Journal articles on the topic 'Photomedia'

We screened more than 60000 RIKEN mouse cDNAs for novel ECM (extracellular matrix) proteins by extensive computational screening followed by recombinant expression and immunohistochemical characterization. We identified two novel olfactomedin-family proteins characterized by the presence of tandem CXCXCX9C motifs in the N-terminal region, a coiled-coil domain and an olfactomedin domain in the C-terminal region. These proteins, named photomedin-1 and photomedin-2, were secreted as disulphide-bonded dimers (photomedin-1) or oligomers/multimers (photomedin-2) with O-linked carbohydrate chains, although photomedin-1 was proteolytically processed in the middle of the molecule after secretion. In the retina, photomedin-1 was selectively expressed in the outer segment of photoreceptor cells and photomedin-2 was expressed in all retinal neurons. Among a panel of ECM components, including glycosaminoglycans, photomedins preferentially bound to chondroitin sulphate-E and heparin. These results, together, indicate that photomedins are novel olfactomedin-domain-containing extracellular proteins capable of binding to proteoglycans containing these glycosaminoglycan chains.

E-learning is transforming the learning landscape. This paper focuses on photomedia participatory inquiry in an e-feed learning culture. It harnesses the bene ts of artful inquiry and elaborates on interactive re ective opportunities when using participatory research methods. Student e-learning journal examples and the teacher re ective voice demonstrate how artful inquiry accommodates critical and re ective actions for new creative outcomes. The methods described and analyzed may have relevance to educators considering applying multi-semiotic learning approaches within e-learning journals as digital platforms become central to digital learning and communication of ideas.

This article discusses Echo, an environmental media project that explores the possibility of defamiliarizing representational structures of nature through creative practice techniques. Through a reflective, critical analysis of Echo, this article examines how the 3D scanning process, used at the threshold of viability, can illuminate the fragile conditions of data and the complexities of photographic representation. I argue that movements from the plane of environmental forces and forms into a digital materiality carries meaning in addition to signifying practices. This article suggests that viewing environmental photomedia through the lens of posthumanism and materialist philosophy offers the possibility of opening up more-than-representational meanings within materialities, processes, practices and art encounters.

Other Spaces is a collaborative creative arts exhibition project that explores visual and material expressions of cultural identity with a particular focus on museum collections. This project aims to provide a rich examination – visual, emotional and intellectual – of the multiple cultural narratives that contribute to the social fabric of Australia through a unique marriage of contemporary photomedia and creative writing practice. This project explores the ways that migrants and refugees have found to express their cultural identity through the material objects they have brought with them to Australia. Many of these objects are not only of great personal value but often of cultural, historical and religious significance. Some are very ordinary everyday objects but they can be highly evocative and symbolic of the relationship between culture and identity, and between the places of origin and an individual's present home in Australia. This article, through a combination of photography, creative text and scholarly discussion, will focus specifically on Italo-Australian migrants and on some of the material objects that they have donated to museum collections, and use these objects to explore notions of cultural belonging and identity.

This paper presents research carried out to assess the accuracy of a fully automatic smartphone-based photogrammetric solution (PhotoMeDAS) to obtain a cranial diagnostic based on the 3D head model. The rigorous propagation of the coordinate measurement uncertainty to the infant’s derived cranial deformation indices is demonstrated. The cranial anthropometric parameters and cranial deformation indices that PhotoMeDAS calculates automatically were analysed based on the estimated accuracy and uncertainty. To obtain both accuracy and uncertainty, a dummy head was measured 54 times under different conditions. The same head was measured with a top-of-the-line coordinate-measuring machine (CMM), and the results were used as ground-truth data. It is demonstrated that the PhotoMeDAS 3D models are an average of 1.01 times bigger than the corresponding ground truth, and the uncertainties are around 1 mm. Even assuming uncertainties in the coordinates of up to 1.5 mm, the error in the derived deformation index uncertainties is around 1%. In conclusion, the PhotoMeDAS solution improves the uncertainty obtained in an ordinary paediatric consultation and can be recommended as a tool for doctors to establish an adequate medical diagnosis based on comprehensive cranial deformation indices, which is much more precise and complete than the information obtained by existing analogue devices (measuring tapes and callipers) and easier to use and less expensive than radiological imaging (CT and MRI).

Photometic and kinematic observations are presented for the box-shaped “elliptical” galaxy IC 3370, that show that this galaxy has characteristics more akin to an S0 galaxy than an elliptical and should be classified Sopec.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the treatment of diseased tissue and cells using a photosensitizer and visible light. Such photomedical treatments have been known since the time of the ancient Egyptians but it was only just this year that this therapeutic modality was made available to modern medicine with the approval, in Canada, of Photofrin® for the treatment of bladder cancer. This paper reviews PDT with an emphasis on drug development, particulary for the second generation drugs, especially BPDMA (benzoporphyrin derivative-mono acid), which is now in human clinical trials.

AbstractThe dramatic transformation of the spherical outflows of AGB stars into the extreme aspherical geometries seen during the planetary nebula (PN) phase is widely believed to be linked to binarity and is likely driven by the associated production of fast jets and central disks/torii. We first briefly summarize results from the imaging surveys of large samples of young PNe and pre-PNe with HST which show that almost all objects have bipolar, multipolar and elliptical morphologies, with widespread presence of point-symmetric structure. We describe a relatively new technique of using UV photometic observations of large AGB star samples to search for binarity and associated accretion activity, and follow-up studies using UV spectroscopy and X-ray observations. We present results from studies of individual objects in transition to the PN phase, highlighting observational techniques being used to determine jet properties that can constrain the accretion modes that power these jets.

ABSTRACT We present a catalogue of point-like H α-excess sources in the Northern Galactic Plane. Our catalogue is created using a new technique that leverages astrometric and photomeric information from Gaia to select H α-bright outliers in the INT Photometric H α Survey of the Northern Galactic Plane (IPHAS), across the colour–absolute magnitude diagram. To mitigate the selection biases due to stellar population mixing and to extinction, the investigated objects are first partitioned with respect to their positions in the Gaia colour–absolute magnitude space, and Galactic coordinates space, respectively. The selection is then performed on both partition types independently. Two significance parameters are assigned to each target, one for each partition type. These represent a quantitative degree of confidence that the given source is a reliable H α-excess candidate, with reference to the other objects in the corresponding partition. Our catalogue provides two flags for each source, both indicating the significance level of the H α-excess. By analysing their intensity in the H α narrow band, 28 496 objects out of 7474 835 are identified as H α-excess candidates with a significance higher than 3. The completeness fraction of the H α outliers selection is between 3 and 5 per cent. The suggested 5σ conservative cut yields a purity fraction of 81.9 per cent.

Rhenium(I) complexes of type [Re(CO)3(NN)Cl] (NN = α-diimine) with MLCT absorption in the orange-red region of the visible spectrum have been synthesized and fully characterized, including single crystal X-ray diffraction on two complexes. The strong bathochromic shift of MLCT absorption was achieved through extension of the π-system of the electron-poor bidiazine ligand 4,4′-bipyrimidine by the addition of fused phenyl rings, resulting in 4,4′-biquinazoline. Furthermore, upon anionic cyclization of the twisted bidiazine, a new 4N-doped perylene ligand, namely, 1,3,10,12-tetraazaperylene, was obtained. Electrochemical characterization revealed a significant stabilization of the LUMO in this series, with the first reduction of the azaperylene found at E1/2(0/−) = −1.131 V vs. Fc+/Fc, which is the most anodic half-wave potential observed for N-doped perylene derivatives so far. The low LUMO energies were directly correlated to the photophysical properties of the respective complexes, resulting in a strongly red-shifted MLCT absorption band in chloroform with a λmax = 586 nm and high extinction coefficients (ε586nm > 5000 M−1 cm−1) ranging above 700 nm in the case of the tetraazaperylene complex. Such low-energy MLCT absorption is highly unusual for Re(I) α-diimine complexes, for which these bands are typically found in the near UV. The reported 1,3,10,12-tetraazaperylene complex displayed the [Re(CO)3(α-diimine)Cl] complex with the strongest MLCT red shift ever reported. UV–Vis NIR spectroelectrochemical investigations gave further insights into the nature and stability of the reduced states. The electron-poor ligands explored herein open up a new path for designing metal complexes with strongly red-shifted absorption, thus enabling photocatalysis and photomedical applications with low-energy, tissue-penetrating red light in future.

O presente trabalho teve como intuito apresentar um relato de caso que exigiu intervenção cirúrgico-protética para confecção de uma prótese total imediata em uma paciente com periodontite crônica. Paciente do gênero feminino, 40 anos, que se apresentou no plantão da Clínica de Periodontia da Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL, manifestando como queixa principal “os dentes amolecidos”. Após anamnese e exame clínico, foi solicitado o exame radiográfico. Por meio deste, pode-se constatar a presença de periodontite crônica, dentes com extensa destruição coronária por cárie e presença de raízes residuais. Para tanto foi delineado o planejamento desta paciente com o objetivo de reabilitar a saúde bucal, estética e a função através da prótese total imediata. As próteses totais imediatas representam um procedimento clínico necessário, vantajoso e eficaz para pacientes que, inevitavelmente, deixarão de apresentar uma condição dentada ou dentada parcial. Descritores: Cirurgia Bucal; Estética Dentária; Periodontite; Prótese Total Imediata. Referências Chatzopoulos GS, Doufexi AE, Kouvatsi A. Clinical response to non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 polymorphisms. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(4):e446-57. Kaur G, Grover V, Bhaskar N, Kaur RK, Jain A. Periodontal Infectogenomics. Inflamm Regen. 2018;38:8. Gupta A, Felton DA, Jemt T, Koka S. Rehabilitation of Edentulism and Mortality: A Systematic Review. J Prosthodont. 2019; 28(5):526-35. Alves AC, Cavalcanti RV, Calderon PS, Pernambuco L, Alchieri JC. Quality of life related to complete denture. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2018;31(2):91-96. Kaushik K, Dhawan P, Tandan P, Jain M. Oral Health-related Quality of Life among Patients after Complete Denture Rehabilitation: A 12-month Follow-up Study. Int J Appl Basic Med Res.2018;8(3):169-73. Yamaga E, Sato Y, Soeda H, Minakuchi S. Relationship Between Oral Health-Related Quality of Life and Usage Period of Complete Dentures. Int J Prosthodont. 2019;32(4):327-32. Cardoso RG, Melo LA, Barbosa GA, Calderon PD, Germano AR, Mestriner W Junior, Carreiro AD. Impact of mandibular conventional denture and overdenture on quality of life and masticatory efficiency. Braz Oral Res. 2016;30(1):e102. Cerveira NH. Prótese total imediata: São Paulo: Pancast; 1987. Mense C, Berteretche MV. Impression for an immediate denture with mobile teeth: A clinical approach. J Prosthet Dent. 2019;122(5):498-99. Bedrossian EA, Putra A, Chung KH. A Technique to Correct Anterior-Posterior Tooth Discrepancy for a Maxillary Immediate Complete Denture. J Prosthodont. 2019;28(6):719-23. Caputi S, Murmura G, Ricci L, Varvara G, Sinjari B. Immediate denture fabrication: a clinical Ann Stomatol (Roma). 2014;4(3-4):273-77. Fang JH, An X, Jeong SM, Choi BH. Digital immediate denture: A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;119(5):698-701. Turano JC, Turano LM. Fundamentos de prótese total. São Paulo: Santos; 2007 Telles DM. Prótese total: convencional e sobre implantes. São Paulo: Santos; 2009 Machado AL, Giampaolo ET, Vergani CE, Souza JF, Jorge JH. Changes in roughness of denture base and reline materials by chemical disinfection or microwave irradiation: Surface roughness of denture base and reline materials. J Appl Oral Sci. 2011;19(5):521-28. Kanli A, Demirel F, Sezgin Y. Oral candidosis, denture cleanliness and hygiene habits in an elderly population. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2005;17(6):502-7. Kurtulmus-Yilmaz S, Yilmaz HG, Tumer H, Sadettinoglu K. Clinical evaluation of the Er,Cr:YSGG Laser therapy in the treatment of denture-related traumatic ulcerations: a randomized controlled clinical study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2015;33(4):224-29. Leshem D, Mazor Z, Leshem R, Rosen D. A simple technique for fabrication of immediate interim removable prosthesis supported by transitional implants. Implant Dent. 2003;12(3):227-31.

Introdução: As alterações vasculares são anomalias de desenvolvimento dos vasos que proporcionam acúmulo de sangue e são de etiologia desconhecida. Fazem parte deste grupo de lesões as malformações arteriovenosas, hemangiomas, linfoangiomas e varicosidades. Embora não raras, as lesões vasculares que ocorrem nos lábios, por vezes, interferem na estética e apresentam dificuldades quanto ao seu diagnóstico e tratamento. Objetivo: Descrever um caso clínico realizado com laser de diodo de alta potência para a fotocoagulação de uma lesão vascular, abordando suas vantagens e limitações em comparação ao tratamento cirúrgico. Material e Método: O procedimento foi realizado em um paciente de 53 anos, sexo feminino, branca, com queixa de aparecimento de uma bolha de sangue no lábio com evolução de aproximadamente oito anos. Ao exame físico intraoral, observou-se nódulo em vermelhão do lábio inferior, do lado direito, próxima à comissura labial, medindo aproximadamente 1,0 cm de diâmetro, de base séssil, superfície lisa, limites bem definidos, coloração violácea, consistência macia e sem sintomatologia dolorosa à palpação. Após a diascopia e diagnóstico clínico de lesão vascular, optou-se pela fotocoalulação com laser de diodo de alta potência. Resultados: Houve regressão total da lesão, após uma única aplicação, sem complicações trans e pós-operatórias, sem sangramento durante a cirurgia, o que proporcionou melhor visão do campo operatório e resultou em um procedimento minimamente invasivo. A paciente encontra-se em proservação, sem recidiva da lesão. Conclusão: A fotocoagulação pode ser considerada como uma alternativa segura e eficiente para o tratamento de lesões vasculares. Descritores: Lesões do Sistema Vascular; Fotocoagulação; Laser; Mucosa Bucal. Referências Nair SC, Spencer NJ, Nayak KP, Balasubramaniam K. Surgical management of vascular lesions of the head and neck: a review of 115 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;40(6):577-83. Dasgupta R, Fishman SJ. ISSVA Classification. Pediatr.Surg. 2014;23(4):158-61. Medeiros R, Silva IH, Carvalho AT, Leão J. C.Nd:YAG laser photocoagulationofbenign oral vascular lesions: a case series. Lasers in Medical Science. 2015;30(8):2215-20. Abdyli RA, Abdyli Y, Perjuci F, Gashi A, Agani Z, Ahmedi J. Slerotherapy of intraoral superficial hemangioma. Case rep dent. 2016;2016:1-5. Choi BE, Kim Y, Leem DH, Baek JA, Ko SO. Utility of sodium tetradecyl sulfate sclerotherapy from benign oral vascular lesion. Maxillofac plast reconstr surg. 2016;38(1):1-4. Angelo AR, Moraes JJC, Da Rosa MRD. Incidência de hemangioma na região de cabeça e pescoço em pacientes com faixa etária entre 0 e 18: estudo de 10 anos. Rev Odontol Univ São Paulo. 2008;20(2):209-14. Palma FR, Garcia JAC, Jung R, Garcia RN, Aranha FCS. Escleroterapia de hemangioma oral. Relato de caso. SALUSVITA. 2016;35(1):85-93. Costa JRS, Torriani MA, Hosni ES, D'Avila OP, Figueiredo PJ. Sclerotherapy for Vascular Malformations in the oral and Maxillofacial Region: Treatment and Follow-Up of 66 Lesions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(6):88-92. Chang CS, Wong A, Rohde CH, Ascherman JA, Wu JK. Management of lip hemangiomas: Minimizing peri-oral scars. JPRAS. 2012; 65(2):163-68. Ribas MO, Laranjeira J, Sousa MH. Hemangioma bucal: escleroterapia com oleato de etanolamina. revisão da literatura e apresentação de caso. Rev de Clín Pesq Odontol. 2004;1(2):31-6. Silva WB, Ribeiro ALR, De Menezes SAF, Pinheiro JJV, Alves-Junior SM. Oral capillary hemangioma: A clinical protocol of diagnosis and treatment in adults. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;18(4):431-37. Gill JS, Gill S, Bhardwaj A, Grover HA Oral Hemangioma. Case Reports in Medicine. 2012; 2012:1-4. Rezende KMP, Corrêa FNP, Corrêa JPNP, Bönecker M, Corrêa MSNP. Hemangioma: descrição de um caso clínico e sua importância no diagnóstico diferencial. Rev Assoc Paul Cir Dent. 2016;70(1):19-23. Passas MA, Teixeira M. Hemangioma da infância. Nascer e Crescer. 2016;25(2):83-9. Chen W, Zhang B, Li J, Yang Z, Wang Y, Huang Z et al. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy of lip mucosa hemangiomas under inhalation general anesthesia with sevoflurane in early infancy. Ann Plast Surg. 2009;62(2):154-57. Mandu ALC, Lira CRS, Barbosa LM, Silva VCR, Cardoso AJO. Escleroterapia de Hemangioma: relato de caso. Rev Cir Traumatol Buco-Maxilo-fac. 2013;13(1):71-6. Silva AJDD, Dos Santos RV, Amato SJTA, Amato ACM. Malformação venosa associada à hiperelasticidade cutânea e atrofia do tecido subcutâneo. J Vasc Bras. 2016;15(1):66-9. Gupta A, Verma A, Dhua A, Bhatnagar V. Vascular anomalies: a pediatric surgeon’s perspective. Indian J 2017;84(8):612-17. Kobayashi, K, Nakao K, Kishishita S, Tamaruya N, Monobe H, Saito K, Kihara A. Vascular malformations of the head and neck. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2013;40(1):89-92. Fekrazad R, Am Kalhori K, Chiniforush N. Defocused irradiation mode of diode laser for conservative treatment of oral hemangioma. J Lasers Med Sci. 2013;4(3):147-50. Tonioli IB, Tomo S, Boer NB, Simonato LE, De Lucia MBI. OR 12. Tratamento de hemangioma em lábio superior com agente esclerosante. Arch Health Invest. 2016;5(Spec Iss 3):77. Tachmatzidis T, Dabarakis N. Technology of lasers and their applications in oral surgery: Literature review. Balk J Dent Med. 2016;20(3):131-37. Corrêa PH, Nunes LC, Johann AC, Aguiar MC, Gomez RS, Mesquita RA. Prevalence of oral hemangioma, vascular malformation and varix in a Brazilian population. Braz Oral Res. 2007; 21(1):40-5. Fonseca Junior LA, Cha SB, Cartumm J, Rehder JRCL. Eficácia terapêutica do interferon alfa em criança com hemangioma gigante craniofacial: relato de caso. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2008; 71(3):423-26. Bharti V, Singh J. Capillary hemangioma of palatal mucosa. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012; 16(3):475-78. Saawarn N, Saawarn S, Ragavendra R, Kasetty S, Ekka RK, Singh V. Oral hemangioma management in children: a concise review. Inter Ped Dent Open Acc J. 2018;1(3):49-50. Pereira ERD, Silva GLS, Sahium GMB, Pereira JPS, De Faria MM, Faria RBCC. Laser de Nd YAG1064 ncm no tratamento de hemangioma: relato de caso. Rev Educ Saúde. 2017;5(2):130-35. Newadkar UR. Oral hemangioma or vascular malformation: different entities. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2015;27:497-99. Biddappa L, Kanwar S, Lingaraju N, Kumaran S. A rare case of intraoral acquired hemangioma. Int J Health Sci Res. 2015;5(8):610-13. Rao G, Tripthi PS, Srinivasan K. Haemostatic effect of CO2 laser over excision of an intraoral hemangioma. Int J Laser Dent. 2012;2(3):74-7. Monteiro LS, Azevedo A, Cadilhe S, Sousa D, Faria C, Martins M. Laser treatment of vascular anomalies of oral cavity. Rev Port Stomatol Med Dent Maxillofac Surg. 2013;54(3):171- Pedron IG, Ramalho KM, Moreira LA, Freitas PM. Association of two lasers in the treatment of traumatic fibroma: excision with Nd: YAP laser and photobiomodulation using InGaAIP: a case report. J Oral Laser Appl. 2009;9(1):49-53. Jasper J, Camilotti RS, Pagnoncelli RM, Poli VD, da Silveira Gerzson A, Gavin Zakszeski AM. Treatment of lip hemangioma using forced dehydration with induced photocoagulation via diode laser: report of three cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;119(3):e89-94. Ortega-Concepción D, Cano-Durán JA, Peña-Cardelles J, Paredes-Rodríguez V, González-Serrano J, López-Quiles J. The application of diode laser in the treatment of oral soft tissues lesions. a literature review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9(7):925-28. Frigerio A, Tan OT. Laser applications for benign oral lesions. Lasers Surg Med. 2015;47(8):643-50. Angiero F, Benedicenti S, Benedicenti A, Arcieri K, Bernè E. Head and neck hemangiomas in pediatric patients treated with endolesional 980-nm diode laser. Photomed Laser Surg. 2009;27(4):553-59. Asnaashari M, Zadsirjan S. Application of laser in oral surgery. J Lasers Med Sci. 2014;5(3):97-107. Silva TWS, Do Nascimento ACC, Ferreira Filho, JL. Diagnóstico e tratamento de hemangioma cavernoso intraoral – relato de caso. JOAC. 2018;4(1):1-6.

Introdução: Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) é o termo para designar um quadro de desorganização neuromuscular identificada pela presença de cefaleias crônicas, sons na articulação temporomandibular, restrições dos movimentos mandibulares, hiperestesia e dor nos músculos da mastigação, da cabeça e do pescoço. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a DTM. Material e Método: foi feita uma seleção de artigos científicos a partir das bases de dados LILACS e SCIELO utilizando os descritores “Articulação Temporomandibular”, “Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular” e “Dor Facial”, usando como critérios de inclusão trabalhos brasileiros e inglês publicados em português e inglês no período de 2000 a 2018. Dos 798 artigos encontrados e delimitados pelos critérios inclusivos, foram selecionados 56 artigos como amostra, que apresentaram a temática elencada para a pesquisa e que foram discutidos nas seguintes sessões: a) Conceitos e epidemiologia; b) Etiologia; c) Sintomatologia; d) Diagnóstico; e) Tratamento. Conclusão: as causas da DTM são multifatoriais e seu diagnóstico deve ser minucioso. Observa-se a importância da anamnese para coleta de dados sintomatológicos da doença e o estudo de cada caso para melhor adequar a técnica de tratamento a ser utilizada. Há a necessidade de avaliações clínicas multidisciplinares nos indivíduos identificados com DTM para que o tratamento seja otimizado, minimizando a morbidade e diminuindo os custos do tratamento. Descritores: Articulação Temporomandibular; Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular; Dor Facial. Referências Capellini VK, Souza GS, Faria CRS. Massage therapy in the management of myogenic TMD: a pilot study. J Appl Oral Sci. 2006;14(1):21-6. Bastos LVW, Tesch RS, Denardin OV. Alterações cefalométricas presentes em crianças e adolescentes com desordens da ATM nas diferentes classificações sagitais de má oclusão. R Dental Press Ortodon Ortop Facial. 2008;13(2):40-8. Menezes MS, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS, Gonzalez DAB. Correlação entre cefaleia e disfunção temporomandibular. Fisioterapia e Pesquisa. 2008,15(2):183-7. Branco RS, Branco CS, Tesch RS, Rapoport A. Frequência de relatos de parafunções nos subgrupos diagnósticos de DTM de acordo com os critérios diagnósticos para pesquisa em disfunções temporomandibulares (RDC/TMD). R Dental Press Ortodon Ortop Facial. 2008;13(2):61-9. Ritzel CH, Diefenthaeler F, Rodrigues AM, Guimarães ACS, Vaz MA. Temporo-mandibular joint dysfunction and trapezius muscle fatigability. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2007;11(5):333-9. Kato MT, Kogawa EM, Santos CN, Conti PCR. Tens and low-level laser therapy in the management of temporo-mandibular disorders. J Appl Oral Sci. 2006;14(2):130-5. Tomacheski DF, Barboza VL, Fernandes MR, Fernandes F. Disfunção têmporo-mandibular: estudo introdutório visando estruturação de prontuário odontológico. Publ UEPG Ci Biol Saúde. 2004;10(2):17-25. Machado IM, Pialarissi PR, Minici TD, Rotondi J, Ferreira LP. Relação dos sintomas otológicos nas disfunções temporomandibulares. Arq Int Otorrinolaringol. 2010;14(3):274-9. Venancio RA, Camparis CM, Lizarelli RFZ. Laser no Tratamento de Desordens Temporomandibulares. J. Bras. Oclusão, ATM, Dor Orofac. 2002;7:229-34. Quinto CA. Classificação e tratamento das disfunções temporomandibulares: qual o papel do fonoaudió- logo no tratamento dessas disfunções? Rev CEFAC. 2000;2(2):15-22. Piozzi R, Lopes FC. Desordens temporomandibulares: aspectos clínicos e guia para a odontologia e fisioterapia. J. Bras. Oclusão, ATM Dor Orofacial. 2002;2(5):43-7. De Leeuw R. Dor orofacial: guia de avaliação, diagnóstico e tratamento 4ª ed. São Paulo: Quintessence;2010. Carlsson GE, Magnusson T, Guimarães AS. Tratamento das disfunções temporomandibulares na clínica odontológica. 1ª. ed. São Paulo: Quintessence; 2006. Köhler AA, Hugoson A, Magnusson T. Clinical signs indicative of temporomandibular disorders in adults: time trends and associated factors. Swed Dent J. 2013;37(1):1-11. Scrivani SJ, Keith DA, Kaban LB. Temporomandibular disorders. New Engl J Med. 2008;59(25):693-705. Gameiro GH, Silva Andrade A, Nouer DF, Ferraz de Arruda Veiga MC. How may stressful experiences contribute to the development of temporomandibular disorders? Clin Oral Investig. 2006;10(4):261-8. Monteiro DR, Zuim PRJ, Pesqueira AA, Ribeiro PP, Garcia AR. Relationship between anxiety and chronic orofacial pain of Temporomandibular Disorder in a group of university students. J Prosthodont Res. 2011;55(3):154-8. McMillan AS, Wong MCM, Lee LTK, Yeun RWK. Depression and diffuse physical symptoms in Southern Chinese with Temporomandibular Disorders. J Oral Rehabil. 2009;36(6):403-7. Giannakopoulos NN, Keller L, Rammelsberg P, Kronmüller KT, Schmitter M. Anxiety and depression in patients with chronic temporomandibular pain and in controls. J Dent. 2010;38(5):369-376. Fernandes G, Gonçalves DA, De Siqueira JT, Camparis CM. Painful temporomandibular disorders, self reported tinnitus, and depression are highly associated. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2013;71(12):943-7. Mottaghi A, Razavi SM, Elham Zamani Pozveh E, Jahangirmoghaddam M. Assessment of the relationship between stress and temporomandibular joint disorder in female students before university entrance exam (Konkour exam). Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2011;8(Supl.1):76-9. Pizolato RA, Freitas-Fernandes FS, Gavião MB. Anxiety/depression and orofacial myofacial disorders as factors associated with TMD in children. Braz Oral Res 2013;27(2):156-162. Calixtre LB, Grüninger BLS, Chaves TC, Oliveira AB. Is there an association between anxiety/depression and Temporomandibular Disorders in college students? J Appl Oral Sci. 2014;22(1):15-21. Winocur E, Gavish A, Finkelshtein T, Halachmi M, Gazit E. Oral habits among adolescent girls and their association with symptoms of temporomandibulardisorders. J Oral Rehabil. 2001;28(7):624-629. Carvalho LPM, Piva MR, Santos TS, Ribeiro CF, Araújo CRF, Souza LB. Estadiamento clínico da disfunção temporomandibular: estudo de 30 casos. Odontol Clín-Cient. 2008;7(1):47-52. Medeiros SP, Batista AUD, Forte FDS. Prevalência de sintomas de disfunção temporomandibular e hábitos parafuncionais em estudantes universitários. RGO 2011;59(2):201-208. Valetic'-Peruzovic'm, Alajbeg I, Prpic'-Mehicic'g, Juros V, Illes D, Pelivan I. Acta Medica Croatica. 2008;62(2):179-187. Gavish A, Halachmi M, Winocur E, Gazit E. Oral habits and their association with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in adolescent girls. J Oral Rehabil. 2000;27(1):22-32. Thilander B, Rubio G, Pena L, Mayorga C. Prevalence of Temporomandibular Dysfunction and Its Association With Malocclusion in Children and Adolescents: An Epidemiologic Study Related to Specified Stages of Dental Development. Angle Orthod. 2002;72(2):146-154. Paulino MR, Moreira VG, Lemos GA, Silva PLP, Bonan PRF, Batista AUD. Prevalência de sinais e sintomas de disfunção temporomandibular em estudantes pré-vestibulandos: associação de fatores emocionais, hábitos parafuncionais e impacto na qualidade de vida. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. 2018;23(1):173-186. Okeson, Jeffrey P. Etiologia e identifi cação dos distúrbios funcionais no sistema mastigatório. In:. Tratamento das desordens temporomandibulares e oclusão. 4. ed. São Paulo: Artes Médicas, 2000. p. 117-272. Greene, Charles S. The etiology of temporomandibular disorders: implications for treatment. Journal of Orofacial Pain. 2001;15(2)93-105. Bove SRV, Guimarães AS, Smith RL. Caracterização dos pacientes de um ambulatório de disfunção temporomandibular e dor orofacial. Rev Latino Enferm. 2005;13(5):686-91. Detamore MS, Athanasiou KA. Structure and function of the temporomandibular joint disc: implications for tissue engineering. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61(4):494-506. Ramínez LM, Ballesterol LE, Sandoval GP. Otological symptoms among patients with temporimandibular joint disorders. Revista Médica de Chile. 2007;135(12):1582-90. Felício CM, Melchior MDEO, Ferreira CL, Silva MA. Otologic symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and effect of orofacial myofunctional disorder and effect of orofacial myofunctional therapy. Cranio. 2008;26(2):118-25. Bertoli, Elizangela de et al. Prevalence and impact of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in patients with masticatory muscle or temporomandibular joint pain: differences and similarities. Journal of Orofacial Pain, Carol Stream, v. 21, n. 2, p. 107-119, Spring 2007. Reissmann, Daniel R. et al. Functional and psychosocial impact related to specifi c temporomandibular disorder diagnoses. Journal of Dentistry, Guildford, v. 35, n. 8, p. 643-650, Aug. 2007. Aggarwal, Vishal R. et al. Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Oxford, v. 9, n. 11, CD008456, Nov. 2011. Costa, Max Dória; Froes Junior, Gontran da Rocha Torres; SANTOS, Carlos Neanes. Avaliação de fatores oclusais em pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics, Maringá, v. 17, n. 6, p. 61-68, nov./dez. 2012. Liao, Chun-Hui et al. The risk of temporomandibular disorder in patients with depression: a population-based cohort study. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, Copenhagen, v. 39, n. 6, p. 525-531, Dec. 2011. Conti PCR. Behavioural changes and occlusal splints are effective in the management of masticatory myofascial pain: a short-term evaluation. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2012;39(10):754-60. John MT, Reissmann DR, Schierz O, Wassell RW. Oral health-related quality of life in patients with temporo­mandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 2007;21(1):46-54. Barros VMM, Seraidarian PI, Côrtes MI, Paula LV. The impact of orofacial pain on the quality of life of pa­tients with temporomandibular disorder. J Orofac Pain. 2009;23(1):28-37. Schierz O, John MT, Reissmann DR, Mehrstedt M, Sz­entpétery A. Comparison of perceived oral health in patients with temporomandibular disorders and dental anxiety using oral health-related quality of life profiles. Qual Life Res. 2008;17(6):857-66. Dahlström L, Carlsson GE. Temporomandibular disor­ders and oral health-related quality of life. A systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand. 2010;68(2):80-85. Lemos GA, Paulino MR, Forte FDS, Beltrão RTS, Ba­tista AUD. Influence of temporomandibular disorder presence and severity on oral health-related quality of life. Rev Dor. 2015;16(1):10-14. Ballegaard V, Thede-Schmidt-Hansen P, Svensson P, Jensen R. Are headache and temporomandibular disorders related? A blinded study. Cephalalgia. 2008;28(8):832-41. Plesh O, Noonan C, Buchwald DS, Goldberg J, Afari N. Temporomandibular disorder-type pain and migraine headache in women: A preliminary twin study. J Orofac Pain. 2012;26(2):91-8. Melo GM, Barbosa JFS. Parafunção x DTM: a influ­ência dos hábitos parafuncionais na etiologia das de­sordens temporomandibulares. POS. 2009; 1(1):43-8. Guhur MLP, Alberto RN, Carniatto N. Influências bio­lógicas, psicológicas e sociais do vestibular na adoles­cência. Roteiro. 2010;35(1):115-38. Cuccia AM, Caradonna C, Caradonna D. Manual Therapy of the mandibular accessory ligaments for the management of temporomandibular joint disorders. JAOA. 2011;111(2):102-12. Pasinato F, Souza JA, Corrêa ECR, Silva AMT. Temporomandibular disorder and generalized jointhypermobility: app lication of diagnostic criteria. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;77(4):418-425. Sabatke S, Bonotto D, Cunali PA. Disfunção têm poro-mandibular (DTM) e cefaleia: associação frequente. Migrâneas cefaleias. 2006,9(3):78-9. Fikackova H, Dostalova L, Vosicka R, Peterova V, Navratil L, Lesak J. Arthralgia of the temporomandibular joint and low-lewel laser therapy. Photomed Laser Surg. 2006;21(1):522-7. Catão MHCV, Oliveira PS, Costa RO, Carneiro VSM. Avaliação da eficácia do laser de baixa intensidade no tratamento das disfunções temporomandibular: estudo clínico randomizado. Rev CEFAC. 2013;15(6):1601-8.

AbstractPhotomedicine has gained great attention due to its nontoxicity, good selectivity and small trauma. However, owing to the limited penetration of light and difficult monitoring of the photo-media therapies, it is challenging to apply photomedical treatment in deep tissue as they may damage normal tissues. Herein, a thermal regulated interventional photomedicine based on a temperature-adaptive hydrogel fiber-based optical waveguide (THFOW) is proposed, capable of eliminating deeply seated tumor cells while lowering risks of overtemperature (causes the death of healthy cells around the tumor). The THFOW is fabricated by an integrated homogeneous-dynamic-crosslinking-spinning method, and shows a remarkable soft tissue-affinity (low cytotoxicity, swelling stability, and soft tissue-like Young’s modulus). Moreover, the THFOW shows an excellent light propagation property with different wavenumbers (especially −0.32 dB cm−1 with 915 nm laser light), and temperature-gated light propagation effect. The THFOW and relevant therapeutic strategy offer a promising application for intelligent photomedicine in deep issue.

AbstractFree-form optoelectronic devices can provide hyper-connectivity over space and time. However, most conformable optoelectronic devices can only be fabricated on flat polymeric materials using low-temperature processes, limiting their application and forms. This paper presents free-form optoelectronic devices that are not dependent on the shape or material. For medical applications, the transferable OLED (10 μm) is formed in a sandwich structure with an ultra-thin transferable barrier (4.8 μm). The results showed that the fabricated sandwich-structure transferable OLED (STOLED) exhibit the same high-efficiency performance on cylindrical-shaped materials and on materials such as textile and paper. Because the neutral axis is freely adjustable using the sandwich structure, the textile-based OLED achieved both folding reliability and washing reliability, as well as a long operating life (>150 h). When keratinocytes were irradiated with red STOLED light, cell proliferation and cell migration increased by 26 and 32%, respectively. In the skin equivalent model, the epidermis thickness was increased by 39%; additionally, in organ culture, not only was the skin area increased by 14%, but also, re-epithelialization was highly induced. Based on the results, the STOLED is expected to be applicable in various wearable and disposable photomedical devices.

Introdução: A hipersensibilidade dentinária representa uma dor aguda e de curta duração em resposta à um estímulo. Ao longo do tempo, vários tratamentos para a hipersensibilidade dentinária têm surgido, entre eles, destaca-se o uso do laser. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura acerca dos estudos que abordem o uso dos lasers sejam eles de alta ou de baixa potência, destacando sua eficácia clínica no tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária. Materiais e método: Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica de estudos disponíveis na literatura publicados nos últimos 10 anos (2008- 2018), por meio da busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados eletrônicos utilizando os seguintes descritores: Lasers, hipersensibilidade dentinária e dor dentinária. Resultados: Podem ser utilizados tanto o laser de alta quanto o laser de baixa potência, de forma que cada um atua por um mecanismo diferente no tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária. Conclusão: Apesar de existir uma grande variabilidade nos protocolos e dosagens utilizados, de uma forma geral, os lasers mostram-se eficazes no tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária.Descritores: Lasers; Sensibilidade da Dentina; Terapêutica.ReferênciasMoraschini V, Costa LS, Santos GO. Effectiveness for dentin hypersensitivity treatment of non-carious cervical lesions: a meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2018;22(2):617-31.Hashim NT, Gasmalla BG, Sabahelkheir AH, Awooda AM. Effect of the clinical application of the diode laser (810 nm) in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:31.Canali GD, Rached RN, Mazur RF, Souza EM. Effect of erosion/abrasion challenge on the dentin tubule occlusion using different desensitizing agents. Braz Dent J. 2017;28(2):216-24.Davari AR, Ataei E, Assarzadeh H. Dentin hypersensitivity: etiology, diagnosis and treatment; a literature review. J Dent (Shiraz). 2013;14(3):136-45.Matias NMA, Lesão JC, Filho PFM, Silva CHV. Hipersensibilidade dentinária: uma revisão de literatura. Odontol. Clín.-Cient. 2010; 9(3): 205-208.Asnaashari M, Moeini M. Effectiveness of lasers in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. J Lasers Med Sci. 2013;4(1):1-7.Silva EL, Januário MVS, Vasconcelos MG, Vasconcelos RG. O uso do laser como alternativa clínica na dentística. Odontol. Clín.-Cient. 2018; 17(2):79-84.Dantas EM, Dantas PMC, Nóbrega FJO, Vasconcelos RG, Aguiar Júnior JN, Queiroz LMG. Tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária cervical com laser de baixa potência – revisão de literatura. Odontol. Clín-Cient. 2013;12(1):7-11.Costa LM, Cury MS, Oliveria MAHM, Nogueira RD, Geraldo-Martins VR. A utilização da laserterapia para o tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária: revisão da literatura. J Health Sci. 2016;18(3):210-16.Belal MH, Yassin A. A comparative evaluation of CO2 and erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser therapy in the management of dentin hypersensitivity and assessment of mineral contente. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 2014;44(5):227-34.Ozlem K, Esad GM, Ayse A, Aslihan U. Efficiency of lasers and a desensitizer agent on dentin hypersensitivity treatment: a clinical study. Niger J Clin Pract. 2018;21(2):225-30.Tabibzadeh Z, Fekrazad R, Esmaeelnejad A, Shadkar MM, Sadrabad ZK, Ghojazadeh M. Effect of combined application of high- and low-intensity lasers on dentin hypersensitivity: A randomized clinical trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2018;12(1):49-55.Han SY, Kim JS, Kim YS, Kwon HK, Kim BL. Effect of a new combined therapy with nano-carbonate apatite and co2 laser on dentin hypersensitivity in an in situ model. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32(7):394-400.Lopes AO, Eduardo CP, Aranha ACC. Clinical evaluation of low-power laser and a desensitizing agente on dentin hypersensivity. Lasers Med Sci. 2013;30(2):823-29.Lopes AO, de Paula Eduardo C, Aranha ACC. Evaluation of diferente treatment protocols for dentin hypersensivity: na 18-month randomized clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci. 2017;32(5):1023-30.Lopes AO, Aranha. Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Nd:YAG laser and a desensitizer agent on the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity: a clinical study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2013; 31(3):132-38.Aranha ACC, Eduardo Cde P. Effects of Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers on dentine hypersensitivity. Short-term clinical evaluation. Lasers Med Sci. 2012;27(4):813-18.Yu CH, Chang YC. Clinical efficacy of the Er:YAG laser treatment on hypersensitive dentin. J Formos Med Assoc. 2014; 113(6):388-91.Ribeiro JPF, Aranha ACC, Real RC, Eduardo CP. Avaliação dos efeitos do laser de Nd:YAG no tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária: estudo preliminar. Revista Saúde. 2011;5(4):14-26.Liu Y, Gao J, Gao Y, Xu S, Zhan X, Wu B. In vitro study of dentin hypersensitivity treated by 980-nm diode laser. J Lasers Med Sci. 2013;4(3):111-19.Namour A, Nammour S, Peremans A, Heysselaer D, De Moor RJG. Treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity by means of Nd:YAP laser: a preliminary in vitro study. Sci World J. 2014; 1: 323604.Dantas EM, Amorim FKO, Nóbrega FJO, Dantas PMC, Vasconcelos RG, Queiroz LMG. Clinical efficacy of fluoride varnish and low-level laser radiation in treating dentin hypersensitivity. Braz Dent J. 2016;27(1):79-82. Bal MV, Keskiner I, Sezer U, Açikel C, Saygun I. Comparison of low level laser and arginine-calcium carbonate alone or combination in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity: a randomized split-mouth clinical study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2015;33(4):200-5.Suri I, Singh P, Shakir QJ, Shetty A, Bapat R, Thakur R. A comparative evaluation to assess the efficacy of 5% sodium fluoride varnish and diode laser and their combined application in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2016;20(3):307-14.Femiano F, Femiano R, Lanza A, Lanza M, Perillo L. Effectiveness on oral pain of 808 nm doide laser used prior to composite restoration for symptomatic non-caroius cervical lesions unresponsive to desensitizing agentes. Lasers Med Sci. 2017;32(1):67-71.Ko Y, Park J, Kim C, Baek SH, Kook YA. Treatment of dentin hypersensitivity with a low-level laser-emitting toothbrush: double-blind randomised clinical trial of efficacy and safety. J Oral Rehabil. 2014;41(7):523-31.

IntroductionThis article is about the transformation of coffee, from having no place in the everyday lives of the people of Bangladesh, to a new position as a harbinger of liberal values and Western culture. The context is a group of Australian photojournalism students who embarked on a month-long residency in Bangladesh; the content is a Nescafé advertisement encouraging the young, middle-class Bangladesh audience to consume coffee, in a marketing campaign that promotes “my first cup.” For the Australian students, the marketing positioning of this advertising campaign transformed instant coffee into a strange and unfamiliar commodity. At the same time, the historic association between Bangladesh and tea prompted one of the photographers to undertake her own journey to explore the hidden side of that other Western staple. This paper explores the tradition of tea culture in Bangladesh and the marketing campaign for instant coffee within this culture, combining the authors’ experiences and perspectives. The outline of the Photomedia unit in the Bachelor of Creative Industries degree that the students were working towards at Edith Cowan University (ECU) in Australia states that:students will engage with practices, issues and practicalities of working as a photojournalist in an international, cross cultural context. Students will work in collaboration with students of Pathshala: South Asian Institute of Photography, Dhaka Bangladesh in the research, production and presentation of stories related to Bangladeshi society and culture for distribution to international audiences (ECU). The sixteen students from Perth, living and working in Bangladesh between 5 January and 7 February 2012, exhibited a diverse range of cultures, contexts, and motivations. Young Australians, along with a number of ECU’s international students, including some from Norway, China and Sweden, were required to learn first-hand about life in Bangladesh, one of the world’s poorest and most densely populated countries. Danielle Fusco and ECU lecturer Duncan Barnes collaborated with staff and students of Pathshala, South Asian Media Institute (Pathshala). Their recollections and observations on tea production and the location are central to this article but it is the questions asked by the group about the marketing of instant coffee into this culture that provides its tensions. Fusco completed a week-long induction and then travelled in Bangladesh for a fortnight to research and photograph individual stories on rural and urban life. Barnes here sets the scene for the project, describing the expectations and what actually happened: When we travel to countries that are vastly different to our own it is often to seek out that difference; to go in search of the romanticised ideals that have been portrayed as paradise in films, books and photographs. “The West” has long been fascinated with “The East” (Said) and for the past half century, since the hippie treks to Marrakesh and Afghanistan, people have journeyed overland to the Indian sub-continent, both from Europe and from Australia, yearning for a cultural experience they cannot find at home. Living in Perth, Western Australia, sometimes called the most isolated capital city in the world, that pull to something “different” is like a magnet. Upon arrival in Dhaka, you find yourself deliciously overwhelmed by the heavy traffic, the crowded markets, the spicy foods and the milky lassie drinks. It only takes a few stomach upsets to make your Western appetite start kicking in and you begin craving things you have at home but that are hard to find in Bangladesh. Take coffee for example. I recently completed a month-long visit to Bangladesh, which, like India, is a nation of tea drinkers. Getting any kind of good coffee requires that you be in what expatriates call “the Golden Triangle” of Dhaka city—within the area contained by Gulshan-Banani-Baridhara. Here you find the embassies and a sizeable expatriate community that constitutes a Western bubble unrepresentative of Bangladesh beyond these districts. Coffee World is an example of a Western-style café chain that, as the name suggests, serves coffee beverages. It has trouble making a quality flat white. The baristas are poorly trained, the service is painfully slow, yet the prices are comparable to those in the West. Even with these disadvantages, it is frequented by Westerners who also make use of the free WiFi. In contrast, tea is available at every road junction for around 5 cents Australian. It’s ready in seconds: the kettle is always hot due to a constant turnover of local customers. It was the history of tea growing in Bangladesh, and a desire to know more about a commodity that people in the West take for granted, that most attracted Fusco’s interest. She chose to focus on Bangladesh’s oldest commercial tea garden (plantation) Sylhet, which has been in production since 1857 (Tea Board). As is the case with many tea farms in the Indian sub-continent, the workers at Sylhet are part of Bangladesh’s Hindu minority. Fusco left Dhaka and travelled into the rural areas to investigate tea production: Venturing into these estates from the city is like entering an entirely different world. They are isolated places, and although they are close in distance, they are completely separate from the main city. Spending time in the Khadim tea estate amongst the plantations and the workers’ compounds made me very aware of the strong relationship that exists between them. The Hindu teaching of Samsara refers to the continuous cycle of repeated birth, life, death and rebirth [Hinduism], which became a metaphor for me, for this relationship I was experiencing. It is clear that neither farm [where the tea is grown] nor village [which houses the people] could live without each other. The success and maintenance of the tea farm relies on the workers just as much as the workers rely on the tea gardens for their livelihood and sustenance. Their life cycles are intertwined and in synch. There are many problems in the compounds. The people are extremely poor. Their education opportunities are limited, and they work incredibly hard for very little money for their entire lives. They are bound to stay and work here and as those generations before them, were born, worked and died here, living their whole lives in the community of the tea farm. By documenting the lives of the people, I realised I was documenting the process of the lives of the tea trees at the same time. This is how I met Lolita.Figure 1. Bangladeshi tea worker, Lolita, stands in a small section of the Khadim tea plantation in the early morning. Sylhet, Bangladesh (Danielle Fusco, Jan. 2012). This woman emulated everything I was seeing and feeling about the village and the garden. She spoke about the reliance on the trees, especially because of the money and, therefore, the food, they provide for her and her husband. I became aware of the injustice of this system because the workers are paid so little while this industry is booming. It was obvious that life here is far from perfect, but as Lolita explains, they make do. She has worked on the tea estate for decades. As her husband is no longer working, she is the primary income earner. They are able, however, to live in relative comfort now their children have all married and left and it is just the two of them. Lolita describes that money lies within these trees. Money for her means that she can eat that day. Money for the managers means industrial success. Either way, whether it is in the eyes of the individual or the industry, tea always comes down to Taka [the currency of Bangladesh]. Marketing Coffee in a Culture of Tea and Betel Nut With such a strong culture of tea production and consumption and a coffee culture just existing on the fringe, a campaign by Nescafé to encourage Bangladeshi consumers to have “my first cup” of Nescafé instant coffee at the time of this study captured the imagination of the students. How effective can the marketing of Nescafé instant coffee be in a society that is historically a producer and consumer of tea, and which also still embraces the generations-old use of the betel nut as an everyday stimulant? Although it only employs some 150,000 (Islam et al.) in a nation of 150 million people, tea makes an important contribution to the Bangladesh economy. Shortly after the 1971 civil war, in which East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) became independent from West Pakistan (now Pakistan), the then-Chairman of the Bangladesh Tea Board, writing in World Development, commented:In the highly competitive marketing environment of today it is extremely necessary for the tea industry of Bangladesh to increase production by raising the per acre yield, improve quality by adoption of finer plucking standards and modernization of factories and reduce per unit cost of production so as to be able to sell more of our teas to foreign markets and thereby earn higher amounts of much needed foreign exchange for the country as well as generate additional resources within the industry for ploughing back for further development (Ali 55). In Bangladesh, tea is a cash crop that, even in the 1970s following vicious conflicts, is more than capable of meeting local demand and producing an export dividend. Coffee is imported commodity that, historically, has had little place in Bangladeshi life or culture. However important tea is, it is not the traditional Bangladesh stimulant. Instead, over the years, when people in the West would have had a cup of tea or coffee and/or a cigarette, most Bangladeshis have turned to the betel nut. A 2005 study of 100 citizens from Araihazar, Bangladesh, conducted by researchers from Columbia University, found that coffee consumption is “very low in this population” (Hafeman et al. 567). The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of betel quids (the wad of masticated nut) and the chewing of betel nuts, upon tremor. For this reason, it was important to record the consumption of stimulants in the 98 participants who progressed to the next stage of the study and took a freehand spiral-drawing test. While “26 (27%) participants had chewed betel quids, 23 (23%) had smoked one or more cigarettes, [and] 14 (14%) drank tea; on that day, only 1 (1%) drank caffeinated soda, and none (0%) drank coffee” (Hafeman et al. 568). Given its addictive and carcinogenic properties (Sharma), the people who chewed betel quids were more likely to exhibit tremor in their spiral drawings than the people who did not. As this (albeit small) study suggests, the preferred Bangladeshi stimulant is more likely to be betel or tobacco rather than a beverage. Insofar as hot drinks are consumed, Bangladesh citizens drink tea. This poses a significant challenge for multinational advertisers who seek to promote the consumption of instant coffee as a means of growing the global market for Nescafé. Marketing Nescafé to Bangladesh In Dhaka, in January 2012, the television campaign slogan for Nescafé is “My first cup”, with the tagline, “Time you started.” This Nescafé television commercial (NTC) impressed itself upon the Australian visitors, both in terms of its frequency of broadcast and in its referencing of Western culture and values. (The advertisement can be viewed at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E8mFX43oAM). The NTC’s three stars, Vir Das, Purab Kohli, and leading Bollywood actress Deepika Padukone, are highly-recognisable to young Bangladeshi audiences and the storyline is part of a developing series of advertisements which together form a mini-soap opera, like that used so successfully to advertise the Nescafé Gold Blend brand of instant coffee in the West in the 1980s to 1990s (O’Donohoe 242; Beale). The action takes place in Kohli’s affluent, Western-style apartment. The drama starts with Das challenging Kohli regarding whether he has successfully developed a relationship with his attractive neighbour, Padukone. Using a combination of local language with English words and sub-titles, the first sequence is captioned: “Any progress with Deepika, or are you still mixing coffee?” Suggesting incredulity, and that he could do better, Das asks Kohli, according to the next subtitle, “What are you doing dude?” The use of the word “dude” clearly refers to American youth culture, familiar in such movies as Dude, where’s my car? This is underlined by the immediate transition to the English words of “bikes … biceps … chest … explosion.” Of these four words only “chest” is pronounced in the local tongue, although all four words are included as captions in English. Kohli appears less and less impressed as Das becomes increasingly insistent, with Das going on to express frustration with Kohli through the exclamation “u don’t even have a plan.” The use of the text-speak English “u” here can be constructed as another way of persuading young Bangladeshi viewers that this advertisement is directed at them: the “u” in place of “you” is likely to annoy their English-speaking elders. Das continues speaking in his mother tongue, with the subtitle “Deepika padukone [sic] is your neighbour and you are only drinking coffee,” with the subsequent subtitle emphasising: “Deepika and only coffee.” At this point, Padukone enters the apartment through the open door without knocking and confidently says “Hi.” Kohli explains the situation by responding (in English, and subtitled) “my school friend, Das”. Padukone, in turn, responds in a friendly way to both men (in English, and subtitled) “You guys want to have coffee?” Instead of responding directly to this invitation, Das models to Kohli what it is to take the initiative in this situation: what it is to have a plan. “Hello” (he says, in English and subtitled) “I don’t have coffee but I have a plan. You and me, my bike, right now, hit the town, party!” Kohli looks down at the floor, embarrassed, while Padukone looks quizzically at him over Das’s shoulder. Kohli smiles, and points to himself and Padukone, clearly excluding Das: “I will have coffee” (in English, and subtitle). “Better plan”, exclaims Padukone, “You and me, my place, right now, coffee.” She looks challengingly at Das: “Right?,” a statement rather than a request, and exits, with Kohli following and Das left behind in the apartment. Cue voice-over (not a subtitle, but in-screen speech bubble) “[It’s] time you started” (spoken) “the new Nescafé” (shot change) “My first cup” (with an in-screen price promotion). This commercial associates coffee drinking with Western values of social and personal autonomy. For young women in the traditional Muslim culture of Bangladesh, it suggests a world in which they are at liberty to spend time with the suitors they choose, ignoring those whom they find pushy or inappropriate, and free to invite a man back to “my place, right now” for coffee. The scene setting in this advertisement and the use of English in both the spoken and written text suggests its target is the educated middle class, and indicates that sophisticated, affluent, trend-setters drink coffee as a part of getting to know their neighbours. In line with this, the still which ends the commercial promotes the Facebook page “Know your neighbours.” The flirtatious nature of the actors in the advertisement, the emphasis on each of the male characters spending time alone with the female character, and the female character having both power and choice in this situation is likely to be highly unacceptable to traditional Bangladeshi parental values and, therefore, proportionately more exciting to the target audience. The underlying suggestion of “my first cup” and “time you started” is that the social consumption of that first cup of coffee is the “first step” to becoming more Western. The statement also has overtones of sexual initiation. The advertisement aligns itself with the world portrayed in the Western media consumed in Bangladesh, and the implication is that—even if Western liberal values are not currently a possible choice for all—it is at least feasible to start on the journey towards these values through drinking that first cup of coffee. Unbeknownst to the Bangladesh audience, this Nescafé marketing strategy echoes, in almost all material particulars, the same approach that was so successful in persuading Australians to embrace instant coffee. Khamis, in her essay on Australia and the convenience of instant coffee, argues that, while in 1928 Australia had the highest per capita consumption of tea in the world, this had begun to change by the 1950s. The transformation in the market positioning of coffee was partly achieved through an association between tea and old-fashioned ‘Britishness’ and coffee and the United States: this discovery [of coffee] spoke to changes in Australia’s lifestyle options: the tea habit was tied to Australia’s development as a far-flung colonial outpost, a daily reminder that many still looked to London as the nation’s cultural capital: the growing appeal of instant coffee reflected a widening and more nuanced cultural palate. This was not just ‘another’ example of the United States postwar juggernaut; it marks the transitional phase in Australia’s history, as its cultural identity was informed less by the staid conservativism of Britain than the heady flux of New World glamour (219). Coffee was associated with the USA not simply through advertising but also through cultural exposure. By 1943, notes Khamis, there were 120,000 American service personnel stationed in Australia and she quotes Symons (168) as saying that “when an American got on a friendly footing with an Australian family he was usually found in the kitchen, teaching the Mrs how to make coffee, or washing the dishes” (168, cited in Khamis 220). The chances were that “the Mrs”—the Australian housewife—felt she needed the tuition: an Australian survey conducted by Gallup in March 1950 indicated that 55 per cent of respondents at that time had never tried coffee, while a further 24 per cent said they “seldom” consumed it (Walker and Roberts 133, cited in Khamis 222). In a newspaper article titled, “Overpaid, Oversexed and Over Here”, Munro describes the impact of exposure to the first American troops based in Australia during this time, with a then seven year old recalling: “They were foreign, quite a different culture from us. They spoke more loudly than us. They had strange accents, cute expressions, they were really very exotic.” The American troops caused consternation for Australian fathers and boyfriends. Dulcie Wood was 18 when she was dating an American serviceman: They had more money to spend (than Australian troops). They seemed to have plenty of supplies, they were always bringing you presents—stockings and cartons of cigarettes […] Their uniforms were better. They took you to more places. They were quite good dancers, some of them. They always brought you flowers. They were more polite to women. They charmed the mums because they were very polite. Some dads were a bit more sceptical of them. They weren’t sure if all that charm was genuine (quoted in Munro). Darian-Smith argues that, at that time, Australian understanding of Americans was based on Hollywood films, which led to an impression of American technological superiority and cultural sophistication (215-16, 232). “Against the American-style combination of smart advertising, consumerism, self-expression and popular democracy, the British class system and its buttoned-up royals appeared dull and dour” writes Khamis (226, citing Grant 15)—almost as dull and dour as 1950s tea compared with the postwar sophistication of Nescafé instant coffee. Conclusion The approach Nestlé is using in Bangladesh to market instant coffee is tried and tested: coffee is associated with the new, radical cultural influence while tea and other traditional stimulants are relegated to the choice of an older, more staid generation. Younger consumers are targeted with a romantic story about the love of coffee, reflected in a mini-soap opera about two people becoming a couple over a cup of Nescafé. Hopefully, the Pathshala-Edith Cowan University collaboration is at least as strong. Some of the overseas visitors return to Bangladesh on a regular basis—the student presentations in 2012 were, for instance, attended by two visiting graduates from the 2008 program who were working in Bangladesh. For the Australian participants, the association with Pathshala, South Asian Media Institute, and Drik Photo Agency brings recognition, credibility and opportunity. It also offers a totally new perspective on what to order in the coffee queue once they are home again in Australia. Postscript The final week of the residency in Bangladesh was taken up with presentations and a public exhibition of the students’ work at Drik Picture Agency, Dhaka, 3–7 February 2012. Danielle Fusco’s photographs can be accessed at: http://public-files.apps.ecu.edu.au/SCA_Marketing/coffee/coffee.html References Ali, M. “Commodity Round-up: Problems and Prospects of Bangladesh Tea”, World Development 1.1–2 (1973): 55. Beale, Claire. “Should the Gold Blend Couple Get Back Together?” The Independent 29 Apr 2010. 8 Apr. 2012 ‹http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/advertising/should-the-gold-blend-couple-get-back-together-1957196.html›. Darian-Smith, Kate. On the Home Front: Melbourne in Wartime 1939-1945. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Melbourne UP, 2009. Dude, Where’s My Car? Dir. Danny Leiner. Twentieth Century Fox, 2000. Edith Cowan University (ECU). “Photomedia Summer School Bangladesh 2012.” 1 May 2012 .Grant, Bruce. The Australian Dilemma: A New Kind of Western Society. Sydney: Macdonald Futura, 1983. Hafeman, D., H. Ashan, T. Islam, and E. Louis. “Betel-quid: Its Tremor-producing Effects in Residents of Araihazar, Bangladesh.” Movement Disorders 21.4 (2006): 567-71. 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Introdução: A terapia fotodinâmica representa uma abordagem alternativa para a desinfecção do tecido cariado e tem apresentando resultados promissores no que diz respeito ao seu efeito deletério sobre os microrganismos envolvidos na progressão da cárie dentária. Objetivo: Investigar a produção científica brasileira sobre Terapia Fotodinâmica no manejo da Cárie dentária. Material e método: Tratou-se de uma pesquisa transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, a partir de dados secundários. Realizou-se uma análise bibliométrica dos resumos apresentados nas últimas dez Reuniões da Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica. A pesquisa dos trabalhos procedeu-se através da seguinte estratégia: localização do fragmento “terapia fotodinâmica” e/ou “fotodinâmica” entre os resumos publicados nos anais do evento (1ª fase), em seguida foi realizada a busca pelo fragmento “cárie” e/ou “cardiologia” nos resumos selecionados na 1ª fase. Resultados: Foram selecionados 21 resumos, desses, 15 (71,43%) foram realizadas em universidades públicas, 13 (61,91%) receberam auxílio financeiro, 11 (52,38%) foram desenvolvidas na região Sudeste do Brasil, 9 (42,86%) eram do tipo in vitro, 6 (28,58%) utilizaram apenas o azul de toluidina como fotossensibilizante e 5 (23,81%) utilizaram apenas o LED vermelho como fonte de luz. Conclusão: Apesar dos resultados promissores da Terapia Fotodinâmica como terapia adjunta ao manejo da cárie, observou-se que poucas pesquisas abordando esse procedimento foram desenvolvidas nos últimos dez anos no Brasil.Descritores: Fotoquimioterapia; Cárie Dentária; Coleta de Dados.ReferênciasBradshaw DJ, lynch RJ. Diet and the microbial aetiology of dental caries: new paradigms. Int Dent J. 2013;63(Suppl 2):64-72.Hasan S, Singh K, Danisuddin M, Verma PK, Khan AU. Inhibition of major virulence pathways of Streptococcus mutansby quercitrin and deoxynojirimycin: a synergistic approach of infection control. 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Pulp exposure after stepwise excavation of deep carious lesions in young posterior permanent teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1996;12:192-96.Ricketts D, Lamont T, Innes NP, Kidd E, Clarkson JE. Operative caries management in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;28:1-52.Griffin SO, Oong E, Kohn W, Vidakovic B, Gooch BF, Bader J, et al. The effectiveness of sealants in managing caries lesions. J Dent Res. 2008;87:169-74.Duque C, Negrini TC, Sacono NT, Boriollo MFG, Hofling JF, Hebling J et al. Genetic polymorphism of Streptococcus mutans strains associated with incomplete caries removal. Braz J Oral Sci. 2009;8:2-8.Lula EC, Monteiro-Neto V, Alves CM, Ribeiro CC. Microbiological analysis after complete or partial removal of carious dentin primary teeth: a randomized clinical trial. Caries Res. 2009;43:354-58.Williams JA, Pearson GJ, Colles MJ, Wilson M. The photoactivated antibacterial action of toluidine blue O in a collagen matrix and carious dentine. 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Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17(4):1113-25.Melo MA, Rolim JP, Passos VF, Lima RA, Zanin IC, Codes BM, et al. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and ultraconservative caries removal linked for management of deep caries lesions. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2015;12(4):581-86.Feuerstein O. Light therapy: complementary antibacterial treatment of oral biofilm. Adv. Dent. Res. 2012;24:103-7.Longo JP, Leal SC, Simioni AR, Almeida-Santos FM, Tedesco AC, Azevedo RB. Photodynamic therapy disinfection of carious tissue mediated by aluminum-chloride-phthalocyanine entrapped in cationic liposomes: an in vitro and clinical study. Lasers Med. Sci. 2012;27:575-84.Araújo NC, Fontana CR, Bagnato VS, Gerbi ME. Photodynamic antimicrobial therapy of curcumin in biofilms and carious dentine. Lasers Med Sci. 2014;29(2):629-35.Teixeira AH, Pereira ES, Rodrigues LK, Saxena D, Duarte S, Zanin IC. Effect of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy on in vitro and in situ biofilms. 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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as a strategy to arrest enamel demineralization: a short-term study on incipient caries in a rat model. Photochem Photobiol. 2012;88(3):584-89.Longo JPF, Azevedo RB. Efeito da terapia fotodinâmica mediada pelo azul de metileno sobre bactérias cariogênicas. Rev Clín Pesq Odontol. 2010;6(3):249-57.Guglielmi CA, Simionato MR, Ramalho KM, Imparato JC, Pinheiro SL, Luz MA et al. Clinical use of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy for the treatment of deep carious lesions. J Biomed Opt. 2011;16(8):088003.Tonon CC, Paschoal MA, Correia M, Spolidório DM, Bagnato VS, Giusti JS et al. Comparative effects of protodynamic trerapy mediated by curcumin on standard and clinical isolate of streptococcus mutans. J Contemp Dental Pract. 2015;16(1):1-6.Araújo NC, Fontana CR, Bagnato VS, Gerbi ME. Photodynamic effects of curcumin against cariogenic pathogens. 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O clareamento dental tem sido uma opção conservadora para o tratamento estético dos dentes. A procura pelo procedimento tornou-se popular, sendo considerado ainda um procedimento minimamente invasivo, seguro e eficaz quando feito corretamente e acompanhado por um profissional habilitado. Esse procedimento poderá mudar significativamente a aparência dos dentes, tornando-a agradável. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do clareamento de consultório do esmalte dental sobre sua alteração de cor e a rugosidade superficial após o envelhecimento artificial embebidas fitness. 100 dentes bovinos foram submetidos a uma análise cromática inicial, por meio de um Espectrofotômetro de Reflexão Ultravioleta Visível*,Modelo* VITA Easyshade® Compact, com a avaliação de cor calculada através do Sistema CIE L*a*b*. A análise de rugosidade superficial (Ra) dos blocos de esmalte foi realizada em rugosímetro HommelEtamic W10 (JENOPTIK Industrial Metrology Germany GmbH). Após as análises iniciais os dentes foram divididos em10 grupos de estudo (n=10)- 50 amostras clareadas e 50 amostras não clareadas (3sessões-1/semana)-sendo imersas em sucos detox de açai (DTXAc), rosa (DTXRs), verde (DTXV), amarelo (DTXAm) e água mineral(A) por 1 hora/ dia. A alteração de cor (ΔE) e rugosidade (Ra) foram calculados.Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante na porcentagem de aumento da rugosidade das amostras. Apresentaram maior alteração de cor, as amostras clareadas que foram submetidas a envelhecimento artificial em DTXAm e DTXRs. Entre os grupos que não foram clareados, os Sucos DTXRs, de DTXAc e DTXV apresentaram maior alteração de cor. O uso de Sucos DTXRs e DTXAm entre as sessões de clareamento de consultório resultou em maior alteração de cor.Descritores: Esmalte Dentário; Clareamento Dental; Clareadores Dentários.ReferênciasAttia ML, Gomes ACO, César ICR, Munin E, Aguiar FHB, Liporoni PCS. Avaliação da eficácia de clareamento e da susceptibilidade ao manchamento de blocos dentais humanos e bovinos submetidos a dois agentes pigmentantes. In: Anais do IX Encontro Latino Americano de Iniciação Científica e V Encontro Latino Americano de Pós-Graduação. João Pessoa: Universidade do Vale do Paraíba; 2005.Ramos APB, Cesar ICR, Alves GL, Alves LP, Munin E, Rego MA, Liporoni PC. Avaliação do clareamento dental com peróxido de carbamida a 16%, submetidos a diferentes pigmentos, através de análise de fotorreflectância e rugosidade. In: Anais do X Encontro Latino Americano de Iniciação Científica e VI Encontro Latino Americano de Pós-Graduação – Universidade do Vale do Paraíba. João Pessoa: Universidade do Vale do Paraíba; 2005.Souto CMC. Avaliação da influência de ingestão de bebidas corantes em diferentes tempos na estabilidade do clareamento dental: análise de fotorreflectância. [dissertação]. Taubaté: Universidade de Taubaté; 2006.Sundfeld RH. Clareamento de Dentes Vitais com Peróxido de Carbamida. Araçatuba: Unesp, 2013. Disponível em: http://www.foa.unesp.br/include/ arquivos/foa/restauradora/files/capitulo-clareamento-de-dentes-vitais-com-peroxido-de-carbmida.pdfAraújo LS, Santos PH, Anchieta RB, Catelan A, Fraga Briso AL, Fraga Zaze AC, Sundfeld RH. Mineral loss and color change of enamel after bleaching and staining solutions combination. J Biomed Opt. 2013;18(10):108004-6.Anaraki SN, Shahabi S, Chiniforush N, Nokhbatolfoghahaei H, Assadian H, Yousefi B. Evaluation of the effects of conventional versus laser bleaching techniques on enamel microroughness. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(3):1013-18.Esberard RR, Consolaro A, Esberard RM, Bonetti I, Esberard RR.Efeitos das técnicas e dos agentes clareadores externos na morfologia da junção amelocementária e nos tecidos dentários que a compõem. Rev Dental Press Estét. 2004;1(1):58-72.Rezende M, Cerqueira RR, Loguercio AD, Reis A, Kossatz S. 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Dent Mater. 2001;17(1):87-94Da Cunha FB, Rodrigues e Silva BH, Freitas De Paula BL, Alencar CM, de Albuquerque Jassé FF, Silva CM. Effect of high concentrated fluoride-based dentifrice on the hardness, roughness, and color of the bleached enamel. J Conserv Dent. 2018;21(4):433-37.Carlos NR, Pinto A, Amaral FD, França F, Turssi CP, Basting RT. Influence of staining solutions on color change and enamel surface properties during at-home and in-office dental bleaching: an in situ study. Oper Dent. 2019;44(6):595-608.Attia ML, Cavalli V, do Espírito Santo AM, Martin AA, D'Arce MB, Aguiar FH et al. Effects of bleaching agents combined with regular and whitening toothpastes on surface roughness and mineral content of enamel. Photomed Laser Surg. 2015;33(7):378-83.Liporoni PC, Souto CM, Pazinatto RB, Cesar IC, de Rego MA, Mathias P et al. Enamel susceptibility to coffee and red wine staining at different intervals elapsed from bleaching: a photoreflectance spectrophotometry analysis. 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Peroxide bleaching agent effects on enamel surface microhardness, roughness and morphology. Braz Oral Res. 2004;18(4):306-11.Potocnik I, Kosec L, Gaspersic D. Effect of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching gel on enamel microhardness, microstructure, and mineral content. J Endod. 2000;26(4):203-6.Torres CR, Koga AF, Borges AB. The effects of anti-oxidant agents as neutralizers of bleaching agents on enamel bond strength. Braz J Oral Sci. 2006;5(16):971-76.Rezende M, Loguercio AD, Reis A, Kossatz. Clinical Effects of exposure to coffe during at-home vital bleaching. Oper Dent. 2013;38(6):E229-36.Mori AA, Lima FF, Benetti AR, Terada RS, Fujimaki M, Pascotto RC. Susceptibility to coffee staining during enamel remineralization following the in-office bleaching technique: an in situ assessment. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2015;28(Suppl 1):23-31.Azer SS, Hague AL, Johnston WM. Effect of pH on tooth discoloration from food colorant in vitro. J Dent. 2010;38(Suppl 2):e106-9.Al-Dlaigan YH, Shaw L, Smith A. Dental erosion in a group of British 14-year-old school children. Part II: Influence of dietary intake. Br Dent J. 2001;190(5):258-61.Prati C, Montebugnoli L, Suppa P, Valdre` G, Mongiorgi R. Permeability and morphology of dentin after erosion induced by acidic drinks. J Periodontol. 2003;74(4):428-36.Owens BM, Kitchens M. The erosive potential of soft drinks on enamel surface substrate: an in vitro scanning eléctron microscopy investigation. J Contemp Dental Pract. 2007;8(7):11-20.Ren YF, Amin A, Malmstrom H. Effects of tooth whitening and orange juice on surface properties of dental enamel. J Dent. 2009;37(6):424-31.

A Odontologia restauradora deve ser praticada da forma mais conservadora possível. Os laminados cerâmicos, usualmente conhecidos como lentes de contato, são considerados uma boa opção para os procedimentos estéticos, pois o seu preparo é limitado ao esmalte, o que os tornam uma abordagem conservadora. Este trabalho objetiva sintetizar informações de bases científicas que corroborem sobre os laminados cerâmicos com ênfase no seu passo a passo clínico. Em reabilitações com laminados estéticos devem ser selecionadas corretamente os casos clínicos e o tipo de cerâmica mais indicada, pois estas se diferem entre si em suas propriedades mecânicas e estéticas. Além disso, o preparo dentário, quando houver, deve ser de até 0,5mm de espessura. Para a moldagem, o material de escolha deve ser de qualidade, onde o mais indicado é a silicona de adição devido a suas propriedades superiores. No que concerne à etapa de cimentação a técnica que associa o ácido hidrofluorídrico, silano e cimento resinoso promove excelente desempenho clínico em longo prazo, podendo chegar a 90% de sucesso clínico após 13 anos de acompanhamento.Descritores: Prótese Dentária; Estética Dentária; Cerâmica; Facetas Dentárias.ReferênciasTurgut S, Bagis B. Effect of resin cement and ceramic thickness on final color of laminate veneers: An in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent. 2013;109(3):179–86.Andrade AO, Silva IVS, Vasconcelos MG, Vasconcelos RG. Cerâmicas odontológicas: classificação, propriedades e considerações clínicas. SALUSVITA. 2017;36(4):1129-52.Souza ROA, Miyashita E. Lentes de contato cerâmicas como alternativa para correção de giroversões e diastemas em área estética. Prótesenews.2014;1(1):38-50.Alhekeir DF, Al-Sarhan RA, Al Mashaan AF. Porcelain laminate veneers: Clinical survey for evaluation of failure. Saudi Dent J. 2014;26(2):63-7.Kumar GV, Poduval TS, Reddy B, Reddy S. A study on provisional cements, cementation techniques, and their effects on bonding of porcelain laminate veneers. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2014;14(1):42-9.Soares PV, Spini PH, Carvalho VF, Souza PG, Gonzaga RC, Tolentino AB et al. Esthetic rehabilitation with laminated ceramic veneers reinforced by lithium disilicate. Quintessence Int. 2014;45(2):129-33.Giray EF, Duzdar L, Oksuz M, Tanboga I. Evaluation of the bond strength of resin cements used to lute ceramics on laser-etched dentin. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32(7):413-21.Miyashita E, Oliveira GG. Odontologia estética: os desafios da clínica diária. São Paulo: Napoleão; 2014.Vieira D, Monsores VV. Metal Free - Lentes de contato e coroas totais. São Paulo: Santos; 2013.Anusavice JK, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips Materiais Dentários. São Paulo: Saunders Elservier; 2013.Bottino MA. Percepção: estética em próteses livres de metal em dentes naturais e Implantes. São Paulo: Artes Médicas; 2009.Greco DG, Carvalho RAC, Silva MD. Odontologia de alta performance: laminados cerâmicos ultra conservadores. São Paulo: Napoleão; 2015.Monteiro J, Polo GG. Effect of ceramic thickness and cement shade on the final shade after bonding using the 3D master system: a laboratory study. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2016;2(1):57-64.Sapata A, Costa JA, Lenza VJ, Francci CE, Witzel MF, Lodovici E. Lentes de contato: harmonização do sorriso sem desgaste dental. clin int j braz dent. 2013;9(2):154-63.Calixto LR, Bandeca MC, Andrade MF. Enceramento diagnóstico: previsibilidade no tratamento estético indireto. R dental press estét. 2011;8(4):26-37.Baratieri LN, Chain MC. Odontologia restauradora: fundamentos e possibilidades. 2.ed. São Paulo: Santos; 2015.Farias Neto A, Gomes EMCF, Sánchez Ayala A, Sánchez Ayala A, Vilanova LSR. Esthetic rehabilitation of the smile with no-prep porcelain laminates and partial veneers. Case Rep Dent. 2015; 2015: 452765Vanlıoğlu BA, Kulak-Özkan Y. Minimally invasive veneers: current state of the art. Clin Cosmet Investig dent. Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry. 2014;6:101-7.Alves RH, Venâncio GN, Meira JF, Toda C, Conde NCO, Bandeira MFCL. Aesthetic and functional rehabilitation with Alumina: a case report. Reabilitação estética e funcional com Alumina. Braz Dent Sci. 2016;19(4):119-24.Higashi C, Silva MJ, Gomes JC. Preservação da normalidade do periodonto após procedimentos restauradores. Rev Dicas. 2012;1:20-3.Korkut B, Yanikoğlu F, Günday M. Direct Composite Laminate Veneers. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2013;7(2):105-11.Pini NP, Aguiar FHB, Lima DANL, Lovadino JR, Terada RSS, Pascotto RC. Advances in dental veneers: materials, applications, and techniques. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2012; 4:9–16Van Noort R. Introdução aos materiais dentários. São Paulo: Mosby elservier 3º ed; 2010.Cardoso PC, Decurcio RA, Lopes LG, Souza JB. Importância da Pasta de Prova (Try-In) na cimentação de facetas cerâmicas – relato de caso. ROBRAC 2011;20(53):166-71.Amoroso AP, Ferreira MB, Torcato LB, Pellizzer EP, Mazaro JVQ, Gennari Filho H. Cerâmicas odontológicas: propriedades, indicações e considerações clínicas. Rev Odontol Araçatuba. 2012;33(2):19-25.Ferracane JL, Stansbury JW, Burke FJ. Self-adhesive resin cements - chemistry, properties and clinical considerations. J Oral Rehabil. 2011;38(4):295-314.Alavi AA, Behroozi Z, Nik Eghbal F. The shear bond strength of porcelain laminate to prepared and unprepared anterior teeth. J Dent (Shiraz). 2017;18(1):50-5.

Introdução: Os odontomas são tumores odontogênicos benignos e os mais frequentes dos maxilares. Usualmente estão associados à dentição permanente em crianças e adultos jovens, sendo geralmente assintomáticos, podendo causar impactação dental. O aspecto radiográfico é de múltiplas calcificações, semelhantes ao dente, circundadas por um estreito halo radiolúcido, sendo o diagnóstico feito através de exames radiográficos de rotina. Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar a remoção cirúrgica de um odontoma composto em região anterior da maxila, associado a dentes impactados, em um paciente pediátrico. Relato do caso clínico: Paciente do sexo masculino, 12 anos, foi referido ao serviço de cirurgia oral da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus Patos – PB, encaminhado pelo ortodontista. Durante anamnese não foram constatados comprometimento sistêmico. Ao exame físico foi observado abaulamento na região maxilar esquerda e retenção prolongada de alguns elementos, como também a ausência de outros. Analisada a radiografia panorâmica, foi observada massa radiopaca, na região anterior da maxila, sugestiva de odontoma composto, com impactação dental. Em decorrência da proximidade da lesão com os dentes anteriores superiores impactados e da localização do elemento 21, foi feita tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico, o que facilitou o planejamento cirúrgico. O procedimento foi realizado sem intercorrências e no pós-operatório tardio, o paciente evolui satisfatoriamente. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que o tratamento proposto foi eficaz e que a tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico é um exame complementar de grande valia no diagnóstico de patologias, assim como no planejamento cirúrgico, devido à alta resolução e precisão das imagens obtidas.Descritores: Tumores Odontogênicos; Odontoma; Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico.ReferênciasJayam C, Bandlapalli A, Patel N, Choudhary RS. A case of impacted central incisor due to dentigerous cyst associated with impacted compound odontome. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2013202447.Abrahams JM, McClure SA. Pediatric Odontogenic Tumors. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2016;28(1):45-58.Angiero F, Benedicenti S, Parker S, Signore A, Sorrenti E, Giacometti E et al. Clinical and surgical management of odontoma. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32(1):47-53.Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE. Patologia oral e maxilofacial. 4.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2016.Bereket C, Çakır-Özkan N, Şener İ, Bulut E, Tek M. Complex and compound odontomas: Analysis of 69 cases and a rare case of erupted compound odontoma. Niger J Clin Pract. 2015;18(6):726-30. Malamed SF. Manual de anestesia local. 6. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2013.Soluk Tekkesin M, Tuna EB, Olgac V, Aksakallı N, Alatlı C. Odontogenic lesions in a pediatric population: Review of the literature and presentation of 745 cases. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;86:196-99.Wang YL, Chang HH, Chang JY, Huang GF, Guo MK. Retrospective survey of biopsied oral lesions in pediatric patients. J Formos Med Assoc. 2009;108(11):862-71.Al-Khateeb T, Al-Hadi Hamasha A, Almasri NM. Oral and maxillofacial tumours in north Jordanian children and adolescents: a retrospective analysis over 10 years. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32(1):78-83.Guerrisi M, Piloni MJ, Keszler A. Odontogenic tumors in children and adolescents. A 15-year retrospective study in Argentina. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12(3):E180-85.Lima GS, Fontes ST, Araújo LMA, Etges A, Tarquinio SBC, Gomes APN. A survey of oral and maxillofacial biopsies in children: a single-center retrospective study of 20 years in Pelotas-Brazil. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008;16(6):397-402.Bernardes VF, Cota LOM, Costa FO, Mesquita RA, Gomez RS, Aguiar MCF. Gingival peripheral odontoma in child: case report of an uncommon lesion. Braz J Oral Sci. 2008;7(26):1624-26.Silva AR, Carlos-Bregni R, Vargas PA, de Almeida OP, Lopes MA. Peripheral developing odontoma in newborn. Report of two cases and literature review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009;14(11):e612-15.Owens BM, Schuman NJ, Pliske TA, Culley WL. Compound composite odontoma associated with an impacted cuspid. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1995; 19(4):293-95.Cildir SK, Sencift K, Olgac V, Sandalli N. Delayed eruption of a mandibular primary cuspid associated with compound odontoma. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2005;6(4):152-59.Altay MA, Ozgur B, Cehreli ZC. Management of a compound odontoma in the primary dentition. J Dent Child. 2016;83(2):98-101.Freires JFV. Remoção cirúrgica de odontoma composto de grande proporção sob anestesia local: relato de caso [monografia]. Patos (PB): Curso de Bacharelado em Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande; 2017.Kignel S. Estomatologia – bases do diagnóstico para o clínico geral. 2.ed. São Paulo: Santos; 2013.Bilodeau EA, Collins BM. Odontogenic Cysts and Neoplasms. Surg Pathol Clin. 2017;10(1):177-22.Ladeinde AL, Ajayi OF, Ogunlewe MO, et al. Odontogenic tumors: a review of 319 cases in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;99(2):191-95.Chang JY, Wang JT, Wang YP, Liu BY, Sun A, Chiang CP. Odontoma: a clinicopathologic study of 81 cases. J Formos Med Assoc. 2003;102(12):876-82.Vázquez-Diego J, Gandini Pablo C, Carbajal Eduardo E. Odontoma compuesto: Diagnóstico radiográfico y tratamento quirúrgico de um caso clínico. Av Odontoestomatol. 2008;24(5):307-12.Teruhisa U, Murakami J, Hisatomi M, Yanagi Y, Asaumi J. A case of unerupted lower primary second molar associated with compound odontoma. Open Dent J. 2009;3:173-76.

Objetivo: Avaliar através de uma revisão de literatura a aplicabilidade da terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) na Odontopediatria. Material e método: O levantamento literário para esta pesquisa foi realizado no período de dezembro de 2018 a janeiro de 2019, através de buscas em publicações científicas indexadas nas bases de dados Scielo e Medline/PubMed, utilizando isoladamente ou em associação as palavras-chaves “Photochemotherapy”, “Dental caries”, “Photodynamic therapy”, “Children”. Resultados: Após a busca sistematizada foram encontrados 143 artigos, desses, 137 foram excluídos por não atenderem aos critérios de inclusão, 5 artigos foram pré-selecionados, sendo 2 repetidos. Ao final, 3 artigos foram incluídos nessa revisão. Conclusão: Esse estudo incorporou as principais aplicabilidades da TFD na Odontopediatria: no tratamento da cárie dentária e como terapia complementar ao tratamento endodôntico convencional, entretanto o efeito antimicrobiano desta modalidade terapêutica ainda apresenta limitações, devido à falta de padronização nos estudos.Descritores: Odontopediatria; Fotoquimioterapia; Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade.ReferênciasLopes TR, Almeida ABD, Moreira RDO, Carvalho AAH, Garcia FDM, Rocha CM et al. Determinantes sociais e biológicos da cárie dentária na infância: Uma experiência interdisciplinar no PET Saúde-UFJF. Rev APS. 2015;18(1):30-8.Steiner-Oliveira C, Longo PL, Aranha AC, Ramalho KM, Mayer MP, de Paula Eduardo C. Avaliação in vivo randomizada da quimioterapia antimicrobiana fotodinâmica na dentina cariada de dentes decíduos. J Biomed Opt. 2015;20(10):108003.Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Projeto SBBrasil 2010. [Acesso Janeiro/2019]. Available from: http://dab.saude.gov.br/CNSB/sbbrasil/ Borges TS, Schwanke NL, Reuter CP, Kraether Neto L, Burgos MS. Fatores associados à cárie: pesquisa de estudantes do sul do Brasil. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2016;34(4):489-494.Lima JP, Sampaio MAM, Borges FM, Teixeira AH, Steiner-Oliveira C, Nobre dos Santos M et al. Avaliação do efeito antimicrobiano da terapia antimicrobiana fotodinâmica em modelo in situ de cárie dentinária. Eur J Oral Sci. 2009;117(5):568-74.Zanin, I.C.J; Brugnera Jr, A; Gonçalves, R. B. Application of the photodinamic therapy in bacterial decontamination. Rev Assoc Paul Cir Dent. 2002;56(supl):7-11.Bargrizan M, Fekrazad R, Goudarzi N, Goudarzi N . Effects of antibacterial photodynamic therapy on salivary mutans streptococci in 5- to 6-year-olds with severe early childhood caries. Lasers Med Sci.2019;34(3):433-40.Fekrazad R, Seraj B, Chiniforush N, Rokouei M, Mousavi N, Ghadimi S. Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on the counts of salivary streptococcus mutans in children with severe early childhood caries. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther.2017;18:319-322.Perussi JR. Inativação fotodinâmica de microrganismos. Quim Nova 2007;30(4):988-94.Zanin ICJ, Gonçalves RB, Brugnera JRA, Hope CK, Pratten J. Susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans biofilms to photodynamic therapy: an in vitro study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005; 56(2):324-30.Burns T, Wilson M, Pearson GJ. Sensitisation of cariogenic bacteria to killing by light from a helium-neon laser. J Med Microbiol. 1993;38(6):401-5.Takasaki AA, Aoki A, Mizutani K, Schwarz F, Sculean A, Wang CY et al. Application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in periodontal and peri-implant diseases, Periodontol. 2009; 51:109-40.Lima JPM, Sampaio de Melo MA, Borges FMC, Teixeira AH, Steiner-Oliveira C, Santos MN et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of photodynamic antimicrobial therapy in an in situ model of dentine caries. Eur J Oral Sci. 2009;117(5):568-74.Tavares A, Carvalho CMB, Faustino MA, Neves MGPMS, Tomé JPC, Tomé AC et al. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: st of bacterial recovery viability and potential development of resistance after treatment. Mar Drugs. 2010;8(1):91-105.Goulart RC, Bolean M, Paulino TP, Thedei Jr G, Souza SLS, Tedesco AC et al. Photodynamic therapy in planktonic and biofilm cultures of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010;28(Suppl 1):S53-60.Rajesh S, Koshi E, Philip K, Mohan A. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an overview. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2011; 15(4):323-27.Mang TS, Tayal DP, Baier R. Photodynamic therapy as an alternative treatment for disinfection of bacteria in oral biofilms. Lasers Surg Med. 2012;44(7):588-96.Catão MHV, Lima RF, Almeida CM, Nascimento LV. O efeito antimicrobiano da terapia fotodinâmica sobre a dentina cariada. UNOPAR Cient Ciênc Biol Saúde. 2014;16(3):245-49.Hope CK, Wilson M. Induction of lethal photosensitization in biofilms using a confocal scanning laser as the excitation source. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57(6):1227-30Garcez A, Ribeiro MS, Tegos GP, Nunez SC, Jorge AOC, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy combined with conventional endodontic treatment to eliminate root canal biofilm infection. Lasers Surg Med. 2007;39(1):59-66.Sant'Anna G. Photodynamic therapy for the endodontic treatment of a traumatic primary tooth in a diabetic pediatric patient. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2014;8(1):56-60.Rolim JPML, Melo MA, Guedes SF, Albuquerque-Filho FB, Souza JR, Nogueira NA et al. The antimicrobial activity of photodynamic therapy against Streptococcus mutans using different photosensitizers. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2012;106:40-6.Wilson M. Bacterial biofilms and human diseae. Sci Prog.2001;84(3):235-54.Longo JPF, Azevedo RB. Efeito da terapia fotodinâmica mediada pelo azul de metileno sobre bactérias cariogênicas. Rev Clín Pesq Odontol. 2010;6(3):249-57.Nagata JY, Hioka N, Kimura E, Batistela VR, Terada RSS, Graciano AX et al. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy for dental caries: evaluation of the photosensitizers used and light source properties. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2012;9(2):122-31. Paulino TP, Ribeiro KF, Thedei Jr G, Tedesco AC, Ciancaglini P. Use of hand held photopolymerizer to photoinactivate Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol. 2005;50(3):353-59.Santin GC, Oliveira DSB, Galo R, Borsatto MC, Corona SAM. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and dental plaque: a systematic review of the literature. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014; 2014: 824538.Fimple JL, Fontana CR, Foschi F, Ruggiero K, Song X, Pagonis TC et al. Photodynamic treatment of endodontic polymicrobial infection in vitro. J Endod. 2008;34(6):728-34.Garcez AS, Nuñez SC, Hamblin MR, Ribeiro MS. Antimicrobial effects of photodynamic therapy on patients with necrotic pulps and periapical lesion. J Endod. 2008;34(2):138-42.Garcez AS, Nuñez SC, Sr. Hamblim, Suzuki H, Ribeiro MS. Photodynamic therapy associated with conventional endodontic treatment in patients with Antibiotic-Resistant Microflora: A Preliminary Report. J Endod. 2010;36(9):1463-66.

Introdução: A endodontia é uma especialidade odontológica que visa promover a saúde dentária por meio da eliminação de micro-organismos capazes de causar agressões pulpares. A terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana, apresenta-se como uma alternativa coadjuvante ao tratamento endodôntico convencional para eliminação dos micro-organismos resistentes ao preparo-químico-mecânico. Objetivo: Explorar a literatura dando enfoque ao mecanismo de ação e aplicabilidade da aPDT na eliminação do Enterococcus faecalis. Material e método: Realizou-se uma revisão de literatura conduzida através do acesso às bases de dados eletrônicos Medline/Pubmed e Scielo utilizando isoladamente ou em associação as palavras-chaves “Photodynamic Therapy”, “Enterococcus faecalis” e “Endodontic”, no período de 2007 a 2017, totalizando 392 artigos. Resultados: A eliminação de forma eficaz de bacterias, Enterococcus faecalis, são vantagens atribuídas à terapia fotodinâmica, no entanto, a literatura evidencia a necessidade de utiliza-la associada a outras formas de tratamento. Conclusão: É necessária a padronização dos protocolos para que se obtenha dados mais esclarecedores sobre a eficácia da terapia fotodinâmica na eliminação do Enterococcus faecalis.Descritores: Endodontia; Fotoquimioterapia; Enterococcus faecalis.ReferênciasSiqueira JF, Rôças I. Clinical implications and microbiology of bacterial persistence after treatment procedures. J Endod 2008; 34(11):1291-301 e 3. Fouad AF, Zerella J, Barry J, Spangberg LS. Molecular detection of Enterococcus species in root canals of therapy-resistant endodontic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;99(1):112–18.Amaral RR, AmorimJCF, Nunes E, Soares JÁ, Silveira FF. Terapia fotodinâmica na endodontia: revisão de literatura. RFO. 2010;15(2):207-11.Pfitzner A, Sigusch B W, Albrecht V, Glockmann E. Killing of periodontopathogenic bacteria by photodynamic therapy J Periodontol. 2004. 75(10):1343–49.Tortora GJ, Funke BR, Case CL. Microbiology an introduction. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings; 2010. Asnaashari M, Godiny M, Azari-Marhabi S, Tabatabaei FS, Barati M. Comparison of the antibacterial effect of 810 nm diode laser and photodynamic therapy in reducing the microbial flora of root canal in endodontic retreatment in patients with periradicular lesions. J Lasers Med Sci. 2016;7(2):99-104.Asnaashari M, Safavi N. Application of low level lasers in Dentistry (Endodontic). J Lasers Med Sci. 2013;4(2):57-66.Maia Filho ET, Maia CCR, Bastos ACSC, Novais TMG. Efeito antimicrobiano in vitro de diferentes medicações endodônticas e própolis sobre Enterococcus faecalis. RGO. 2008;56(1):21-5.Pinheiro ET, Gomes BP, Ferraz CC, Teixeira FB, Zaia AA, Souza Filho FJ. Evaluation of root canal microorganisms isolated from teeth with endodontic failure and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2003;18(2):100-3.SchirrmeisterJF, LiebenowAL, Pelz K, WittmerA, Serr A, Hellwig E et al. New bacterial compositions in root-filled teeth with periradicular lesions. J Endod. 2009; 35(2):169-74.Amaral RR, Amorim JCF, Nunes E, Soares JA, Silveira FF. Terapia fotodinâmica na endodontia: revisão de literatura. RFO. 2010;15(2):207-11.Endo MS, Martinho FC, Zaia AA, Ferraz CC, Almeida JF, Gomes BP. Quantification of cultivable bacteria and endotoxin in post-treatment apical periodontitis before and after chemo-mechanical preparation. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31(10):2575-83.Zhang C, Hou BX, Zhao HY, Sun Z. Microbial diversity in failed endodontic root-filled teeth. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012;125(6):1163-68.Endo MS, Ferraz CC, Zaia AA, Almeida JF, Gomes BP. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of microorganisms in root-filled teeth with persistent infection: monitoring of the endodontic retreatment. Eur J Dent. 2013;7(3):302-9.Morrison D, Woodford N, Cookson B. Enterococci as emerging pathogens of humans. Soc Appl Bacteriol Symp Ser. 1997;26:89S-99S.Poeschl PW, Spusta L, Russmueller G, Seemann R, Hirschl A, Poeschl E et al. Antibiotic susceptibility and resistance of the odontogenic microbiological spectrum and its clinical impact on severe deep space head and neck infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010; 110(2):151-56.Skucaite N, Peciuliene V, Vitkauskiene A, Machiulskiene V. Susceptibility of endodontic pathogens to antibiotics in patients with symptomatic apical periodontitis. J Endod. 2010;36(10):1611-16.Endo MS, Signoretti FG, Kitayama VS, Marinho AC, Martinho FC, Gomes BPFA. 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This paper provides embedded, reflective practice-based insight arising from my experience collaborating to produce online and print-on-demand editions of a magazine showcasing the photography of members of haphazart! Contemporary Abstracts group (hereafter referred to as haphazart!). The group’s online visual, textual and activity-based practices via the photo sharing social networking site Flickr are portrayed as achieving cohesive visual identity. Stylistic analysis of pictures in support of this claim is not attempted. Rather negotiation, that Elliot has previously described in M/C Journal as innate in collaboration, is identified as the unifying factor. However, the collaborators’ adherence to Flickr’s communication platform proves problematic in the editorial context. Some technical incoherence with possible broader cultural implications is encountered during the process of repurposing images from screen to print. A Scan of Relevant Literature The photographic gaze perceives and captures objects which seem to ‘carry within them ready-made’ a work of art. But the reminiscences of the gaze are only made possible by knowing and associating with groups that define a tradition. The list of valorised subjects is not actually defined with reference to a culture, but rather by familiarity with a limited group. (Chamboredon 144) As part of the array of socio-cultural practices afforded by Web 2.0 interoperability, sites of produsage (Bruns) are foci for studies originating in many disciplines. Flickr provides a rich source of data that researchers interested in the interface between the technological and the social find useful to analyse. Access to the Flickr application programming interface enables quantitative researchers to observe a variety of means by which information is propagated, disseminated and shared. Some findings from this kind of research confirm the intuitive. For example, Negoecsu et al. find that “a large percentage of users engage in sharing with groups and that they do so significantly” ("Analyzing Flickr Groups" 425). They suggest that Flickr’s Groups feature appears to “naturally bring together two key aspects of social media: content and relations.” They also find evidence for what they call hyper-groups, which are “communities consisting of groups of Flickr groups” ("Flickr Hypergroups" 813). Two separate findings from another research team appear to contradict each other. On one hand, describing what they call “social cascades,” Cha et al. claim that “content in the form of ideas, products, and messages spreads across social networks like a virus” ("Characterising Social Cascades"). Yet in 2009 they claim that homocity and reciprocity ensure that “popularity of pictures is localised” ("Measurement-Driven Analysis"). Mislove et al. reflect that the affordances of Flickr influence the growth patterns they observe. There is optimism shared by some empiricists that through collation and analysis of Flickr tag data, the matching of perceptual structures of images and image annotation techniques will yield ontology-based taxonomy useful in automatic image annotation and ultimately, the Semantic Web endeavour (Kennedy et al.; Su et al.; Xu et al.). Qualitative researchers using ethnographic interview techniques also find Flickr a valuable resource. In concluding that the photo sharing hobby is for many a “serious leisure” activity, Cox et al. propose that “Flickr is not just a neutral information system but also value laden and has a role within a wider cultural order.” They also suggest that “there is genuinely greater scope for individual creativity, releasing the individual to explore their own identity in a way not possible with a camera club.” Davies claims that “online spaces provide an arena where collaboration over meanings can be transformative, impacting on how individuals locate themselves within local and global contexts” (550). She says that through shared ways of describing and commenting on images, Flickrites develop a common criticality in their endeavour to understand images, each other and their world (554).From a psychologist’s perspective, Suler observes that “interpersonal relationships rarely form and develop by images alone” ("Image, Word, Action" 559). He says that Flickr participants communicate in three dimensions: textual (which he calls “verbal”), visual, and via the interpersonal actions that the site affords, such as Favourites. This latter observation can surely be supplemented by including the various games that groups configure within the constraints of the discussion forums. These often include submissions to a theme and voting to select a winning image. Suler describes the place in Flickr where one finds identity as one’s “cyberpsychological niche” (556). However, many participants subscribe to multiple groups—45.6% of Flickrites who share images share them with more than 20 groups (Negoescu et al., "Analyzing Flickr Groups" 420). Is this a reflection of the existence of the hyper-groups they describe (2009) or, of the ranging that people do in search of a niche? It is also probable that some people explore more than a singular identity or visual style. Harrison and Bartell suggest that there are more interesting questions than why users create media products or what motivates them to do so: the more interesting questions center on understanding what users will choose to do ultimately with [Web2.0] capabilities [...] in what terms to define the success of their efforts, and what impact the opportunity for individual and collaborative expression will have on the evolution of communicative forms and character. (167) This paper addresseses such questions. It arises from a participatory observational context which differs from that of the research described above. It is intended that a different perspective about online group-based participation within the Flickr social networking matrix will avail. However, it will be seen that the themes cited in this introductory review prove pertinent. Context As a university teacher of a range of subjects in the digital media field, from contemporary photomedia to social media to collaborative multimedia practice, it is entirely appropriate that I embed myself in projects that engage, challenge and provide me with relevant first-hand experience. As an academic I also undertake and publish research. As a practicing new media artist I exhibit publically on a regular basis and consider myself semi-professional with respect to this activity. While there are common elements to both approaches to research, this paper is written more from the point of view of ‘reflective practice’ (Holmes, "Reconciling Experimentum") rather than ‘embedded ethnography’ (Pink). It is necessarily and unapologetically reflexive. Abstract Photography Hyper-Group A search of all Flickr groups using the query “abstract” is currently likely to return around 14,700 results. However, only in around thirty of them does the group name, its stated rules and, the stream of images that flow through the pool arguably reflect a sense of collective concept and aesthetic that is coherently abstract. This loose complex of groups comprises a hyper-group. Members of these groups often have co-memberships, reciprocal contacts, and regularly post images to a range of groups and comment on others’ posts to be found throughout. Given that one of Flickr’s largest groups, Black and White, currently has around 131,150 members and hosts 2,093,241 items in its pool, these abstract special interest groups are relatively small. The largest, Abstract Photos, has 11,338 members and hosts 89,306 items in its pool. The group that is the focus of this paper, haphazart!, currently has 2,536 members who have submitted 53,309 items. The group pool is more like a constantly flowing river because the most recently added images are foremost. Older images become buried in an archive of pages which cannot be reverse accessed at a rate greater than the seven pages linked from a current view. A member’s presence is most immediate through images posted to a pool. This structural feature of Flickr promotes a desire for currency; a need to post regularly to maintain presence. Negotiating Coherence to the Abstract The self-managing social dynamics in groups has, as Suler proposes to be the case for individuals, three dimensions: visual, textual and action. A group integrates the diverse elements, relationships and values which cumulatively constitute its identity with contributions from members in these dimensions. First impressions of that identity are usually derived from the group home page which consists of principal features: the group name, a selection of twelve most recent posts to the pool, some kind of description, a selection of six of the most recent discussion topics, and a list of rules (if any). In some of these groups, what is considered to constitute an abstract photographic image is described on the group home page. In some it is left to be contested and becomes the topic of ongoing forum debates. In others the specific issue is not discussed—the images are left to speak for themselves. Administrators of some groups require that images are vetted for acceptance. In haphazart! particular administrators dutifully delete from the pool on a regular basis any images that they deem not to comply with the group ethic. Whether reasons are given or not is left to the individual prosecutor. Mostly offending images just disappear from the group pool without trace. These are some of the ways that the coherence of a group’s visual identity is established and maintained. Two groups out of the abstract photography hyper-group are noteworthy in that their discussion forums are particularly active. A discussion is just the start of a new thread and may have any number of posts under it. At time of writing Abstract Photos has 195 discussions and haphazart! — the most talkative by this measure—has 333. Haphazart! invites submissions of images to regularly changing themes. There is always lively and idiosyncratic banter in the forum over the selection of a theme. To be submitted an image needs to be identified by a specific theme tag as announced on the group home page. The tag can be added by the photographer themselves or by anyone else who deems the image appropriate to the theme. An exhibition process ensues. Participant curators search all Flickr items according to the theme tag and select from the outcome images they deem to most appropriately and abstractly address the theme. Copies of the images together with comments by the curators are posted to a dedicated discussion board. Other members may also provide responses. This activity forms an ongoing record that may serve as a public indicator of the aesthetic that underlies the group’s identity. In Abstract Photos there is an ongoing discussion forum where one can submit an image and request that the moderators rule as to whether or not the image is ‘abstract’. The same group has ongoing discussions labelled “Hall of Appropriate” where worthy images are reposted and celebrated and, “Hall of Inappropriate” where images posted to the group pool have been removed and relegated because abstraction has been “so far stretched from its definition that it now resides in a parallel universe” (Askin). Reasons are mostly courteously provided. In haphazart! a relatively small core of around twelve group members regularly contribute to the group discussion board. A curious aspect of this communication is that even though participants present visually with a ‘buddy icon’ and most with a screen name not their real name, it is usual practice to address each other in discussions by their real Christian names, even when this is not evident in a member’s profile. This seems to indicate a common desire for authenticity. The makeup of the core varies from time to time depending on other activities in a member’s life. Although one or two may be professionally or semi-professionally engaged as photographers or artists or academics, most of these people would likely consider themselves to be “serious amateurs” (Cox). They are internationally dispersed with bias to the US, UK, Europe and Australia. English is the common language though not the natural tongue of some. The age range is approximately 35 to 65 and the gender mix 50/50. The group is three years old. Where Do We Go to from Here? In early January 2009 the haphazart! core was sparked into a frenzy of discussion by a post from a member headed “Where do we go to from here?” A proposal was mooted to produce a ‘book’ featuring images and texts representative of the group. Within three days a new public group with invited membership dedicated to the idea had been established. A smaller working party then retreated to a private Flickr group. Four months later Issue One of haphazart! magazine was available in print-on-demand and online formats. Following however is a brief critically reflective review of some of the collaborative curatorial, editorial and production processes for Issue Two which commenced in early June 2009. Most of the team had also been involved with Issue One. I was the only newcomer and replaced the person who had undertaken the design for Issue One. I was not provided access to the prior private editorial ruminations but apparently the collaborative curatorial and editorial decision-making practices the group had previously established persisted, and these took place entirely within the discussion forums of a new dedicated private Flickr group. Over a five-month period there were 1066 posts in 54 discussions concerning matters such as: change of format from the previous; selection of themes, artists and images; conduct of and editing of interviews; authoring of texts; copyright and reproduction. The idiom of those communications can be described as: discursive, sporadic, idiosyncratic, resourceful, collegial, cooperative, emphatic, earnest and purposeful. The selection process could not be said to follow anything close to a shared manifesto, or articulation of style. It was established that there would be two primary themes: the square format and contributors’ use of colour. Selection progressed by way of visual presentation and counter presentation until some kind of consensus was reached often involving informal votes of preference. Stretching the Limits of the Flickr Social Tools The magazine editorial collaborators continue to use the facilities with which they are familiar from regular Flickr group participation. However, the strict vertically linear format of the Flickr discussion format is particularly unsuited to lengthy, complex, asynchronous, multithreaded discussion. For this purpose it causes unnecessary strain, fatigue and confusion. Where images are included, the forums have set and maximum display sizes and are not flexibly configured into matrixes. Images cannot readily be communally changed or moved about like texts in a wiki. Likewise, the Flickrmail facility is of limited use for specialist editorial processes. Attachments cannot be added. This opinion expressed by a collaborator in the initial, open discussion for Issue One prevailed among Issue Two participants: do we want the members to go to another site to observe what is going on with the magazine? if that’s ok, then using google groups or something like that might make sense; if we want others to observe (and learn from) the process - we may want to do it here [in Flickr]. (Valentine) The opinion appears socially constructive; but because the final editorial process and production processes took place in a separate private forum, ultimately the suggested learning between one issue and the next did not take place. During Issue Two development the reluctance to try other online collaboration tools for the selection processes requiring visual comparative evaluation of images and trials of sequencing adhered. A number of ingenious methods of working within Flickr were devised and deployed and, in my opinion, proved frustratingly impractical and inefficient. The digital layout, design, collation and formatting of images and texts, all took place on my personal computer using professional software tools. Difficulties arose in progressively sharing this work for the purposes of review, appraisal and proofing. Eventually I ignored protests and insisted the team review demonstrations I had converted for sharing in Google Documents. But, with only one exception, I could not tempt collaborators to try commenting or editing in that environment. For example, instead of moving the sequence of images dynamically themselves, or even typing suggestions directly into Google Documents, they would post responses in Flickr. To Share and to Hold From the first imaginings of Issue One the need to have as an outcome something in one’s hands was expressed and this objective is apparently shared by all in the haphazart! core as an ongoing imperative. Various printing options have been nominated, discussed and evaluated. In the end one print-on-demand provider was selected on the basis of recommendation. The ethos of haphazart! is clearly not profit-making and conflicts with that of the printing organisation. Presumably to maintain an incentive to purchase the print copy online preview is restricted to the first 15 pages. To satisfy the co-requisite to make available the full 120 pages for free online viewing a second host that specialises in online presentation of publications is also utilised. In this way haphazart! members satisfy their common desires for sharing selected visual content and ideas with an online special interest audience and, for a physical object of art to relish—with all the connotations of preciousness, fetish, talisman, trophy, and bookish notions of haptic pleasure and visual treasure. The irony of publishing a frozen chunk of the ever-flowing Flickriver, whose temporally changing nature is arguably one of its most interesting qualities, is not a consideration. Most of them profess to be simply satisfying their own desire for self expression and would eschew any critical judgement as to whether this anarchic and discursive mode of operation results in a coherent statement about contemporary photographic abstraction. However there remains a distinct possibility that a number of core haphazart!ists aspire to transcend: popular taste; the discernment encouraged in camera clubs; and, the rhetoric of those involved professionally (Bourdieu et al.); and seek to engage with the “awareness of illegitimacy and the difficulties implied by the constitution of photography as an artistic medium” (Chamboredon 130). Incoherence: A Technical Note My personal experience of photography ranges from the filmic to the digital (Holmes, "Bridging Adelaide"). For a number of years I specialised in facsimile graphic reproduction of artwork. In those days I became aware that films were ‘blind’ to the psychophysical affect of some few particular paint pigments. They just could not be reproduced. Even so, as I handled the dozens of images contributed to haphazart!2, converting them from the pixellated place where Flickr exists to the resolution and gamut of the ink based colour space of books, I was surprised at the number of hue values that exist in the former that do not translate into the latter. In some cases the affect is subtle so that judicious tweaking of colour levels or local colour adjustment will satisfy discerning comparison between the screenic original and the ‘soft proof’ that simulates the printed outcome. In other cases a conversion simply does not compute. I am moved to contemplate, along with Harrison and Bartell (op. cit.) just how much of the experience of media in the shared digital space is incomparably new? Acknowledgement Acting on the advice of researchers experienced in cyberethnography (Bruckman; Suler, "Ethics") I have obtained the consent of co-collaborators to comment freely on proceedings that took place in a private forum. 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Although the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution has been part of the endodontic arsenal for more than one century, current investigations have been unable to determine which NaOCl volume and concentration or which time of application are able to dissolve organic matter without weakening the dental structure during the phase of biomechanical preparation of the root canal. Thus, the objective of the present study was to conduct a systematic literature review with no restriction of publication year or language in order to resolve these questions. The search strategy included the following databases: PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov, and only in vivo human clinical trials were included in the final review. After the removal of duplicates, the systematic literature review yielded 3,717 articles. Of these, 3,685 were excluded after applying the exclusion criteria (ex vivo studies, animal studies, cell-culture studies, narrative review, and studies with no available full texts). A total of 32 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. After evaluating the full text, all articles were excluded for different reasons. No studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. This review was unable to answer what time of irrigation, concentration or volume of NaOCl solution can be of maximum effectiveness in endodontic treatment without producing significant changes in the mechanical properties of dentin. Thus, future human clinical studies are needed in order to resolve these questions.Descriptors: Endodontics; Sodium Hypochlorite; Review.ReferênciasSiqueira JF Jr, Guimarães-Pinto T, Rôças IN. Effects of chemomechanical preparation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide on cultivable bacteria in infected root canals. 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