Journal articles on the topic 'Photopolymerizations'

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1

Peyrot, Fabienne, Sonia Lajnef, and Davy-Louis Versace. "Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spin Trapping (EPR–ST) Technique in Photopolymerization Processes." Catalysts 12, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12070772.

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To face economic issues of the last ten years, free-radical photopolymerization (FRP) has known an impressive enlightenment. Multiple performing photoinitiating systems have been designed to perform photopolymerizations in the visible or near infrared (NIR) range. To fully understand the photochemical mechanisms involved upon light activation and characterize the nature of radicals implied in FRP, electron paramagnetic resonance coupled to the spin trapping (EPR–ST) method represents one of the most valuable techniques. In this context, the principle of EPR–ST and its uses in free-radical photopolymerization are entirely described.
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2

Lang, Margit, Stefan Hirner, Frank Wiesbrock, and Peter Fuchs. "A Review on Modeling Cure Kinetics and Mechanisms of Photopolymerization." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102074.

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Photopolymerizations, in which the initiation of a chemical-physical reaction occurs by the exposure of photosensitive monomers to a high-intensity light source, have become a well-accepted technology for manufacturing polymers. Providing significant advantages over thermal-initiated polymerizations, including fast and controllable reaction rates, as well as spatial and temporal control over the formation of material, this technology has found a large variety of industrial applications. The reaction mechanisms and kinetics are quite complex as the system moves quickly from a liquid monomer mixture to a solid polymer. Therefore, the study of curing kinetics is of utmost importance for industrial applications, providing both the understanding of the process development and the improvement of the quality of parts manufactured via photopolymerization. Consequently, this review aims at presenting the materials and curing chemistry of such ultrafast crosslinking polymerization reactions as well as the research efforts on theoretical models to reproduce cure kinetics and mechanisms for free-radical and cationic photopolymerizations including diffusion-controlled phenomena and oxygen inhibition reactions in free-radical systems.
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3

Elian, Christine, Vlasta Brezová, Pauline Sautrot-Ba, Martin Breza, and Davy-Louis Versace. "Lawsone Derivatives as Efficient Photopolymerizable Initiators for Free-Radical, Cationic Photopolymerizations, and Thiol—Ene Reactions." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13122015.

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Two new photopolymerizable vinyl (2-(allyloxy) 1,4-naphthoquinone, HNQA) and epoxy (2-(oxiran-2yl methoxy) 1,4-naphthoquinone, HNQE) photoinitiators derived from lawsone were designed in this paper. These new photoinitiators can be used as one-component photoinitiating systems for the free-radical photopolymerization of acrylate bio-based monomer without the addition of any co-initiators. As highlighted by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping results, the formation of carbon-centered radicals from an intermolecular H abstraction reaction was evidenced and can act as initiating species. Interestingly, the introduction of iodonium salt (Iod) used as a co-initiator has led to (1) the cationic photopolymerization of epoxy monomer with high final conversions and (2) an increase of the rates of free-radical polymerization of the acrylate bio-based monomer; we also demonstrated the concomitant thiol–ene reaction and cationic photopolymerizations of a limonene 1,2 epoxide/thiol blend mixture with the HNQA/Iod photoinitiating system.
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4

Reinelt, Sebastian, Monir Tabatabai, Urs Karl Fischer, Norbert Moszner, Andreas Utterodt, and Helmut Ritter. "Investigations of thiol-modified phenol derivatives for the use in thiol–ene photopolymerizations." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (July 29, 2014): 1733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.180.

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Thiol–ene photopolymerizations gain a growing interest in academic research. Coatings and dental restoratives are interesting applications for thiol–ene photopolymerizations due to their unique features. In most studies the relative flexible and hydrophilic ester derivative, namely pentaerythritoltetra(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP), is investigated as the thiol component. Thus, in the present study we are encouraged to investigate the performance of more hydrophobic ester-free thiol-modified bis- and trisphenol derivatives in thiol–ene photopolymerizations. For this, six different thiol-modified bis- and trisphenol derivatives exhibiting four to six thiol groups are synthesized via the radical addition of thioacetic acid to suitable allyl-modified precursors and subsequent hydrolysis. Compared to PETMP better flexural strength and modulus of elasticity are achievable in thiol–ene photopolymerizations employing 1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trione (TATATO) as the ene derivative. Especially, after storage in water, the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity is twice as high compared to the PETMP reference system.
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5

Crivello, James V. "“Kick-Starting” oxetane photopolymerizations." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 52, no. 20 (August 8, 2014): 2934–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.27329.

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6

Lin, Jui-Teng, Jacques Lalevee, and Da-Chun Cheng. "A Critical Review for Synergic Kinetics and Strategies for Enhanced Photopolymerizations for 3D-Printing and Additive Manufacturing." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142325.

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The synergic features and enhancing strategies for various photopolymerization systems are reviewed by kinetic schemes and the associated measurements. The important topics include (i) photo crosslinking of corneas for the treatment of corneal diseases using UVA-light (365 nm) light and riboflavin as the photosensitizer; (ii) synergic effects by a dual-function enhancer in a three-initiator system; (iii) synergic effects by a three-initiator C/B/A system, with electron-transfer and oxygen-mediated energy-transfer pathways; (iv) copper-complex (G1) photoredox catalyst in G1/Iod/NVK systems for free radical (FRP) and cationic photopolymerization (CP); (v) radical-mediated thiol-ene (TE) photopolymerizations; (vi) superbase photogenerator based-catalyzed thiol−acrylate Michael (TM) addition reaction; and the combined system of TE and TM using dual wavelength; (vii) dual-wavelength (UV and blue) controlled photopolymerization confinement (PC); (viii) dual-wavelength (UV and red) selectively controlled 3D printing; and (ix) three-wavelength selectively controlled in 3D printing and additive manufacturing (AM). With minimum mathematics, we present (for the first time) the synergic features and enhancing strategies for various systems of multi-components, initiators, monomers, and under one-, two-, and three-wavelength light. Therefore, this review provides not only the bridging between modeling and measurements, but also guidance for further experimental studies and new applications in 3D printings and additive manufacturing (AM), based on the innovative concepts (kinetics/schemes).
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7

Zonca, M. R., B. Falk, and J. V. Crivello. "LED‐Induced Thiol–ene Photopolymerizations." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 41, no. 7 (December 31, 2004): 741–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ma-120037340.

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8

Bowman, Christopher N., and C. Allan Guymon. "Polymerization and Properties of Polymer-Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 9 (September 1997): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033959.

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The following is based on the presentation made by Christopher N. Bowman, recipient of the MRS Outstanding Investigator Award, at the 1997 MRS Spring Meeting.I would like to focus on our recent work involving photopolymerizations of monomers in a liquid-crystalline environment. This work is one of the many aspects of photopolymerizations that we are focusing on at the University of Colorado. In particular this effort concentrates on understanding the influence of a liquid-crystalline medium and monomer segregation on polymerization behavior and polymer structure. These studies are of considerable importance for polymer-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) because of the enormous potential impact on the area.I will briefly introduce liquid crystals (LCs), FLCs, and photopolymerizations. I will then discuss the observed electrooptic properties and how these properties change as the LC phase during polymerization is varied. Finally I will address how polymerization kinetics are affected by the LC phase and monomer segregation. This discussion will include results from x-ray diffraction, polarized infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry experiments.
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9

Chen, Yu, Xiaoqin Jia, Mengqiang Wang, and Tao Wang. "A synergistic effect of a ferrocenium salt on the diaryliodonium salt-induced visible-light curing of bisphenol-A epoxy resin." RSC Advances 5, no. 42 (2015): 33171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16077k.

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10

Kaalberg, Sara M., Sage M. Schissel, Michael Soumounthong, and Julie L. P. Jessop. "Elucidation of network structure in cationic photopolymerization of cyclic ether comonomers." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 41 (2021): 5999–6008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00824b.

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11

Bian, Hang, Jiming Yang, Ning Zhang, Qiliao Wang, Yongjiu Liang, and Dewen Dong. "Ultrathin free-standing polymer membranes with chemically responsive luminescence via consecutive photopolymerizations." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 5 (2016): 1191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py02013a.

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12

Breloy, Louise, Yusuf Alcay, Ismail Yilmaz, Martin Breza, Julie Bourgon, Vlasta Brezová, Yusuf Yagci, and Davy-Louis Versace. "Dimethyl amino phenyl substituted silver phthalocyanine as a UV- and visible-light absorbing photoinitiator: in situ preparation of silver/polymer nanocomposites." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 9 (2021): 1273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01712d.

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13

Kurdikar, Devdatt L., and Nikolaos A. Peppas. "A kinetic study of diacrylate photopolymerizations." Polymer 35, no. 5 (March 1994): 1004–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(94)90945-8.

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14

Crivello, James V. "Hybrid free radical/cationic frontal photopolymerizations." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 45, no. 18 (2007): 4331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.22177.

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15

O'Brien, Allison K., Neil B. Cramer, and Christopher N. Bowman. "Oxygen inhibition in thiol–acrylate photopolymerizations." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 44, no. 6 (2006): 2007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.21304.

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16

Andrzejewska, Ewa, Gordon L. Hug, Maciej Andrzejewski, and Bronislaw Marciniak. "Trithianes as Coinitiators in Benzophenone-Induced Photopolymerizations." Macromolecules 32, no. 7 (April 1999): 2173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma9815408.

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17

Cramer, Neil B., J. Paul Scott, and Christopher N. Bowman. "Photopolymerizations of Thiol−Ene Polymers without Photoinitiators." Macromolecules 35, no. 14 (July 2002): 5361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0200672.

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18

Crivello, James V., and Faming Jiang. "Development of Pyrene Photosensitizers for Cationic Photopolymerizations." Chemistry of Materials 14, no. 11 (November 2002): 4858–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm020722k.

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19

Kannurpatti, Anandkumar R., Sanxiu Lu, Gregory M. Bunker, and Christopher N. Bowman. "Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of Iniferter Photopolymerizations." Macromolecules 29, no. 23 (January 1996): 7310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma951914m.

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20

Okay, Oguz, Sirish K. Reddy, and Christopher N. Bowman. "Molecular Weight Development during Thiol−Ene Photopolymerizations." Macromolecules 38, no. 10 (May 2005): 4501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma050080x.

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21

Calvino, Celine. "Photocycloadditions for the Design of Reversible Photopolymerizations." CHIMIA 76, no. 10 (October 26, 2022): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2022.816.

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The quest for circular designs and ways to reuse polymer materials demands further advances in the development of reversible chemistries. Stimuli-responsive systems incorporated into polymer materials that enable the formation and cleavage of covalent bonds, hold great potential to reversibly decompose materials into their original building blocks. [2π+2π] photocycloadditions, for which the addition and reversion mechanism can be triggered by disparate wavelengths, stand as an attractive platform for triggering such controlled and reversible photoligation towards achieving renewable polymer materials. This perspective highlights the potential of this type of photochemistry to incorporate solid polymer materials and generate reversible polymerizations. The design of effective photoresponsive materials with specific functions requires the consideration of a number of parameters. Following a bottom-up approach – from molecular chemistry to macromolecular functionality – this perspective provides a recipe of the key aspects to consider in the design of such advanced renewable materials. Furthermore, examples of the state of the art in the field are highlighted and an overview of the fundamental challenges that remain is provided. Finally, an outlook on the next frontiers to cross is proposed.
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22

Acosta Ortiz, Ricardo, Rebeca Sadai Sánchez Huerta, Antonio Serguei Ledezma Pérez, and Aida E. García Valdez. "Synthesis of a Curing Agent Derived from Limonene and the Study of Its Performance to Polymerize a Biobased Epoxy Resin Using the Epoxy/Thiol-Ene Photopolymerization Technique." Polymers 14, no. 11 (May 28, 2022): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112192.

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This study describes the synthesis of a curing agent derived from limonene as well as its application to prepare biobased thermoset polymers via the epoxy/thiol-ene photopolymerization (ETE) method. A biobased commercial epoxy resin was used to synthesize a crosslinked polymeric matrix of polyether-polythioether type. The preparation of the curing agent required two steps. First, a diamine intermediate was prepared by means of a thiol-ene coupling reaction between limonene and cysteamine hydrochloride. Second, the primary amino groups of the intermediate compound were alkylated using allyl bromide. The obtained ditertiary amine-functionalized limonene compound was purified and characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopies along with GC-MS. The curing agent was formulated with a tetrafunctional thiol in stoichiometric ratio, and a photoinitiator at 1 mol % concentration, as the components of a thiol-ene system (TES). Two formulations were prepared in which molar concentrations of 30 and 40 mol % of the TES were added to the epoxy resin. The kinetics of the ETE photopolymerizations were determined by means of Real-Time FTIR spectroscopy, which demonstrated high reactivity by observing photopolymerization rates in the range of 1.50–2.25 s−1 for the epoxy, double bonds and thiol groups. The obtained polymers were analyzed by thermal and thermo-mechanical techniques finding glass transition temperatures (Tg) of 60 °C and 52 °C for the polymers derived from the formulations with 30 mol % and 40 mol % of TES, respectively. Potential applications for these materials can be foreseen in the area of coatings.
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23

Reddy, Sirish K., Neil B. Cramer, Tsali Cross, Rishi Raj, and Christopher N. Bowman. "Polymer-Derived Ceramic Materials from Thiol-ene Photopolymerizations." Chemistry of Materials 15, no. 22 (November 2003): 4257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm034291x.

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24

Wang, Kemin, Guiping Ma, Xiaohua Qin, Ming Xiao, and Jun Nie. "Cyclic acetals as coinitiators in CQ-induced photopolymerizations." Polymer Journal 42, no. 6 (May 12, 2010): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pj.2010.29.

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25

Crivello, James V. "Synergistic effects in hybrid free radical/cationic photopolymerizations." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 45, no. 16 (2007): 3759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.22126.

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26

Crivello, James V., and Umut Bulut. "Indian Turmeric and its Use in Cationic Photopolymerizations." Macromolecular Symposia 240, no. 1 (July 2006): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200650801.

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27

Lin, Patrick, Benjamin Falk, Myoungsouk Jang, and James V. Crivello. "Study of Laser-Induced Photopolymerizations by Optical Pyrometry." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 205, no. 15 (October 18, 2004): 2040–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.200400233.

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28

SHIROTA, Yasuhiko, Kentaro YAMAGUCHI, Shin-Chol OH, Satoshi MASUMI, and Guang-Jie JIANG. "PHOTOPOLYMERIZATIONS OF ELECTRON-DONOR MONOMER-ELECTRON-ACCEPTOR MONOMER SYSTEMS." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 1, no. 2 (1988): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.1.346.

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29

Avci, Duygu, and Lon J. Mathias. "Synthesis and photopolymerizations of new hydroxyl-containing dimethacrylate crosslinkers." Polymer 45, no. 6 (March 2004): 1763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2003.12.030.

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30

Kurdikar, Devdatt L., and Nikolaos A. Peppas. "A Kinetic Model for Diffusion-Controlled Bulk Crosslinking Photopolymerizations." Macromolecules 27, no. 15 (July 1994): 4084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00093a009.

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31

Lalevée, Jacques, Ali Dirani, Mohamad El-Roz, Xavier Allonas, and Jean Pierre Fouassier. "Germanes as efficient coinitiators in radical and cationic photopolymerizations." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 46, no. 9 (2008): 3042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.22644.

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32

Crivello, J. V., B. Falk, and M. R. Zonca. "Study of cationic ring-opening photopolymerizations using optical pyrometry." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 92, no. 5 (2004): 3303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.20317.

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33

Yagci, Baris, Burcu Ayfer, Aylin Z. Albayrak, and Duygu Avci. "Synthesis and Photopolymerizations of New Crosslinkers for Dental Applications." Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 291, no. 4 (April 7, 2006): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.200500391.

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34

Cramer, Neil B., Sirish K. Reddy, Michael Cole, Charles Hoyle, and Christopher N. Bowman. "Initiation and kinetics of thiol-ene photopolymerizations without photoinitiators." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 42, no. 22 (2004): 5817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.20419.

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35

Crivello, James V., and Myoungsouk Jang. "Anthracene electron-transfer photosensitizers for onium salt induced cationic photopolymerizations." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 159, no. 2 (July 2003): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1010-6030(03)00182-5.

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36

Stubbs, Christopher, Thomas Congdon, Jessica Davis, Daniel Lester, Sarah-Jane Richards, and Matthew I. Gibson. "High-Throughput Tertiary Amine Deoxygenated Photopolymerizations for Synthesizing Polymer Libraries." Macromolecules 52, no. 20 (October 2, 2019): 7603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01714.

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37

Reddy, Sirish K., Neil B. Cramer, Michael Kalvaitas, Tai Yeon Lee, and Christopher N. Bowman. "Mechanistic Modelling and Network Properties of Ternary Thiol - Vinyl Photopolymerizations." Australian Journal of Chemistry 59, no. 8 (2006): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06193.

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Ternary thiol–vinyl polymerizations offer a unique platform for improved control over polymerization kinetics and network properties as compared to both binary thiol–vinyl systems and traditional (meth)acrylic systems. Therefore, this study seeks to improve the fundamental understanding of the complex ternary thiol–vinyl systems to enable enhanced control over polymerization kinetics, network evolution, and, ultimately, network properties. The polymerization kinetics and material properties afforded by thiol–triazine–methacrylate systems are investigated. The ternary kinetics are successfully predicted by understanding the reaction mechanisms of the corresponding binary components. In ternary thiol–ene–(meth)acrylate systems, the variation in stoichiometric ratios of thiol and ene does not significantly impact material properties as in thiol–ene- or thiol–(meth)acrylate systems. Further, the ternary systems also provide unique polymer properties such as high glass transition temperature with narrow transition widths.
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38

Reddy, Sirish K., Oguz Okay, and Christopher N. Bowman. "Network Development in Mixed Step-Chain Growth Thiol−Vinyl Photopolymerizations." Macromolecules 39, no. 25 (December 2006): 8832–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma060249m.

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39

Yeniad, Bahar, Aylin Ziylan Albayrak, Nihan Celebi Olcum, and Duygu Avci. "Synthesis and photopolymerizations of new phosphonated monomers for dental applications." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 46, no. 6 (February 13, 2008): 2290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.22564.

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40

JAKUBIAK, JULITA, and JAN F. RABEK. "Modeling of the kinetics of linear and crosslinking photopolymerizations. Part I." Polimery 45, no. 07/08 (July 2000): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2000.485.

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41

Acosta Ortiz, Ricardo, María de Lourdes Guillén Cisneros, and Graciela Arias García. "Synthesis of novel highly reactive silicone-epoxy monomers for cationic photopolymerizations." Polymer 46, no. 24 (November 2005): 10663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.049.

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42

Wong, Alexa M., Daniel J. Valles, Carlos Carbonell, Courtney L. Chambers, Angelica Y. Rozenfeld, Rawan W. Aldasooky, and Adam B. Braunschweig. "Controlled-Height Brush Polymer Patterns via Surface-Initiated Thiol-Methacrylate Photopolymerizations." ACS Macro Letters 8, no. 11 (October 15, 2019): 1474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00699.

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43

Ficek, Beth A., Amber M. Thiesen, and Alec B. Scranton. "Cationic photopolymerizations of thick polymer systems: Active center lifetime and mobility." European Polymer Journal 44, no. 1 (January 2008): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.10.023.

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44

Reddy, Sirish K., Neil B. Cramer, and Christopher N. Bowman. "Thiol−Vinyl Mechanisms. 2. Kinetic Modeling of Ternary Thiol−Vinyl Photopolymerizations." Macromolecules 39, no. 10 (May 2006): 3681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0600097.

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45

Dolinski, Neil D., Zachariah A. Page, Fabian Eisenreich, Jia Niu, Stefan Hecht, Javier Read de Alaniz, and Craig J. Hawker. "A Versatile Approach for In Situ Monitoring of Photoswitches and Photopolymerizations." ChemPhotoChem 1, no. 4 (February 15, 2017): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cptc.201600045.

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46

Chemtob, Abraham, Cindy Belon, Céline Croutxé-Barghorn, Séverinne Rigolet, Loïc Vidal, Jocelyne Brendlé, Jérémie Mandel, and Nicolas Blanchard. "Tandem cationic and sol-gel photopolymerizations of a vinyl ether alkoxysilane." Polymer Engineering & Science 51, no. 8 (March 23, 2011): 1466–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21951.

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47

Lacôte, Emmanuel, Dennis P. Curran, and Jacques Lalevée. "NHC-Boranes: Air- and Water-tolerant Co-initiators for Type II Photopolymerizations." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 66, no. 6 (June 27, 2012): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2012.382.

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48

Kato, Masao, Hiroki Ohara, Takashi Fukuda, Hiro Matsuda, and Hachiro Nakanishi. "Synthesis of NLO Diacrylate Monomers and Their Photopolymerizations in Liquid Crystalline State." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 10, no. 2 (1997): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.303.

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49

Toba, Yasumasa, Yoshiharu Usui, Maksudul M. Alam, and Osamu Ito. "Onium Butyltriphenylborates as Donor−Acceptor Initiators for Sensitized Photopolymerizations of Vinyl Monomer." Macromolecules 31, no. 18 (September 1998): 6022–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma9801319.

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50

Anseth, Kristi S., Cynthia M. Wang, and Christopher N. Bowman. "Reaction behaviour and kinetic constants for photopolymerizations of multi(meth)acrylate monomers." Polymer 35, no. 15 (July 1994): 3243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(94)90129-5.

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