Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Photonuclear reactions'

For classical and intensity modulated radiation therapy of deep-seated tumors, high-energy photons are the optimal radiation modality from an integral dose point of view. By using narrow scanned beams the treatment outcome can be improved substantially by delivering biologically optimized intensity modulated distributions often with sharp dose gradients. This requires using photons with energies well above 15 MV enabling verification of the treatment delivery in vivo by PET/CT imaging in a manner not previously possible. This new technique is based on the production of positron emitting radionuclides when the incoming high-energy photons interact through photonuclear reactions with the body tissues. The produced radionuclides, commonly 11C, 15O and 13N can then be monitored by PET and the distribution of activated nuclei show exactly where the radiation has penetrated the patient. In the subcutaneous fat, present in all humans, a high induced activity produces a perfect visualization of the location and even the intensity modulation of the incident beams. The reason for this is the high carbon content in combination with a low biological perfusion in fat tissues. Errors in the patient positioning such as setup errors or misplacement of the beams will thus show up in the PET images as a deviation from the actual radiation treatment plan. Interestingly, the imaged activity distribution from the subcutaneous fat also visualizes how the dose delivery can be deformed when the patient is erroneously positioned on the treatment couch as seen on the cover figure. Furthermore, the different half-lives of the produced radionuclides (20 min, 2 min, and 10 min, for 11C, 15O and 13N, respectively) allows for analysis of the dynamic behavior of tissue activity with the possibility of retrieving information such as tissue composition, biological and physical half-lives. The present thesis shows that considerable clinical information regarding the treatment delivery with high-energy photon beams can be obtained using PET/CT imaging. Although the study is based on the use of 50 MV photons the method may apply for beams with energies > 20 MV at higher doses.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper: Manuscript.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Kennedy, T. A. Brian, Committee Chair ; Kuzmich, Alex, Committee Member ; Chapman, Michael S., Committee Member ; Raman, Chandra, Committee Member ; Morley, Thomas D., Committee Member.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Radium needles that were once implanted into tumours as a cancer treatment are now obsolete and constitute a radioactive waste problem, as their half-life is 1600 years. The reduction of radium by photonuclear transmutation by bombarding Ra-226 with high-energy photons from a medical linac has been investigated. The irradiated needles would then be processed to remove the Ac-225, which can then be used for .Targeted Alpha Therapy. (TAT) of cancer. This project has the potential to slowly reduce obsolete radioactive material, and displace future expensive importation of Ac-225 from Russia, Germany (Institute for Transuranium Elements - ITU) and the US in the years ahead. This thesis progresses through a number of stages and begins by providing a background to the usefulness of Ac-225 as an alpha emitter, some of the equipment used in the experimental work such as linear accelerators and detectors, as well as the initialisation of a process whereby a reliable source of high-grade radium is secured, suitable equipment obtained, followed by a series of experiments leading to the production of the desired product, actinium and bismuth. The second stage of this study involved the formulation of a theoretical model in which the bremsstrahlung photon spectrum at 18 MV linac electron energy is convoluted with the corresponding photonuclear cross sections of Ra- 226. This enabled the total integrated yield of Ra-225 and its daughter product Ac-225 to be obtained. The third stage of this study ties the theoretical and experimental work together by presenting the results of a number of experiments performed on radium sources. These experiments were performed over a period of about three years using a variety of detectors in a hospital setting. These experiments, as presented in this thesis, demonstrate that Ac-225 can be produced in small quantities by a medical linac or in commercial quantities by the use of a high-powered linac or cyclotron, thereby, ensuring a reliable supply of Ra-225 for TAT and also reducing the radium waste product.

A measurement of the differential cross section has been performed for the photodisintegration of ⁴He into a proton plus a triton. This reaction is highly sensitive to the electromagnetic currents in the nucleus which arise from the exchange of mesons between nucleons. The study of light nuclei such as ⁴He, whose nucleonic structure is the simplest, holds the promise of perfecting a microscopic theory of nuclear dynamics, in which nuclear structure and reactions are understood in terms of fundamental particle interactions. The measurement was performed with a tagged-photon beam, using a large solid-angle charged particle detector developed for this and other similar experiments. The measurement was performed within the photon energy range between 63 and 71 MeV, and divided into four energy bins of 2 MeV each. The measurement of the differential cross section was confined to the angular range 36°-141° in the center-of-mass reference frame. The total cross section was determined to within a total uncertainty of 5%. The angular distribution was fitted to an expansion of Legendre polynomials in cos θ including terms of order 0-3. This measurement is in agreement with a previous measurement, and improves on the precision of the total cross section from the previous measurement by a factor of 6. A comparison is made with several theoretical calculations, and a qualitative agreement is found. These data suggest refinements to these calculations, in order to account for the quantitative differences.
Ph. D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
You Li, Committee Chair ; Citrin David, Committee Member ; Kuzmich Alex, Committee Member ; Fox Ronald, Committee Member ; Chapman Michael, Committee Member.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Thesis (Ph.D) -- University of Western Sydney, 2007.
A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science, School of Engineering, in satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliography.

The research presented in this dissertation investigated selected processes that involve baryons and nuclei in hard scattering reactions. These processes are characterized by the production of particles with large energies and transverse momenta. Through these processes, this work explored both, the constituent (quark) structure of baryons (specifically nucleons and ∆-Isobars), and the mechanisms through which the interactions between these constituents ultimately control the selected reactions. The first of such reactions is the hard nucleon-nucleon elastic scattering, which was studied here considering the quark exchange between the nucleons to be the dominant mechanism of interaction in the constituent picture. In particular, it was found that an angular asymmetry exhibited by proton-neutron elastic scattering data is explained within this framework if a quark-diquark picture dominates the nucleon’s structure instead of a more traditional SU(6) three quarks representation. The latter yields an asymmetry around 90o center of mass scattering with a sign opposite to what is experimentally observed. The second process is the hard breakup by a photon of a nucleon-nucleon system in light nuclei. Proton-proton (pp) and proton-neutron (pn) breakup in 3He, and ∆∆-isobars production in deuteron breakup were analyzed in the hard rescattering model (HRM), which in conjunction with the quark interchange mechanism provides a QCD description of the reaction. Through the HRM, cross sections for both channels in 3He photodisintegration were computed without the need of a fitting parameter. The results presented here for pp breakup show excellent agreement with recent experimental data. In ∆∆-isobars production in deuteron breakup, the HRM angular distributions for the two ∆∆ channels were compared to the pn channel and to each other. An important prediction from this study is that the ∆++∆- channel consistently dominates ∆+∆0, which is in contrast with models that unlike the HRM consider a ∆∆ system in the initial state of the interaction. For such models both channels should have the same strength. These results are important in developing a QCD description of the atomic nucleus.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - IF/USP

Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo do comportamento fotoquímico e fotofísico de complexos mononucleares de rênio do tipo fac-[Re(CO)3(N N)(L)]+(N N = 1,10-fenantrolina, phen, dipirido[3,2-a:2,3-c]fenazina, dppz, L= trans-1,2bis(4-piridil)etileno, trans-bpe, trans-4-estirilpiridina. trans-stpy) e dos complexos binucleares [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+, [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Fe(CN5]2- e [(phen)(CO)3Re(trans-bpe)Os(terpy)(bpy)]3+. O enfoque principal deste trabalho é a investigação das propriedades fotoquímicas dos complexos fac-[ Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)]+, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-stpy)]+ fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(trans-bpe)+ e [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+. Observou-se que os compostos em solução de acetonitrila, sob irradiação a 313, 334 ou 365 nm, apresentam variação espectral com definição de pontos isosbésticos, resultante do processo de fotoisomerização trans→cis do ligante coordenado trans-piridil etileno. Os rendimentos quânticos, Φ, da reação de fotoisomerização foram calculados com base no decaimento espectral das bandas de absorção das transições eletrônicas. Os valores médios determinados para a fotoisomeriação dos complexos em solução de CH3CN variam de 0,15 - 0,39 sob excitação a 313 nm e de 0,12 - 0,33 sob excitação a 365 nm. As reações de fotoisomerização foram monitoradas também por medidas de emissão e por RMN de 1H. Observou-se um aumento da intensidade de luminescência com o tempo de irradiação dos complexos, consistente com o estado emissivo 3MLCT dπ[(Re)→π*(α-diimina). Após irradiação, as reações de fotoisomerização dos complexos foram monitoradas por RMN de 1H. Os sinais de prótons do isômero trans tiveram um decréscimo gradual, enquanto que a intensidade dos sinais referentes aos prótons da espécie cis aumentaram. Os rendimentos quânticos para o processo de fotoisomerização dos complexos foram calculados através da integração das áreas dos sinais de prótons. Os valores obtidos foram maiores, pelo menos o dobro, que aqueles valores obtidos via espectroscopia UV-Vis. O comportamento fotoquímico dos complexos incorporados em polimetacrilato de metila, PMMA, foi também investigado. A fotólise cios complexos em filmes de PMMA conduz à variação espectral, de absorção e emissão, similar àquela observada em solução de acetonitrila, atribuícla ao processo de fotoisomerização trans → cis do ligante coordenado. Este estudo mostra que a fotoisomerização do ligante coordenado trans-piridil etileno pode ser promovida também em meio rígido. Essa característica. típica de um dispositivo molecular, pode ser convenientemente explorada no desenvolvimento de fotossensores. As medidas de TRIR mostram que o estado excitado de menor energia para o fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)+ é o 3ππ*. Para o fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-bpe)]+ a ordem dos estados excitados aparecem invertidas com o 3MLCT <3ππ*, evidenciado pela emissão do complexo cis à temperatura ambiente. Nas espécies binucleares, [(phen) Re(CO)3(trans-bpe)Os(terpy)(bpy)]3+ e [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Fe(CN)5]2-, a fotoisomerização trans → cis do ligante coordenado trans-bpe, característica da subunidade fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)]+, é inibida pela competição de transferência de energia intramolecular. Em meio rígido, em PMMA ou em EPA a 77 K, os máximos de emissão dos complexos fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-bpe)]+, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-stpy)r e [(CO)3(phen)Re(cis-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+ sofrem um deslocamento hipsocrômico com o aumento da rigidez do meio. As mudanças nas propriedades emissivas, em termos de energia e tempo de vida do estado excitado, são discutidas baseadas no efeito rigidocrômico luminescente. O trabalho mostra uma forma interessante de fotos sensibilizar um substrato orgâmco usando o fato de que a coordenação estende a absorção do ligante a uma região de comprimento de onda maior e promove a fotoisomerização assistida por complexos metálicos em energias menores.
In this work the photochemical and photophysical behavior of rhenium complexes fac-[Re(CO3( N N )(L\')]+N N = 1,10 phenanthroline, phen; dipirido[3,2-a:2\',3\'-c]phenazine, dppz; L\'= trans-1,2bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, trans-bpe; trans-4-styrylpyridine, trans-stpy) and binuclear complexes [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+, [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Fe(CN)5]2+ and [(phen)(CO)3Re(trans-bpe)Os(terpy)(bpy)]3+ were investigated. The main focus of the work is the investigation of photochemical behavior of fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)+, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-stpy)+, fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(trans-bpe)]+ and [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+ in acetonitrile solution. Photolyses of rhenium completes at 313. 334 or 365 nm led to spectral changes with clear and well defined isosbestic points. These spectral changes are due to the trans → cis isomerization process of the coordinated pyridyl-ethenyl ligand. Quantum yields, Φ, for isomerization processes were calculated based on the absorption spectral changes. The average values for the isomerization reactions of the complexes in CH3CN solution are 0.15 - 0.39 at 313 nm excitation and 0.12 - 0.33 at 365 nm excitation. The photoisomerization reactions were also followed by emission and 1H NMR measurements. An increasing luminescence was observed after complexes irradiation which is consistent with an emitting 3MLCT state, dπ(Re)→π*(α.-diimine). Upon irradiation, the photoisomerization reactions for complexes were monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The proton signals of the trans isomer were found to decrease gradually while the cis isomer signals gradually built up in intensity. Quantum yields for the isomerization process were calculated by integratian of the proton signals. The values abtained in this way were higher, twice at least, than those obtained by UV-Vis electronic spectroscopy. The photochemical behavior of the complexes incorporated in poly(methyl methacrilate), PMMA, was also investigated. Photolyses of the complexes in PMMA films lead to UV-Visible and emission changes similar to those observed in solution, due to the trans → cis isomerization of the coordinated ligand. Therefore the photoisomerization is occurring even in rigid media. This feature, typical for molecular devices, can be conveniently exploited, such as for photosensors. TRIR measurements showed that the lowest lying excited state is a bpe-based 3ππ* for the fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)]+ complex. For fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-bpe)]+ the ordering of low-lying states appears to be reversed with 3MLCT < 3ππ*, evidenced by emission of the cis complex at room temperature. In the binuclear species. [(phen)Re(CO)3(trans-bpe )Os(terpy)(bpy)]3+ and [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Fe(CN)5]2-, the trans → cis photoisomerization of the coordinated trans-bpe ligand. characteristic of the Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)+ subunit, is inhibited by competitive intramolecular energy transfer. In a rigid medium, such as PMMA or EPA at 77 K, the emission maxima of fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-bpe)+, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-stpy)+ and [(CO)3(phen)Re(cis-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+ complexes exhibit hypsochromic shifts as the medium rigidity increases. Changes in emission properties (energy and lifetime of excited states) are discussed based on the luminescent rigidochromic effect. This work presents an interesting approach to photosensitization of an organic substrate by using the red-shifted absorption of the complex to achieve the photoassisted isomerization by irradiation in the low energy region.

Grace a son faisceau de photons de haute energie, l'experience graal va pouvoir mesurer pour la premiere fois des observables de simple et double polarisation liees a la polarisation du faisceau pour des reactions de photoproduction d'etrangete. Apres un expose des modeles phenomenologiques decrivant le mecanisme de telles reactions et de la definition des observables de polarisation, cette these presente en detail le faisceau de gammas produit par retrodiffusion compton et le detecteur de particules de l'experience graal. La simulation monte carlo permet d'etudier la reponse detaillee du detecteur aux evenements photonucleaires. Des procedures de reconstruction de traces, de reduction de bruit de fond et d'analyse finale ont ete developpees, testees et optimisees. Parmi deux procedes qui suppriment la presque totalite du bruit de fond, celui garantissant la meilleure efficacite a ete choisi. La reproduction precise des valeurs d'une observable de simple polarisation et de deux observables de double polarisation pour un ensemble de donnees correspondant a 420000 reactions gamma(p,lambda)k prouve que des telles quantites peuvent etre mesurees avec exactitude par l'experience graal

O Presente trabalho propôs o estudo de reações fotonucleares e fotoprodução de pions em energias intermediárias e altas usando o modelo de cascata intranuclear MCMC para a fase rápida de reação e outro algoritmo de Monte Carlo para descrever o processo de decaimento do núcleo composto via evaporação de partículas e fissão nuclear. Dentre as principais inovações implementadas no MCMC, podemos citar: i) a inclusão detalhada do canal do quase-dêuteron no intervalo 20 < Eg < 140 MeV; ii) o desenvolvimento inédito e rigoroso de um mecanismo de bloqueio de Pauli não-estocástico, avaliando as excitações partícula-buraco em tempo real na fase de pré-equilíbrio; iii) a incorporação de um critério energético de parada para a cascata; iv) a utilização de distribuições de momento apropriadas para núcleos leves (Modelo de Camadas), v) a inclusão de canais de fotoprodução do pi^0 na região da Delta (1232) e em altas energias 4,0 < Eg < 6,0 GeV e ângulos frontais e, vi) a metodologia inédita para avaliar as interações de estado final de mésons e ressonâncias com o núcleo via cenário de espalhamentos múltiplos. O mecanismo do quase-dêuteron reproduz satisfatoriamente as seções de choque totais de fotoabsorção e as multiplicidades médias de nêutrons emitidos em núcleos pesados, interpretando qualitativamente as seções de choque para os canais de eletrodesintegração (e,xnyp) do 232Th. A contribuição de um possível processo de fotoabsorção por poucos corpos no 232Th é analisada via canal de fotofissão. Os cálculos das distribuições angulares na fotoprodução incoerente do pi^0 para o 12C e 208Pb em energias intermediárias estão em ótimo acordo com dados experimentais obtidos no Microtron de Mainz (MAMI). Os resultados para as seções de choque das distribuições angulares do pi^0 em altas energias servirão como referência na Colaboração PrimEx no Jefferson Laboratory Facility, propiciando a separação da parte incoerente das demais contribuições nucleares e eletromagnéticas e auxiliando na determinação precisa da meia-vida do decaimento radiativo pi^0 --> GG.
Photonuclear reactions and pion photoproduction at intermediate and high energies have been studied using the multicollisional intranuclear cascade model (MCMC) for the rapid reaction step and another Monte Carlo algorithm to describe the de-excitation of the compound nucleus via particle evaporation and nuclear fission. The new features of the MCMC are: i) the detailed inclusion of the quasideuteron channel in the range 20 < Eg < 140 MeV; ii) the development of a rigorous and completely new non stochastic Pauli blocking mechanism, taking into account particle - hole excitations during the pre-equilibrium stage; iii) the incorporation of an energetic criterion to stop de cascade; iv) the employment of an appropriate momentum distribution for light nuclei (Shell Model); v) the inclusion of pi^0 photoproduction channels in the Delta (1232) region and at high energies 4.0 < Eg < 6.0 GeV and forward angles, and vi) the new methodology to evaluate the pion-nucleus and Delta - nucleus Final State Interactions via a multiple scattering scenario. The quasideuteron mechanism reproduces the total photoabsorption cross sections and neutron multiplicities in heavy nuclei, giving a qualitative interpretation for the cross sections of the electrodisintegration channels (e,xnyp) from 232Th. The contribution of a possible few body photoabsorption process in 232Th is evaluated via fission channel. The calculations of the pi^0 angular distributions for incoherent production at intermediate energies for 12C and 208Pb are in excellent agreement with the experimental data of the Mainz Microtron (MAMI). The results of the pi^0 angular distributions at higher energies will be reference for the PrimEx Collaboration at the Jefferson Laboratory Facility, propitiating the separation of the incoherent part from the remaining nuclear and electromagnetic contributions and helping to perform a high precision measurement of the pi^0 to gamma-gamma radiactive decay width.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre d'études de structures nucléaires réalisées en utilisant des réactions de fission induites par neutrons froids. Il décrit successivement les résultats d'une étude sur des noyaux ayant un nombre de neutrons N=50-60, sur le développement d'un marqueur d'événements de fission et enfin sur la production de l'isomère Pt-195m. Chacun des différents sous-thèmes trouve son origine dans la campagne EXILL qui s'est déroulée en 2012-2013 et durant laquelle un spectromètre de grande efficacité pour la détection des rayonnements γ (EXOGAM) a été utilisé auprès du réacteur à haut flux de neutrons de l'Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL). Dans la première partie de cette thèse, les noyaux d'intérêt ont été produits par fission induites par des neutrons sur les cibles fissiles U-235 et Pu-241. Des méthodes de spectroscopie γ ont été appliquées pour l'identification des fragments de fission, l'attribution des transitions γ à un noyau et l'analyse des durées de vie moyenne des états excités. L'analyse des durées de vie moyenne des états excités dans la plage de quelques picosecondes à quelques nanosecondes a été réalisée en utilisant deux méthodes complémentaires. Dans les deux cas, il s'agit de réaliser un spectre en temps construit à partir de la coincidence entre une transition qui alimente le niveau mesuré et une transition qui le désexcite. Les durées de vie moyenne pour les noyaux Kr-92, Kr-93 et Zr-101 sont présentées. Dans la seconde partie, les premiers résultats du développement d'un nouveau détecteur pour la discrimination des fragments de fission sont présentés. Ce marqueur d'événements de fission est destiné à être utilisé sur le spectromètre FIssion Prompt Product γ-ray Spectrometer (FIPPS) de l'ILL. Dans le cadre de cette étude, deux conceptions de détecteurs différentes, basées sur un scintillateur en plastique solide et un scintillateur liquide organique, ont été testées. Dans la troisième partie, la possibilité de la population spécifique de l'isomère de spin dans Pt-195 est examinée au regard particulièrement de son utilisation en tant que radio-isotope en médecine nucléaire. Une telle activation spécifique pourrait être réalisée grâce à l'existence d'états excités dont la structure permettrait une population ciblée dans le cas de l'utilisation de réactions de photo-excitation. La recherche de tels états a été initiée lors d'une expérience de capture de neutrons à EXILL dans laquelle des états potentiels ont été identifiés. L'activation de l'isomère par ces états a ensuite été testée avec des réactions photonucléaires à l'aide du faisceau haute intensité disponible auprès de l'installation γ HIGS de TUNL (Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Duke, USA)
Within the scope of atomic nuclear structure studies with neutron-induced reactions, this work presents the results of a fission fragment study in the N=50-60 region, the development of a fission event tagger, and the production of the isomer Pt-195m. Each of the different sub-topics has its origin in the 2012/13 EXILL campaign, where nuclear structure studies were carried out with neutron-induced reactions, and explored with a γ-efficient detector array. In the first part of this thesis, the neutron-rich region around neutron number N=50-60 was investigated with neutron-induced fission reactions on the fissile targets U-235 and Pu-241. Gamma spectroscopy methods were applied for the identification of the respective fission fragments, the assignment of γ transitions, and the analysis of lifetimes of excited states. The slope fit method as well as the recently developed generalized centroid difference method were used for the analysis of lifetimes in the low picoseconds to sub-nanoseconds range. Lifetimes for the nuclei Kr-92, Kr-93 and Zr-101 are presented. In the second part, first results of the development of a new detector for the discrimination of fission fragments are presented. This fission event tagger is intended to be used at the FIssion Product Prompt γ-ray Spectrometer (FIPPS) at the Institut Laue-Langevin. Within the scope of this study, two different detector designs, based on a solid plastic scintillator and an organic liquid scintillator, respectively, were tested. In the third part the possibility of the specific population of the spin-isomer in Pt-195 is discussed with special regard to its use as radioisotope in nuclear medicine. Such a specific activation could be realized via certain “doorway states” in photo-excitation reactions. The search for these doorway states was initiated within a neutron capture experiment at EXILL where potential states were found. The activation of the isomer via these states was tested afterwards with photonuclear reactions using the high intense γ-beam HIGS of the TUNL facility

Переріз реакції може бути знайдений з експериментальних даних про вихід у результаті рішення оберненої задачі (розв’язок інтегральних рівнянь Фредгольма першого роду). Для чисельного розв’язку даної задачі були розроблені декілька математичних методів.

Lau Pak Hong = 在介電質微空腔中的自發原子躍遷 / 劉柏康.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-149).
Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese.
Lau Pak Hong = Zai jie dian zhi wei kong qiang zhong de zi fa yuan zi yao qian / Liu Bokang.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Convention --- p.5
Chapter 2 --- The Hamiltonian of the System --- p.7
Chapter 2.1 --- Quantization of Electromagnetic Field in the Presence of Dielectric Media --- p.7
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Basic Equations --- p.8
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Canonical Quantization --- p.10
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Eigenmode Expansion --- p.11
Chapter 2.2 --- Atom-Field Interaction --- p.15
Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Atom --- p.16
Chapter 2.2.2 --- The Interaction --- p.18
Chapter 3 --- Application to Spherical Cavity --- p.20
Chapter 3.1 --- Local Density of States --- p.20
Chapter 3.2 --- Field Modes --- p.22
Chapter 3.3 --- Dynamics of a Single Atom --- p.26
Chapter 3.4 --- Dynamics of Two Atoms --- p.31
Chapter 4 --- Quantization of Electromagnetic Field in the Presence of Dispersive and Absorptive Dielectrics --- p.39
Chapter 4.1 --- Formalism --- p.40
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Failure of the Mode of Universe Approach --- p.40
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Quantization --- p.41
Chapter 4.2 --- Spontaneous Emission --- p.43
Chapter 4.3 --- Relationship to Classical Treatment --- p.46
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Emission Rate and Power --- p.47
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Intensity --- p.48
Chapter 5 --- The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Algorithm --- p.52
Chapter 5.1 --- Basic Algorithm --- p.53
Chapter 5.2 --- Perfectly Matched Layer Boundary Conditions --- p.57
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Properties of PML Medium --- p.58
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Discretization of PML Medium --- p.61
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Corner Regions --- p.63
Chapter 5.3 --- Material Boundary --- p.64
Chapter 5.4 --- Stability Analysis --- p.68
Chapter 5.4.1 --- The Courant Condition --- p.68
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Numerical Dispersion --- p.71
Chapter 5.5 --- Sources --- p.72
Chapter 5.5.1 --- Volume Factor --- p.73
Chapter 5.5.2 --- The Dyadic Green Functions --- p.75
Chapter 5.5.3 --- Lorentzian Source --- p.76
Chapter 5.5.4 --- Sinusoidal Source --- p.81
Chapter 5.5.5 --- Gaussian Source --- p.85
Chapter 5.5.6 --- Poynting Flux Calculation --- p.87
Chapter 5.5.7 --- Comparison and Discussion of the Method --- p.87
Chapter 6 --- Application to Different Geometries --- p.90
Chapter 6.1 --- Bulk Material --- p.91
Chapter 6.2 --- Sphere --- p.92
Chapter 6.3 --- Circular Disk --- p.98
Chapter 6.4 --- Pentagonal Cavity --- p.104
Chapter 6.5 --- Elliptic Disk --- p.112
Chapter 6.5.1 --- Axial Dipole --- p.117
Chapter 6.5.2 --- Radial Dipole --- p.119
Chapter 6.5.3 --- Intensity --- p.120
Chapter 6.6 --- Quadrupole Disk --- p.123
Chapter 6.6.1 --- Axial Dipole --- p.129
Chapter 6.6.2 --- Radial Dipole --- p.131
Chapter 6.6.3 --- Comparison of the Elliptic and Quadrupole Disks --- p.132
Chapter 7 --- Application to Absorptive and Gain Media --- p.135
Chapter 7.1 --- Sign of Relative Permittivity of Absorptive and Gain System . . --- p.137
Chapter 7.2 --- FDTD Algorithm for Gain and Loss --- p.138
Chapter 7.3 --- Results and Discussions --- p.138
Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.142
Bibliography --- p.145
Chapter A --- Imaginary Part of the Green Function --- p.150
Chapter B --- The Pade Approximation --- p.151

Lee, Kwun Yan = 腔量子電動力學模型中光子-原子集體相互作用 / 李冠昕.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-86).
Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese.
Lee, Kwun Yan = Qiang liang zi dian dong li xue mo xing zhong guang zi-yuan zi ji ti xiang hu zuo yong / Li Guanxin.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- Basic description of cavity QED systems --- p.4
Chapter 2.1 --- Mode functions --- p.4
Chapter 2.2 --- Quantization of electromagnetic fields --- p.7
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Generalized modes of photons --- p.8
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Cavity modes and dipole interactions --- p.10
Chapter 2.3 --- Interaction models --- p.11
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Jaynes-Cummings model --- p.12
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Raman model (∧-type atoms) --- p.12
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Two-model interaction: X-like 4-level atoms --- p.14
Chapter 3 --- Phot on-atom entanglement generated by AC Stark shift --- p.16
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.16
Chapter 3.2 --- The model --- p.18
Chapter 3.3 --- Evolution of states --- p.19
Chapter 3.4 --- Schmidt analysis of entanglement --- p.21
Chapter 3.5 --- Break time: Deviation from continuous approximation --- p.26
Chapter 3.6 --- Fractional revival of entanglement --- p.29
Chapter 3.7 --- Number-phase correlation --- p.29
Chapter 3.8 --- Consideration of cavity field leakage: Input-output relation --- p.31
Chapter 4 --- Dynamical modes in Dicke superradiance --- p.36
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.36
Chapter 4.2 --- Spontaneous emission from a single atom --- p.38
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Free space problem --- p.39
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Leaky cavity problem --- p.40
Chapter 4.3 --- Spontaneous emission for NA-atoms --- p.43
Chapter 4.4 --- Dynamical mode formalism --- p.44
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Motivation --- p.44
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Optimal dynamic mode functions --- p.46
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Mode purity function --- p.48
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Two-time collective dipole correlation function --- p.48
Chapter 4.5 --- Results --- p.51
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Two-atom case --- p.52
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Many atoms case: Fully excited systems --- p.52
Chapter 4.5.3 --- Many atoms case: Halfly excited systems --- p.56
Chapter 4.5.4 --- Many atoms case: NA ´ؤ δ excited systems --- p.57
Chapter 4.6 --- Remarks on three-dimensional systems --- p.58
Chapter 5 --- Single-mode treatment of Raman interaction inside a cavity --- p.61
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.61
Chapter 5.2 --- The model and Hamiltonians --- p.63
Chapter 5.3 --- A dominant dynamic field mode --- p.66
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Bosonization: Undepleted atom number approximation . --- p.66
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Bosonization: Inclusion of atom number depletion --- p.70
Chapter 5.4 --- Single-mode interaction by time-dependent variational principle --- p.72
Chapter 5.5 --- Photon-atom squeezing --- p.75
Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.78
Bibliography --- p.81
Chapter A --- Dicke states and spin coherent states --- p.87
Chapter A.1 --- Dicke states --- p.87
Chapter A.2 --- Spin coherent states --- p.90
Chapter B --- Adiabatic elimination and AC Stark shift --- p.93
Chapter B.1 --- 2-level system --- p.93
Chapter B.2 --- Raman transition --- p.94
Chapter C --- Derivation of Master equation --- p.98
Chapter C.1 --- Dissipative quantum systems: The master equation approach --- p.98
Chapter C.1.1 --- Born and Markov approximation --- p.99
Chapter C.2 --- Master equation in collective spontaneous emissions --- p.103
Chapter C.3 --- Analytical solution by Laplace transform --- p.106

Chan Tian Wen.
"July 2003."
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 174-181).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chan Tian Wen.

Radium needles that were once implanted into tumours as a cancer treatment are now obsolete and constitute a radioactive waste problem, as their half-life is 1600 years. The reduction of radium by photonuclear transmutation by bombarding Ra-226 with high-energy photons from a medical linac has been investigated. The irradiated needles would then be processed to remove the Ac-225, which can then be used for .Targeted Alpha Therapy. (TAT) of cancer. This project has the potential to slowly reduce obsolete radioactive material, and displace future expensive importation of Ac-225 from Russia, Germany (Institute for Transuranium Elements - ITU) and the US in the years ahead. This thesis progresses through a number of stages and begins by providing a background to the usefulness of Ac-225 as an alpha emitter, some of the equipment used in the experimental work such as linear accelerators and detectors, as well as the initialisation of a process whereby a reliable source of high-grade radium is secured, suitable equipment obtained, followed by a series of experiments leading to the production of the desired product, actinium and bismuth. The second stage of this study involved the formulation of a theoretical model in which the bremsstrahlung photon spectrum at 18 MV linac electron energy is convoluted with the corresponding photonuclear cross sections of Ra- 226. This enabled the total integrated yield of Ra-225 and its daughter product Ac-225 to be obtained. The third stage of this study ties the theoretical and experimental work together by presenting the results of a number of experiments performed on radium sources. These experiments were performed over a period of about three years using a variety of detectors in a hospital setting. These experiments, as presented in this thesis, demonstrate that Ac-225 can be produced in small quantities by a medical linac or in commercial quantities by the use of a high-powered linac or cyclotron, thereby, ensuring a reliable supply of Ra-225 for TAT and also reducing the radium waste product.
Doctor of Philosophy

Tsoi, Tze Shun = 光子和原子在一維波導中的相互作用 / 蔡子淳.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-97).
Abstract also in Chinese.
Tsoi, Tze Shun = Guang zi he yuan zi zai yi wei bo dao zhong de xiang hu zuo yong / Cai Zichun.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- Basic description of QED in a one-dimensional waveguide --- p.4
Chapter 2.1 --- EM fields in a waveguide: from classical to quantum --- p.4
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Classical EM fields in a conducting waveguide --- p.5
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Quantization of the electromagnetic fields --- p.8
Chapter 2.2 --- "Atom, dipole interactions and interaction models" --- p.11
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Atom and dipole interactions --- p.12
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Two-level atom --- p.12
Chapter 2.2.3 --- A-atom --- p.14
Chapter 2.3 --- Comparison: waveguide vs free space --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Electric field intensity of a photon packet --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Spontaneous decay rate --- p.16
Chapter 3 --- Single-excitation solution for two-level atoms --- p.20
Chapter 3.1 --- Case of a single atom --- p.20
Chapter 3.2 --- Case of a chain of N identical atoms --- p.26
Chapter 3.2.1 --- The Hamiltonian and eigenvectors --- p.27
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Transmission spectrum of a single photon --- p.31
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Dynamics of spontaneous emission --- p.34
Chapter 3.3 --- Dissipative loss to non-waveguide modes --- p.39
Chapter 3.4 --- Interactions with non-identical atoms --- p.41
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Vacuum Rabi oscillations using atomic mirrors --- p.42
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Atoms with non-identical resonant energies --- p.46
Chapter 4 --- Two-photon transport with a two-level atom --- p.50
Chapter 4.1 --- The energy eigenstate solution --- p.51
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Single-photon case --- p.51
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Two-photon case --- p.53
Chapter 4.2 --- Laplace transformation method --- p.57
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Single-photon case --- p.58
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Two-photon case --- p.61
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Lorentzian-packet states --- p.64
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Photon-photon correlations --- p.65
Chapter 5 --- Interactions with A-atoms --- p.70
Chapter 5.1 --- Hamiltonian and eigenvectors --- p.71
Chapter 5.1.1 --- N = 1 case --- p.71
Chapter 5.1.2 --- N > 1 case --- p.75
Chapter 5.2 --- Final state properties --- p.80
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Polarization dependent transmission and reflection --- p.80
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Collective atomic states --- p.82
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Scattering with a photon wave packet --- p.83
Chapter 5.3 --- Decoherence: effects of the coupling with the non-waveguide modes --- p.85
Chapter 5.4 --- Application: an “NM´ح polarizer made of a few atoms --- p.86
Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.91
Bibliography --- p.94
Chapter A --- Derivation of the one-dimensional spontaneous rate r1d --- p.98
Chapter B --- Description of a photon packet --- p.101
Chapter C --- Derivation of the two-photon packet solution --- p.105
Chapter D --- “Completeness´ح of the two-photon Lorentzian-packet states --- p.108

Adopting the continuous frequency mode approach and the resolvent method, we study the interaction between atoms and photons in leaky optical cavities. In particular, we highlight the physical significance of quantum states of photons in such processes. Single-photon processes and two-photon processes are intensively investigated. With single-photon scattering, various schemes for generating entangled pairs and constructing quantum gates are developed using two-level atoms or Λ-type atoms. The fidelities of these schemes tend to unity for injected photons with specific spectra. We examine the efficiency of the feedback scheme proposed by Hong and Lee [Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 , 237901 (2002)] to generate maximally entangled states of two atoms in an optical cavity from first principles. We find that the efficiency of the scheme deteriorates gradually and hence other competing processes have to be considered properly. Besides, nonlinearity and entanglement of two-photon states in two-sided and one-sided cavities are analyzed in terms of detection probabilities and frequency-correlation of the left- and right-output photons. We discover that two-photon processes in a one-sided cavity can be exploited to generate two-photon maximally entangled states, from which nonlocal shaping effect in the spectra of the two photons can be demonstrated. Lastly, based on the Fredholm method, an iterative analytical method yielding the Schmidt modes and eigenvalues of an entangled state is proposed and discussed.
Fung, Ho Tak = 光子與原子在漏空腔中的糾纏及其在量子計算中的應用 / 馮浩德.
"May 2008."
Adviser: P. T. Leung.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: B, page: 1736.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-163).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.
Fung, Ho Tak = Guang zi yu yuan zi zai lou kong qiang zhong de jiu chan ji qi zai liang zi ji suan zhong de ying yong / Feng Haode.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2006.
Advisors: Vasken Hagopian, Sharon Hagopian, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Physics. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 15, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 155 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

本論文包含兩個主題。第一部分研究無旋轉波近似下幾種原子與光的相互作用。第二部分研究駐波場耦合的電磁自感透明系統的反射和透射。它們的簡介如下。
第一部分。旋轉波近似即忽略掉原子與光相互作用哈密頓量中的反旋轉波項。它的有效性來自於能量守恆定律。但是在時間尺度非常小的情況下，根據海森堡不確定性原理，能量的不確定性可以很大，所以旋轉波近似不能應用于短時間行為的研究，比如量子芝諾和反芝諾效應，蘭姆位移，非共振極化以及超輻射和亞輻射中的能移。為超越旋轉波近似，我們對哈密頓量採用了么正變換。在變換之後的基矢之間，只有由帶修正係數的旋轉波項造成的躍遷。
我們從原子和真空的相互作用開始。對於氫原子來說，自由真空中沒有量子反芝諾效應，但是如果對真空態密度用腔或特異性材料做一些調製，量子反芝諾效應就會出現，蘭姆位移也會改變。我們接著研究原子和非真空光場的相互作用。我們計算了滿足光學定理的兩能級原子極化率。然後我們把么正變換用到了兩個全同原子和真空的相互作用，並計算了超輻射和亞輻射的輻射譜以及量子芝諾和反芝諾效應。
第二部分。在電磁自感透明系統裏，如果耦合光場為駐波，介質的極化率就會受到週期性調製而形成一維光子晶體。和傳統的傳輸矩陣不同的是，我們採用了麥克斯韋-劉維爾耦合波方程來處理這個系統並得到了光子晶體能帶的一個新的評判標準。起關鍵作用的物理量為非線性耦合係數除以波矢錯差和線性極化率的和，也就是非線性因素除以線性因素。
首先，我們研究了光子能帶的位置和寬度與實驗參數的量化關係。然後我們研究了溫度升高时光子晶體的融化以及向多普勒無關的多波混頻的轉化。如果在兩束對向傳播的耦合場之間引入失諧，駐波場的包絡會形成一個“飛行“的光子晶體。因為多普勒效應，順著飛行方向或者逆著飛行方向的探測光在一維光子晶體的坐標系裏具有不同的頻率。在靜止坐標系看，透射譜會在頻率上錯開並形成光學二極體。
This thesis includes two topics. Part 1 is on the various atom-photon interactions without rotating-wave approximation (RWA). Part 2 is on the reflection and transmission in a standing wave coupled electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) system.
Part 1. In the RWA, the counter-rotating terms in the atom-photon interaction Hamiltonian are neglected. Its validity is the result of energy conservation. However, if the time scale is sufficiently small, the uncertainly in the energy can become large, according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Thus the RWA can not be applied in the study of the short time behavior, such as the quantum Zeno effect (QZE) and anti-Zeno effect (QAZE), the Lamb shift, the non-resonant polarizability and shifts in the superradiance and subradiance. To go beyond RWA, we apply a unitary transformation on the Hamiltonian. In the transformed basis, there are only secular transitions due to rotating terms with modified coupling constants.
We start from the interactions between atom and vacuum. For the hydrogen atom, there is no QAZE in free vacuum. However, with the modification in the density of states of the vacuum by a cavity or a meta-material, the QAZE appears and the Lamb shift changes. We then turn to the atom in light field, where the polarizability of a two-level atom is calculated and the results satisfy the optical theorem. The unitary transformation is then applied to two identical atoms interacting with vacuum. Their various emission spectra of the superradiance and subradiance and the QZE and QAZE are studied.
Part 2. In an EIT system, if the coupling field is a standing wave, the susceptibility of the medium is periodically modified to form a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC). In contrast to the conventional treatment with transfer matrix, we use Maxwell-Liouville coupled-wave equations and propose new criteria for the bandgap of the photonic crystal (PC). The relevant quantity is the ratio between the nonlinear coupling coefficient and the wave vector mismatch plus the linear susceptibility, which is the nonlinear effect over the linear effect.
First, we study the quantitative relation between the position and width of the photonic bandgap and the experimental parameters. We then show that, as the temperature rises, the 1DPC melts down and enters the Doppler-free wave-mixing regime. By introducing detuning between the two counter-propagating fields in the standing wave, we make the envelope of the standing wave move and form a ‘flying’ 1DPC. Owing to the Doppler Effect, the probe fields propagating along with or counter to the moving direction have different frequencies in the 1DPC frame. In the rest frame, the transmission spectra in two directions are thus shifted with respect to each other and we obtain an optical diode.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Wang, Dawei = 無旋轉波近似下原子-光子相互作用和駐波耦合的電磁自感透明系統 / 王大偉.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-135).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.
Wang, Dawei = Wu xuan zhuan bo jin si xia yuan zi-guang zi xiang hu zuo yong he zhu bo ou he de dian ci zi gan tou ming xi tong / Wang Dawei.
Abstract --- p.iv
Acknowledgements --- p.vii
Table of Contents --- p.xi
List of Figures --- p.xiii
Chapter Part 1 --- Atom-photon interactions without rotating-wave approximation --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction on atom-photon interactions --- p.2
Chapter 1.1 --- Spontaneous emission --- p.2
Chapter 1.2 --- Quantum Zeno and anti-Zeno effect --- p.8
Chapter 1.3 --- Rotating-wave approximation --- p.10
Chapter 1.4 --- Go beyond the rotating-wave approximation --- p.12
Chapter 1.5 --- Non-dynamic Lamb shift --- p.15
Chapter 1.6 --- Summary --- p.17
Chapter Chapter 2 --- QZE, QAZE and Lamb shift in vacuum --- p.18
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.18
Chapter 2.2 --- QZE in the free vacuum --- p.19
Chapter 2.3 --- QAZE in modified vacuum --- p.21
Chapter 2.4 --- Time Evolution of the Lamb Shift --- p.25
Chapter 2.5 --- The Lamb shift in modified vacuum --- p.30
Chapter 2.6 --- Summary --- p.35
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Atom in light: polarizability and scattering --- p.37
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.37
Chapter 3.2 --- The polarizability of a two-level atom without RWA --- p.39
Chapter 3.3 --- The optical theorem --- p.43
Chapter 3.4 --- The effects of the counter rotating terms --- p.46
Chapter 3.5 --- The frequency shift --- p.48
Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.50
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Spontaneous emission of two identicalatoms --- p.51
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.51
Chapter 4.2 --- Unitary transform of the Hamiltonian --- p.52
Chapter 4.3 --- Dynamicevolution --- p.57
Chapter 4.4 --- Decay rates, Lamb shift and emission spectrum in the longtime limit --- p.59
Chapter a) --- The decayrates --- p.59
Chapter b) --- The Lamb shift --- p.60
Chapter c) --- The emission spectra --- p.62
Chapter 4.5 --- Short time evolution --- p.68
Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.70
Chapter Appendix --- the shifts and decay rates of the symmetric and anti-symmetric states --- p.71
Chapter Part 2 --- Standing wave coupled electromagnetically induced transparency system --- p.74
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Introduction on electromagnetically induced transparency --- p.75
Chapter 5.1 --- The electromagnetically induced transparency --- p.75
Chapter 5.2 --- The susceptibilities of SWEIT --- p.81
Chapter 5.3 --- Summary --- p.86
Chapter Appendix --- the recursion relation and the proof of Eq.(212) --- p.86
Chapter Chapter 6 --- From photonic crystal to Doppler-free wave-mixing --- p.90
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.90
Chapter 6.2 --- The Maxwell-Liouville equations --- p.91
Chapter 6.3 --- The photonic bandgaps --- p.93
Chapter 6.4 --- The meltdown of the photonic crystal and the pulse matching --- p.99
Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.106
Chapter Appendix A --- the Maxwell-Liouville equation --- p.106
Chapter Appendix B --- a new criterion of photonic band-gaps --- p.109
Chapter Chapter 7 --- The optical-diode by a flying photonic crystal --- p.112
Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.112
Chapter 7.2 --- Coupled-wave equations of the ‘flying’ photonic crystal --- p.113
Chapter 7.3 --- The spectra of the optical diode --- p.118
Chapter 7.4 --- The influence of the experimental parameters --- p.120
Chapter 7.5 --- Summary --- p.126
CURRICULUM VITAE --- p.136