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Journal articles on the topic 'Photopolymerization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 October 2024

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1

Peyrot, Fabienne, Sonia Lajnef, and Davy-Louis Versace. "Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spin Trapping (EPR–ST) Technique in Photopolymerization Processes." Catalysts 12, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12070772.

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To face economic issues of the last ten years, free-radical photopolymerization (FRP) has known an impressive enlightenment. Multiple performing photoinitiating systems have been designed to perform photopolymerizations in the visible or near infrared (NIR) range. To fully understand the photochemical mechanisms involved upon light activation and characterize the nature of radicals implied in FRP, electron paramagnetic resonance coupled to the spin trapping (EPR–ST) method represents one of the most valuable techniques. In this context, the principle of EPR–ST and its uses in free-radical photopolymerization are entirely described.

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2

Jessop, Julie L. P. "A Practical Primer: Raman Spectroscopy for Monitoring of Photopolymerization Systems." Polymers 15, no. 18 (September 20, 2023): 3835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15183835.

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Photopolymerization systems provide compelling advantages for industrial applications due to their fast reaction kinetics, wide selection of monomers for physical property development, and energy-efficient initiation via illumination. These same advantages can present challenges when attempting to monitor these reactions or characterize their resulting polymers; however, Raman spectroscopy can provide the flexibility and resolution needed. In this overview, Raman spectroscopy is compared to common characterization techniques, such as photo-differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy, highlighting advantages of Raman spectroscopy. Examples are provided of how Raman spectroscopy has been used to monitor photopolymerizations and to provide insight on the impact of monomer chemistry and processing conditions, as well as paired with other techniques to elucidate physical properties. Finally, practical tips are provided for applying Raman spectroscopy and microscopy in photopolymerization systems.

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3

Elian, Christine, Vlasta Brezová, Pauline Sautrot-Ba, Martin Breza, and Davy-Louis Versace. "Lawsone Derivatives as Efficient Photopolymerizable Initiators for Free-Radical, Cationic Photopolymerizations, and Thiol—Ene Reactions." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13122015.

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Two new photopolymerizable vinyl (2-(allyloxy) 1,4-naphthoquinone, HNQA) and epoxy (2-(oxiran-2yl methoxy) 1,4-naphthoquinone, HNQE) photoinitiators derived from lawsone were designed in this paper. These new photoinitiators can be used as one-component photoinitiating systems for the free-radical photopolymerization of acrylate bio-based monomer without the addition of any co-initiators. As highlighted by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping results, the formation of carbon-centered radicals from an intermolecular H abstraction reaction was evidenced and can act as initiating species. Interestingly, the introduction of iodonium salt (Iod) used as a co-initiator has led to (1) the cationic photopolymerization of epoxy monomer with high final conversions and (2) an increase of the rates of free-radical polymerization of the acrylate bio-based monomer; we also demonstrated the concomitant thiol–ene reaction and cationic photopolymerizations of a limonene 1,2 epoxide/thiol blend mixture with the HNQA/Iod photoinitiating system.

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4

Lin, Jui-Teng, Jacques Lalevee, and Da-Chun Cheng. "A Critical Review for Synergic Kinetics and Strategies for Enhanced Photopolymerizations for 3D-Printing and Additive Manufacturing." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142325.

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The synergic features and enhancing strategies for various photopolymerization systems are reviewed by kinetic schemes and the associated measurements. The important topics include (i) photo crosslinking of corneas for the treatment of corneal diseases using UVA-light (365 nm) light and riboflavin as the photosensitizer; (ii) synergic effects by a dual-function enhancer in a three-initiator system; (iii) synergic effects by a three-initiator C/B/A system, with electron-transfer and oxygen-mediated energy-transfer pathways; (iv) copper-complex (G1) photoredox catalyst in G1/Iod/NVK systems for free radical (FRP) and cationic photopolymerization (CP); (v) radical-mediated thiol-ene (TE) photopolymerizations; (vi) superbase photogenerator based-catalyzed thiol−acrylate Michael (TM) addition reaction; and the combined system of TE and TM using dual wavelength; (vii) dual-wavelength (UV and blue) controlled photopolymerization confinement (PC); (viii) dual-wavelength (UV and red) selectively controlled 3D printing; and (ix) three-wavelength selectively controlled in 3D printing and additive manufacturing (AM). With minimum mathematics, we present (for the first time) the synergic features and enhancing strategies for various systems of multi-components, initiators, monomers, and under one-, two-, and three-wavelength light. Therefore, this review provides not only the bridging between modeling and measurements, but also guidance for further experimental studies and new applications in 3D printings and additive manufacturing (AM), based on the innovative concepts (kinetics/schemes).

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5

Lang, Margit, Stefan Hirner, Frank Wiesbrock, and Peter Fuchs. "A Review on Modeling Cure Kinetics and Mechanisms of Photopolymerization." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102074.

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Photopolymerizations, in which the initiation of a chemical-physical reaction occurs by the exposure of photosensitive monomers to a high-intensity light source, have become a well-accepted technology for manufacturing polymers. Providing significant advantages over thermal-initiated polymerizations, including fast and controllable reaction rates, as well as spatial and temporal control over the formation of material, this technology has found a large variety of industrial applications. The reaction mechanisms and kinetics are quite complex as the system moves quickly from a liquid monomer mixture to a solid polymer. Therefore, the study of curing kinetics is of utmost importance for industrial applications, providing both the understanding of the process development and the improvement of the quality of parts manufactured via photopolymerization. Consequently, this review aims at presenting the materials and curing chemistry of such ultrafast crosslinking polymerization reactions as well as the research efforts on theoretical models to reproduce cure kinetics and mechanisms for free-radical and cationic photopolymerizations including diffusion-controlled phenomena and oxygen inhibition reactions in free-radical systems.

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6

Zhang, Jing, Jacques Lalevée, Jiacheng Zhao, Bernadette Graff, Martina H. Stenzel, and Pu Xiao. "Dihydroxyanthraquinone derivatives: natural dyes as blue-light-sensitive versatile photoinitiators of photopolymerization." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 47 (2016): 7316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py01550f.

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Dihydroxyanthraquinone derivatives can be used as versatile blue-light-sensitive photoinitiators for cross-linked free radical photopolymerization, RAFT photopolymerization, and cationic photopolymerization.

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7

Lin, De, Huiguang Kou, Wen-Fang Shi, Hui-Ya Yuan, and Yong-Lie Chen. "Photopolymerizaton of hyperbranched aliphatic acrylated poly(amide ester). II. Photopolymerization kinetics." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 82, no. 7 (2001): 1637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.2003.

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8

Hayase, Shuji. "Cationic photopolymerization." Kobunshi 35, no. 2 (1986): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.35.116.

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9

Xu, Rui Xin, Li Jie Wang, and Ming Hui He. "Benzoylformamides as New Photocaged Bases for Free Radical Photopolymerization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 731 (January 2015): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.731.573.

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Benzoylformamide (BFA) derivatives are proposed as new photocaged bases. Initially their abilities as photoinitiators to initiate the free radical photopolymerization of acrylic monomers have been investigated. Next, we detail regarding the model photopolymerization in the presence of BFA-dBA (N,N-Dibenzyl-2-oxo-2-phenylacetamide) as a photocaged base. In combination with a benzoyl peroxide initiator, BFA-dBA is able to initiate the amine-mediated redox photopolymerization of acrylates, and photopolymerization rate is markedly enhanced.

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10

Zhou, Hua, Yugang Huang, Yun Zhang, Dandan Song, Hong Huang, Cheng Zhong, and Guodong Ye. "Hydrogen abstraction of carbon/phosphorus-containing radicals in photoassisted polymerization." RSC Advances 6, no. 73 (2016): 68952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra00156d.

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11

Cataldo, F. "On cyanogen photopolymerization." European Polymer Journal 35, no. 4 (April 1999): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-3057(98)00173-6.

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12

Kaur, Manmeet, and A. K. Srivastava. "PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION: A REVIEW." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews 42, no. 4 (January 12, 2002): 481–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/mc-120015988.

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13

Ueno, Kosei, Saulius Juodkazis, Toshiyuki Shibuya, Vygantas Mizeikis, Yukie Yokota, and Hiroaki Misawa. "Nanoparticle-Enhanced Photopolymerization." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113, no. 27 (June 2, 2009): 11720–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp901773k.

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14

Akgün, Ertan, Alex Muntean, Jürgen Hubbuch, Michael Wörner, and Marco Sangermano. "Cationic Aerosol Photopolymerization." Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 300, no. 2 (September 29, 2014): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.201400211.

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15

Neckers, D. C. "Architecture with photopolymerization." Polymer Engineering and Science 32, no. 20 (October 1992): 1481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760322007.

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16

Matsuzawa, Shuji, Kazuo Yamamura, Tomio Oyama, Hiroaki Takayanagi, and Shinji Ebe. "Photopolymerization of vinyltrichloroacetate." Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Letters 24, no. 9 (September 24, 1986): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1986.140240908.

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17

Gražulevičius, Juozas V., Rimtautus Kavaliūnas, and Rūta Lazauskaitė. "Photopolymerization of carbazolyloxiranes." Polymer International 36, no. 1 (January 1995): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.1995.210360111.

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18

Hanemann, Thomas, Robert Ruprecht, and Jürgen H. Haußelt. "Micromolding and photopolymerization." Advanced Materials 9, no. 11 (1997): 927–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19970091117.

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19

Manjuk, O. N. "ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF DIRECT TEETH RESTORATION AND THEIR DECISIONS." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 4 (December 28, 2009): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2009-6-4-14.

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Today the use of composites and photopolymerization reactors has become widely spread in stomatologic practice. They are irreplaceable while making qualitative and aesthetic restorations of teeth. Photopolymerization is a complex and ambiguous process, which is proved by existance of many factors influencing it. And this, in it’s turn, demands closer and thought over approach, as well as development and introduction of algorithms of use of photopolymerization reactors considering the type of the applied device and clinical situation.

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20

Sangermano, Marco. "Advances in cationic photopolymerization." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 10 (August 10, 2012): 2089–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-12-04-11.

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This review discusses cationic UV-curing processes of vinyl ethers, propenyl ethers, and epoxy monomers. Cationic photopolymerization based on photogeneration of acid from onium salts induced by UV light and consecutive polymerization initiated by photogenerated acid was first proposed at the end of the 1970s. The process engendered high interest both in academia and in industry. Cationic photoinduction presents some advantages over comparable radical-mediated processes, particularly the absence of inhibition by oxygen, low shrinkage, and good adhesion, and mechanical properties of the UV-cured materials. Moreover, the monomers employed are generally less toxic and irritant than acrylates and methacrylates, which are widely used in radical photopolymerization. In this overview, particular emphasis is given to our recent contributions to the field of cationic photopolymerization for different classes of monomers.

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21

Yan, Yunxing, Xutang Tao, Guibao Xu, Huaping Zhao, Yuanhong Sun, Chuankui Wang, Jiaxiang Yang, Xiaoqiang Yu, Xian Zhao, and Minhua Jiang. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Non-Linear Optical Properties of Two New Symmetrical Two-Photon Photopolymerization Initiators." Australian Journal of Chemistry 58, no. 1 (2005): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch04111.

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Two new symmetrical two-photon free-radical photopolymerization initiators, 1,4-bis-{2-[4-(2-pyridin-4-ylvinyl)phenyl]vinyl}-2,5-bisdimethoxybenzene 6 and 1,4-bis-{2-[4-(2-pyridin-4-ylvinyl)phenyl]vinyl}-2,5-bisdodecyloxybenzene 7, were synthesized using an efficient Wittig and Pd-catalyzed Heck coupling methodology. One-photon fluorescence, one-photon fluorescence quantum yields, one-photon fluorescence lifetimes, and two-photon fluorescence have been investigated. Experimental results show that both compounds were good two-photon absorbing chromophores and effective two-photon photopolymerization initiators. Two-photon polymerization microfabrication experiments have been studied and the possible photopolymerization mechanism is discussed.

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22

Bonsor, Stephen J., and William M. Palin. "‘Let there be Light,’ and there was Light, but was it Enough? A Review of Modern Dental Light Curing." Dental Update 48, no. 8 (September 2, 2021): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2021.48.8.633.

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Light curing, or photopolymerization, is a very common method of effecting the set of resin-containing dental materials. This review summarizes key aspects that influence optimal photopolymerization, and how both a basic knowledge of chemistry and properties of the light-curing device are essential to achieve optimal clinical performance of the material. Tips are offered with respect to both the light-curing units and those materials which are cured by them to ensure best practice when working clinically. CPD/Clinical Relevance: A thorough knowledge and understanding of photopolymerization is critical to clinicians given that many dental materials in contemporary use are cured by this means.

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23

Magini, Marcio, and Máira R. Rodrigues. "Dynamical Model to Describe the Interactions between the Chemical Components in Environment of Photopolymerization of MMA by Dye/Amine Systems." Research Letters in Organic Chemistry 2008 (January 25, 2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/404936.

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This work discusses the model that explains the aspects of photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by dye/amine systems. This model is based on a simulation that uses differential equations. A similar model following the hypothesis presented here was used with success in a preliminary work, by Magini and Rodrigues (2005), to describe the cationic photopolymerization of THF in the presence of sensitizers/sulfonium salt systems. Using the same structure was possible to generate a straight correlation between experimental and theoretical results for this system, free radically initiated, opening an important theoretical understanding about the photopolymerization systems and their chemical relations during the reaction.

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24

Knezevic, A., M. Ristic, N. Demoli, Z. Tarle, S. Music, and V. Negovetic Mandic. "Composite Photopolymerization with Diode Laser." Operative Dentistry 32, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/06-79.

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Clinical Relevance Many curing lights that are present in clinical practice today cause the clinician to wonder which curing unit is best for the photopolymerization of dental light curing materials. This study introduces the blue diode laser photopolymerization of composite materials, which, if acceptable for clinical use, offers the best polymerization properties compared to other units available on the market today.

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25

Wang, Ke, Jhair Peña, and Jinfeng Xing. "Upconversion Nanoparticle‐Assisted Photopolymerization." Photochemistry and Photobiology 96, no. 4 (May 19, 2020): 741–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/php.13249.

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26

Schoch, K. F. "PHOTOINITIATION, PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION, AND PHOTOCURING." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 12, no. 6 (November 1996): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mei.1996.546285.

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27

HASEGAWA, Masaki. "Four Center Type Photopolymerization." Kobunshi 47, no. 1 (1998): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.47.35.

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28

Nowak, Damian, Joanna Ortyl, Iwona Kamińska-Borek, Katarzyna Kukuła, Monika Topa, and Roman Popielarz. "Photopolymerization of hybrid monomers." Polymer Testing 64 (December 2017): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.10.020.

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29

Belk, Michaël, Konstantin G. Kostarev, Vitaly Volpert, and Tamara M. Yudina. "Frontal Photopolymerization with Convection." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 107, no. 37 (September 2003): 10292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0276855.

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30

Jasinski, Florent, Per B. Zetterlund, André M. Braun, and Abraham Chemtob. "Photopolymerization in dispersed systems." Progress in Polymer Science 84 (September 2018): 47–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.06.006.

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31

Tomeckova, Vladislava, Fabien Teyssandier, Steven J. Norton, Brian J. Love, and John W. Halloran. "Photopolymerization of acrylate suspensions." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 247 (November 2012): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.08.008.

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32

Clapper, Jason D., Lucas Sievens-Figueroa, and C. Allan Guymon. "Photopolymerization in Polymer Templating†." Chemistry of Materials 20, no. 3 (February 2008): 768–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm702130r.

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33

Zhao, Zeang, Jiangtao Wu, Xiaoming Mu, Haosen Chen, H. Jerry Qi, and Daining Fang. "Origami by frontal photopolymerization." Science Advances 3, no. 4 (April 2017): e1602326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602326.

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34

Bagheri, Ali, and Jianyong Jin. "Photopolymerization in 3D Printing." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 1, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 593–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.8b00165.

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35

Fouassier, J. P. "Present trends in photopolymerization." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 51, no. 1 (February 1990): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(90)87043-b.

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36

Guillaneuf, Yohann, Denis Bertin, Didier Gigmes, Davy-Louis Versace, Jacques Lalevée, and Jean-Pierre Fouassier. "Toward Nitroxide-Mediated Photopolymerization." Macromolecules 43, no. 5 (March 9, 2010): 2204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma902774s.

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37

Rodriguez, Ferdinand, Connie H. Chu, W. T. Wayne K. Chu, and Mary Ann Rondinella. "Adiabatic photopolymerization of acrylamide." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30, no. 4 (April 1985): 1629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300428.

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38

Salman, Salman R., Mustafa M. F. Al-Jarrah, and E. Ahmed. "Photopolymerization of p-divinylbenzene." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 26, no. 2 (February 1988): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1988.140260207.

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39

Cataldo, Franco. "On C60 fullerene photopolymerization." Polymer International 48, no. 2 (February 1999): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0126(199902)48:2<143::aid-pi121>3.0.co;2-l.

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40

Thiem, Heiko, Peter Strohriegl, Maxim Shkunov, and Iain McCulloch. "Photopolymerization of Reactive Mesogens." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 206, no. 21 (November 1, 2005): 2153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.200500272.

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41

Dacic, Stefan, Dragica Dacic-Simonovic, Slavoljub Zivkovic, Milos Dacic, Goran Radicevic, Aleksandar Mitic, Goran Tosic, and Marko Igic. "Scanning electron microscopy analysis of marginal adaptation of composite resines to enamel after using of standard and gradual photopolimerization." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 142, no. 7-8 (2014): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1408404d.

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Introduction. Bonding between composite and hard dental tissue is most commonly assessed by measuring bonding strength or absence of marginal gap along the restoration interface. Marginal index (MI) is a significant indicator of the efficiency of the bond between material and dental tissue because it also shows the values of width and length of marginal gap. Objective. The aim of this investigation was to estimate quantitative and qualitative features of the bond between composite resin and enamel and to determine the values of MI in enamel after application of two techniques of photopolymerization with two composite systems. Methods. Forty Class V cavities on extracted teeth were prepared and restored for scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of composite bonding to enamel. Adhesion to enamel was achieved by Adper Single Bond 2 - ASB (3M ESPE), or by Adper Easy One - AEO (3M ESPE). Photopolymerization of Filtek Ultimate - FU (3M ESPE) was performed using constant halogen light (HIP) or soft start program (SOF). Results. Quantitative and qualitative analysis, showed better mikromorphological bonding with SOF photopolymerization and ASB/FU composite system. Differences in MI between different photopolymerization techniques (HIP: 0.6707; SOF: 0.2395) were statistically significant (p<0.001), as well as differences between the composite systems (ASB/FU: 0.0470; AEO/ FU: 0.8651) (p<0.001) by two-way ANOVA test. Conclusion. Better marginal adaptation of composite to enamel was obtained with SOF photopolymerization in both composite systems.

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42

JAKUBIAK, JULITA, and JAN F. RABEK. "Three-dimensional (3D) photopolymerization in stereolithography. Part I. Fundamentals of 3D photopolymerization." Polimery 45, no. 11/12 (November 2000): 759–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2000.759.

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43

Acosta Ortiz, Ricardo, Rebeca Sadai Sánchez Huerta, Antonio Serguei Ledezma Pérez, and Aida E. García Valdez. "Synthesis of a Curing Agent Derived from Limonene and the Study of Its Performance to Polymerize a Biobased Epoxy Resin Using the Epoxy/Thiol-Ene Photopolymerization Technique." Polymers 14, no. 11 (May 28, 2022): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112192.

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This study describes the synthesis of a curing agent derived from limonene as well as its application to prepare biobased thermoset polymers via the epoxy/thiol-ene photopolymerization (ETE) method. A biobased commercial epoxy resin was used to synthesize a crosslinked polymeric matrix of polyether-polythioether type. The preparation of the curing agent required two steps. First, a diamine intermediate was prepared by means of a thiol-ene coupling reaction between limonene and cysteamine hydrochloride. Second, the primary amino groups of the intermediate compound were alkylated using allyl bromide. The obtained ditertiary amine-functionalized limonene compound was purified and characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopies along with GC-MS. The curing agent was formulated with a tetrafunctional thiol in stoichiometric ratio, and a photoinitiator at 1 mol % concentration, as the components of a thiol-ene system (TES). Two formulations were prepared in which molar concentrations of 30 and 40 mol % of the TES were added to the epoxy resin. The kinetics of the ETE photopolymerizations were determined by means of Real-Time FTIR spectroscopy, which demonstrated high reactivity by observing photopolymerization rates in the range of 1.50–2.25 s−1 for the epoxy, double bonds and thiol groups. The obtained polymers were analyzed by thermal and thermo-mechanical techniques finding glass transition temperatures (Tg) of 60 °C and 52 °C for the polymers derived from the formulations with 30 mol % and 40 mol % of TES, respectively. Potential applications for these materials can be foreseen in the area of coatings.

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44

Tian, Jing, Qing Zhang, Man Yuan, Xiao Yan Zhou, Hui Fen Guo, and Hong Kai Wang. "Polymerization of Acrylamide Photo Initiated by Ferroferric Oxide Nanoparticles." Advanced Materials Research 901 (February 2014): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.901.35.

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In this investigation, nanoparticles of ferroferric oxide were synthesized and used as the photo initiator in the polymerization of acrylamide. The influences of different factors, including reaction time, light intensity, the content of ferroferric oxide nanoparticles, and the concentration of acrylamide monomer on the synthesis of polyacrylamide were discussed. The possible mechanisms of the photopolymerization irritated by Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and the photoinitiation stage with the participantion of the acrylamide radicals were also proposed. The results show that the ferroferric oxide nanoparticles could be successfully applied in the photopolymerization. The optimum conditions of the photopolymerization of acrylamide, which include acrylamide monomer content of 30wt%, reaction time of 30 mins, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles concentrations of 1.2 mmol/l, and the light intensity of 8.0 mW/cm2.

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45

Bouchikhi, Nouria, Manel Bouazza, Salah Hamri, Ulrich Maschke, Djahida Lerari, Faycal Dergal, Khaldoun Bachari, and Lamia Bedjaoui-Alachaher. "Photo-curing kinetics of hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA): synergetic effect of dye/amine photoinitiator systems." International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 11, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40090-019-00197-7.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine and evaluate several dye/amine systems as photoinitiators for photopolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) monomer under visible light conditions. For this purpose, a series of dye/amine photoinitiators were formed using methylene blue (MB) or acridine orange (AO) as photosensitizers, and triethanolamine (TEOA), ethyl 4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (EDMAB), trioctylamine (TOA), and N,N-diméthylallylamine (DMAA) as co-initiators. The photopolymerization kinetic of the HEA monomer in the presence of proposed dye/amine systems was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and the synergetic effect of the dye/amine photoinitiators systems on the photopolymerization efficiency was examined. Interestingly, (MB/EDMAB) system shows the better reactivity with a total conversion of HEA monomer.

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França, Fabiana Mantovani Gomes, Frederico Seidi Hori, Alex José Souza dos Santos, and José Roberto Lovadino. "The effect of insertion and photopolymerization techniques on microleakage of Class V cavities: a quantitative evaluation." Brazilian Oral Research 19, no. 1 (March 2005): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242005000100006.

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The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate by spectrophotometry the influence of the incremental technique and progressive light curing in the microleakage of Class V cavities. Forty samples were prepared with class V cylindrical cavities on the buccal root surface of bovine incisive teeth and filled with composite resin (Z250). The samples were divided into four groups: I: cavity was bulk filled and the composite was light cured for 40 seconds; Group II: cavity was bulk filled and a "soft-start" polymerization was used; Group III: cavity was filled with the incremental technique in two coats and light cured for 40 seconds; Group IV: cavity was filled with the incremental technique in two coats and light cured with "soft-start" polymerization. After the restoration, the specimens were thermally stressed for 3,000 cycles in bath at 5 ± 2°C and 55 ± 2°C, protected with nail enamel, colored with 2% methylene blue and cut into sections. These sections were triturated and the dye was recovered with PA ethanol and the supernatant was evaluated. The data were submitted to ANOVA and the results showed the following averages: bulk filled and conventional photopolymerization (I) 0.06075 µg/ml; bulk filled and progressive photopolymerization (II) 0.04030 µg/ml; incremental insertion and conventional photopolymerization (III) 0.04648 µg/ml; incremental insertion and progressive photopolymerization (IV) 0.04339 µg/ml. No significant statistic differences were observed among the mean values. The Degulux "soft-start" equipment probably emits too high initial light intensity to promote progressive photopolymerization.

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Tomal, Wiktoria, and Joanna Ortyl. "Water-Soluble Photoinitiators in Biomedical Applications." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051073.

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Light-initiated polymerization processes are currently an important tool in various industrial fields. The advancement of technology has resulted in the use of photopolymerization in various biomedical applications, such as the production of 3D hydrogel structures, the encapsulation of cells, and in drug delivery systems. The use of photopolymerization processes requires an appropriate initiating system that, in biomedical applications, must meet additional criteria such as high water solubility, non-toxicity to cells, and compatibility with visible low-power light sources. This article is a literature review on those compounds that act as photoinitiators of photopolymerization processes in biomedical applications. The division of initiators according to the method of photoinitiation was described and the related mechanisms were discussed. Examples from each group of photoinitiators are presented, and their benefits, limitations, and applications are outlined.

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Lenka, Subasini, and Padma L. Nayak. "Studies in photopolymerization IV: Photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate using peroxydiphosphate as a photoinitiator." Journal of Photochemistry 36, no. 3 (March 1987): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(87)80026-6.

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Shaukat, Usman, Elisabeth Rossegger, and Sandra Schlögl. "A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization." Polymers 14, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 2449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122449.

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Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of materials is a prominent process technology which involves the fabrication of materials layer-by-layer or point-by-point in a subsequent manner. With recent advancements in additive manufacturing, the technology has excited a great potential for extension of simple designs to complex multi-material geometries. Vat photopolymerization is a subdivision of additive manufacturing which possesses many attractive features, including excellent printing resolution, high dimensional accuracy, low-cost manufacturing, and the ability to spatially control the material properties. However, the technology is currently limited by design strategies, material chemistries, and equipment limitations. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive comparison of different additive manufacturing technologies along with detailed knowledge on advances in multi-material vat photopolymerization technologies. Furthermore, we describe popular material chemistries both from the past and more recently, along with future prospects to address the material-related limitations of vat photopolymerization. Examples of the impressive multi-material capabilities inspired by nature which are applicable today in multiple areas of life are briefly presented in the applications section. Finally, we describe our point of view on the future prospects of 3D printed multi-material structures as well as on the way forward towards promising further advancements in vat photopolymerization.

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Sun, Ke, Xiaotong Peng, Zengkang Gan, Wei Chen, Xiaolin Li, Tao Gong, and Pu Xiao. "3D Printing/Vat Photopolymerization of Photopolymers Activated by Novel Organic Dyes as Photoinitiators." Catalysts 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12101272.

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Even though numerous organic dyes which are used as photoinitiators/photocatalysts during photopolymerization have been systematically investigated and collected in previous reviews, further designs of these chromophores and the developments in high-performance photoinitiating systems have emerged in recent years, which play the crucial role in 3D printing/Vat polymerization. Here, in this mini-review, various families of organic dyes that are used as newly synthesized photoinitiators/photocatalysts which were reported in literature during 2021–2022 are specified by their photoinitiation mechanisms, which dominate their performance during photopolymerization, especially in 3D printing. Markedly, visible light-induced polymerization could be employed in circumstances not only upon the irradiation of artificial light sources, e.g., in LEDs, but also in sunlight irradiation. Furthermore, a short overview of the achievements of newly developed mechanisms, e.g., RAFT, photoinitiator-RAFT, and aqueous RAFT using organic chromophores as light-harvesting compounds to induce photopolymerization upon visible light irradiation are also thoroughly discussed. Finally, the reports on the semiconducting nanomaterials that have been used as photoinitiators/photocatalysts during photopolymerization are also introduced as perspectives that are able to expand the scope of 3D printing and materials science due to their various advantages such as high extinction coefficients, broad absorption spectra, and having multiple molecular binding points.

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