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Journal articles on the topic 'Photon number resolving detector'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Fukuda, Daiji, Go Fujii, Takayuki Numata, Kuniaki Amemiya, Akio Yoshizawa, Hidemi Tsuchida, Hidetoshi Fujino, et al. "Titanium Superconducting Photon-Number-Resolving Detector." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 21, no. 3 (June 2011): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2010.2089953.

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2

Thekkadath, G. S., B. A. Bell, I. A. Walmsley, and A. I. Lvovsky. "Engineering Schrödinger cat states with a photonic even-parity detector." Quantum 4 (March 2, 2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-03-02-239.

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When two equal photon-number states are combined on a balanced beam splitter, both output ports of the beam splitter contain only even numbers of photons. Consider the time-reversal of this interference phenomenon: the probability that a pair of photon-number-resolving detectors at the output ports of a beam splitter both detect the same number of photons depends on the overlap between the input state of the beam splitter and a state containing only even photon numbers. Here, we propose using this even-parity detection to engineer quantum states containing only even photon-number terms. As an example, we demonstrate the ability to prepare superpositions of two coherent states with opposite amplitudes, i.e. two-component Schrödinger cat states. Our scheme can prepare cat states of arbitrary size with nearly perfect fidelity. Moreover, we investigate engineering more complex even-parity states such as four-component cat states by iteratively applying our even-parity detector.

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3

ZHANG, G. Q., X. J. ZHAI, C. J. ZHU, H. C. LIU, and Y. T. ZHANG. "THE SILICON PHOTOMULTIPLIER — A NEW DETECTOR FOR SINGLE PHOTON-NUMBER-RESOLVING AT ROOM TEMPERATURE." International Journal of Quantum Information 10, no. 03 (April 2012): 1230002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749912300021.

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A new type of single photon detector, silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), — which has photon-number-resolving capability at room temperature, was introduced. The SiPM is composed of hundreds to thousands of Geiger mode avalanche photo-diodes (GAPD) pixels in size from several to several tens of microns integrated in one silicon chip. The SiPM can resolve the photon-number of a short light pulse by spatial multiplexing. The influence of relative high dark count rate on the quantum bit error rate (QBER) can be mitigated greatly by gating detection events and slightly cooling the detector. The key parameters of SiPM were demonstrated and the results show that the SiPM can reach the requirements for quantum information processing and applications.

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4

Fujiwara, Mikio, and Masahide Sasaki. "Photon Number Resolving Detector at Telecom Wavelengths: Charge Integration Photon Detector (CIPD)." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 13, no. 4 (2007): 952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2007.903857.

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5

Thé, George André Pereira, and Rubens Viana Ramos. "Multiple-photon number resolving detector using fibre ring and single-photon detector." Journal of Modern Optics 54, no. 8 (May 20, 2007): 1187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340601124825.

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6

Yoshizawa, Akio, and Hidemi Tsuchida. "Reconstruction of Photon Number Distribution without Relying on Photon Number-Resolving Detector." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 44, no. 11 (November 9, 2005): 8004–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.44.8004.

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7

Kardynał, B. E., Z. L. Yuan, and A. J. Shields. "An avalanche‐photodiode-based photon-number-resolving detector." Nature Photonics 2, no. 7 (June 15, 2008): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2008.101.

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8

Allevi, Alessia, Maria Bondani, and Alessandra Andreoni. "Photon-number correlations by photon-number resolving detectors." Optics Letters 35, no. 10 (May 14, 2010): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.35.001707.

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9

Cai, Chen, Chen, Ma, Xu, Wu, Xu, and Wu. "Quantum Calibration of Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors Based on Multi-pixel Photon Counters." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (June 29, 2019): 2638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132638.

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In this paper, we reconstructed the positive operator-valued measure (POVM) of a photon-number-resolving detector (PNRD) based on a multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC) by means of quantum detector tomography (QDT) at 791 nm and 523 nm, respectively. MPPC is a kind of spatial-multiplexing PNRD with a silicon avalanche photodiode (Si-APD) array as the photon receiver. Experimentally, the quantum characteristics of MPPC were calibrated at 2 MHz at two different wavelengths. The POVM elements were given by QDT. The fidelity of the reconstructed POVM elements is higher than 99.96%, which testifies that the QDT is reliable to calibrate MPPC at different wavelengths. With QDT and associated Wigner functions, the quantum properties of MPPC can be calibrated more directly and accurately in contrast with those conventional methods of modeling detectors.

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10

Kalashnikov, Dmitry A., Si Hui Tan, Maria V. Chekhova, and Leonid A. Krivitsky. "Accessing photon bunching with a photon number resolving multi-pixel detector." Optics Express 19, no. 10 (April 28, 2011): 9352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.009352.

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11

Reusch, Tobias, Markus Osterhoff, Johannes Agricola, and Tim Salditt. "Pulse-resolved multi-photon X-ray detection at 31 MHz based on a quadrant avalanche photodiode." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 21, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577514006730.

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The technical realisation and the commissioning experiments of a high-speed X-ray detector based on a quadrant avalanche silicon photodiode and high-speed digitizers are described. The development is driven by the need for X-ray detectors dedicated to time-resolved diffraction and imaging experiments, ideally requiring pulse-resolved data processing at the synchrotron bunch repetition rate. By a novel multi-photon detection scheme, the exact number of X-ray photons within each X-ray pulse can be recorded. Commissioning experiments at beamlines P08 and P10 of the storage ring PETRA III, at DESY, Hamburg, Germany, have been used to validate the pulse-wise multi-photon counting scheme at bunch frequencies ≥31 MHz, enabling pulse-by-pulse readout during the PETRA III 240-bunch mode with single-photon detection capability. An X-ray flux of ≥3.7 × 109 photons s−1can be detected while still resolving individual photons at low count rates.

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12

Mirin, R. P., S. W. Nam, and M. A. Itzler. "Single-Photon and Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors." IEEE Photonics Journal 4, no. 2 (April 2012): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2012.2190394.

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13

Provazník, Jan, Lukáš Lachman, Radim Filip, and Petr Marek. "Benchmarking photon number resolving detectors." Optics Express 28, no. 10 (May 1, 2020): 14839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.389619.

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14

Allevi, Alessia, Matteo Bina, Stefano Olivares, and Maria Bondani. "Homodyne-like detection scheme based on photon-number-resolving detectors." International Journal of Quantum Information 15, no. 08 (December 2017): 1740016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749917400160.

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Homodyne detection is the most effective detection scheme employed in quantum optics to characterize quantum states. It is based on mixing at a beam splitter the signal to be measured with a coherent state, called the “local oscillator,” and on evaluating the difference of the photocurrents of two photodiodes measuring the outputs of the beam splitter. If the local oscillator is much more intense than the field to be measured, the homodyne signal is proportional to the signal-field quadratures. If the local oscillator is less intense, the photodiodes can be replaced with photon-number-resolving detectors, which have a smaller dynamics but can measure the light statistics. The resulting new homodyne-like detector acquires a hybrid nature, being it capable of yielding information on both the particle-like (statistics) and wave-like (phase) properties of light signals. The scheme has been tested in the measurement of the quadratures of coherent states, bracket states and phase-averaged coherent states at different intensities of the local oscillator.

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15

Endo, Mamoru, Tatsuki Sonoyama, Mikihisa Matsuyama, Fumiya Okamoto, Shigehito Miki, Masahiro Yabuno, Fumihiro China, Hirotaka Terai, and Akira Furusawa. "Quantum detector tomography of a superconducting nanostrip photon-number-resolving detector." Optics Express 29, no. 8 (March 30, 2021): 11728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.423142.

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16

Cohen, Lior, Daniel Istrati, Yoni Sher, Zev Brand, and Hagai S. Eisenberg. "Laser Ranging Bathymetry Using a Photon-Number-Resolving Detector." Remote Sensing 14, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 4750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194750.

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The sensitivity and robustness against background noise of optical measurements, and specifically range-finding, can be improved by detecting the light with photon-number-resolving detectors (PNRD). We use a PNRD to detect single pulse reflections from the seabed level in the presence of high attenuation of the sea water. Measurements are performed from above the sea level, overcoming broad daylight conditions. We demonstrate continuous measurement of the seabed depth up to around 24 m, using laser pulse energies of 10 μJ, while sailing at speed of 2.2 knots. Additionally, we use these data to extract values of the refractive index and optical attenuation in coastal seawater. The method could be used as a novel and optically-accurate bathymetry tool for coastal research and underwater sensing applications.

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17

Risheng Cheng, Heyu Yin, Jianshe Liu, Tiefu Li, Han Cai, Zheng Xu, and Wei Chen. "Photon-Number-Resolving Detector Based on Superconducting Serial Nanowires." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 23, no. 1 (February 2013): 2200309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2012.2233198.

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18

Pomarico, Enrico, Bruno Sanguinetti, Rob Thew, and Hugo Zbinden. "Room temperature photon number resolving detector for infared wavelengths." Optics Express 18, no. 10 (May 7, 2010): 10750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.010750.

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19

Marsili†, F., D. Bitauld, A. Fiore, A. Gaggero, R. Leoni, F. Mattioli, A. Divochiy, et al. "Superconducting parallel nanowire detector with photon number resolving functionality." Journal of Modern Optics 56, no. 2-3 (January 20, 2009): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340802220729.

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20

Divochiy, Aleksander, Francesco Marsili, David Bitauld, Alessandro Gaggero, Roberto Leoni, Francesco Mattioli, Alexander Korneev, et al. "Superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving detector at telecommunication wavelengths." Nature Photonics 2, no. 5 (April 13, 2008): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2008.51.

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21

Fujiwara, Mikio, and Masahide Sasaki. "Photon-number-resolving detection at a telecommunications wavelength with a charge-integration photon detector." Optics Letters 31, no. 6 (March 15, 2006): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.31.000691.

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22

Lewis, Cale E., and Mini Das. "Spectral Signatures of X-ray Scatter Using Energy-Resolving Photon-Counting Detectors." Sensors 19, no. 22 (November 18, 2019): 5022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19225022.

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Energy-resolving photon-counting detectors (PCDs) separate photons from a polychromatic X-ray source into a number of separate energy bins. This spectral information from PCDs would allow advancements in X-ray imaging, such as improving image contrast, quantitative imaging, and material identification and characterization. However, aspects like detector spectral distortions and scattered photons from the object can impede these advantages if left unaccounted for. Scattered X-ray photons act as noise in an image and reduce image contrast, thereby significantly hindering PCD utility. In this paper, we explore and outline several important characteristics of spectral X-ray scatter with examples of soft-material imaging (such as cancer imaging in mammography or explosives detection in airport security). Our results showed critical spectral signatures of scattered photons that depend on a few adjustable experimental factors. Additionally, energy bins over a large portion of the spectrum exhibit lower scatter-to-primary ratio in comparison to what would be expected when using a conventional energy-integrating detector. These important findings allow flexible choice of scatter-correction methods and energy-bin utilization when using PCDs. Our findings also propel the development of efficient spectral X-ray scatter correction methods for a wide range of PCD-based applications.

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23

Mattioli, Francesco, Zili Zhou, Alessandro Gaggero, Rosalinda Gaudio, Saeedeh Jahanmirinejad, Döndü Sahin, Francesco Marsili, Roberto Leoni, and Andrea Fiore. "Photon-number-resolving superconducting nanowire detectors." Superconductor Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (August 24, 2015): 104001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/28/10/104001.

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24

Akiba, M., K. Inagaki, and K. Tsujino. "Photon number resolving SiPM detector with 1 GHz count rate." Optics Express 20, no. 3 (January 23, 2012): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.002779.

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25

Divochiy, Aleksander, Francesco Marsili, David Bitauld, Alessandro Gaggero, Roberto Leoni, Francesco Mattioli, Alexander Korneev, et al. "Erratum: Superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving detector at telecommunication wavelengths." Nature Photonics 2, no. 6 (June 2008): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2008.95.

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26

Rohde, Peter P., James G. Webb, Elanor H. Huntington, and Timothy C. Ralph. "Photon number projection using non-number-resolving detectors." New Journal of Physics 9, no. 7 (July 17, 2007): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/9/7/233.

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27

Kim, Heonoh, Sang Min Lee, Osung Kwon, and Han Seb Moon. "Observation of two-photon interference effect with a single non-photon-number resolving detector." Optics Letters 42, no. 13 (June 19, 2017): 2443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.42.002443.

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28

Fukuda, D., G. Fujii, A. Yoshizawa, H. Tsuchida, R. M. T. Damayanthi, H. Takahashi, S. Inoue, and M. Ohkubo. "High Speed Photon Number Resolving Detector with Titanium Transition Edge Sensor." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 151, no. 1-2 (January 17, 2008): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-007-9634-0.

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29

Wittmann, Christoffer, Ulrik L. Andersen, and Gerd Leuchs. "Discrimination of optical coherent states using a photon number resolving detector." Journal of Modern Optics 57, no. 3 (February 10, 2010): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340903145031.

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30

Tao, Xu, Hao Hao, Xiang Li, Shi Chen, Libo Wang, Xuecou Tu, Xiaoqing Jia, et al. "Characterize the Speed of a Photon-Number-Resolving Superconducting Nanowire Detector." IEEE Photonics Journal 12, no. 4 (August 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2020.3012349.

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31

Tao, Xu, Shi Chen, Yajun Chen, Libo Wang, Xiang Li, Xuecou Tu, Xiaoqing Jia, et al. "A high speed and high efficiency superconducting photon number resolving detector." Superconductor Science and Technology 32, no. 6 (April 30, 2019): 064002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ab0799.

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32

Martin, Tchoffo, Tene Alain Giresse, and Djebayole Mimbe III Yannick. "Triggering parametric-down conversion-based quantum key distribution via radiation field." International Journal of Quantum Information 18, no. 06 (September 2020): 2050037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749920500379.

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We discuss the influence of radiation field on the secure key size and the maximum safety distance during QKD by using a set of photons produced via a spontaneous parametric-down conversion (SPDC) photon source. Four implementations that use multiple-photons and decoy states are discussed, these include nondecoy state, infinite active decoy state, passive decoy state with threshold detector and passive decoy state with perfect photon-number resolving detector. Results show that the radiation field significantly improves both the secure key size and the maximum secure communication distance. Therefore, the radiation field is found to be a good candidate to reduce unwanted interactions of photons with the quantum channel and hence, to increase the secure key rate and the maximum safety distance between legitimate users.

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33

Achilles, Daryl, Christine Silberhorn, Cezary Sliwa, Konrad Banaszek, Ian A. Walmsley, Michael J. Fitch, Bryan C. Jacobs, Todd B. Pittman, and James D. Franson. "Photon-number-resolving detection using time-multiplexing." Journal of Modern Optics 51, no. 9-10 (June 1, 2004): 1499–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340408235288.

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34

Dryazgov, M., N. Simonov, Yu Korneeva, and A. Korneev. "Determination of measurement fidelity for a superconducting photon-number resolving detector with micron-wide strips." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2086, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2086/1/012177.

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Abstract We report a study of multiphoton detection fidelity (or accuracy) for sequential photon-number resolving detectors based on micron-wide superconducting strips. It was found that an increase in the width of the superconducting strips by a factor of 5 leads to an improvement in the measurement accuracy by more than a factor of 10.

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35

Dudak, J., and J. Zemlicka. "Multi bin energy-sensitive micro-CT using large area photon-counting detectors Timepix." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): C01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/c01028.

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Abstract X-ray micro-CT has become a popular and widely used tool for the purposes of scientific research. Although the current state-of-the-art micro-CT is on a high technology level, it still has some known limitations. One of the relevant issues is an inability to clearly identify and quantify specific materials. The mentioned drawback can be solved by the energy-sensitive CT approach. Dual-energy CT, which is already frequently used in human medicine, offers the identification of two different materials; for example, it differentiates an intravenous contrast agent from bone or it can indicate the composition of urinary stones. Resolving a larger number of material components within a single object is beyond the capabilities of dual-energy CT. Such an approach requires a higher number of measurements using different photon energies. A possible solution for multi bin, or so-called spectral CT, is the application of photon-counting detectors. Photon counting technology offers an integrated circuitry capable of resolving the energy of incoming photons in each pixel. Therefore, it is possible to collect data in user-defined energy windows. This contribution evaluates the applicability of the large-area photon-counting detector Timepix for multi bin energy-sensitive micro-CT. It presents an experimental phantom study focused on the simultaneous K-edge-based identification and quantification of multiple contrast agents within a single object. The paper describes the collection of multiple energy bins using the Timepix detector operated in the photon counting mode, explains the data processing, and demonstrates the results obtained from an in-house implemented basis material decomposition algorithm.

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36

Geerdts, Trevor, Connor Govin, and Eric Gansen. "Mapping the Photoresponse of the Quantum-Dot Based Photon-Number-Resolving Detector." Journal of Undergraduate Reports in Physics 31, no. 1 (January 2021): 100002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0006339.

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37

Jahanmirinejad, Saeedeh, and Andrea Fiore. "Proposal for a superconducting photon number resolving detector with large dynamic range." Optics Express 20, no. 5 (February 14, 2012): 5017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.005017.

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38

Jahanmirinejad, S., G. Frucci, F. Mattioli, D. Sahin, A. Gaggero, R. Leoni, and A. Fiore. "Photon-number resolving detector based on a series array of superconducting nanowires." Applied Physics Letters 101, no. 7 (August 13, 2012): 072602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4746248.

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39

Kardynał, B. E., S. S. Hees, A. J. Shields, C. Nicoll, I. Farrer, and D. A. Ritchie. "Photon number resolving detector based on a quantum dot field effect transistor." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 18 (April 30, 2007): 181114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2735281.

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40

Humphreys, Peter C., Benjamin J. Metcalf, Thomas Gerrits, Thomas Hiemstra, Adriana E. Lita, Joshua Nunn, Sae Woo Nam, Animesh Datta, W. Steven Kolthammer, and Ian A. Walmsley. "Tomography of photon-number resolving continuous-output detectors." New Journal of Physics 17, no. 10 (October 21, 2015): 103044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/10/103044.

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41

Lolli, L., E. Taralli, C. Portesi, E. Monticone, and M. Rajteri. "High intrinsic energy resolution photon number resolving detectors." Applied Physics Letters 103, no. 4 (July 22, 2013): 041107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4815922.

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42

Dovrat, L., M. Bakstein, D. Istrati, and H. S. Eisenberg. "Simulations of photon detection in silicon photomultiplier number-resolving detectors." Physica Scripta T147 (February 1, 2012): 014010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2012/t147/014010.

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43

Nehra, Rajveer, Chun-Hung Chang, Qianhuan Yu, Andreas Beling, and Olivier Pfister. "Photon-number-resolving segmented detectors based on single-photon avalanche-photodiodes." Optics Express 28, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 3660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.380416.

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44

Vaidya, V. D., B. Morrison, L. G. Helt, R. Shahrokshahi, D. H. Mahler, M. J. Collins, K. Tan, et al. "Broadband quadrature-squeezed vacuum and nonclassical photon number correlations from a nanophotonic device." Science Advances 6, no. 39 (September 2020): eaba9186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba9186.

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We report demonstrations of both quadrature-squeezed vacuum and photon number difference squeezing generated in an integrated nanophotonic device. Squeezed light is generated via strongly driven spontaneous four-wave mixing below threshold in silicon nitride microring resonators. The generated light is characterized with both homodyne detection and direct measurements of photon statistics using photon number–resolving transition-edge sensors. We measure 1.0(1) decibels of broadband quadrature squeezing (~4 decibels inferred on-chip) and 1.5(3) decibels of photon number difference squeezing (~7 decibels inferred on-chip). Nearly single temporal mode operation is achieved, with measured raw unheralded second-order correlations g(2) as high as 1.95(1). Multiphoton events of over 10 photons are directly detected with rates exceeding any previous quantum optical demonstration using integrated nanophotonics. These results will have an enabling impact on scaling continuous variable quantum technology.

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45

Bao, Zeyu, Yan Liang, Zhiyuan Wang, Zhaohui Li, E. Wu, Guang Wu, and Heping Zeng. "Laser ranging at few-photon level by photon-number-resolving detection." Applied Optics 53, no. 18 (June 16, 2014): 3908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.53.003908.

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46

Yang, Runze, Yumei Tang, Zeyu Fu, Jian Qiu, and Kefu Liu. "A Method of Range Walk Error Correction in SiPM LiDAR with Photon Threshold Detection." Photonics 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9010024.

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A silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) LiDAR with photon threshold detection can achieve high dynamic performance. However, the number fluctuations of echo signal photons lead to the range walk error (RWE) in SiPM LIDARs. This paper derives the RWE model of SiPM LiDAR by using the LiDAR equation and statistical property of SiPM’s response. Based on the LiDAR system parameters and the echo signal intensity, which is obtained through the SiPM’s photon-number-resolving capability, the RWE is calculated through the proposed model. After that, we carry out experiments to verify its effectiveness. The result shows that the method reduces the RWE in TOF measurements using photon threshold detection from 36.57 cm to the mean deviation of 1.95 cm, with the number of detected photons fluctuating from 1.3 to 46.5.

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47

Calkins, Brice, Paolo L. Mennea, Adriana E. Lita, Benjamin J. Metcalf, W. Steven Kolthammer, Antia Lamas-Linares, Justin B. Spring, et al. "High quantum-efficiency photon-number-resolving detector for photonic on-chip information processing." Optics Express 21, no. 19 (September 18, 2013): 22657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.022657.

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48

Teo, Yong Siah, Hyunseok Jeong, Jaroslav Řeháček, Zdeněk Hradil, Luis L. Sánchez-Soto, and Christine Silberhorn. "On the Prospects of Multiport Devices for Photon-Number-Resolving Detection." Quantum Reports 1, no. 2 (September 29, 2019): 162–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quantum1020015.

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Abstract:

Ideal photon-number-resolving detectors form a class of important optical components in quantum optics and quantum information theory. In this article, we theoretically investigate the potential of multiport devices having reconstruction performances approaching that of the Fock-state measurement. By recognizing that all multiport devices are minimally complete, we first provide a general analytical framework to describe the tomographic accuracy (or quality) of these devices. Next, we show that a perfect multiport device with an infinite number of output ports functions as either the Fock-state measurement when photon losses are absent or binomial mixtures of Fock-state measurements when photon losses are present and derive their respective expressions for the tomographic transfer function. This function is the scaled asymptotic mean squared error of the reconstructed photon-number distributions uniformly averaged over all distributions in the probability simplex. We then supply more general analytical formulas for the transfer function for finite numbers of output ports in both the absence and presence of photon losses. The effects of photon losses on the photon-number resolving power of both infinite- and finite-size multiport devices are also investigated.

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Smirnov, Konstantin, Maria Moshkova, Andrey Antipov, Pavel Morozov, and Yury Vakhtomin. "The Cascade Switching of the Photon Number Resolving Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 31, no. 2 (March 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2020.3039711.

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50

Mattioli, Francesco, Zili Zhou, Alessandro Gaggero, Rosalinda Gaudio, Roberto Leoni, and Andrea Fiore. "Photon-counting and analog operation of a 24-pixel photon number resolving detector based on superconducting nanowires." Optics Express 24, no. 8 (April 15, 2016): 9067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.009067.

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