Journal articles on the topic 'Photography – Digital techniques – Restoration and conservation'
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Song, Hyeong Rok, and Young Hoon Jo. "A Study on Digital Color Reproduction for Recording Color Appearance of Cultural Heritage." Journal of Conservation Science 38, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12654/jcs.2022.38.2.09.
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The color appearance of cultural heritage are essential factors for manufacturing technique interpretation, conservation treatment usage, and condition monitoring. Therefore, this study systematically established color reproduction procedures based on the digital color management system for the portrait of Gwon Eungsu. Moreover, various application strategies for recording and conserving the cultural heritage were proposed. Overall color reproduction processes were conducted in the following order: photography condition setting, standard color measurements, digital photography, color correction, and color space creation. Therefore, compared with the color appearance, the digital image applied to a camera maker profile indicated an average color difference of Δ10.1. However, the digital reproduction result based on the color management system exhibits an average color difference of Δ1.1, which is close to the color appearance. This means that although digital photography conditions are optimized, recording the color appearance is difficult when relying on the correction algorithm developed by the camera maker. Therefore, the digital color reproduction of cultural heritage is required through color correction and color space creation based on the raw digital image, which is a crucial process for documenting the color appearance. Additionally, the recording of color appearance through digital color reproduction is important for condition evaluation, conservation treatment, and restoration of cultural heritage. Furthermore, standard data of imaging analysis are available for discoloration monitoring.
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Pamart, A., O. Guillon, S. Faraci, E. Gattet, M. Genevois, J. M. Vallet, and L. De Luca. "MULTISPECTRAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING FORWALL PAINTINGS STUDIES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W3 (February 23, 2017): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w3-559-2017.
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In the field of wall paintings studies different imaging techniques are commonly used for the documentation and the decision making in term of conservation and restoration. There is nowadays some challenging issues to merge scientific imaging techniques in a multimodal context (i.e. multi-sensors, multi-dimensions, multi-spectral and multi-temporal approaches). For decades those CH objects has been widely documented with Technical Photography (TP) which gives precious information to understand or retrieve the painting layouts and history. More recently there is an increasing demand of the use of digital photogrammetry in order to provide, as one of the possible output, an orthophotomosaic which brings a possibility for metrical quantification of conservators/restorators observations and actions planning. This paper presents some ongoing experimentations of the LabCom MAP-CICRP relying on the assumption that those techniques can be merged through a common pipeline to share their own benefits and create a more complete documentation.
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Simou, Sana, Khadija Baba, and Abderrahman Nounah. "The integration of 3D technology for the conservation and restoration of ruined archaeological artifacts." History of science and technology 12, no. 1 (June 19, 2022): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2022-12-1-150-168.
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The restoration and conservation of monuments and archaeological sites is a delicate operation. It requires fidelity, delicacy, precision and archaeological authenticity. The aim is to reveal, recreate as accurately as possible the characteristics of an archaeological site or part of it. Research during the last two decades has proved that 3D modeling, or the digital documentation and visualization of archaeological objects in 3D, is valuable for archaeological research. As well, as for conservation and presentation to a wide audience, as it allows the creation of realistic and accurate digital copies of archaeological objects. In the past, 3D modeling technologies were prohibitively expensive and too technologically specialized to be integrated into most historical heritage projects. However, advancements in computing and digital photography over the past decade have resulted in several low-cost, user-friendly options for 3D modeling, using photogrammetry. The latter has been used successfully for documentation of historic cultural. In recent years, this technology has become increasingly more popular for archiving, which provide the 3D model and digital ortho-image using high accuracy dense 3D points. The study has opted for the technique of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry by 3D surveys of architectural elements, to develop an archetype of the deteriorated Islamic Marinid site (a dynasty between the 13th and 15th centuries), and the Roman site (25 BC), located at the Chellah archaeological site in Rabat and Salé cities. However, the recognition of the importance of these Islamic sites, in terms of the evolution of Moroccan Islamic art, requires the combination of large-scale scanning capability of unmanned terrestrial, aerial photogrammetry and the photorealistic rendering of 3D, as well as exhaustive research on the history of this cultural site. The data acquired build an architectural database to archive and retrieve the entire existing architecture of monuments. This study has been completed by photogrammetrists, architects, and restorers.
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Norris, Dana, and Oliver Watson. "Illuminating the Imperceptible, Researching Mina’i Ceramics with Digital Imaging Techniques." Journal of Imaging 7, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7110233.
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Mina’i ceramics dating to the late 12th and early 13th century made in the Kashan region of Iran represent a novel period of overglaze enamelling technology in ceramic history. New colours were used to produce stylistically attractive and dynamic polychrome motifs. Due to their archaeological context, and popularity in the art market since the mid-20th century, these objects often have complex conditions involving reconstruction and overpainting. The aesthetic and technological significance of these pieces warrants further study, but in practice, removing restorations can lead to structural destabilisation, requiring time-consuming and potentially unplanned for conservation treatment. To determine if it is possible to gain useful information from the study of these artworks without disturbing existing restorations, a group of objects were drawn from the Sarikhani and Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology collections. The objective of this project was twofold, first to assess the merits of the imaging techniques for understanding condition, and second to propose a protocol for imaging with the aim of encouraging collaborative projects with international partners. The techniques used in this study include digital photography under visible and ultraviolet light, infrared reflectography, and radiography. The results show that important information invisible to the naked eye can be obtained about the decorative surfaces, using ultraviolet light and infrared reflectography. Digital radiography proved to be equally effective when studying the condition of the ceramic body. The results of this project were used to produce guidance on these techniques as a collaborative documentation package for the study of Mina’i ceramics.
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Jerome, P., and D. Emilio. "DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION OF FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT’S MASTERPIECE, FALLINGWATER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 18, 2017): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-389-2017.
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Since 1988, the professional staff of Architectural Preservation Studio (APS) has been involved with the conservation of Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater in Mill Run, PA. Designed and erected from 1935 to 1939 as a weekend home for the Kauffman family, the complex consists of the main house and guest house.<br><br> After five years of reports and prototype repairs, we produced a two-volume master plan. Using original Frank Lloyd Wright drawings from Avery Library as background drawings, we measured every surface and reproduced the drawings in CAD, also developing elevations of every room. Stone-by-stone drawings of every flagstone floor and terrace scheduled to be lifted were also created using overlapping film photography that was assembled into a photo mosaic. By 2005, we designed, administered and completed a four-phase exterior restoration, with the paint-stripping and repainting of interior rooms being performed during the brief winter period when the building is closed to the public on an ongoing basis.<br><br> In 2016, we were invited back to the site to review conditions and advise on routine maintenance. At that time we proposed to re-document the buildings, this time using laser-scanning. Laser-scanning of the exterior was performed in May of 2016, and of the interior in March 2017, each over the course of four days. This paper will make a comparison between manual and digital techniques in terms of Fallingwater’s documentation.
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Волков, Анатолій, and Поліна Петрашина. "Особливості реставрації великогабаритних ліплених посудин (досвід використання 3D-моделювання в реставрації)." Scientific journal "Archaeological ceramology", no. 1-2 (January 31, 2022): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52213/archaeologicalceramology.vi1-2.70.
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Подано інформацію про застосування методів фотограмметрії, зокрема 3D-моделювання, підчас реставрації ліпленого глиняного посуду. Поетапно розглянуто процес створення тривимірноїмоделі та її практичне використання під час реставраційних робіт.
Сonservation of archaeological handmade ware, especially of the large size, has certain featuresand difficulties due to firing at low temperatures and the composition of the molding mass (the clay wascoarse with large inclusions).Such vessels usually come to our time in a worse condition than pottery, mostly in a form ofa collapses broken into many fragments, with a fragile surface, so they require a special approach to thechoice of methods, techniques and materials used for their restoration. In such cases the main task forthe conservator is to find such methods of working with handmade vessels, which on the one hand wouldbe completely safe, on the other – would provide the comprehensive study, restoration and preservationof broken archaeological ceramics.It should be noted that with the development of digital technologies in archaeology and restoration,the methods of photogrammetry used in non-invasive research of archaeological sites have spread.The article deals with the application of photogrammetry methods, in particular 3-d modeling duringrestoration work with handmade ware of a large sizes. We try to describe in detail the way of creatinga three-dimensional model at the stage of photo-fixation of the archaeological vessel before the beginningof restoration measures using as the example the handmade large pot (korchaga) of Sabatyn culture ofthe Late Bronze Age.In our case, a three-dimensional model of the exhibit was created to simplify the selection of fragmentsfor gluing (almost similar in shape and size) before the dismantling of a partially glued exhibit of 147fragments. Prior to photography, all fragments of the vessel were marked with paper stickers.Agisoft Photoscan v1.4.4 software was used for 3D reconstruction of the object.
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Ion, Rodica-Mariana, and Dan Adrian Vasile. "Digital Restoration and Preservation of Deteriorated Mural Paintings by Advanced 3D Measurement Technologies." Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 10 (September 13, 2020): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2020.10.15.
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The external factors from nature are responsible for weathering of different monuments and cause considerable deterioration of Old mural Paintings. This paper presents a virtual reconstruction scheme useful for subsequent restoration processes of the degraded versions of the murals from Matia Loggia, Corvins’Castle, Hunedoara, Romania. The analysis of materials and techniques and the possible deterioration mechanisms are discussed, too, correlated with the colour digital photography and mapping of visible painting degraded area were conducted.
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Schaffland, Axel, and Gunther Heidemann. "Heritage and Repeat Photography: Techniques, Management, Applications, and Publications." Heritage 5, no. 4 (December 18, 2022): 4267–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040220.
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Repeat photography, the process of locating the camera position of an old photo and taking a new photo from this position, is utilized to protect our natural heritage, by measuring landscape changes between old and new image, and to conserve and recover our architectural and archaeological heritage, by observing changes between images taken before, during, and after conservation efforts or destructive events. Most importantly, repeat photography—in short, rephotography—is connecting us to our heritage on all levels from personal to global: while rephotographing, we connect with the old image and its creator and—when viewing and comparing the old image and the rephotograph—we connect with the tangible, intangible, and natural heritage shown in the images by observing changes and continuities. In this paper, we review publications and applications employing rephotography. We discuss the organization, retrieval, and presentation of rephotographic compilations, their generation by different image registration techniques, and their conservation as rephotographic heritage. Further, we describe challenges in rephotography, discuss how they differ from standard challenges in photography, computer vision, and image registration and present both analog and digital solutions and tools used in practice by rephotographers to address said challenges.
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Tucci, G., V. Bonora, A. Conti, and L. Fiorini. "HIGH-QUALITY 3D MODELS AND THEIR USE IN A CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION PROJECT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 21, 2017): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-687-2017.
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Cultural heritage digitization and 3D modelling processes are mainly based on laser scanning and digital photogrammetry techniques to produce complete, detailed and photorealistic three-dimensional surveys: geometric as well as chromatic aspects, in turn testimony of materials, work techniques, state of preservation, etc., are documented using digitization processes.<br><br> The paper explores the topic of 3D documentation for conservation purposes; it analyses how geomatics contributes in different steps of a restoration process and it presents an overview of different uses of 3D models for the conservation and enhancement of the cultural heritage. The paper reports on the project to digitize the earthenware frieze of the Ospedale del Ceppo in Pistoia (Italy) for 3D documentation, restoration work support, and digital and physical reconstruction and integration purposes. The intent to design an exhibition area suggests new ways to take advantage of 3D data originally acquired for documentation and scientific purposes.
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Cardaci, A., A. Versaci, and P. Azzola. "THE CONSERVATION OF THE SMALL CLOISTER OF SANT’AGOSTINO IN BERGAMO: THE SURVEY OF THE TOMBS AND THE EPIGRAPHS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-2/W1-2022 (February 25, 2022): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-2-w1-2022-143-2022.
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Abstract. The restoration of the small cloister of the former monastery of Sant’Agostino, located in the upper town of Bergamo is the last act of the redevelopment of this important monumental site. During the work, several graves were found underground. The stone slabs that covered them show fragments of epigraphs allowing to date the structures for a period from the 14th to the 15th centuries which needed to be deepened. A knowledge project, specifically intended for the interpretation of the inscriptions was then initiated. To this end, an experiment was carried out, aiming to compare RTI photography and digital photogrammetry combined with the use of grazing light.
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Vallet, Jean-Marc, Livio De Luca, Marie Feillou, Odile Guillon, and Marc Pierrot-Deseilligny. "An Interactive 3-Dimensional Database Applied to the Conservation of a Painted Chapel." International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era 1, no. 2 (June 2012): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2047-4970.1.2.233.
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Matteo Giovannetti's frescoes (1355–1356) which decorate the Innocent VI chapel of La Chartreuse du Val des Bénédictins (Villeneuve-lez-Avignon, France) are very sensitive to the alteration. They need a new restoration campaign. Because of the geometrical complexity of the place, the environment and the involved degradation mechanisms, a good conservation management of these murals is essential. Therefore, an interactive 3- dimensional spatial database, including dated data was developped. Architectural measurements, digital scientific documentation were gathered. A historical documentation including restoration acts, used restoration products has been collected. Last, the paintings degradations, up-to-date deterioration patterns description and conservation state diagnosis of these wall paintings including a deterioration mapping are monitored. Results of the physical and chemical analyses of painting, restoration techniques and deterioration products are also integrated. The entire collected and interactive database will be available for conservation managers and researchers within the next three years.
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Pamart, A., R. Roussel, E. Hubert, A. Colombini, R. Saleri, E. M. Mouaddib, Y. Castro, G. Le Goïc, and A. Mansouri. "A SEMANTICALLY ENRICHED MULTIMODAL IMAGING APPROACH DEDICATED TO CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION STUDIES." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-2/W1-2022 (February 25, 2022): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-2-w1-2022-415-2022.
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Abstract. For the past decades, Cultural Heritage (CH) is commonly documented by digital-based imaging and analytical techniques. This documentation is used as a support by heritage scientists to study and help the preservation of CH objects. Multiple techniques or modalities are usually required and applied to complete the documentation and the possible diagnostic from it. In this paper we explored multimodal imaging strategies to survey, analyse and share semantically enriched digital replicas. Three challenging case-studies from the SUMUM research project aims to illustrate efficient multi-source approaches in multi-scalar, multi-temporal and multi-spectral contexts. From multimodal data acquisitions, a photogrammetric-based registration method (TACO) has been developed in order to exploit a 2D/3D semantic annotation process implemented into a CH oriented collaborative web platform (AIOLI). In the exemples showed, the structure and the content of the annotations work is based from condition reports provided by conservation and restoration experts. To this end, all the documentation gathered on CH objects are either directly merged by image based registration while complementary analysis can be spatially anchored to annotations as linked resources. The dissemination part is explored by built-in AIOLI’s collaborative features or external Potree-based viewer, to enhance the accessibility of the final 3D annotated scenes for further expertises or wide-public events and purposes.
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Barazzetti, L., D. Mezzino, and M. Santana Quintero. "DIGITAL WORKFLOW FOR THE CONSERVATION OF BAHRAIN BUILT HERITAGE: THE SHEIK ISA BIN ALI HOUSE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 18, 2017): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-65-2017.
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Currently, the commercial market offers several tools for digital documentation of historic sites and buildings. Photogrammetry and laser scanning play a fundamental role in the acquisition of metric information, which is then processed to generate reliable records particularly useful also in the built heritage conservation field. Although potentially very fast and accurate, such techniques require expert operators to produce reliable results, especially in the case of complex and large sites.<br><br> The aim of this paper is to present the digital workflow developed for data acquisition and processing of the Shaikh Isa Bin Ali house in Muharraq, Bahrain. This historic structure is an outstanding example of Bahrain architecture as well as tangible memory of the country history, with strong connotations in the Bahrain cultural identity. The building has been documented employing several digital techniques, including: aerial (drone) and terrestrial photogrammetry, rectifying photography, total station and laser scanning. The documentation project has been developed for the Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities (BACA) by a multidisciplinary team of experts from Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS, Carleton University, Canada) and Gicarus Lab (Politecnico di Milano, Italy).
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Elbshbeshi, AbdElhamid, Ahmed Gomaa, Abdelmonem Mohamed, Amal Othman, Ismael M. Ibraheem, and Hosni Ghazala. "Applying Geomatics Techniques for Documenting Heritage Buildings in Aswan Region, Egypt: A Case Study of the Temple of Abu Simbel." Heritage 6, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 742–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010040.
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It has recently become more popular to involve 3-D modeling and digital documentation in the conservation and restoration of heritage sites. The main objective of the current study is to develop a digital documentation process using laser scanning for Abu Simbel Temple, which is one of the most famous archaeological sites in Egypt. We focus on these techniques to replace traditional methods of building heritage documentation. To create the 3-D model with geographic coordinates and measure the rate of deformation, a precise geodetic network of five points was established around the temple. Then, 52 scans of the temple facade and its interior parts were taken using a Trimble TX6 laser scanner. This led to the creation of a 3-D digital model of the temple that includes geometric, structural, architectural, historical data, and non-engineering information (such as appearance, inscriptions, and material details). The 3-D point cloud model outputs exhibit a 6 mm spacing between the points with an error of 4 mm and a standard deviation of 5 mm. In addition, the temple’s virtual tour included 61 panoramic images. This virtual tour can help to increase heritage awareness, promote tourism, and aid in the future restoration of any parts vulnerable to damage.
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Di Paola, F., G. Milazzo, and F. Spatafora. "COMPUTER AIDED RESTORATION TOOLS TO ASSIST THE CONSERVATION OF AN ANCIENT SCULPTURE. THE COLOSSAL STATUE OF ZEUS ENTHRONED." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 18, 2017): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-177-2017.
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The research focuses on the contribution of the integrated application of <i>Computer Aided Restoration</i> digital procedures as a means to guide the integration measure of an artifact, innovating and implementing the traditional investigation methods. The aim of the study was to provide effective geometrical-formal investigation tools in the frame of the conservation work of Zeus enthroned from Soluntum, conserved in the Archaeological Museum “A. Salinas” of Palermo. The paper describes the workflow of the 3D acquisition and graphical modeling with non-invasive digitalization and high information density techniques to assist the conservation of the legs of the throne, especially the integration of the missing part. Thanks to the technique of the digital fabrication it has been reconstruct the two missing parts following the theoretical criteria as: recognisability, compatibility and retractability. This innovative application of 3D digital technologies have showed as the integrated use of the new technology can be a useful tools for improving the conservation of a work of art.
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Cardaci, A., and A. Versaci. "RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION FOR THE KNOWLEDGE, CONSERVATION AND VALORIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN SICILY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 21, 2019): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-247-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In our time, new technologies are progressively more and more approaching the cultural heritage's world. The opportunity to obtain – quickly and in a non-invasive way – virtual models of ancient sites, monuments and objects, using data taken by photo-modelling, digital photogrammetry or laser scanning techniques, offers new possibilities for their proper documentation, monitoring, physical conservation, restoration, archiving and valorization. Moreover, reverse engineering techniques allow a deeper understanding of architectural artefacts and collections by increasing their communication, display and interpretation. By showing a number of experiences related to the rich and famous archaeological heritage of Sicily Island, this paper intends to highlight how the use of new digital equipment and methodologies can be of great benefit for its safeguarding, representation, promotion and enjoyment.</p>
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Madrid Garcia, Jose Antonio. "Use of telemetry X-ray techniques in large-size pictorial works." Ge-conservacion 5 (November 19, 2013): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37558/gec.v5i0.170.
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In recent years, with the rise of digital technologies and the concurrent demise of related analog instrumentation, researchers in the field of cultural heritage have faced significant new challenges implementing digital solutions. Specifically, this shift has prompted the use of new protocols for the application of radiology in the study of art works.. However, due to this change, there has been a return to using older film formats, which is one of the problems that has already been solved using an industrial-type analogical system that allowed large-format X-ray support, and that was able to adapt to almost any surface. Therefore, this study attempts to rectify the limits of digital X-ray techniques by using telemetry X-ray techniques. At the Laboratory of Documentation and Registration (IRP, or Institute for the Heritage Restoration), based at the Universitat Politècnica de Valencia (UPV), Spain, mobile telemetry X-ray equipment has been designed and implemented that allows the adaptation of large-size pictorial works.
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Armetta, Francesco, Gabriella Chirco, Fabrizio Lo Celso, Veronica Ciaramitaro, Eugenio Caponetti, Massimo Midiri, Giuseppe Lo Re, et al. "Sicilian Byzantine Icons through the Use of Non-Invasive Imaging Techniques and Optical Spectroscopy: The Case of the Madonna dell’Elemosina." Molecules 26, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 7595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247595.
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The iconographic heritage is one of the treasures of Byzantine art that have enriched the south of Italy, and Sicily in particular, since the early 16th century. In this work, the investigations of a Sicilian Icon of Greek-Byzantine origin, the Madonna dell’Elemosina, is reported for the first time. The study was carried out using mainly non-invasive imaging techniques (photography in reflectance and grazing visible light, UV fluorescence, infrared reflectography, radiography, and computed tomography) and spectroscopic techniques (X-ray fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy). The identification of the constituent materials provides a decisive contribution to the correct historical and artistic placement of the Icon, a treasure of the Eastern European historical community in Sicily. Some hidden details have also been highlighted. Most importantly, the information obtained enables us to define its conservation state, the presence of foreign materials, and to direct its protection and restoration.
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Song, H. R., and Y. H. Jo. "DIGITAL COLOR REPRODUCTION AND DOCUMENTATION OF OIL PAINTING USING IMAGE PROCESSING." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-1-2021 (August 28, 2021): 693–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-1-2021-693-2021.
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Abstract. Digital photography is a method easily employed to capture images. Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets as well as dedicated cameras are used to capture images. Furthermore, as hardware continues to improve, the resolution of images in 100 MP and 8K videos has recently been increased, and the quality of images enhanced through various types of image processing software. However, because the focus of photography is to record a moment activity, recording the orginal color of subject has been pushed back from priority. Digital photographs of cultural heritage are mainly captured for aesthetic appreciation and database construction. Those images for the purpose of the latter should record the exact color and shape of the subject. However, the theoretical approach of this is difficult and relatively complex procedures are able to create images that differ from the original color. Thus, it means falling in value that culture heritage data of important for color conservation. Various attempts have been made throughout the industry to capture the original colors of the subject accurately. The color management system (CMS) is a typical method of such. In this study, digital color reproduction and record studies were conducted on representative oil paintings of modern times in Korea. Accordingly, the light source’s color index and color temperature were measured. Furthermore, a color recording environment was established and digital images were acquired. Subsequently, it was able to record the original color through CMS-based image processing. It is believed that this study will enable one to understand the production techniques of works through the color record of oil paintings and help one to monitor conservation conditions such as discoloration.
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Genytė, Inga. "Digitizing Methods in Regeneration of Masonry Castles." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 5, no. 3 (June 20, 2013): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2013.48.
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In monitoring, preservation and regeneration of masonry architectural heritage modern digital technologies increase performance speed and quality. In rehabilitation of masonry castles an important role is played by the digital technologies, such as laser scanning, photogrammetry, photography, two-dimensional design (2D) and three-dimensional design (3D). Fairly accurate view of the future and perceived space, restored interior and exterior details is created with the help of some or all of these technologies. Formation of the restored castle’s vision is also influenced by its urban environment, preserved authentic material and even modern heritage conservation theory. This article provides an overview of digitization techniques and their variations based on approved foreign materials and practices used in the process of masonry castles regeneration.
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Inzerillo, L., and F. Di Paola. "FROM SFM TO 3D PRINT: AUTOMATED WORKFLOW ADDRESSED TO PRACTITIONER AIMED AT THE CONSERVATION AND RESTAURATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 11, 2017): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-375-2017.
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In In the last years there has been an increasing use of digital techniques for conservation and restoration purposes. Among these, a very dominant rule is played by the use of digital photogrammetry packages (Agisoft Photoscan, 3D Zephir) which allow to obtain in few steps 3D textured models of real objects. Combined with digital documentation technologies digital fabrication technologies can be employed in a variety of ways to assist in heritage documentation, conservation and dissemination.<br><br> This paper will give to practitioners an overview on the state of the art available technologies and a feasible workflow for optimizing point cloud and polygon mesh datasets for the purpose of fabrication using 3D printing. The goal is to give an important contribute to confer an automation aspect at the whole processing. We tried to individuate a workflow that should be applicable to several types of cases apart from small precautions. In our experimentation we used a DELTA WASP 2040 printer with PLA easyfil.
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Torres-González, Marta, Francisco Javier Alejandre, Juan Manuel Alducin-Ochoa, Ana Isabel Calero-Castillo, Francisco Javier Blasco-López, Ana Carrasco-Huertas, and Vicente Flores-Alés. "Methodology to Evaluate the State of Conservation of Historical Plasterwork and Its Polychrome to Promote Its Conservation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 4814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12104814.
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This work presents a methodology for the assessment of ancient plasterworks based on traditional inspection techniques, such as organoleptic tests and chemical characterization, and also on digital tools, such as photogrammetric surveys, thermography images, and measurement of ambient conditions with thermohygrometers. This method allows not only defining the alterations detected and establishing the state of conservation but also digitalizing the plasterworks to preserve the heritage and replicate the model if necessary (i.e., replacement of a detachment piece), drawing a hypothesis of the original hidden design of the plasterwork, and conducting a chronological study about the polychromies used over time. In some cases, the assessment has shown that the liming and repolychrome interventions to which plasterworks have been subjected and the powdery state of some areas do not ensure the possibility of the complete polychromy restoration, only its preservation by taking conservation and maintenance measures.
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Valente, R., D. Oreni, L. Barazzetti, F. Roncoroni, and M. Previtali. "DOCUMENTATION OF HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURES THROUGH THE COMBINED USE OF DIGITAL SURVEYING TECHNIQUES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 5, 2019): 1121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-1121-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper presents the survey of the Baptistery of the Collegiata Museum (Castiglione Olona - Italy), painted by Masolino da Panicale in 1435. Surveying activity was carries out throughout the use of combined digital techniques of documentation (topographic measurements, laser scanning, digital photogrammetry, thermal imaging, digital photography). Different data were collected inside and outside the Baptistery following a multi-resolution reconstruction that ranges from the whole Baptistery up to small details. Laser scans were also used to obtain a digital representation of inner volumes of the structure. Registered scans were uploaded into a modelling software, in order to produce a 3D model based on scan data, increasing the correspondence with the existent building; this model can be used to better understand the volume arrangement, also for educational and dissemination purposes. A particular attention was devoted to documentation of graffiti scratched onto the frescos, since their presence is a significative evidence of the history of the building. A digital-based workflow was set out in order to assure high quality outputs in respect of the conservation needs.</p><p>This multi-resolution approach proved to be a suitable solution when dealing with features, such as ancient architectures, with a high number of complex details to be correctly recorded and joint together as starting point and support of historical researches. Results and scope are here presented.</p>
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Preti, P., K. Tituana, J. Carvallo, and V. Heras. "DIGITAL HERITAGE DOCUMENTATION OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN CUENCA - ECUADOR." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 23, 2019): 937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-937-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In the city of Cuenca in the south of Ecuador, analogous documentation techniques continue to be the unique registration mechanism for built heritage. The heritage characteristics of modern architecture in Cuenca are not well known, therefore the documentation activities are still based on paper fiches that gather basic data, without the possibility to update or monitor those records. In addition, this type of heritage, is underestimated, not disseminated and devalued by public institutions, owners and by local citizens, who do not find heritage attributes in these buildings. Consequently, this research used technological documentation techniques and tools for the identification, conservation and safeguarding of modern heritage in the city of Cuenca, aiming to raise awareness about modern heritage.</p> <p> With the evaluation of the existing records, this research aspires to validate the digital documentation tools for modern architecture as a first step to its recognition and valorization. Thus, scanner laser, photogrammetry and rectified photography, were used and compared to verify the adaptability of the documentation fields content to modern architecture and the opportunities that the results grants to promote its preservation and management over time.</p>
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Fomenko, Andrey N. "Beyond the Threshold of the Visible: The Photographic Objects of Alexander Ugay." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 2 (2021): 263–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2021.206.
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One of the features of photography is the fact that the process of formation of the image is invisible — in contrast to painting. It is as if photography, which makes the world more visible, evades visual control. The transition to digital techniques partly reduces this “dark side” of photography, but it also allows us to make better sense of analogous photography and reflect on its dual nature. Alexander Ugay, a contemporary artist from Kazakhstan, who in his practice shifts from photography as an image to photography as an object, substance and process, is an example of such a reflection; the thematization of the nature of the medium is combined in his practice with the theme of memory and oblivion. In his Objects of Memory (2013), he photographed the back of pictures from several archives of the Stalinist camps — the procedure that emphasizes the material and ephemeral character of the prints. The iconic aspect is almost entirely excluded from Time Capsule (2011 — present time) that reveals the self-destructive nature of the act of taking picture. The series of “obscuratons” (2017–2018) — complex pinhole cameras with a lot of holes — is a preliminary result of this reflection of photographic dialectics of the visible and the invisible. Every obscuraton functions alternately as a devise for creating an image (equivalent to human vision) and as an object integrated in some environment side by side with the other things. The polemics with an idea of total visual control can be read here; the machines of vision prove to be machines of blindness. The general impression is that the sole purpose of the emphasis on physical and chemical processes, the use of the particular iconographic resources and references to historical realities have a single goal in Ugay’s projects: the dissolution of meanings and disintegration of forms.
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El Menshawy, Adel, Walid Omar, and Sherif El Adawy. "Preservation of heritage buildings in Alexandria, Egypt: an application of heritage digitisation process phases and new documentation methods." F1000Research 11 (September 13, 2022): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123158.1.
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Background: Throughout the history of the city, the architecture of Alexandria, Egypt, has been in contact with world cultures, especially those of the Mediterranean sphere. Alexandria is rich with cultural features dating back seven thousand years. In Alexandria, the heritage value of the city has decreased because there is no suitable documentation system for these more recent assets. The development of a new technique for preserving heritage buildings is required. For example, image- based techniques can gather data using photography, panoramic photography, and close-range photogrammetry. In this research, we primarily seek to implement Heritage Digitisation Process Phases (HDPP) and establish new documentation methods in architectural conservation and built-heritage preservation, i.e., Virtual Reality (VR) and Website Heritage Documentation (WHD). Methods: The methodology is designed to preserve and manage cultural heritage using HDPP for the promotion of heritage building preservation in Alexandria. Results: The results show that the application of HDPP has led to the creation of a digital database about the Société Immobilière building, which was chosen as a case study for this research. Conclusions: Implementation of HDPP and usage of new documentation methods i.e., VR and WHD create a digital path to help strengthen its image and connect the place to users, recreational areas are created to communicate and explore the city’s architectural history.
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Mezzino, D., L. Barazzetti, M. Santana Quintero, and A. El-Habashi. "DIGITAL TOOLS FOR DOCUMENTING AND CONSERVING BAHRAIN’S BUILT HERITAGE FOR POSTERITY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 21, 2017): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-513-2017.
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Documenting the physical characteristics of historic structures is the first step for any preventive maintenance, monitoring, conservation, planning and promotion action. Metric documentation supports informative decision-making process for property owners, site managers, public officials, and conservators. This information serves also a broader purpose, over time, it becomes the primary means by which scholars, heritage professionals, and the general public understand a site that radically changed or disappeared. Further, documentation supports monitoring as well as the character-defining elements analysis, relevant to define the values of the building for the local and international community. The awareness of these concepts oriented the digital documentation and training activities, developed between 2016 and 2017, for the Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities (BACA) in Bahrain. The developed activities had two main aims: a) support the local staff in using specific recording techniques to efficiently document and consequently preserve built heritage sites with appropriate accuracy and in a relatively short period; b) develop a pilot project in collaboration with BACA to validate the capacity of the team to accurately document and produce measured records for the conservation and management of Bahrain built heritage. The documentation project has been developed by a multidisciplinary team of experts from BACA, Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS), Carleton University, Canada and a contracted researcher from the Gicarus Lab, Politecnico di Milano (POLIMI) in Italy. In the training activities, the participants have been exposed to a wide range of recording techniques, illustrating them the selection criteria for the most suitable one, according to requirements, site specifications, categories of values identified for the various built elements, and budget. The pilot project has been tested on three historical structures, both with strong connotations in the Bahrain cultural identity: the <i>Shaikh Isa bin Ali house</i>, <i>Aljazzaf house</i> and the <i>Siyadi Majlis</i>. These two buildings, outstanding examples of Bahrain architecture as well as tangible memory of the country history, have been documented employing several digital techniques, including: aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry, rectifying photography, total station and 3D laser scanning.
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La Russa, F. M., and C. Santagati. "HISTORICAL SENTIENT – BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL: A DIGITAL TWIN FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MUSEUM COLLECTIONS IN HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2020 (August 25, 2020): 755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2020-755-2020.
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Abstract. This paper investigates the application of the Digital Twin approach to get a Sentient building able to acquire the ability to perceive external inputs and develop strategies to support its management and/or conservation. The experimentation foresees the integration of an H-BIM model with a Decision Support System based on Artificial Intelligence (in this case Machine Learning techniques) for the management of museum collections in historical architectures. The innovative aspect of this methodology resides in the change of paradigm regarding the relations between the historical building under consideration and the professional figures who deal with the management, conservation and architectural restoration. This work tries to contextualize the novel HS-BIM methodology within the theoretical discussion of the disciplines mentioned above and to participate in Digital Twin’s debate. HS-BIM can be seen as a possible path that leads to creating digital twins for cultural heritage. The reflection inspired by this experience aims to revise the concept of Digital Twin as a parallel/external digital model in favour of an artificial evolution of the real system augmented by a “cognitive” apparatus. In this vision, thanks to AI application, future buildings will be able to sense “comfort and pain” and learning from their own life-cycle experience but also from that one of elder sentient-buildings thanks to transfer learning already applied in AI’s fields.
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Alfonso-Torreño, Alberto, Álvaro Gómez-Gutiérrez, and Susanne Schnabel. "Dynamics of Erosion and Deposition in a Partially Restored Valley-Bottom Gully." Land 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010062.
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Gullies are sources and reservoirs of sediments and perform as efficient transfers of runoff and sediments. In recent years, several techniques and technologies emerged to facilitate monitoring of gully dynamics at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. Here we present a detailed study of a valley-bottom gully in a Mediterranean rangeland with a savannah-like vegetation cover that was partially restored in 2017. Restoration activities included check dams (gabion weirs and fascines) and livestock exclosure by fencing. The specific objectives of this work were: (1) to analyze the effectiveness of the restoration activities, (2) to study erosion and deposition dynamics before and after the restoration activities using high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), (3) to examine the role of micro-morphology on the observed topographic changes, and (4) to compare the current and recent channel dynamics with previous studies conducted in the same study area through different methods and spatio-temporal scales, quantifying medium-term changes. Topographic changes were estimated using multi-temporal, high-resolution DEMs produced using structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry and aerial images acquired by a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The performance of the restoration activities was satisfactory to control gully erosion. Check dams were effective favoring sediment deposition and reducing lateral bank erosion. Livestock exclosure promoted the stabilization of bank headcuts. The implemented restoration measures increased notably sediment deposition.
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Gómez-Morón, María Auxiliadora, Rocío Ortiz, Francesco Colao, Roberta Fantoni, José Luis Gómez-Villa, Javier Becerra, and Pilar Ortiz. "Monitoring the Restoration of a Seventeenth-Century Wooden Artwork Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Digital Image Analysis." Applied Spectroscopy 75, no. 1 (October 6, 2020): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702820944505.
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The present paper is aimed at demonstrating the capabilities of digital image analysis (DIA) to support conservation of painted artwork. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) imaging has been usually used in the diagnosis of wall paintings. In this case, LIF is applied to the case study of a painted wooden canopy, and most successful data processing techniques are presented in the discussion of results. The Jesús del Gran Poder canopy, completed by Francisco Ruiz Gijón in 1692, is an oil panel painting on wood. Eight panels of the canopy have been study by LIF. This technique is capable of remotely acquiring hyperspectral images operating in fluorescence mode following ultraviolet laser excitation. LIF spectra combined with principal component analysis, spectral angle mapper, and DIA provide a chemical mapping of the treated wooden surface of the panels. Besides, LIF spectrum is as a fingerprint of the panels that allows stablishing differences between them. LIF imaging analysis has proven to be a very useful tool for mapping retouching work, tracking previous restorations, and detecting chemicals on the wood in order to monitor restorations.
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Saha, Sunita, Anna Duda-Maczuga, Athanasia Papanikolaou, and Robert Sitnik. "Approach for Identification of Geometry Change on Cultural Heritage Surface." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 18 (January 18, 2021): 64–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.18.3dia-064.
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Application of optical metrology techniques in the collection of surface data and its 3D representation can improve the digital documentation of the conservation and restoration process of artworks. The tracking of induced change after the restoration process on cultural heritage (CH) surfaces involves a computational analysis of surface geometry. In the analysis, the conservation scientists were interested to see what impact the fillings of some holes have on its nearby surrounding during the reconstruction. In theory, the loss compensation method for stone should allow conservators to make a filling that only exists in the place of the void, but it is highly unlikely to make a filling that will only adhere to the substrate at the void site and not protrude elsewhere. According to the conservator scientists, we proposed an approach of local geometry changes to identify and visualize changes and presented the outcome through a local neighborhood distance histogram. This analysis will give us overall surface change considering each surface point and its respective neighborhood points and what impact it faced due to the reconstruction process. The work is also focused on developing the representation of each type of loss compensation method to make it more objective according to a restorer’s point of view and simplify their work visibility.
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Weingarth, K., C. Heibl, F. Knauer, F. Zimmermann, L. Bufka, and M. Heurich. "First estimation of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) abundance and density using digital cameras and capture–recapture techniques in a German national park." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35, no. 2 (December 2012): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0197.
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Eurasian lynx are individually identifiable by their unique coat markings, making them ideal candidates for capture–recapture (CMR) surveys. We evaluated the use of digital photography to estimate Eurasian lynx population abundance and density within the Bavarian Forest National Park. From November 2008 to January 2009 we placed 24 camera trap sites, each with two cameras facing each other on well–used walking tracks). The units were placed based on a systematic grid of 2.7 km. We captured five independent and three juvenile lynx and calculated abundance estimates using Program Mark. We also compared density estimates based on the MMDM method (Mean Maximum Distance Moved) from telemetry data (½MMDMGPS) and from camera trapping data (½MMDMCAM). We estimated that in an effectively sampled area of 664 km2 the Eurasian lynx density was 0.9 individuals/100 km2 with ½MMDMCAM. The Eurasian lynx density calculated with ½MMDMGPS was 0.4 individuals/100 km2 in an effectively sampled area of 1,381 km2. Our results suggest that long–term photographic CMR sampling on a large scale may be a useful tool to monitor population trends of Eurasian lynx in accordance with the Fauna–Flora–Habitat Directive of the European Union.
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Fadli, Fodil, and Mahmoud AlSaeed. "Digitizing Vanishing Architectural Heritage; The Design and Development of Qatar Historic Buildings Information Modeling [Q-HBIM] Platform." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (April 29, 2019): 2501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092501.
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The documentation of vanishing architectural heritage includes intensive information and data gathering, filtering, classification and digitization. Enabling such an endeavor necessitates the act of documentation, which requires the cooperation of several professionals from different fields, extensive resources, precise organization, and robust structuring. Therefore, the design and development of an innovative digital platform to facilitate the interaction between users from different specialties is highly desirable to enable dynamic real-time preservation and protection of such invaluable heritage. The aim of this study is to investigate the existing Qatari built heritage, urban conservation methods and the principles of modern digitizing and archiving techniques to create a sustainable and interactive archiving platform—Qatar Historic Buildings Information Modeling (Q-HBIM) platform. This unique digital platform aims to respond to the needs of the society as well as the experts in the fields of urban heritage conservation and buildings restoration. A literature review was conducted on topics relating to Qatar urban heritage and the principles of three-dimensional digitization technology including an exploration of the aspects of sustainable urban preservation. Accordingly, site analysis (physical, photogrammetric and 3D scanning techniques were used), and in-depth interviews were adopted as the main data collection techniques. The findings of this study elucidate the principles of innovative architectural heritage digitization tools involving Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology and processes. It is anticipated that the present work will formulate an advanced and unique interactive archiving tool in the context of Qatar and GCC/MENA regions in the shape of the: Qatar Historic Building Information Modeling (Q-HBIM) platform.
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Adembri, B., L. Cipriani, and G. Bertacchi. "GUIDELINES FOR A DIGITAL REINTERPRETATION OF ARCHITECTURAL RESTORATION WORK: REALITY-BASED MODELS AND REVERSE MODELLING TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO THE ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION OF THE <i>TEATRO MARITTIMO, VILLA ADRIANA</i>." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W1 (May 16, 2017): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w1-599-2017.
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The Maritime Theatre is one of the iconic buildings of Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli. The state of conservation of the theatre is not only the result of weathering over time, but also due to restoration work carried out during the Fifties of the past century. Although this anastylosis process had the virtue of partially restoring a few of the fragments of the compound’s original image, it now reveals diverse inconsistencies and genuine errors in the reassembling of the fragments. This study aims at carrying out a digital reinterpretation of the restoration of the architectural fragments in relation to the architectural order, with particular reference to the miscellaneous decoration of the frieze of the <i>Teatro Marittimo</i> (vestibule and <i>atrium</i>). <br><br> Over the course of the last few years the <i>Teatro Marittimo</i> has been the target of numerous surveying campaigns using digital methodology (laser scanner and photogrammetry SfM/MVS). Starting with the study of the remains of the <i>opus caementicium</i> on the ground, it is possible to identify surfaces which are then used in the model for subsequent cross sections, so as to achieve the best fitting circumferences to use as reference points to put the fragments back into place.
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Romilio, Anthony, Jorg M. Hacker, Robert Zlot, George Poropat, Michael Bosse, and Steven W. Salisbury. "A multidisciplinary approach to digital mapping of dinosaurian tracksites in the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia." PeerJ 5 (March 21, 2017): e3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3013.
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The abundant dinosaurian tracksites of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia, form an important part of the West Kimberley National Heritage Place. Previous attempts to document these tracksites using traditional mapping techniques (e.g., surface overlays, transects and gridlines combined with conventional photography) have been hindered by the non-trivial challenges associated with working in this area, including, but not limited to: (1) the remoteness of many of the tracksites; (2) the occurrence of the majority of the tracksites in the intertidal zone; (3) the size and complexity of many of the tracksites, with some extending over several square kilometres. Using the historically significant and well-known dinosaurian tracksites at Minyirr (Gantheaume Point), we show how these issues can be overcome through the use of an integrated array of remote sensing tools. A combination of high-resolution aerial photography with both manned and unmanned aircraft, airborne and handheld high-resolution lidar imaging and handheld photography enabled the collection of large amounts of digital data from which 3D models of the tracksites at varying resolutions were constructed. The acquired data encompasses a very broad scale, from the sub-millimetre level that details individual tracks, to the multiple-kilometre level, which encompasses discontinuous tracksite exposures and large swathes of coastline. The former are useful for detailed ichnological work, while the latter are being employed to better understand the stratigraphic and temporal relationship between tracksites in a broader geological and palaeoecological context. These approaches and the data they can generate now provide a means through which digital conservation and temporal monitoring of the Dampier Peninsula’s dinosaurian tracksites can occur. As plans for the on-going management of the tracks in this area progress, analysis of the 3D data and 3D visualization will also likely provide an important means through which the broader public can experience these spectacular National Heritage listed landscapes.
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Cozzolino, Marilena, Andrea Di Meo, Vincenzo Gentile, Paolo Mauriello, and Enza Zullo. "Combined Use of 3D Metric Survey and GPR for the Diagnosis of the Trapezophoros with Two Griffins Attacking a Doe of Ascoli Satriano (Foggia, Italy)." Geosciences 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2020): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10080307.
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Protection and conservation are not feasible without a deeper knowledge of the cultural heritage of the subject of intervention. A careful analysis of documentation, a detailed visual inspection of surfaces, and a systematic diagnosis of the inner properties are the basis for planning preventive strategies of restoration. Digital noninvasive techniques represent an advantageous tool with useful outputs to estimate the state of health of cultural heritage in order to minimize the progress of degradation. This paper deals with a 3D metric survey through photogrammetry and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) tests applied to the study of the trapezophoros with two griffins attacking a doe of Ascoli Satriano, a masterpiece of ancient art that needs to be protected. This work provided information on both visible and hidden defects, such as numerous cracks that affect the sculpture.
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Mandelli, A., C. Achille, C. Tommasi, and F. Fassi. "INTEGRATION OF 3D MODELS AND DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSES THROUGH A CONSERVATION-ORIENTED INFORMATION SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 21, 2017): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-497-2017.
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In the recent years, mature technologies for producing high quality virtual 3D replicas of Cultural Heritage (CH) artefacts has grown thanks to the progress of Information Technologies (IT) tools. These methods are an efficient way to present digital models that can be used with several scopes: heritage managing, support to conservation, virtual restoration, reconstruction and colouring, art cataloguing and visual communication. The work presented is an emblematic case of study oriented to the preventive conservation through monitoring activities, using different acquisition methods and instruments. It was developed inside a project founded by Lombardy Region, Italy, called “Smart Culture”, which was aimed to realise a platform that gave the users the possibility to easily access to the CH artefacts, using as an example a very famous statue. The final product is a 3D reality-based model that contains a lot of information inside it, and that can be consulted through a common web browser. In the end, it was possible to define the general strategies oriented to the maintenance and the valorisation of CH artefacts, which, in this specific case, must consider the integration of different techniques and competencies, to obtain a complete, accurate and continuative monitoring of the statue.
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Stampouloglou, Maria, Olympia Toska, Sevi Tapinaki, Georgia Kontogianni, Margarita Skamantzari, and Andreas Georgopoulos. "Archaeological anastylosis of two Macedonian tombs in a 3D virtual environment." Virtual Archaeology Review 11, no. 22 (January 28, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.11877.
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<p class="VARAbstract">Archaeological restoration of monuments is a practice requiring extreme caution and thorough study. Archaeologists and conservation experts are very reluctant to proceed to restoration and indeed to reconstruction actions without detailed consultation and thought. Nowadays, anastylosis executed on the real object is practically prohibited. Contemporary technologies have provided archaeologists and other conservation experts with the tools to embark on virtual restorations or anastyloses, thus testing various alternatives without physical intervention on the monument itself. In this way, the values of the monuments are respected according to international conventions. In this paper, two such examples of virtual archaeological anastyloses of two important Macedonian tombs in northern Greece are presented. The anastyloses were performed on three-dimensional (3D) models which have been produced using modern digital 3D documentation techniques, such as image-based modelling and terrestrial laser scanning. The reader is introduced to the history and importance –as well as the peculiarities– of the Macedonian tombs. In addition, the two tombs are described in detail mainly from an archaeological point of view The process of field data acquisition and processing to produce the 3D models are described. Simple and more or less standard methods were employed in acquiring the raw data. Processing was carried out using commercial software. The resulting 3D models and other documentation products are assessed for their accuracy and completeness. The decisions for the virtual anastylosis are explained in detail and the actual process is also described. The restored monuments are presented and evaluated by the conservation experts. Thus, it is shown how important virtual anastylosis of monuments is to archaeological researchers, as it enables them to conduct in-depth studies, without actually tampering with the monuments themselves. Digital 3D models are contributing to many disciplines, especially in archaeology, as they enable a wider audience to easily access both archaeological and geometric information as well as offering a high degree of interaction possibilities.</p>
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Campanella, C., S. Alauria, and L. Amatori. "INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE ON A THREE-DIMENSIONAL BASIS: THE FOUNDATION OF THE CONSERVATION PROJECT AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS IN THE BIM AREA THE CASE OF THE PORTRAIT ROOM OF PALAZZO BOREA D'OLMO IN SANREMO." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 4, 2019): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-339-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This involved a sort of preventive diagnostics based on the historical knowledge of the building, on the construction techniques and on the compositional style, on the other hand on diagnostic imaging using photographic techniques developed from the early 1800s.<br />The preliminary cognitive approach, the stylistic identification, the classification of method, the historical reading, the critical analysis of the historical and compositional genesis of the building, the careful reading of the pathogenesis in progress, mark, from the mid-800 in then, the evolution of the concept of restoration that will take shape from time to time from what was "before" and only secondarily from what "is now". This perhaps unconscious diagnostic reading of the artifact (first artistic, then monumental and finally as a cultural testimony) has, in fact, involved generations of restorers painting the landscape of the restoration sometimes in different way, with results that well we know.<br />In fact, almost never the fathers of restoration (or anti-restoration) explicitly touch the issues of preventive diagnosis, but certainly base their theories and their "restoration" on the observation of the factory, on the knowledge of construction techniques and historical period of belonging.</p><p>The things begin to change starting from the first Charter of Restoration of 1883 with the enlargement of the diagnostic project (which finds paternity starting from the 1972 Italian Charter, which embraces many disciplines: from photography to relief, from chemistry to physics, from the historical reading to the knowledge of the materials, from the identification of the material pathogenesis to the reading of the static and structural framework of the buildings.<br />With the passing of time and the explosion of science and technology in the field of cultural heritage all aspects related to preliminary knowledge aimed at their conservation evolve exponentially especially with the advent of electronics. Starting from the 60s of the 1900s, equipment with great calculation capacity and small dimensions was born, a real springboard for the new techniques of surveying by means of a laser scanner, photographic socket and photogrammetric restitution.<br />Tools and techniques of restitution settle and even more solidly base the knowledge base linked to the project of conservation and enhancement of cultural heritage.</p><p>Base of support and extraction of selected data and / or dedicated to the project continuously interface with the disciplines of knowledge that are now more and more "forced" to the table of confrontation to reveal information hidden in the folds of time.<br />A recent work on an eighteenth-century Sanremese building it gives us information on the complexity of the construction of a process of knowledge articulated, composed of several activities to be correlated and integrated continuously, one in the other to try to give answers on evident problems of degradation never fully documented.</p><p>The study, performed in a rather limited time frame, focused on the Hall of family portraits seriously degraded by "accidents of various kinds". The work was based on the three-dimensional conception of the acquired data, allowing to investigate the hall as an articulated organism, supporting the technicians in the three-dimensional understanding of the asset, constituting a complete database of the actual state, becoming support of the results of the various surveys conducted for the knowledge of the asset.<br />In this cognitive path, the BIM method is understood as the possibility of constructing the "as built" model, complete not only of the dimensional graphic data of the asset, but also of those that contribute to the determination of the actual state. The graphic aspect of the model must be connected with historical, material, degradation, contextual information, with the results of any specialized investigations conducted.<br />Only then will the BIM model of a historic building be the complete database, the "medical record" of its state of health, complete with diagnosis, care, indications of maintenance that can be shared and questioned over time.</p>
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Verde, D. "VAULTED STRUCTURES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK OF POMPEII: 3D SURVEY AND MONITORING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-303-2020.
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Abstract. The contribution focuses on the relationship between preventive conservation and digital technologies, with particular attention to the Archaeological Park of Pompeii and its masonry vaults. These fragile macro-elements, both for their intrinsic condition of ruins and for their historical vulnerability to seismic stress, were detected through a careful 3D survey, in the context of the Great Pompeii Project (GPP). The analysis was carried out in 2015 with laser-scanning technology and photogrammetry, and was aimed at the knowledge, documentation and measurement of conditions of degradation or instability. On the basis of a deep knowledge, supported by in situ investigations, it was possible to define the most appropriate conservative interventions for vaulted structures. Also, the interpretation of the vulnerabilities and of the causes of degradations phenomena allowed focusing on the program phase, in order to maintain the benefits of restoration over time. Moreover, the contribution anticipates how these surveys will be integrated by a doctoral research with industrial characterization. This research is currently being conducted in close relationship with Tecno In – a leading company in the field of knowledge and diagnostics of cultural heritage – and its object is the experimentation of innovative techniques for diagnostics, preventive conservation and restoration of the vaulted structures of Pompeii. Therefore, in the comparison with the surveys realized in 2015 lies the opportunity of deepening the understanding and of monitoring the evolution of degradation conditions of the vaulted buildings under exam.
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Genytė, Inga. "DIGITIZING METHODS IN REGENERATION OF MASONRY CASTLES / SKAITMENINIMO METODAI MŪRINIŲ PILIŲ REGENERACIJOJE." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 5, no. 3 (October 21, 2013): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/534.
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In monitoring, preservation and regeneration of masonry architectural heritage modern digital technologies increase performance speed and quality. In rehabilitation of masonry castles an important role is played by the digital technologies, such as laser scanning, photogrammetry, photography, two-dimensional design (2D) and three-dimensional design (3D). Fairly accurate view of the future and perceived space, restored interior and exterior details is created with the help of some or all of these technologies. Formation of the restored castle’s vision is also influenced by its urban environment, preserved authentic material and even modern heritage conservation theory. This article provides an overview of digitization techniques and their variations based on approved foreign materials and practices used in the process of masonry castles regeneration. Santrauka Siekiant išsaugoti, stebint ir regeneruojant mūrinės architektūros paveldą šiuolaikinių skaitmeninių technologijų naudojimas padidina veiklos spartą ir kokybę. Atgaivinant mūrines pilis svarbų vaidmenį atlieka skaitmeninės technologijos: lazerinis skenavimas, fotogrametrija, fotografija, dvimatis projektavimas (2D), trimatis projektavimas (3D). Pasitelkus keletą ar visas šias technologijas gana tiksliai sukuriamas būsimas vaizdas ir suvokiama erdvė, atkuriamos interjerų bei eksterjerų detalės. Atkuriamai pilies vizijai suformuoti turi įtakos urbanistinė aplinka, išlikusi autentiška medžiaga, šiuolaikinė paveldosaugos teorija. Šiame straipsnyje apžvelgiami mūro pilių regeneracijos procese naudotini skaitmeninimo metodai bei jų variacijos remiantis užsienyje aprobuota medžiaga ir praktika.
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Argiolas, R., V. Bagnolo, S. Cera, and G. Sanna. "ANALYTICAL REPRESENTATION OF ARCHITECTURAL BUILT HERITAGE. A SKETCH-TO-BIM APPROACH." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-2/W1-2022 (February 25, 2022): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-2-w1-2022-33-2022.
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Abstract. HBIM methodology is increasingly used for the management of all aspects of architectural heritage, from survey and analysis to conservation, management and restoration issues.Application of HBIM are the so-called Scan-to-BIM processes in which the artifact is surveyed with digital techniques of laser scanning and photogrammetry. These techniques result in point clouds, the basis of the subsequent process of informative and geometric modelling of the artifact. The resulting "smart models" are composed of parametric objects rich in information that can be easily updated at any time.The proposed methodology aims at integrating a study of architectural orders, whose results become preparatory to the subsequent phases of survey and modeling, to the classic Scan-to-BIM workflows. In particular, in the modeling these results have allowed a more targeted choice of techniques used.The method has been applied to the atrium of the former Jesuit College of Santa Croce in Cagliari, which today hosts one of the seats of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of the University of Cagliari; in particular, the atrium of the east body of the former Jesuit College, designed by the Piedmontese architect Antonio Felice De Vincenti, has been modelled.
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Mongelli, Marialuisa, Giulia Chellini, Silvio Migliori, Antonio Perozziello, Samuele Pierattini, Marco Puccini, and Alessandro Cosma. "Comparison and integration of techniques for the study and valorisation of the Corsini Throne in Corsini Gallery in Roma." ACTA IMEKO 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v10i1.816.
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<p>In recent years, digital technologies for enhancement and use of cultural heritage items has grown considerably. Multimedia, virtual and augmented reality and 3D reconstructions make it possible to bring the general public closer to an understanding of something that no longer exists or that is from a distant time. But digital tools can serve more than educational purposes.</p><p>To date, digitisation has become above all an essential tool in most cultural heritage projects involving conservation, restoration, documentation and research.</p><p>This article shows a process that integrates photogrammetry and structured light scans to obtain a 3D reconstruction of the Corsini Throne, preserved at the Corsini Gallery in Rome for its exhibition using a web application combined with semantic representation of metadata following FAIR principles. The process began during the development of the WeACT3 Project (Acting Together – Technology for Art, Culture, Tourism and Territory) jointly signed by the CIVITA Association, and the National Barberini and Corsini Galleries, collaborating in a partnership of several national and international enterprises. Within EcoDigit project, financed by Lazio Region, an automated web tool prototype was developed by ENEA. It is able to display 3D models with correlated scientific information to assist research activities and knowledge sharing.</p>
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Puchooa, Daneshwar, Vishwakalyan Bhoyroo, and Vijayanthi Mala Sanmukhiya. "An assessment of plant growth regulators on asymbiotic development and germination of immature embryos of Beclardia Macrostachya (orchidaceae)." International Journal of Plant Biology 2, no. 1 (July 8, 2011): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/pb.2011.e8.
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<p><em>Beclardia macrostahya</em> is one of the rarest orchids in Mauritius. <em>In vitro</em> techniques are being used for mass propagating this orchid for subsequent restoration programs. Successful asymbiotic germination <em>of</em> <em>Beclardia macrostachya </em>was obtained through embryo rescue. Modified half MS media supplemented with 10% coconut milk was used as basal culture media and the effect of plant growth regulators at different concentrations on embryo development was assessed through qualitative and quantitative parameters. Diameter of embryos, length of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) and length of developing shoots were calculated using digital photography. Maximal growth was obtained in treatments without any plant growth regulators and 0.5mg/l N<sup>6</sup> Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP). Higher levels of Thiadurazon/TDZ (0.3mg/l) and BAP (1.0 mg/l) though they stimulated embryo development faster, yielded higher level of necrosis later. The results also suggest that plant growth regulator treatments that stimulate fastest embryo development from immature embryos/ovules need not be reliable for further development to PLB and plantlet regeneration.</p>
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Burnside, Niall G., Roger F. Smith, and Stephen Waite. "Recent historical land use change on the South Downs, United Kingdom." Environmental Conservation 30, no. 1 (March 2003): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000043.
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There is considerable interest in the fragmentation and loss of natural and semi-natural habitats, but few studies have examined the dynamics and mechanisms of change. A temporal analysis of landscape change on the South Downs in Sussex, UK, provides a clear description of the process of change over the 20 years 1971–1991. Transition probabilities were calculated from digital interpretations of an aerial photography time series of West Sussex. The analysis enabled quantitative comparison of landscape mosaics within different landscape ecoregions and under different management regimes to be made. Past changes in land use have produced a fragmented downland landscape. The key land conversion sequences identified show a substantial transition towards arable production, often at the expense of the internationally and nationally important unimproved grassland systems. A geographical information system facilitated greater understanding of the environmental and topographical characteristics of land converted to arable and other uses, and highlighted areas for protection and potential restoration. The patterns of land-use conversion observed in the study provide a landscape-scale planning tool for assessing the potential impact of agri-environmental policies, plans, and programmes in semi-natural grassland habitats.
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Karagianni, A. "TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING AND SATELLITE DATA IN CULTURAL HERITAGE BUILDING DOCUMENTATION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-1-2021 (August 28, 2021): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-1-2021-361-2021.
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Abstract. Technological advances in the field of information acquisition have led to the development of various techniques regarding building documentation. Among the proposed methods, acquisition of data without being in direct physical contact with the features under investigation could provide valuable information especially in the case of buildings or areas presenting a high cultural value. Satellite or ground-based remote sensing techniques could contribute to the protection, conservation and restoration of cultural heritage buildings, as well as in the interpretation and monitoring of their surrounding area. The increasing interest in the generation of 3D facade models for documentation of the built environment has made laser scanning a valuable tool for 3D data collection. Through the generation of dense 3D point clouds, digitization of building facades could be achieved, offering data that could be used for further processing. Satellite imagery could also contribute to this direction, extending the monitoring possibilities of the buildings’ surrounding area or even providing information regarding change detection in large-scale cultural landscapes. This paper presents the study of a mansion house built in the middle of the 18th century in northwestern Greece, using terrestrial laser scanning techniques for facade documentation, as well as satellite imagery for monitoring and interpretation purposes. The scanning process included multiple external scans of the main facade of the building which were registered using artificial targets in order to form a single colored 3D model. Further process resulted in a model that offers measurement possibilities valuable to future plans and designs for preservation and restoration. Digital processing of satellite imagery provided the extraction of additional enhanced data regarding the physiognomy of the surrounding area.
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Lerma, J. L., M. Cabrelles, T. S. Akasheh, and N. A. Haddad. "Documentation of Weathered Architectural Heritage with Visible, near Infrared, Thermal and Laser Scanning Data." International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era 1, no. 2 (June 2012): 251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2047-4970.1.2.251.
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Documentation of cultural heritage requires simple, quick and easy to use multi-sensor approaches to determine the state of conservation of monuments and sites. The documentation of a highly weathered architectural heritage such as the Obelisk Tomb is a good example to test the performance integrating multispectral imagery and laser scanning data. The Obelisk Tomb is the first important façade that a visitor sees while entering to the archaeological site of Petra in Jordan. The rich architectural formations carry Egyptian, Hellenistic and Nabataean influences. The damage that was inflicted on this unique monument led us to study it applying a number of modern digital techniques including 3D scanning, multispectral photography with visible and near infrared images, and thermography. All the multiband content is initially registered onto different multispectral bands. The multispectral information is enhanced and eventually draped onto the 3D laser scanning model in order to improve documentation and analysis of the state of conservation. Our results integrating the multispectral data, thermography and terrestrial laser scanning clearly enhance the power of diagnosis over the Obelisk Tomb with state-of-the-art optical equipment and image processing software. Furthermore, the capacity to examine, analyse and detect the existing damages is enhanced by the false colour processing of the input photographic data. Weathering effects are highlighted onto the 3D model and shed some light on the causes of the damages.
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Magrini, Donata, Susanna Bracci, Roberta Iannaccone, Lucia Nucci, and Barbara Salvadori. "Chemical Characterization of Pope Pius VII Ancient Ecclesiastical Vestment by a Multi-Analytical Approach." Heritage 4, no. 3 (August 6, 2021): 1616–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030090.
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This paper presents a multi-analytical investigation performed for the study of the ecclesiastical vestment, with insignia, of Pope Pius VII, painted from the end of the 18th up to the beginning of the 19th century, made of five clothing elements: chasuble, stole, maniple, chalice veil and purse. The aim of this research was to assess the conservation state of the silk and painted backgrounds; to define the manufacturing technique of the work; to localize, if present, the underdrawing and any retouching; to identify the pigments and, where possible, the binders used. A diagnostic protocol was developed based on preliminary investigations through multiband imaging techniques known as MBI (visible, ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence (UVL), near-infrared reflected (NIR) and infrared reflected false color (IRRFC) photography). The images acquired with MBI techniques ensured a more specific choice of spots to be analyzed directly in situ by non-invasive techniques. In particular, portable digital optical microscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were performed. Two fragments detached from the chasuble were also analyzed by microFT-IR, microRaman, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Application of the multi-analytical protocol enabled the materials used to be characterized and helped to define the peculiar execution technique used. The presence of an underdrawing made with a carbon pencil was highlighted by MBI. Red lakes, iron-based pigments and copper-based pigments have been identified on the painting palette, applied with arabic gum as a binder.
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Balletti, C., B. Bertellini, C. Gottardi, and F. Guerra. "GEOMATICS TECHNIQUES FOR THE ENHANCEMENT AND PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 4, 2019): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-133-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The deep knowledge of Cultural Heritage, with historical research and interpretative analysis of materials, is fundamental to know the state of conservation and to plan potential restoration interventions. In the last years, thanks to the fast and continuous technological development, the metrical survey had a significant increase in this particular field: in fact, 3D digital acquisition allows to study some aspects otherwise difficult to investigate in a detailed way.</p><p>In this research, we will explain the methodology used for the ceiling’s survey of the <i>Sala Capitolare</i> of the <i>Scuola Grande di San Rocco</i> in Venice, focusing on the support structure of Tintoretto’s paintings, anchored to a wooden system of Palladian trusses. The complexity of this Venetian architecture, its considerable dimension, the richness of decorations and the particular lighting conditions provided the opportunity of thinking about unconventional choices to apply from time to time and they required the integration of different methodologies: the laser scanning survey and the photogrammetric acquisition, together with a topographic network, allowed to obtain an adequate metric result for the study of the structure in its entirety. Furthermore, it was also decided to test image acquisition with a spherical camera for the documentation of the analysed architecture: this type of information, more related to a viewable aspect than to a metric one, can be presented together with traditional 2D representations to ensure a better enhancement of the achieved results.</p>
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Farina, Almo, Giuseppa Buscaino, Maria Ceraulo, and Nadia Pieretti. "The Soundscape Approach for the Assessment and Conservation of Mediterranean Landscapes: Principles and Case Studies." Journal of Landscape Ecology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2014-0007.
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Abstract The fine-grained mosaic of natural and human-modified patches that characterizes the Mediterranean region has created a multifaceted system that is difficult to investigate using traditional ecological techniques. In this context, sounds have been found to be the optimum model to provide indirect and timely information about the state of ecosystems. The sonic nature of the environment (the soundscape) represents an important component of the landscape, and the new discipline of soundscape ecology has recently been shown to have appropriate tools for investigating the complexity of the environment. In the last decade, technological advances in the acoustic field have led researchers to carry out wide-scale and long-term ecological research using new and efficient tools, such as digital low cost sound recorders, and autonomous software and metrics. Particularly in the Mediterranean region, where land transformation occurs at a very rapid rate, soundscape analysis may represent an efficient tool with which to:1) track transformations in the community balance, 2) indicate the most acoustically complex parts (bioacoustic hotspots) of the land mosaic, 3) prevent environmental degradation, and 4) decide whether protection or restoration actions are most appropriate. Conserving the quality of Mediterranean sounds means preserving the natural dynamics of its animal populations and also involves maintaining the cultural heritage, human identity, and the spiritual values of the area.