O3 and various concentrations of Sc203 were prepared. RF1 and RF4 refers to the samples containing 0 mol% Sc203 and 3 mol% Sc203, respectively. The photorefractive properties of RF4 were measured by Kr+ laser (λ = 476 nm blue light): ηs = 75.7%, τw = 11 s, M/# = 19.52, S = 2.85 cmJ−1, Γ = 31.8 cm−1 and ∆nmax = 6.66 × 10−5. The photorefractive properties of five systems (ηs, M/#, S, Γ and ∆nmax) under 476 nm wavelength from RF1 to RF4 continually increased the response time, while τw was continually shortened. Comparing the photorefractive properties of Sc (1 mol%):Ru (0.1 wt%):Fe (0.06 wt%): LiNbO3 measured by Kr+ laser (λ = 476 nm blue light) with Sc (1 mol%):Fe (0.06 wt%):LiNbO3 measured by He-Ne laser (633 nm red light), ηs increased by a factor of 1.9, Vw (response rate) increased by a factor of 13.9, M/# increased by a factor of 1.8 and S increased by a factor of 32. The ∆nmax improved by a factor of 1.4. A strong blue photorefraction was created by the two-center effect and the remarkable characteristic of being in phase between the two gratings recorded in shallow and deep trap centers. The photorefractive properties (ηS, τw, M/#, S, ∆nmax) were increased with an increase in Sc3+ ion concentration. Damage-resistant dopants such as Sc3+ ions were no longer resistant to damage, but they enhanced the photorefractive properties at the 476 nm wavelength. The experimental results clearly show that Sc-doped two-center Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 crystal is a promising candidate blue photorefraction material for volume holographic storage. Sc-doped LiNbO3 crystal can significantly enhance the blue photorefractive properties according to the experimental parameters. Therefore, the Sc:Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 crystal has better photorefractive properties than the Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 crystal.

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4

STATMAN, D., and G. C. GILBREATH. "TEMPORAL PROPERTIES OF PHOTOREFRACTIVE MATERIALS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 05, no. 01 (January 1996): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863596000039.

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Photorefractive two-beam coupling is examined experimentally for the case of high modulation depth. It is seen that the dynamics of signal growth and decay are best described by a double exponential function. The properties of this function with respect to interaction angle and modulation depth are studied. It is suggested that the equations governing photorefractive dynamics may be reduced to a pair of coupled bilinear rate equations which adequately describe photorefractive dynamics for high modulation depth.

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5

Kong, Tengfei, Yi Luo, Weiwei Wang, Hanxiao Kong, Zhiqin Fan, and Hongde Liu. "Enhanced Ultraviolet Damage Resistance in Magnesium Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals through Zirconium Co-Doping." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 21, 2021): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14041017.

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MgO-doped LiNbO3 (LN:Mg) is famous for its high resistance to optical damage, but this phenomenon only occurs in visible and infrared regions, and its photorefraction is not decreased but enhanced in ultraviolet region. Here we investigated a series of ZrO2 co-doped LN:Mg (LN:Mg,Zr) regarding their ultraviolet photorefractive properties. The optical damage resistance experiment indicated that the resistance against ultraviolet damage of LN:Mg was significantly enhanced with increased ZrO2 doping concentration. Moreover, first-principles calculations manifested that the enhancement of ultraviolet damage resistance for LN:Mg,Zr was mainly determined by both the increased band gap and the reduced ultraviolet photorefractive center O2−/−. So, LN:Mg,Zr crystals would become an excellent candidate for ultraviolet nonlinear optical material.

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6

YOKOYAMA, Masaaki. "Organic Photorefractive Materials." Kobunshi 47, no. 7 (1998): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.47.453.

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7

Moerner, W. E., and Scott M. Silence. "Polymeric photorefractive materials." Chemical Reviews 94, no. 1 (January 1994): 127–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00025a005.

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8

Zhang, Yadong, Tatsuo Wada, and Hiroyuki Sasabe. "Carbazole photorefractive materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry 8, no. 4 (1998): 809–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a705129h.

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9

Statman, David, and James C. Lombardi. "Memory Effects in Photorefractive Materials." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 07, no. 01 (March 1998): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863598000053.

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We have determined that the dynamics of the signal in photorefractive two beam coupling can be described by a memory effect in the writing of the space charge field. Experimental and computational results confirm that this time dependence is dependent on the history of interference pattern responsible for the space charge field. From this memory effect it is shown that if the input signal has a sinusoidal component much smaller than its DC component, the sinusoidal component of the two beam coupled signal is shifted by the response time of the photorefractive medium. We have demonstrated, both theoretically and experimentally, that for the non-depleting pump this response time is linear with the interaction length.

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10

Li, Xiangping, James W. M. Chon, and Min Gu. "Nanoparticle-Based Photorefractive Polymers." Australian Journal of Chemistry 61, no. 5 (2008): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch08038.

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Photorefractivity has attracted intense attention owing to its ability to spatially modulate the refractive index under non-uniform light illumination. In particular, photorefractive polymers are appealing materials as they enable the high non-linear performance that underpins many areas of photonics. The incorporation of nanoparticles into photorefractive polymers shows an enormous potential owing to the broad spectroscopic tuning range and the high photogeneration efficiency, which are inaccessible to traditional photorefractive materials. This article reviews the recent developments in the field of nanoparticle-doped photorefractive polymers. The merit and functionality of these hybrid materials are summarized and future challenges are discussed. The application of nanoparticle-doped photorefractive polymers under two-photon excitation is also described, which facilitates a promising new area of high-density optical data storage, the third-generation of optical data storage.

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11

Zhang, Li, Jun Shi, and Shao Kui Cao. "Photorefractive Materials, from Polymer to Hyper-Structured Molecule." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.871.

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A series of amorphous polyphosphazenes containing carbazole-based multifunctional chromophores and two hyper-structured photorefractive molecular glasses with a cyclotriphosphazene core were synthesized. These photorefractive polymers and molecular glasses show low glass transition temperature (20-90oC) and can easily be fabricated into optically transparent films with long-term stability. Results of two-beam-coupling and four-wave-mixing experiments demonstrated that high gain coefficient and diffraction efficiency were achieved at zero electric field for samples fabricated with these materials.

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12

HIRAO, Akiko, Kazuki MATSUMOTO, Takayuki TSUKAMOTO, and Hideyuki NISHIZAWA. "Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications. Photorefractive Polymers and Their Applications." Review of Laser Engineering 30, no. 4 (2002): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.30.166.

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13

Blanche, Pierre-Alexandre, Jae-Won Ka, and Nasser Peyghambarian. "Review of Organic Photorefractive Materials and Their Use for Updateable 3D Display." Materials 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2021): 5799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195799.

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Photorefractive materials are capable of reversibly changing their index of refraction upon illumination. That property allows them to dynamically record holograms, which is a key function for developing an updateable holographic 3D display. The transition from inorganic photorefractive crystals to organic polymers meant that large display screens could be made. However, one essential figure of merit that needed to be worked out first was the sensitivity of the material that enables to record bright images in a short amount of time. In this review article, we describe how polymer engineering was able to overcome the problem of the material sensitivity. We highlight the importance of understanding the energy levels of the different species in order to optimize the efficiency and recording speed. We then discuss different photorefractive compounds and the reason for their particular figures of merit. Finally, we consider the technical choices taken to obtain an updateable 3D display using photorefractive polymer. By leveraging the unique properties of this holographic recording material, full color holograms were demonstrated, as well as refreshing rate of 100 hogels/second.

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14

Bylsma, R. B., D. H. Olson, and A. M. Glass. "Photochromic gratings in photorefractive materials." Optics Letters 13, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.13.000853.

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15

Cronin-Golomb, Mark, Karsten Buse, and Tokuyuki Honda. "Photorefractive Materials, Effects, and Devices." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 13, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 2190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.13.002190.

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16

Feinberg, Jack. "Phase Conjugation with Photorefractive Materials." Optics and Photonics News 1, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.1.12.000030.

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17

Dainty, J. C. "Electro-optic and Photorefractive Materials." Journal of Modern Optics 35, no. 8 (August 1988): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500348814551431.

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18

Darracq, Bruno, Frédéric Chaput, Khalid Lahlil, Jean-Pierre Boilot, Yves Levy, Valerie Alain, Lionel Ventelon, and Mireille Blanchard-Desce. "Novel photorefractive sol-gel materials." Optical Materials 9, no. 1-4 (January 1998): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-3467(97)00151-1.

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19

Buse, Karsten, Eckhard Krätzig, and Klaus H. Ringhofer. "Photorefractive materials: properties and applications." Applied Physics B 72, no. 6 (May 2001): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003400100605.

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20

Schloter, Stefan, and Dietrich Haarer. "Photorefractive materials for holographic interferometry." Advanced Materials 9, no. 12 (1997): 991–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19970091215.

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21

Köber, Sebastian, Michael Salvador, and Klaus Meerholz. "Organic Photorefractive Materials and Applications." Advanced Materials 23, no. 41 (September 13, 2011): 4725–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201100436.

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22

MOERNER, W. E., and S. M. SILENCE. "ChemInform Abstract: Polymeric Photorefractive Materials." ChemInform 25, no. 24 (August 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199424311.

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23

Liu, Wei, Haitao Yang, Wenbo Wu, Hongyan Gao, Shidang Xu, Qing Guo, Yingliang Liu, Shengang Xu, and Shaokui Cao. "Calix[4]resorcinarene-based branched macromolecules for all-optical photorefractive applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 45 (2016): 10684–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc04062d.

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24

Kwak, Chong Hoon, and Sang Jo Lee. "Approximate analytic solution of photochromic and photorefractive gratings in photorefractive materials." Optics Communications 183, no. 5-6 (September 2000): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(00)00902-0.

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25

Jablonski, Blazej, Andrzej Ziolkowski, Agnieszka Branecka, and Ewa Weinert-Raczka. "The impact of electron and hole trapping coefficient on nonlinear phenomena in photorefractive multiple quantum well structures." Photonics Letters of Poland 8, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.2016.4.12.

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Semiconductor photorefractive quantum wells belong to materials with strong optical nonlinearity. One of the parameters that may affect the course of nonlinear phenomena in these materials is the electron and hole trapping coefficient. We present the results of a numerical analysis aimed to find out, how electric field-dependent trapping coefficients affect the process of space-charge field formation in multiple quantum wells in the phenomenon of photorefractive two-wave mixing. Full Text: PDF ReferencesQ. Wang, R. M. Brubaker, D. D. Nolte and M. R. Melloch, "Photorefractive quantum wells: transverse Franz-Keldysh geometry," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 1626 (1992) CrossRef D.D. Nolte and M.R. Melloch, in: Photorefractive effects and Materials, Chap.6, ed. by D. D. Nolte (Kluwer Academic, Boston, 1995) CrossRef D.D. Nolte, "Semi-insulating semiconductor heterostructures: Optoelectronic properties and applications"", J. Appl. Phys. 85, 6259 (1999) CrossRef Q.Wang, R. M. Brubaker and D. D. Nolte, "Photorefractive phase shift induced by hot-electron transport: Multiple-quantum-well structures", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9 (1994) 1773. CrossRef V. Ya. Prinz, S. N. Rechkunov, "Influence of a Strong Electric Field on the Carrier Capture by nonradiative Deep-Level Centers in GaAs", Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 118, 159 (1983) CrossRef S.M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductors Devices, second ed., Wiley, New York, 1981 (Chapter 10) DirectLink B. Jablonski, "Impact of donor compensation ratio on photorefractive two-wave mixing dynamics in multiple quantum wells structures", JNOPM 23, 1450029 (2014) CrossRef

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26

JUN, WOONG GI, HYUK YOON, SEUNG HWAN LEE, JAE HONG KIM, and DONG HOON CHOI. "INORGANIC–ORGANIC HYBRID PHOTOREFRACTIVE MATERIALS BEARING THE BIFUNCTIONAL CHROMOPHORE." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 14, no. 04 (December 2005): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863505002943.

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We prepared the photorefractive composite based on organic–inorganic hybrid materials containing charge-transporting molecules, second-order nonlinear optical chromophore, photosensitizer, and plasticizer either as a side chain unit or a guest molecule. New chromophore was synthesized to contain nonlinear optical chromophore and carbazole in one molecule. The functional chromophores were reacted to isocyanatotriethoxysilane to provide the functional precursor molecules. 2,4,7-Trinitrofluorenone (TNF) was added into the sol-gel materials to induce a charge-transfer complex. We also compared the gain coefficient of the photorefractive samples with the change of the concentration of the plasticizer, determined by two-beam coupling technique.

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27

Delaye, Ph, H. J. Von Bardeleben, and G. Roosen. "Bulk Photorefractive Semiconductors." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 3 (March 1994): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400039671.

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The photorefractive (PR) effect has been studied for more than 25 years and many applications for optical signal processing such as correlation, real-time holography, dynamic interconnections, and optical memories have been developed. The main focus of study for the PR effect has been oxides (ferroelectrics and sillenites) in which the useful spectral range lies in the visible. Applications for telecommunication systems and eye-safe devices have required extending the spectral range into the near infrared (1.0 to 1.5 μm), and so the exploration of different materials. It has been shown that the bulk semi-insulating III-V semiconductors GaAs and InP, and more recently the II-VI compound CdTe, were efficient materials for this spectral range. III-V materials offer the advantage of availability as bulk semiinsulating materials of high crystalline perfection and homogeneity regarding their electrical properties due to their importance as substrate materials in micro and optoelectronic technology. However, these materials have not been optimized for PR applications, so quantitative analyses of PR experiments related to the specific material defect properties are necessary for further developments. It has equally been shown that the PR effect can be used as an efficient tool for materials characterization.

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28

WOLFERSBERGER, D., N. FRESSENGEAS, J. MAUFOY, and G. KUGEL. "LASER BEAM SELF-FOCUSING IN PHOTOREFRACTIVE MATERIALS: OPTICAL LIMITING APPLICATION." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 09, no. 04 (December 2000): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863500000376.

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This paper presents a way to achieve optical limiting using the self-focusing of a laser beam in a photorefractive medium. In this view, the protection is not based on the absorption of the beam energy in the limiting system but on a global defocusing of the light in the optical system. We have studied experimentally and theoretically the self-focusing of a single laser beam in electrically biased Bi 12 TiO 20 from the continuous to the pulsed regime. We show that photorefractive materials are, for given conditions, efficient against laser radiation on these two different time scales at a low energy level (nJ).

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29

Arizmendi, L., and F. Agulló-López. "LiNbO3: A Paradigm for Photorefractive Materials." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 3 (March 1994): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940003966x.

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Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a paradigmatic photorefractive (PR) material. It provided the first experimental evidence of the PR effect and still maintains a key position in the field. This position is fostered by the fact that large congruent single crystals with good optical quality are routinely grown, enabling technological applications. A remarkable example, a PR narrow-band interference filter has recently been developed and put on the market.A relevant property of LiNbO3, the high electrooptic figure of merit, n3r, assures efficient PR performance. Another unique feature is the occurrence of a bulk photovoltaic (PV) effect, i.e., the generation of a voltage (in an open circuit) or a current (in a short circuit) as a consequence of homogeneous illumination. The bulk PV effect acts, in a way, like an internal electric field, enhancing the PR effect. On the other hand, thermal fixing or stabilization of PR gratings has been successfully accomplished through an interplay between proton and electron dynamics. LiNbO3 is also the choice substrate for the commercial fabrication of waveguide devices such as modulators, wavelength filters, multiplexers, and demultiplexers. Moreover, lasing action as well as nonlinear effects have been achieved due to the marked inhibition of the PR effect caused by heavy Mg doping. This illustrates the intimate connection between PR behavior and defect structure, i.e., between optics and materials science.

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30

Delaye, Ph, J. M. C-Jonathan, G. Pauliat, and G. Roosen. "Photorefractive materials: specifications relevant to applications." Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of the European Optical Society Part A 5, no. 5 (September 1996): 541–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/5/5/009.

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31

Sasaki, Takeo. "Photorefractive Effect of Liquid Crystalline Materials." Polymer Journal 37, no. 11 (November 2005): 797–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.37.797.

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32

Brody, P. S., U. Efron, J. Feinberg, A. M. Glass, R. W. Hellwarth, R. R. Neurgaonkar, G. Rakuljic, G. C. Valley, and C. Woods. "IV Photorefractive and liquid crystal materials." Applied Optics 26, no. 2 (January 15, 1987): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.000220.

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33

Pugliese, Lenore, and G. Michael Morris. "Computer-generated holography in photorefractive materials." Optics Letters 15, no. 6 (March 15, 1990): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.15.000338.

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34

Osten, W. "Photorefractive optics — materials, properties and applications." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 34, no. 2 (August 2000): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-8166(00)00090-7.

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35

Roosen, Gérald, Jean-Pierre Huignard, and Mark Cronin-Golomb. "Photorefractive Materials, Effects, and Devices Introduction." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 7, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.7.002242.

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36

Feinberg, Jack, and Baruch Fischer. "Photorefractive Materials, Effects, and Devices: Introduction." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 9, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.9.001404.

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37

Feinberg, Jack, and Baruch Fischer. "Photorefractive Materials, Effects, and Devices: INTRODUCTION." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 9, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.9.001606.

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38

Moon, Jong-Sik, Kyujung Kim, Dong-Wook Han, Jeffrey G. Winiarz, and Jin-Woo Oh. "Recent progress in organic photorefractive materials." Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 53, no. 2-4 (May 19, 2017): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2017.1323307.

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39

Meyrueis, P. "Photorefractive Optics: Materials, Properites, and Application." Optics & Laser Technology 32, no. 5 (July 2000): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-3992(00)00065-7.

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40

Bolink, Henk J., Chantal Arts, Victor V. Krasnikov, George G. Malliaras, and Georges Hadziioannou. "Novel Bifunctional Molecule for Photorefractive Materials." Chemistry of Materials 9, no. 6 (June 1997): 1407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm970013k.

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41

Pelekanos, N. T., B. Deveaud, C. Guillemot, J. M. Gérard, P. Gravey, B. Lambert, A. Le Corre, and J. E. Viallet. "Fast photorefractive materials using quantum wells." Optical Materials 4, no. 2-3 (January 1995): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-3467(94)00085-9.

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42

Hou, Chunfeng, Zhongxiang Zhou, and Xiudong Sun. "Manakov solitons in centrosymmetric photorefractive materials." Optical Materials 27, no. 1 (October 2004): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2004.02.015.

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43

de Oliveira, Ivan, and Jaime Frejlich. "Photorefractive running hologram for materials characterization." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.18.000291.

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44

Au, L. B., and L. Solymar. "Higher diffraction orders in photorefractive materials." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 24, no. 2 (February 1988): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3.110.

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45

Dube, R. R. "Potential device applications using photorefractive materials." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 36, no. 11 (November 1989): 2599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.43688.

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46

Solymar, L., D. J. Webb, and A. Grunnet-Jepsen. "Forward wave interactions in photorefractive materials." Progress in Quantum Electronics 18, no. 5 (January 1994): 377–450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6727(94)90008-6.

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47

Würthner, Frank, Rüdiger Wortmann, and Klaus Meerholz. "Chromophore Design for Photorefractive Organic Materials." ChemPhysChem 3, no. 1 (January 18, 2002): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1439-7641(20020118)3:1<17::aid-cphc17>3.0.co;2-n.

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48

IWAMOTO, Satoshi, Tsutomu SHIMURA, and Kazuo KURODA. "Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications. Semiconductor Photorefractive Quantum Wells and Their Applications." Review of Laser Engineering 30, no. 4 (2002): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.30.159.

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49

SONDERER, N., and P. GÜNTER. "NEAR INFRARED NONLINEAR OPTICAL PHASE CONJUGATION IN PHOTOREFRACTIVE CRYSTALS AND SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS PART I: FUNDAMENTALS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 03, no. 02 (April 1994): 225–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021819919400016x.

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Abstract:

The concept of optical wavefront reversing as a tool for phase aberration correction is reviewed. Presenting the fundamental and basic nature of the nonlinear interaction of light with matter leading to optical phase conjugation, a theoretical description of the photorefractive effect is given with a special emphasis on the gain of a coupling experiment and the speed of the photorefractive effect. Optical phase conjugation configurations, designs, and enhancement techniques are described and summarized comparing the possibilities and disadvantages regarding specific applications in the near infrared.

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Moerner, W. E., A. Grunnet-Jepsen, and C. L. Thompson. "PHOTOREFRACTIVE POLYMERS." Annual Review of Materials Science 27, no. 1 (August 1997): 585–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.27.1.585.

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