Academic literature on the topic 'Photon beam position detector'
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Journal articles on the topic "Photon beam position detector"
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Shu, Deming, Tuncer M. Kuzay, Yue Fang, Juan Barraza, and Tim Cundiff. "Synthetic diamond-based position-sensitive photoconductive detector development for the Advanced Photon Source." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 636–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597019778.
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A novel X-ray beam-position detection device that we call a position-sensitive photoconductive detector (PSPCD) is designed to have synthetic diamond as its substrate material. We proved that it is feasible to use synthetic diamond to make a hard X-ray position-sensitive detector based on the photoconductivity principle and that it acts as a solid-state ion chamber. Experiments on different PSPCD samples using synthetic diamond with a high-heat-flux white undulator beam, as well as with monochromatic hard X-ray beams, have been performed at the Advanced Photon Source. Recent test results with the PSPCD in the quadrant configuration as an X-ray beam-position monitor and in a multipixel array as an X-ray beam profiler are presented in this paper.
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Dhoska, Klodian, Helmuth Hofer, Marco López, Toomas Kübarsepp, and Stefan Kück. "Alignment position method for SPAD detector calibration and homogeneity." International Journal of Scientific Reports 1, no. 7 (November 29, 2015): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20151253.
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<p><strong>Background:</strong> Over the last decade have seen a drastically increase of interest in the Single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detectors applications at many variety of quantum experiments where the detection efficiency at single-photon level is required. The calibration of such detectors involves predominantly the determination of the detection efficiency.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> The present study was carried out at Department of Photometry and Applied Radiometry, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), National Metrology Institute of Germany. This work is focused in a reproducible and close-to-ideal alignment position method of the SPAD detectors to the incident beam for achieving low measurement uncertainty.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> A dominantly Gaussian profile is obtained when the diameter of the detector is smaller than the beam diameter, whereas in case then the detector is larger than the beam, a dominantly rectangular scan is obtained. The optimal position (X/Y/Z) for setting the SPAD detector correspond to X<sub>center</sub> = 235.11 mm, Y<sub>center</sub><em> </em>= 6.28 mm and Z<sub>position</sub> = 14.6 mm. Homogeneity of the detection efficiency depends on the beam size and evaluated regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The experimental set-up and experimental results needed for optimization of the SPAD detector position were described. This analysis gives important information in how to carry out the optimization of the detector position for the calibration of the SPAD and analysis of quantum detection homogeneity.</p>
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Samadi, Nazanin, Bassey Bassey, Mercedes Martinson, George Belev, Les Dallin, Mark de Jong, and Dean Chapman. "A phase-space beam position monitor for synchrotron radiation." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 22, no. 4 (June 25, 2015): 946–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577515007390.
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The stability of the photon beam position on synchrotron beamlines is critical for most if not all synchrotron radiation experiments. The position of the beam at the experiment or optical element location is set by the position and angle of the electron beam source as it traverses the magnetic field of the bend-magnet or insertion device. Thus an ideal photon beam monitor would be able to simultaneously measure the photon beam's position and angle, and thus infer the electron beam's position in phase space. X-ray diffraction is commonly used to prepare monochromatic beams on X-ray beamlines usually in the form of a double-crystal monochromator. Diffraction couples the photon wavelength or energy to the incident angle on the lattice planes within the crystal. The beam from such a monochromator will contain a spread of energies due to the vertical divergence of the photon beam from the source. This range of energies can easily cover the absorption edge of a filter element such as iodine at 33.17 keV. A vertical profile measurement of the photon beam footprint with and without the filter can be used to determine the vertical centroid position and angle of the photon beam. In the measurements described here an imaging detector is used to measure these vertical profiles with an iodine filter that horizontally covers part of the monochromatic beam. The goal was to investigate the use of a combined monochromator, filter and detector as a phase-space beam position monitor. The system was tested for sensitivity to position and angle under a number of synchrotron operating conditions, such as normal operations and special operating modes where the photon beam is intentionally altered in position and angle at the source point. The results are comparable with other methods of beam position measurement and indicate that such a system is feasible in situations where part of the synchrotron beam can be used for the phase-space measurement.
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Lelyukhin, A. S., and D. A. Muslimov. "APPLICATION OF POSITION-SENSITIVE DETECTORS FOR ANALYZING THE ENERGY SPECTRA OF PHOTON RADIATION." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 270 (December 2020): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.12.pp.044-048.
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Monitoring the spectral composition of photon radiation from generating sources and emitting objects is the most informative way to analyze the radiation fields created by them. However, it is impossible to study the radiation characteristics of radiation fields of ultra short duration and high intensity using direct measurement methods. This work considers a method for reconstructing the spectral distributions of photon radiation from the profile of the secondary radiation fields recorded by a position-sensitive detector. To implement a new method of measurement in the primary beam of radiation is an extended scattering body of homogeneous material. Outside the field of the primary beam, a position-sensitive detector is placed along the generatrix of the scattering body, which records the photons of the secondary radiation and the coordinates of their emission. The spectral composition of the primary radiation beam is restored from the shape of the spatial distribution obtained. To find a quasi-solution describing the energy spectrum of the primary radiation beam, it is proposed to use the maximum likelihood expectation maximization method. The possibility of switching to measurements in secondary radiation fields having a lower intensity is confirmed by the experimental results. To form secondary radiation fields, we used a composite phantom containing three scattering bodies in the form of rectangular parallelepipeds made of graphite, aluminum, and titanium. The secondary radiation fields were recorded by a radiographic sensor. Using an X-ray source operating in a pulsed mode, images were obtained and profiles of the secondary radiation fields were formed. It is experimentally shown that the secondary radiation fields have a gradient structure and can be used to analyze the energy spectra of the radiation beams generating them. The method for reconstructing spectral distributions proposed in this work allows one to measure the energy spectra of photons using position-sensitive detectors and can be used in solving problems of diagnostics of pulsed high-intensity radiation beams.
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Khalil, Mohamad, Erik Schou Dreier, Jan Kehres, Jan Jakubek, and Ulrik Lund Olsen. "Subpixel resolution in CdTe Timepix3 pixel detectors." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 25, no. 6 (October 26, 2018): 1650–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518013838.
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Timepix3 (256 × 256 pixels with a pitch of 55 µm) is a hybrid-pixel-detector readout chip that implements a data-driven architecture and is capable of simultaneous time-of-arrival (ToA) and energy (ToT: time-over-threshold) measurements. The ToA information allows the unambiguous identification of pixel clusters belonging to the same X-ray interaction, which allows for full one-by-one detection of photons. The weighted mean of the pixel clusters can be used to measure the subpixel position of an X-ray interaction. An experiment was performed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France, using a 5 µm × 5 µm pencil beam to scan a CdTe-ADVAPIX-Timepix3 pixel (55 µm × 55 µm) at 8 × 8 matrix positions with a step size of 5 µm. The head-on scan was carried out at four monochromatic energies: 24, 35, 70 and 120 keV. The subpixel position of every single photon in the beam was constructed using the weighted average of the charge spread of single interactions. Then the subpixel position of the total beam was found by calculating the mean position of all photons. This was carried out for all points in the 8 × 8 matrix of beam positions within a single pixel. The optimum conditions for the subpixel measurements are presented with regards to the cluster sizes and beam subpixel position, and the improvement of this technique is evaluated (using the charge sharing of each individual photon to achieve subpixel resolution) versus alternative techniques which compare the intensity ratio between pixels. The best result is achieved at 120 keV, where a beam step of 4.4 µm ± 0.86 µm was measured.
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Smallwood, J. C., S. Bhasin, T. Blake, N. H. Brook, M. F. Cicala, T. Conneely, D. Cussans, et al. "Test-beam demonstration of a TORCH prototype module." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012004.
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The TORCH time-of-flight detector is designed to provide a 15 ps timing resolution for charged particles, resulting in π/K particle identification up to 10 GeV/c momentum over a 10 m flight path. Cherenkov photons, produced in a quartz plate of 10 mm thickness, are focused onto an array of micro-channel plate photomultipliers (MCP-PMTs) which measure the photon arrival times and spatial positions. A half-scale (660 × 1250 × 10 mm3) TORCH demonstrator module has been tested in an 8 GeV/c mixed proton-pion beam at CERN. Customised square MCP-PMTs of active area 53 × 53 mm2 and granularity 64 × 64 pixels have been employed, which have been developed in collaboration with an industrial partner. The single-photon timing performance and photon yields have been measured as a function of beam position in the radiator, giving measurements which are consistent with expectations. The expected performance of TORCH for high luminosity running of the LHCb Upgrade II has been simulated.
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Huang, J. Y., and I. S. Ko. "Spatio-temporal measurement of beam properties in the PLS diagnostic beamline." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 642–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s090904959702013x.
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A diagnostic beamline is being constructed in the PLS storage ring for measurement of electron- and photon-beam properties. It consists of two 1:1 imaging systems: a visible-light imaging system and a soft X-ray imaging system. In the visible-light imaging system, the transverse beam size and beam position are measured with various detectors: a CCD camera, two photodiode arrays and a photon-beam position monitor. Longitudinal bunch structure is also investigated with a fast photodiode detector and a picosecond streak camera. On the other hand, the soft X-ray imaging system is under construction to measure beam sizes with negligible diffraction-limited error. The X-ray image optics consist of a flat cooled mirror and two spherical focusing mirrors.
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Gu Liming, 顾黎明, 孙葆根 Sun Baogen, 申超波 Shen Chaobo, 卢平 Lu Ping, 王季刚 Wang Jigang, 王晓辉 Wang Xiaohui, 唐雷雷 Tang Leilei, and 肖云云 Xiao Yunyun. "Photon beam position measurement system based on four-quadrant detector." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 22, no. 12 (2010): 2964–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20102212.2964.
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Gallin-Martel, M. L., L. Abbassi, A. Bes, G. Bosson, J. Collot, T. Crozes, S. Curtoni, et al. "A large area diamond-based beam tagging hodoscope for ion therapy monitoring." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817009005.
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The MoniDiam project is part of the French national collaboration CLaRyS (Contrôle en Ligne de l’hAdronthérapie par RaYonnements Secondaires) for on-line monitoring of hadron therapy. It relies on the imaging of nuclear reaction products that is related to the ion range. The goal here is to provide large area beam detectors with a high detection efficiency for carbon or proton beams giving time and position measurement at 100 MHz count rates (beam tagging hodoscope). High radiation hardness and intrinsic electronic properties make diamonds reliable and very fast detectors with a good signal to noise ratio. Commercial Chemical Vapor Deposited (CVD) poly-crystalline, heteroepitaxial and monocrystalline diamonds were studied. Their applicability as a particle detector was investigated using α and β radioactive sources, 95 MeV/u carbon ion beams at GANIL and 8.5 keV X-ray photon bunches from ESRF. This facility offers the unique capability of providing a focused (~1 μm) beam in bunches of 100 ps duration, with an almost uniform energy deposition in the irradiated detector volume, therefore mimicking the interaction of single ions. A signal rise time resolution ranging from 20 to 90 ps rms and an energy resolution of 7 to 9% were measured using diamonds with aluminum disk shaped surface metallization. This enabled us to conclude that polycrystalline CVD diamond detectors are good candidates for our beam tagging hodoscope development. Recently, double-side stripped metallized diamonds were tested using the XBIC (X Rays Beam Induced Current) set-up of the ID21 beamline at ESRF which permits us to evaluate the capability of diamond to be used as position sensitive detector. The final detector will consist in a mosaic arrangement of double-side stripped diamond sensors read out by a dedicated fast-integrated electronics of several hundreds of channels.
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Albicocco, P., R. Assiro, F. Bossi, P. Branchini, B. Buonomo, V. Capirossi, E. Capitolo, et al. "Commissioning of the PADME experiment with a positron beam." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): P08032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/p08032.
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Abstract The PADME experiment is designed to search for a hypothetical dark photon A' produced in positron-electron annihilation using a bunched positron beam at the Beam Test Facility of the INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati. The expected sensitivity to the A' -photon mixing parameter ϵ is 10-3, for A' mass ≤ 23.5 MeV/c 2 after collecting ∼ 1013 positrons-on-target. This paper presents the PADME detector status after commissioning in July 2019. In addition, the software algorithms employed to reconstruct physics objects, such as photons and charged particles, and the calibration procedures adopted are illustrated in detail. The results show that the experimental apparatus reaches the design performance, and is able to identify and measure standard electromagnetic processes, such as positron bremsstrahlung and electron-positron annihilation into two photons.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Photon beam position detector"
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Ganbold, Tamiraa. "Development of quantum well structures for multi band photon detection." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11801.
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2013/2014La ricerca qui presentata è incentrata sullo sviluppo di tecnologie innovative per la produzione di rivelatori di posizione di fasci fotonici veloci (pBPM) per applicazioni in luce di sincrotrone (SR) e laser a elettroni liberi (FEL). Nel nostro lavoro abbiamo proposto un rilevatore in-situche ha dimostrato velocità di risposta ed omogeneità sia per scopi di diagnostica che di calibrazione. I dispositivi sono basati su pozzi quantici (QW) dimateriali semiconduttori InGaAs / InAlAs,che offrono diversi vantaggi grazie alla loro gap di banda diretta e a bassa energia, e all’alta mobilità elettronica a temperatura ambiente. I QW metamorfici diIn0.75Ga0.25As/In0.75Al0.25As contenenti un gas di elettroni bidimensionali (2DEG) sono staticresciuti tramite epitassia a faci molecolari (MBE). Tali materiali presentano alcune differenze notevoli rispetto al diamante, che è il materiale utilizzato per i rivelatori commerciali allo stato dell’arte. Innanzitutto, i costi di produzione e di fabbricazione sono molto più bassi. Poi, il coefficiente di assorbimento è molto superiore al diamante su una vasta gamma di energie di raggi X, il che li rende ampiamente complementari in possibili applicazioni. Inoltre, utilizzando semiconduttori composti si possono fabbricare dispositivi con diverse combinazioni di materiali per la barriera ed il QW;ciòha permesso di ridurre la gap di energia fino a 0.6 eV. La disponibilità e la ripetibilità di fabbricazione dei dispositivi è migliore rispetto a quelle del diamante. Quattro configurazioni di dispositivi a QW pixelati sono stati testati con diverse fonti di luce, come radiazione di sincrotrone, tubo a raggi X convenzionali e laser ultra veloce nel vicinoUV. In questa tesi, dopo aver introdotto i dispositivi a QW per utilizzo comepBPM, saranno riportati e discussii risultati più importanti ottenuti. Tali risultati indicano che questi rivelatori rispondono con tempi di 100-ps a impulsi laser ultraveloci, cioè un fattore 6 più velocirispetto a rivelatori a semiconduttori commerciali allo stato dell’arte. La precisione raggiunta nella stima della posizione del fascio fotonico è di 800nm, da confrontare con i 150nm di rivelatori a diamante commerciali. Inoltre, i nostri rivelatori di fotoni a QW lavorano a tensioni molto inferiori rispetto aipBPMs esistenti.Infine, test con raggi X da radiazione di sincrotrone mostrano come questi dispositivi presentano elevate efficienze di raccolta di carica, che possono essere imputabili all'effetto di moltiplicazione di carica del gas di elettroni 2D all'interno del pozzo. Tutti questi vantaggi rispetto ai rivelatori esistenti basati sul diamante, rendono i nostri dispositivi potenzialmente molto attrattivi come alternativa a quelli commerciali.
XXVII Ciclo
1984
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Montgomery, Rachel Ann. "A position sensitive photon detector for the CLAS12 ring imaging Čerenkov application." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4570/.
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The upgrade of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) to CLAS12 will offer unique possibilities to study the strong interaction and the internal nucleon dynamics. For this, excellent hadron identification over its full kinematic range is essential and a Ring Imaging CHerenkov detector (RICH) has been proposed for installation into CLAS12 to achieve this. This thesis describes studies performed towards the selection of a photon detector for use in the CLAS12 RICH, which will be a crucial component for the success of the RICH performance. MultiAnode PhotoMultiplier Tubes (MAPMTs) have been selected as the most promising photon detectors for the CLAS12 RICH. A high-precision laser test-stand was developed to characterise candidate MAPMTs and the results were used to determine the Hamamatsu H8500 MAPMT as the optimal device. Throughout the laser tests the H8500 MAPMT proved to be single photon sensitive as demanded, the spatial resolution was found to satisfy the required value of less than 1cm by 1cm and the device exhibited sufficiently low crosstalk levels of less than 3%. The response and crosstalk of the device showed a dependency upon the MAPMT construction, the magnitude of which was shown to be negligible and overall the H8500 provides a plane of suitable uniformity to satisfy the imaging functionality of the CLAS12 RICH. To further confirm the H8500 MAPMT choice, its performance in response to Cherenkov light within two prototype setups was evaluated. First a small-scale prototype was designed and constructed, incorporating one H8500 MAPMT to image Cherenkov rings created by cosmic muons traversing aerogel radiators. Extraction of the results required full understanding of the device based upon calibrations made with the laser tests. The prototype was also simulated in detail, allowing for a model description of the MAPMT to be validated. Secondly, 28 H8500 MAPMTs were used in a large-scale prototype to image Cherenkov rings produced by mixed hadrons traversing aerogel radiators, to evaluate their performance in a geometry and an environment similar to that expected in the CLAS12 RICH. Both prototypes revealed that the H8500 MAPMT can be used to successfully detect the required 7 photons per Cherenkov event to achieve pion/kaon separation in the CLAS12 RICH. Furthermore, a pion/kaon separation of more than 3 sigma at 6GeV/c was observed through a preliminary analysis of data extracted with the large-scale prototype. The prototype studies also confirmed the low-noise behaviour of the H8500 MAPMT. As a result of the laser test-stand and prototype tests, the choice of the H8500 MAPMT as the photon detector for the CLAS12 RICH was validated.
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Dixon, John. "Operation of a silicon vertex detector in a 100 GeV photon beam." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38286.
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CLAPS, GERARDO. "A study of a triple GEM detector as real time dosimeter in external photon beam radiotherapy." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/202017.
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Butterworth, James Ernest. "A new large acceptance, position sensitive bragg detector for studies of exotic nuclei at radioactive beam facilities." Thesis, University of York, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535051.
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Antonelli, Matias. "Photon Beam-Position Monitor basati su diamante e quantum well per sorgenti di luce di terza e quarta generazione." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/8540.
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2011/2012L’attività di ricerca qui presentata ha avuto come oggetto lo sviluppo di tecnologie innovative per la produzione di photon beam-position monitor (pBPM) veloci per sincrotroni di terza generazione e laser a elettroni liberi. Tali rivelatori di fotoni sono uno strumento diagnostico utile non solo per le linee che usano la luce di sincrotrone, ma anche per il sistema di controllo dell’acceleratore che la produce. A causa di diverse limitazioni delle tecnologie comunemente usate per la fabbricazione di pBPM, la diagnostica dei fasci di luce non è diffusa né consolidata quanto quella del fascio di particelle, utilizzata per controllare la macchina. Alla luce dei recenti progressi di materiali e strumentazione, si è indirizzata l’attività di ricerca sui rivelatori veloci verso tecnologie allo stato solido quali quelle del diamante monocristallino e dei dispositivi a quantum well, realizzando pBPM innovativi basati su tali tecnologie. In questo documento, dopo un’introduzione al contesto delle sorgenti di luce in cui si è operato, sono riportati e discussi gli aspetti più importanti dello sviluppo di dette tecnologie, corredati dai risultati più significativi delle numerose prove sperimentali cui sono stati sottoposti i rivelatori realizzati.
XXV Ciclo
1983
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Ratti, M. G. "SEARCHING FOR DARK MATTER IN THE MONO-JET AND MONO-PHOTON CHANNELS WITH THE ATLAS DETECTOR." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/546269.
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This work presents searches for dark matter particles in the mono-jet and mono-photon final states using the data collected by the ATLAS experiment during 2015 and 2016.
The thesis starts with an introduction to the basic concepts of the Standard Model, followed by a discussion of the dark matter problem and the WIMP hypothesis.
The focus then shifts to the description of the experimental facilities to collect the data and reconstruct the collision events. Particular focus is put on the reconstruction and performance of the missing transverse momentum.
After characterizing a few theoretical models predicting dark matter particles in the mono-photon and mono-jet final states, the searches in these two signatures are thoroughly discussed, with particular focus on the background estimation techniques.
While no significant deviations from the Standard Model predictions are found, the results obtained by these searches further restrict the phase-space where the dark matter particles can lie.
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Ikram, M. "Radio-frequency generation of an electron plasma in a Malmberg-Penning trap and its interaction with a stationary or pulsed electron beam." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/233616.
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Experiments and numerical investigations on trapped electron plasmas and traveling electron bunches are discussed.
A Thomson backscattering diagnostics set up was installed in the ELTRAP (Electron TRAP) device, a Penning-Malmberg trap operating at the Department of Physics of the University of Milano since 2001. Here, an infrared (IR) laser pulse collides with nanosecond electron bunches with an energy of 1-20 keV traveling through a longitudinal magnetic field in a dynamical regime where space-charge effects play a significant role. The backscattered radiation is optically filtered and detected by means of a photomultiplier tube. The minimum sensitivity of the backscattering diagnostics has been estimated for the present set-up configuration. Constraints on the number of photons and thus on the information one can obtain with the Thomson backscattering technique are determined by the relatively low density of the electron beam as well as by noise issues. Solutions to increase the signal level and to reduce the noise are briefly discussed.
The generation of an electron plasma by stochastic heating was realized in ELTRAP under ultra-high vacuum conditions by means of the application of low power RF (1-20 MHz) drives on one of the azimuthally sectored electrodes of the trap. The relevant experimental results are reviewed. The electron heating mechanism has been studied by means of a two-dimensional (2D) particle-in-cell (PIC) code, starting with a very low electron density, and applying RF drives of various amplitudes in the range 1-15 MHz on different electrodes. The axial kinetic energy of the electrons is in general increasing for all considered cases. Of course, higher temperature increments are obtained by increasing the amplitude of the RF excitation. The simulation results indicate in particular that the heating is initially higher close to the cylindrical wall of the device. These results on the electron heating point in the same direction of the experimental findings, where the plasma formation due to the ionization of the residual gas is found to be localized close to the trap wall. The simulations indicate also major heating effects when the RF drive is applied close to one end of the trap. Similar results are obtained for an electron plasma at higher densities, simulating a situation in which the RF is applied to an already formed plasma.
With the aim to extend these RF studies to the microwave range, a bench test analysis has been performed of the transmission efficiency of a microwave injection system up to a few GHz. The test was based on the use of a prototype circular waveguide with the same diameter and length of the ELTRAP electrode stack and of a coupled rectangular waveguide with dimensions suitable for a future installation in the device.
Electromagnetic PIC simulations have also been performed of the electron heating effect, again both at very low and relatively high electron densities, applying a microwave drive with a frequency of approximately 3 GHz close to the center and close to one end of the trap.
Both the bench test of the injection system and the numerical simulations indicate that the new microwave heating system will allow the extension of the previous RF studies to the GHz range. In particular, the electron cyclotron resonance heating of the electrons will be aimed to increasing the electron temperature, and possibly its density as a consequence of a higher ionization rate of the residual gas. The installation of the new RF system will open up the possibility to study, e.g., the interaction between the confined plasma and traveling electron bunches.
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Ha, Tuan. "Detektor pozice laserového svazku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413007.
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This thesis deals with design of a laser position detector. Different types of sensor are mentioned and compared at the beginning. Special attention is paid to quadrant sensor. Its pros and cons are discussed with designing methods. The sensor is simulated in Matlab to test its output response. Then the laboratory tests follow to meassure real response of the chip. Then follows the design of the detector based on measured and simulated data. In the conclusion of this thesis parameters of created device are evaluated.
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Xu, Jianping. "Design and construction of a photon shower position detector." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/13799.
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The design and tests of a photon shower position detector are discussed in this thesis. Some Monte Carlo results about this detector are also discussed. It will be used to measure the shower position of photons so that single $\gamma$ QED events can be distinguished from the other kinds of events in $\gamma$p interaction. The results are encouraging. From the Monte Carlo results, the detector should do a decent job of picking up QED events. The QED event ratio will be around 40% of all events which pass our cuts. And from the offline cosmic ray test and limited online test data, the detector will function very well.
Book chapters on the topic "Photon beam position detector"
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Jahnke, T., V. Mergel, O. Jagutzki, A. Czasch, K. Ullmann, R. Ali, V. Frohne, et al. "High-Resolution Momentum Imaging—From Stern’s Molecular Beam Method to the COLTRIMS Reaction Microscope." In Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry, 375–441. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_18.
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AbstractMulti-particle momentum imaging experiments are now capable of providing detailed information on the properties and the dynamics of quantum systems in Atomic, Molecular and Photon (AMO) physics. Historically, Otto Stern can be considered the pioneer of high-resolution momentum measurements of particles moving in a vacuum and he was the first to obtain sub-atomic unit (a.u.) momentum resolution (Schmidt-Böcking et al. in The precision limits in a single-event quantum measurement of electron momentum and position, these proceedings [1]). A major contribution to modern experimental atomic and molecular physics was his so-called molecular beam method [2], which Stern developed and employed in his experiments. With this method he discovered several fundamental properties of atoms, molecules and nuclei [2, 3]. As corresponding particle detection techniques were lacking during his time, he was only able to observe the averaged footprints of large particle ensembles. Today it is routinely possible to measure the momenta of single particles, because of the tremendous progress in single particle detection and data acquisition electronics. A “state-of-the-art” COLTRIMS reaction microscope [4–11] can measure, for example, the momenta of several particles ejected in the same quantum process in coincidence with sub-a.u. momentum resolution. Such setups can be used to visualize the dynamics of quantum reactions and image the entangled motion of electrons inside atoms and molecules. This review will briefly summarize Stern’s work and then present in longer detail the historic steps of the development of the COLTRIMS reaction microscope. Furthermore, some benchmark results are shown which initially paved the way for a broad acceptance of the COLTRIMS approach. Finally, a small selection of milestone work is presented which has been performed during the last two decades.
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Arutunian, S. G., N. M. Dobrovolski, M. R. Mailian, V. A. Oganessian, and I. E. Vasiniuk. "Vibrating Wires Fence as a Negligibly Destructive Beam Profile and Beam Position Monitor." In Electron-Photon Interaction in Dense Media, 303–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0367-4_24.
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Tran, Xuan Dat, Xuan Binh Cao, and Le Phuong Hoang. "High-Speed Focus Detection System Using Diffractive Beam Sampler and Position-Sensitive Detector." In The AUN/SEED-Net Joint Regional Conference in Transportation, Energy, and Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering, 1090–97. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1968-8_92.
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Buonanno, Luca. "Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy and Imaging with SiPMs Readout of Scintillators: Front-End Electronics and Position Sensitivity Algorithms." In Special Topics in Information Technology, 41–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15374-7_4.
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AbstractThis is an introductory article to the topics more widely discussed in the PhD thesis from the same author. Following a short introduction and the motivations for researching innovative gamma-ray detector systems, this article describes a novel 85 dB dynamic range per channel integrated circuit for SiPM charge signal readout, named GAMMA, and the custom FPGA-based readout system. Experimental results presented in this article, obtained using a planar array of NUV-HD SiPMs, encompass the single-photon sensitivity achieved by GAMMA ASIC and the 2.6% resolution at the 137Cs peak emission energy of 662 keV, when using GAMMA ASIC to collect current signal from a detector array that is coupled to a LaBr3 scintillation crystal. Pixellation of the detector matrix allows for coarse position of interaction sensitivity in the scintillation crystal using machine learning reconstruction algorithms.
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Will, G., W. Schäfer, and E. Jansen. "Julios: A Position-Sensitive Neutron Detector and Its Application to White Beam Time-of-flight Diffraction." In Advances in X-Ray Analysis, 375–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2528-8_46.
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Krishnan, Kannan M. "Scanning Electron Microscopy." In Principles of Materials Characterization and Metrology, 693–744. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830252.003.0010.
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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) focuses an electron beam to a sharp probe, with its diameter, which depends on the acceleration voltage and the aberration coefficients of the probe-forming lens, determining SEM resolution. This electron beam is scanned over the specimen and signals arising from a variety of beam-specimen interactions are recorded to form images using different detectors positioned in the specimen chamber. Secondary electrons, detected with the Everton-Thornley detector, reveal the topography and electrical properties; back-scattered electrons provide information about the average atomic number and local crystallography of the specimen. Ferromagnetic materials alter the trajectory of secondary (Type I) and back-scattered (Type II) electrons to provide magnetic contrast. The magnetic polarization of the secondary electrons can also be analyzed directly (SEMPA) to image domains. The electron beam also excites characteristic X-rays for chemical microanalysis. Luminescent specimens produce light (Cathodoluminescence); these photons provide information on the electronic structure, particularly the defect states, of the specimen. Environmental SEMs, with differential pumping, image the specimen in a gaseous environment and/or under hydration for biological materials. A SEM combined with a focused ion beam (FIB) column is used for nano-fabrication, including preparation of electron-transparent TEM specimens.
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ANTONELLI, M., A. TALLAIRE, J. ACHARD, S. CARRATO, G. CAUTERO, A. DE SIO, M. DI FRAIA, D. GIURESSI, R. H. MENK, and E. PACE. "BUNCH BY BUNCH X-RAY BEAM POSITION AND INTENSITY MONITORING USING A SINGLE CRYSTAL DIAMOND DETECTOR." In Astroparticle, Particle, Space Physics, Radiation Interaction, Detectors and Medical Physics Applications, 817–21. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814405072_0123.
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Blow, David. "Diffraction." In Outline of Crystallography for Biologists. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198510512.003.0008.
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Diffraction refers to the effects observed when light is scattered into directions other than the original direction of the light, without change of wavelength. An X-ray photon may interact with an electron and set the electron oscillating with the X-ray frequency. The oscillating electron may radiate an X-ray photon of the same wavelength, in a random direction, when it returns to its unexcited state. Other processes may also occur, akin to fluorescence, which emit X-rays of longer wavelengths, but these processes do not give diffraction effects. Just as we see a red card because red light is scattered off the card into our eyes, objects are observed with X-rays because an illuminating X-ray beam is scattered into the X-ray detector. Our eye can analyse details of the card because its lens forms an image on the retina. Since no X-ray lens is available, the scattered X-ray beam cannot be converted directly into an image. Indirect computational procedures have to be used instead. X-rays are penetrating radiation, and can be scattered from electrons throughout the whole scattering object, while light only shows the external shape of an opaque object like a red card. This allows X-rays to provide a truly three-dimensional image. When X-rays pass near an atom, only a tiny fraction of them is scattered: most of the X-rays pass further into the object, and usually most of them come straight out the other side of the whole object. In forming an image, these ‘straight through’ X-rays tell us nothing about the structure, and they are usually captured by a beam stop and ignored. This chapter begins by explaining that the diffraction of light or X-rays can provide a precise physical realization of Fourier’s method of analysing a regularly repeating function. This method may be used to study regularly repeating distributions of scattering material. Beginning in one dimension, examples will be used to bring out some fundamental features of diffraction analysis. Graphic examples of two-dimensional diffraction provide further demonstrations. Although the analysis in three dimensions depends on exactly the same principles, diffraction by a three-dimensional crystal raises additional complications.
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Blow, David. "Waves." In Outline of Crystallography for Biologists. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198510512.003.0007.
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In this very short chapter, some basic facts about waves are presented. Attached to this short chapter are several boxes which give the fundamental mathematical basis for understanding waves in a more quantitative fashion. There are many physical examples of waves. Waves in water are perhaps the most familiar example. A water wave is created by a disturbance in the height of the water surface. The amount by which the height of the water is disturbed by the wave is called its amplitude. Another important form of wave is sound, which is a variation of pressure in a gas or liquid (or of stress in a solid). But for our purposes the most important waves are electromagnetic waves, specifically X-rays, with wavelengths of an Ångström or so. Electromagnetic waves create a disturbance in both the electric field and the magnetic field: usually the wave is represented by its electric component. All these waves carry energy. The rate of energy transfer is called the intensity, and at a given wavelength the intensity is proportional to the square of the amplitude. Detectors of X-rays, discussed in Chapter 1, respond to the quantity of energy delivered by the beam, which is also proportional to the number of photons. The amplitude of any wave is thus proportional to the square root of its intensity. The most simple form of wave is a sinusoidal disturbance which moves forward at a fixed velocity. ‘Sinusoidal’ means shaped like a sine wave (Fig. 3.1). For reasons that will emerge, we will work more often with a cosine function, which is just the same shape as a sine wave, but which has its origin at a maximum point of the wave. A sinusoidal wave can be described by several properties: • the wavelength, which is the distance from one peak to the next; • the amplitude, which is the height of the wave peak above its mean level; • the phase, which specifies where the peak of the wave is, relative to an origin of measurement at the position x=0, and the time t =0; • the wave velocity, which is the velocity at which the wave advances along the propagation direction.
Conference papers on the topic "Photon beam position detector"
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Li, Jiaxing, Denggao Zhang, and Pingping Liu. "Study the TOF Detector in RIBLL With GEANT4." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30138.
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We present here an ellipsoidal timing detector in Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou (RIBLL). The photons induced by radioactive beam ions passing through a thin plastic-scintillator foil BC422, emit from the foil center corresponding to one focal point of an aluminum ellipsoidal mirror and are reflected to another focus point at which the cathode of a photomultiplier tube locates. A time resolution of about 115ps is achieved for 12N and the counting rate up to 108 pps is allowed. The simulation was carried out using GEANT4 Monte Carlo toolkit. The photons total collection efficiency following projectile from different position, photon collection efficiency and time resolution of photon to photocathode of 3 different cases were calculated. Also the main factors influencing the detector’s time resolution and some proposals are given.
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Yurke, B., and D. Stoler. "Measuring amplitude probability distribution for photon number-operator eigenstates." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.tui6.
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In parametric downconversion, pump photons are converted into pairs of signal and idler photons. A photodetector counting photons in the idler beam can be used to gate a homodyne detector in the signal beam so that it is on only when an n-photon wave packet enters its input. The probability distribution for the charge delivered by the homodyne detector has the same form as the position probability distribution of a harmonic oscillator in its nth energy eigenstate. In particular, the probability distribution exhibits fringes. We have calculated the visibility of these fringes for the case when both the photodetector and the homodyne detector have less than unit quantum efficiency. By reducing the photon flux in the signal and idler beam sufficiently, the effect of idler photodetector loss on the fringe visibility can be made negligible. The degree to which the fringes have been degraded then depends only on the inefficiency of the homodyne detector. For the case n = 1, the fringe is still visible when the homodyne detector efficiency is 0.5. Hence the proposed experiment should be feasible with existing technology.
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Arata, Ikuo, Shigeru Sakamoto, Yoshiyuki Yokoyama, and Hirotoshi Terada. "Photoemission and OBIRCH Analysis with Solid Immersion Lens (SIL)." In ISTFA 2003. ASM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2003p0325.
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Abstract SIL(Solid Immersion Lens) is well investigated for optical pickup application because of its capability of high resolution. We applied this technique to microscopy, especially for precise observation of semiconductors. And also we applied it to fault isolation techniques like emission microscopy , OBIRCH(Optical Beam Induced Resistance Change) and TIVA,SEI. We found significant enhancement of resolution and sensitvity by using SIL. Applying this technique to emission microscopy, we should be aware of optical absorption charactristics of SIL lens materials. We investigated proper SIL lens materials for emission microscopy and laser scanning applications, and checked performance of Si(Silicon)-SIL and GaP(Gallium phosphide)-SIL. We also compared combinations of some kinds of SILs and detectors like C-CCD(cooled CCD) camera, MCT(HgCdTe) camera and position sensitive detector with InGaAs photo cathode II(image intensifier).
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Tapster, P. R., J. G. Rarity, J. S. Satchell, and E. Jakeman. "Sub-shot-noise light in parametric downconversion." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.me5.
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Nondegenerate parametric downconversion is used to produce two identical photon trains. Shot-noise fluctuations in one photon train are fed back to reduce the noise in the other to below the shot-noise limit. A watt of 413-nm light illuminates a deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KD*P) crystal. The intensity of this light is classically stabilized by a feedback loop using an electrooptic modulator (EOM). Apertures are used to select two downconverted beams from the cone of downconverted light produced in the crystal. The aperture positions are adjusted to satisfy the phase matching conditions for 826 ± 50-nm photon pairs. The beams are detected using silicon PIN diodes with low-noise (<1-fA/Hz1/2) preamplifiers. When the apertures are correctly aligned a high degree of shot-noise correlation is observed between detectors. One of the detector outputs is fed back to the EOM, and the noise in both detectors falls below the shot noise limit.
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Ambrose, W. P., and W. E. Moerner. "Phase-sensitive, time-resolved detection of ballistic phonons." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.wq4.
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Time-of-flight detection of ballistic phonons in solids at low temperatures has previously employed phase insensitive detectors such as bolometers, tunnel junctions, or changes in optically excited fluorescence orabsorption. We present a phase sensitive technique for time-of-flight detection of phonons using frequency-modulation spectroscopy (FMS) of persistent spectral holes (PSH). A PSH is burned into the 607 nm color center zero phonon line of a NaF crystal at 1.5 K using a dye laser. Then, ballistic phonon pulses are generated by the absorption of Nd:YAG laser pulses in a Cr film on a NaF surface. Local measurement of the propagating stress-strain field is achieved by detecting the PSH splitting with a frequency-modulated cw dye laser beam. By examining the phonon time-of-flight signal dependence on the probe light polarization, position within the sample, and FM detection phase, an identification of the types of propagating phonons is made. Along with the ability to determine the sign of the acoustic disturbance, this experiment features a strain detection limit of 4 × 10−9 in 1500 averages at a time resolution of 50 ns.
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KIKOMBO, Andrew Kilinga, Michiharu TABE, and Yoshihito AMEMIYA. "Photon Position Detector Consisting of Single-Electron Devices." In 2007 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2007.i-8-4.
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Chung, Y. "Beam position feedback system for the advanced photon source." In Beam Instrumentation Workshop. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46962.
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Meyer, D., and D. Martin. "Position detector design using an electrostatic application of ANSYSTM." In Beam Instrumentation Workshop. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46993.
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Nilsson, Gert. "Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1996.cfc2.
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Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging (LDPI) creates two-dimensional flow-maps of the tissue perfusion. A laser beam scans the tissue surface step-wise by means of a computer controlled stepper motor system that forms an integral part of a camera-like device positioned above the tissue surface. At each measurement site in the flow-map, the beam is arrested for about 50 msec. During this time period the backscattered light, partly Doppler shifted by the moving blood cells in the superficial microvascular network, is recorded by a photo-detector, positioned next to the stepper motors in the scanner head. At the surface of the photo-detector, frequency-shifted and non-frequency-shifted beams are mixed to form a photocurrent which is composed of a fluctuating portion superimposed on a stationary base level. The frequency content of the fluctuating portion is related to the average speed of the blood cells, while its magnitude is related to their concentration within the scattering volume. The average sampling depth in skin tissue is in the order of 0.2 mm. By using a step-wise scanning procedure, the beam is kept still in relation to the tissue when recording the backscattered Doppler signals and the movement artifact noise generated by a continuously moving beam is avoided. By making the laser beam slightly divergent, the solid angle under which the laser spot is seen on the tissue surface from the photo detector is virtually constant. This implies that the degree of coherent detection can be kept constant thereby making the perfusion signal recorded independent of the distance between the scanner head and the tissue. After signal processing, an output signal is generated that scales linearly with tissue perfusion defined as the product of the blood cell speed and concentration. This signal is stored in the computer memory and the beam is moved to the next measurement site. When all measurement sites (at maximum 4096 points) have been sampled, the stored values are displayed in the form of a colour coded image on a computer monitor. This image can be further analyzed by use of the integrated analyses software LDI-soft or exported to other software packages for further analysis. LDPI has been used with success in a number of applications including axon reflex studies in diabetics, mapping of skin blood flow in association with microdialysis and investigation of the hyperperfusion in psoriatic skin.
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Gaggero, A., F. Chiarello, M. Elviretti, M. Graziosi, F. Mattioli, G. Torrioli, and R. Leoni. "A Photon-Number-Resolving Detector with Pulse-Position Readout." In 2017 16th International Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isec.2017.8314218.
Full textReports on the topic "Photon beam position detector"
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Karabekov, I. P., G. R. Neil, S. Karabekian, and V. Musakhanian. Multipass beam position, profile, and polarization measurements using intense photon target. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10143358.
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ILINSKI P. Optimisation of NSLS-II Blade X-ray Beam Position Monitors: from Photoemission type to Diamond Detector. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1082046.
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