Journal articles on the topic 'Photograph collections – Classification'

Gazi Husrev-beg’s Library in Sarajevo, beside its rich stock of manuscripts, archival and museum collections, also houses a valuable collection of photographs within the photo archive’s stock, which is divided into the old and the new stock. The focus of this paper is on photographs from the photo archive’s old stock, taken at the time of the arrival of the Austro-Hungarian government, when the first professional photograph stores started up in this area. This paper aims at trying to determine whether the photographs from the photo archive’s old stock were signed by Anton Schadler, Walter Tausch, Ignatz Lederer, Ivica Lisac, Nusret Halačević and other foreign and domestic photographers who made a significant contribution to the development of photography in Bosnia and Herzegovina, or they were taken later in modest photograph stores. Moreover, based on the preserved lists of library materials and other archival materials stored in Gazi Husrev-beg’s Library in Sarajevo, the paper deals with the issue of forming the photo arhive’s stock and the ways to determine the processing, classification and systematization of photographs.

Рассмотрена проблема документальности на материале фотографического снимка неизвестной, датированного 1914 г. Предложен анализ события фотографирования, имевшего место в Сунтарском улусе Вилюйского округа, выполненного в историко-культурном контексте. В рамках комплексного подхода использованы визуально-антропологический анализ, опрос, интервью и др. методы. В ходе анализа контента фотоисточника мы опирались на классификацию, предложенную специалистом Музея антропологии и этнографии Российской академии наук Е. Б. Толмачевой. Реконструирована легенда фотографического снимка. Проведена идентификация фотографических портретов, установлены связи между реальностью и изображенным. Определена региональная специфика культурной ситуации в части мастера изготовления хомуса и мастера игры на нем. Введены в научный оборот полевые материалы автора: список известных хомусистов Вилюйского округа; обработаны данные семейных архивов, местных мифов и преданий локальных сообществ. Информантами в ходе исследования выступили старожилы села Тойбохой Сунтарского улуса: М. К. Уарова, Т. Ф. Пермякова, сотрудники Тойбохойского историко-краеведческого комплекса А. В. Евсеев, М. И. Васильева и др., а также материалы Национального архива Республики Саха (Якутия), запасников Музея хомуса народов мира (Якутск). Частично прослежена динамика становления и локализации исполнительской традиции игры на хомусе, сегодня признаваемой в качестве канонической для якутской культуры в целом. Одновременно с этим отмечен параллельный процесс утраты стилей. Реконструированы обстоятельства события фотографирования, рассмотрены связи: реальность – изображенное – видимое. Определена личность девушки на снимке 1914 г. и историко-культурная ценность указанной фотографии. The problem of documenting on the material of a photograph of an unknown woman dated 1914 is considered. An analysis of the photographing event that took place in Suntarsky Region of the Vilyui District, made in the historical and cultural context, is proposed. As part of an integrated approach, visual anthropological analysis, a survey, interviews and other methods were used. When analyzing the content of the photo source, we relied on the classification proposed by E. B. Tolmacheva: the photographs of museum collections are divided into three groups: scientific ethnographic photography; scientific photography of the humanities; photo with an ethnographic plot. The legend of a photograph was reconstructed. Identification of photographic portraits, links between reality and the image are established. The regional specificity of the cultural situation has been determined in part: the masters of making khomus and the masters of playing it. The author’s field materials were introduced into scientific circulation: a list of famous khomus players of Suntar area; family archives data, local myths and traditions of local communities were processed. The informants and assistants in organizing the study were old-timers of the village of Toybokhoy of Suntarsky Region M.K. Uarov, T.F. Permyakova, A.V. Evseev, M.I. Vasilieva and others. The materials of the National Archives of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), G. E. Bessonov Toybokhoy historical and local lore complex, storerooms of the Museum of the Trump of the World’s Peoples (Yakutsk) were studied. We partially traced the dynamics of the formation and localization of the performing tradition of playing the khomus, recognized as canonical for the Yakut culture as a whole; moreover, we marked the process of losing styles. The historical and cultural value of a photograph is determined.

Institutional archives have always provided a sense of history and unity for most universities. This is especially emphasized for the Kansas State University at Salina photographic collection. The school has gone through four different name changes in the last fifty years and the library has amassed an overwhelming assortment of photographs documenting various events on campus, from groundbreaking ceremonies to student social occasions. With an estimated total of over 11,000 unlabeled photographs, the K-State at Salinalibrarians have worked hard to begin the process of providing the university community with a useful resource for historical research in the future.

Created by Aby Warburg as a tool for his research and as a counterpart to his collection of books, the Bildersammlung (image collection) acquired its first subject-based system in the late 1920s. This system was structured according to four binomial theme-motif pairings of key concepts. In January 1933, following the Warburg’s move to London, the books and the image collection were organised according to an iconographic classification system that still makes it unique. While the importance of photographs in the research process was part of the cultural inheritance transferred to the UK, the question of the Warburg Institute Photographic Collection, as a corpus, has received little attention. The original, subsequently disregarded plan for the Bildersammlung, together with other documents, may shed some light on this question.

Abstract Radiation dermatitis is one of the most common acute toxicities of both radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. Many clinical trials have evaluated the level of toxicity using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events ver. 4.03. This criterion accounts for severity in a single sentence only, and no visual classification guide has been available. Thus, there is a risk of subjective interpretation by the individual investigator. This contrasts with the situation with hematologic toxicities, which can be interpreted objectively. The aim of this prospective picture collection study was to develop a grading tool for use in establishing the severity of radiation dermatitis in clinical trials. A total of 118 patients who were scheduled to receive definitive or postoperative radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy were enrolled from the four participating cancer centers. All researchers in our group used the same model of camera under the same shooting conditions to maintain consistent photographic quality. In all, 1600 photographs were collected. Of these, 100 photographs qualified for the first round of selection and were then graded by six experts, basically in accordance with the CTCAE ver. 4.03 (JCOG ver. in Japanese). After further study, 38 photographs were selected as representing typical models for Grade 1–4 radiation dermatitis; the radiation dermatitis grading atlas was produced from these photographs. The atlas will play a major role in ensuring that the dermatitis rating system is consistent between the institutions participating in trials. We hope that this will contribute to improving the quality of clinical trials, and also to improving the level of routine clinical practice.

Background With a rapidly evolving tobacco retail environment, it is increasingly necessary to understand the point-of-sale (POS) advertising environment as part of tobacco surveillance and control. Advances in machine learning and image processing suggest the ability for more efficient and nuanced data capture than previously available. Objective The study aims to use machine learning algorithms to discover the presence of tobacco advertising in photographs of tobacco POS advertising and their location in the photograph. Methods We first collected images of the interiors of tobacco retailers in West Virginia and the District of Columbia during 2016 and 2018. The clearest photographs were selected and used to create a training and test data set. We then used a pretrained image classification network model, Inception V3, to discover the presence of tobacco logos and a unified object detection system, You Only Look Once V3, to identify logo locations. Results Our model was successful in identifying the presence of advertising within images, with a classification accuracy of over 75% for 8 of the 42 brands. Discovering the location of logos within a given photograph was more challenging because of the relatively small training data set, resulting in a mean average precision score of 0.72 and an intersection over union score of 0.62. Conclusions Our research provides preliminary evidence for a novel methodological approach that tobacco researchers and other public health practitioners can apply in the collection and processing of data for tobacco or other POS surveillance efforts. The resulting surveillance information can inform policy adoption, implementation, and enforcement. Limitations notwithstanding, our analysis shows the promise of using machine learning as part of a suite of tools to understand the tobacco retail environment, make policy recommendations, and design public health interventions at the municipal or other jurisdictional scale.

Classifications of the genus Triticum L. differ in approaches to the number and content of both intrageneric and infraspecific taxa. According to the «GrainTax» System, an on‑line source of information on the taxonomy of wheat, there are currently 7 main classifications of the genus Triticum L. These include a classification developed at the Department of Wheat Genetic Resources of VIR, which is referred to as the “Classification of Triticum by Dorofeev et al.” This is the world’s first standardized system that contains all known infraspecific taxa of wild and cultivated wheat species. A detailed classification makes it possible to identify a wide variety of forms when working with the genus Triticum L. and its individual species, which is especially important for collections preserved in genetic seed banks. In accordance with this system, durum wheat (T. durum Desf.) is regarded as a species that includes two subspecies, 131 botanical varieties and 42 forms united into six groups and three subgroups of varieties. The basis of the infraspecific system is made up of botanical varieties with a definite complex of morphological traits of the spike and kernel. The present work contains descriptions of each botanical variety and photographs of most of them.

Newspapers contain a wealth of historical information in the form of articles and illustrations. Libraries and cultural heritage institutions have been digitizing their collections for decades to enable web-based access to and retrieval of information. A number of challenges arise when dealing with digitized collections, such as those of KBR, the Royal Library of Brussels (used in this study), which contain only page-level metadata, making it difficult to extract information from specific contexts. A context-aware search relies heavily on metadata enhancement. Therefore, when using metadata at the page level, it is even more challenging to geolocalize less-known landmarks. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a pipeline for geolocalization and visualization of historical photographs. The first step of this pipeline consists of converting page-level metadata to article-level metadata. In the next step, all articles with building images were classified based on image classification algorithms. Moreover, to correctly geolocalize historical photographs, we propose a hybrid approach that uses both textual metadata and image features. We conclude this research paper by addressing the challenge of visualizing historical content in a way that adds value to humanities research. It is noteworthy that a number of historical urban scenes are visualized using rephotography, which is notoriously challenging to get right. This study serves as an important step towards enriching historical metadata and facilitating cross-collection linkages, geolocalization, and the visualization of historical newspaper images. Furthermore, the proposed methodology is generic and can be used to process untagged photographs from social media, including Flickr and Instagram.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence and characteristics of dental modifications in pre-Columbian populations from three archaeological sites in the Costa Rican territory (Nacascolo, Jícaro and La Cascabel) in order to describe them according to previous classification. Specimens were obtained from the collections of the National Museum of Costa Rica. All specimens were macroscopically analyzed and the pieces were classified. Photographic records were taken to each piece and a full description was done. Sixty one pieces with dental modifications were found. The types of dental modifications found were classified as A1, C2/C6, A2, C2, C1, E1 and A3 in order of prevalence. In conclusion, dental modifications were found in most of specimens. Particularly, C2/C6 modification was not reported by previous classifications.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence and characteristics of dental modifications in pre-Columbian populations from three archaeological sites in the Costa Rican territory (Nacascolo, Jícaro and La Cascabel) in order to describe them according to previous classification. Specimens were obtained from the collections of the National Museum of Costa Rica. All specimens were macroscopically analyzed and the pieces were classified. Photographic records were taken to each piece and a full description was done. Sixty one pieces with dental modifications were found. The types of dental modifications found were classified as A1, C2/C6, A2, C2, C1, E1 and A3 in order of prevalence. In conclusion, dental modifications were found in most of specimens. Particularly, C2/C6 modification was not reported by previous classifications.

AbstractQuantitative sampling of benthic communities is central to a wide range of ecological research, from understanding spatial distribution and ecology to impact studies. With the need to sample deep as well as shallow regions, limited sampling capabilities of diver-based methods and the expanding footprint of human activity, there is a need for an effective system capable of classifying benthic assemblages and able to monitor potential anthropogenic impacts. Here we describe a remote system capable of collecting benthic photo-quadrats to depths of 100 m. A procedure for the classification of these images into 64 abiotic and biotic categories is also described. During a 64-day sampling program that included sampling at seven locations along 1,200 km of coastline that resulted in the collection of over 9,000 images, only one day of sampling was lost due to equipment malfunction, with 99.5% of points able to be classified to the taxonomic resolution required, demonstrating the reliability and accuracy of this system. Furthermore, the incorporation of differential GPS and ultra-short baseline positioning system allowed collected images to be geo-referenced to within 0.5 m. Such precision allows the system to be used in conjunction with hydroacoustic habitat mapping techniques and potentially for repeated monitoring of areas with a small spatial extent. Development of this system provides a cost-effective means of quantifying benthic assemblages over broad scales.

Abstract. This paper uses UAV low-altitude aerial photography technology, equipped with orthophoto camera, tilt camera and LiDAR camera, to obtain and process high-precision evaluation data, which is used to evaluate the correctness of land cover classification. Through the design of aerial photography scheme and data collection and processing, the rapidly acquired digital orthophoto, oblique 3D model data and laser LiDAR form a complete set of technical processes, which can relatively accurately and objectively monitor the quality of surface data for the existing geographical conditions. situation is assessed. The main purpose of this study is to further enrich the technical means of quality inspection of surveying and mapping products, to improve the technical level of quality inspection and acceptance of geographic condition monitoring data, and to improve the accuracy and reliability of data quality evaluation.

Monitoring intertidal habitats, such as oyster reefs, salt marshes, and mudflats, is logistically challenging and often cost- and time-intensive. Remote sensing platforms, such as unoccupied aircraft systems (UASs), present an alternative to traditional approaches that can quickly and inexpensively monitor coastal areas. Despite the advantages offered by remote sensing systems, challenges remain concerning the best practices to collect imagery to study these ecosystems. One such challenge is the range of spatial resolutions for imagery that is best suited for intertidal habitat monitoring. Very fine imagery requires more collection and processing times. However, coarser imagery may not capture the fine-scale patterns necessary to understand relevant ecological processes. This study took UAS imagery captured along the Gulf of Mexico coastline in Florida, USA, and resampled the derived orthomosaic and digital surface model to resolutions ranging from 3 to 31 cm, which correspond to the spatial resolutions achievable by other means (e.g., aerial photography and certain commercial satellites). A geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) workflow was then applied to datasets at each resolution to classify mudflats, salt marshes, oyster reefs, and water. The GEOBIA process was conducted within R, making the workflow open-source. Classification accuracies were largely consistent across the resolutions, with overall accuracies ranging from 78% to 82%. The results indicate that for habitat mapping applications, very fine resolutions may not provide information that increases the discriminative power of the classification algorithm. Multiscale classifications were also conducted and produced higher accuracies than single-scale workflows, as well as a measure of uncertainty between classifications.

Chamaecrista, one of the largest genera of Leguminosae with 364 species, had its infrageneric classification recently redefined based on phylogenetic studies, and is now divided into four sections and three subsections. The section Absus, which now includes the section Grimaldia, was subdivided into three subsections: Viscosa, Zygophyllum and Absus, the latter being revised here due to several taxonomic and nomenclatural adjustments that are necessary. Such review resulted from study of specific literature, analysis of ca. 2000 collections of herbariums, including all type collections and expeditions to collect and observe specimens in field. We recognized 18 species to subsection Absus, a new one combination (Chamaecrista major), nine synonymizations and two lectotypifications. The review contains a morphology study of the section and species, an identification key to species, descriptions, illustrations, photographs, maps, updated nomenclature, conservation status, phenology for all species.

In addition to Dutch academic and museum libraries, a number of art libraries and relevant document and information centres are attached to government and other institutions. These include the Netherlands Institute for Art History at The Hague (the parent institution of DIAL, an iconographical classification of Dutch art); the Stichting MARDOC at Rotterdam, which is evolving thesauri to facilitate automated access to museum collections; and the Netherlands Office for Fine Art, responsible for coordinating and promoting Dutch art collections. Other institutions are concerned with contemporary Dutch art, photography, architecture, the role of art in society, art education, and museology. Some of these, with some other institutions, are linked by the network Culturele Pool (CUPO) which coordinates and indexes current literature on the art in the broadest sense.

Abstract Spatial data have become very important phenomena within the last decade in Europe due to a strong support from the political spectrum with regard to related legislation and resulting in financial support to several research, educational, and enlargement projects. INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community) Directive indeed defines the principles for the harmonization of spatial data infrastructure in the European community, including Land Use and Land Cover data themes. INSPIRE defines a methodology on how to transform datasets to common data models, but it does not cover the process of data collection and update, because it is out of its scope. Evaluation of the Land Use dataset derived from remote sensing products complemented by fieldworks has been realized since 2006 by Eurostat within the LUCAS (Land Use and Cover Area frame Survey) project. The work presented in this paper follows the LUCAS fieldwork methodology, which was applied during the fieldwork in July 2014 in the City of Zagreb (Croatia), to use at the local (municipal) geoportal level. The surveying groups collected point features with the following data type attributes: Land Use codes defined by HILUCS (Hierarchical INSPIRE Land Use Classification System) and optional Land Cover codes defined by LUCAS classification. In addition, photographs representing the observed areas were collected by cameras embedded in the mobile GIS platforms. An update of original topological layer was performed and Web GIS components for sharing the newly developed datasets were implemented. The results presented provide a suitable proposal for fieldworks methodology and updates of a land use database in line with the INSPIRE directive applicable at a local spatial data infrastructure level.

Abstract Wildfire poses a serious risk in several regions of the world threatening urban, agricultural areas and natural ecosystems as well. Nature conservation has important role to be prepared for the management of postfire environmental degradation and restoration for protected areas preserving valuable ecosystems. The improving temporal and spatial resolution of remote sensing and GIS methods significantly contributes to map the changes for accelerating management steps of restoration. In this study a severe wildfire and its impacts were assessed in case of a protected area of the Kiskunság National Park in Hungary, which was partly burnt down in 2012. The aim of this research was to efficiently and accurately assess the damages and to plan and execute the restoration works using remote sensing tools. Aerial data collection was performed one month, and one year after the fire. In 2014 the regenerated vegetation was surveyed and mapped in the field. Using the aerial photographs and the field data, the degree and extent of the fire damages, the types and the state of the vegetation and the presence and proportion of the invasive species were determined. Semi-automatic methods were used for the classification of completely, partially damaged and undamaged areas. Based on the results, the reforestation of the burnt area is suggested to prevent the overspreading of white poplar against common junipers and to clean the area from the most frequent invasive species. To monitor the regeneration of the vegetation and the spreading of the invasive species, further aerial photography and field campaigns are planned.

This research was established to assess the campus guidance system design of Southwest Minzu University. Using the classification method of guidance systems, this campus outdoor was divided into three levels of systems: general guidance signs, area guidance signs, and induced guidance signs. Then after. it was divided into pedestrian guidance systems and vehicle guidance systems from different users and uses the methods of fixed-point photography and field research for data collection and analysis. Through realistic logical classification and scientific research, a standardized and systematic logic of the campus outdoor guidance system was formed. Finally, the form, color, and pattern of the system were designed according to the characteristics of SWMU. The combination of rigorous logic and characteristics is a design approach that can be used as a model for other university campuses

Weed emergence models have the potential to be important tools for automating weed control actions; however, producing the necessary data (e.g., seedling counts) is time consuming and tedious. If similar weed emergence models could be created by deriving emergence data from images rather than physical counts, the amount of generated data could be increased to create more robust models. In this research, repeat RGB images taken throughout the emergence period of Raphanus raphanistrum L. and Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby underwent pixel-based spectral classification. Relative cumulative pixels generated by the weed of interest over time were used to model emergence patterns. The models that were derived from cumulative pixel data were validated with the relative emergence of true seedling counts. The cumulative pixel model for R. raphanistrum and S. obtusifolia accounted for 92% of the variation in relative emergence of true counts. The results demonstrate that a simple image analysis approach based on time-dependent changes in weed cover can be used to generate weed emergence predictive models equivalent to those produced based on seedling counts. This process will help researchers working on weed emergence models, providing a new low-cost and technologically simple tool for data collection.

Wood macroscopic and microscopic features of 5 species from Quintana Roo are given: Drypetes lateriflora (Euphorbiaceae ), Exothea diphylla (Sapindaceae ), Myrcianthes fragrans var. fragrans (Myrtaceae ), Diospyros nicarf!guensis (Ebenaceae) and Thevetia gaumeri (Apocynaceae). One tree from each species was collected; for the macroscopic study, wood samples of 15 X 7 X 1 cm of size were obtained and for the microscopic one wood samples of 2 X 2 cm from which permanent slides and slash material were prepared. Measurable elements were submitted to a statistical analysis considering the media value for the classification including minima and maxima values in the description of each specie. A map pointing the collection place, a square and photographs of microscopic features of the species are given.

The identification of Auricularia species has previously relied on the examination of macroscopic features of mushroom samples collected in Thailand. These features may vary with age, light exposure, moisture and other factors, making such identification prone to error. This study uses morphological characteristics and molecular data to improve upon previous classifications of Auricularia species. Fruiting bodies collected during recent field excursions and previous collections from herbaria were examined and sequenced for two loci, viz. ITS and rpb2. Auricularia asiatica is described as a new species based on both morphological characteristics and molecular data, and is introduced with a full description, illustrations and colour photographs. Auricularia cornea and A. villosula are described as new records from Thailand. A combined ITS and rpb2 phylogenetic tree is provided, showing the placement of five Auricularia species found in Thailand.

The basic identification and classification of sedimentary rocks into sandstone and mudstone are important in the study of sedimentology and they are executed by a sedimentologist. However, such manual activity involves countless hours of observation and data collection prior to any interpretation. When such activity is conducted in the field as part of an outcrop study, the sedimentologist is likely to be exposed to challenging conditions such as the weather and their accessibility to the outcrops. This study uses high-resolution photographs which are acquired from a sedimentological study to test an alternative basic multi-rock identification through machine learning. While existing studies have effectively applied deep learning techniques to classify the rock types in field rock images, their approaches only handle a single rock-type classification per image. One study applied deep learning techniques to classify multi-rock types in each image; however, the test was performed on artificially overlaid images of different rock types in a test sample and not of naturally occurring rock surfaces of multiple rock types. To the best of our knowledge, no study has applied semantic segmentation to solve the multi-rock classification problem using digital photographs of multiple rock types. This paper presents the application of two state-of-the-art segmentation models, namely U-Net and LinkNet, to identify multiple rock types in digital photographs by segmenting the sandstone, mudstone, and background classes in a self-collected dataset of 102 images from a field in Brunei Darussalam. Four pre-trained networks, including Resnet34, Inceptionv3, VGG16, and Efficientnetb7 were used as a backbone for both models, and the performances of the individual models and their ensembles were compared. We also investigated the impact of image enhancement and different color representations on the performances of these segmentation models. The experiment results of this study show that among the individual models, LinkNet with Efficientnetb7 as a backbone had the best performance with a mean over intersection (MIoU) value of 0.8135 for all of the classes. While the ensemble of U-Net models (with all four backbones) performed slightly better than the LinkNet with Efficientnetb7 did with an MIoU of 0.8201. When different color representations and image enhancements were explored, the best performance (MIoU = 0.8178) was noticed for the L*a*b* color representation with Efficientnetb7 using U-Net segmentation. For the individual classes of interest (sandstone and mudstone), U-Net with Efficientnetb7 was found to be the best model for the segmentation. Thus, this study presents the potential of semantic segmentation in automating the reservoir characterization process whereby we can extract the patches of interest from the rocks for much deeper study and modeling to be conducted.

In this study, we propose a technique for diagnosing both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in a quick, noninvasive way by using equipment that is easy to transport. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that affects public health globally. Although diabetes mellitus can be accurately diagnosed using conventional methods, these methods require the collection of data in a clinical setting and are unlikely to be feasible in areas with few medical resources. This technique combines an analysis of fundus photography of the physical and physiological features of the patient, namely, the tongue and the pulse, which are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. A random forest algorithm was used to analyze the data, and the accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores for the correct classification of diabetes were 0.85, 0.89, 0.67, and 0.76, respectively. The proposed technique for diabetes diagnosis offers a new approach to the diagnosis of diabetes, in that it may be convenient in regions that lack medical resources, where the early detection of diabetes is difficult to achieve.

It is possible to assess the damage to artworks by measuring different physical and chemical parameters. One of the most important parameters is colour difference, which is a consequence of chemical changes in the material. CIE 157:2004 ‘Control of Damage to Museum Objects by Optical Radiation’ classifies museum collections into four groups, according to different levels of light fastness. However, these classes were developed from research using traditional light sources. Even though LED technology is becoming more popular, there is no advanced evaluation of colour fading or a colour change test for contemporary artworks. This study established that the CIE 157:2004 method, based on threshold effective radiant exposure, can be applied to an actual ageing test of ultraviolet-blocked light sources including two types of white LEDs and one traditional halogen lamp. The results also present a colour fading model that can be used in museum LED lighting to predict the colour difference in contemporary photographic materials for short- and long-term exhibition. This study also provides a revised light dosage classification of modern photographic materials for museums. Moreover, the verification studies can be used as a conceptual reference for assessing the damage potential of other art materials under the tunable multi-LED system of the future.

Nowadays digital replicas of artefacts belonging to the Cultural Heritage (CH) are one of the most promising innovations for museums exhibitions, since they foster new forms of interaction with collections, at different scales. However, practical digitization is still a complex task dedicated to specialized operators. Due to these premises, this paper introduces a novel approach to support non-experts working in museums with robust, easy-to-use workflows based on low-cost widespread devices, aimed at the study, classification, preservation, communication and restoration of CH artefacts. The proposed methodology introduces an automated combination of acquisition, based on mobile equipment and visualization, based on Real-Time Rendering. After the description of devices used along the workflow, the paper focuses on image pre-processing and geometry processing techniques adopted to generate accurate 3D models from photographs. Assessment criteria for the developed process evaluation are illustrated. Tests of the methodology on some effective museum case studies are presented and discussed.

Abstract. Iconographic image collections are a cultural heritage that could reach a larger audience by proposing their immersive presentation in a 3D web application. Proposing a historical street view application, based on these historical images, raises issues such as the unavailability of historical 3D models of the scene and the heterogeneity and sparsity of these photographs. We propose to use the 3D city and terrain models of the current scene, as well as a 3D point cloud if available, to simultaneously reproject and blend many historical images using an image-based rendering approach. Our contributions raise significantly the number of projective textures blended per rendering pass (typically from 8 to 40) on triangular meshes (of the 3D city and terrain models) and on point clouds. As a first step to tackle diachrony artifacts, we also propose a simple point cloud classification to filter in the shader the points corresponding to building or terrain details from the points corresponding to transient objects.

Abstract. The sex ratio is the proportion of male to female trees, which has a substantial impact on reproductive success and conservation status. Appropriate sex-related differences in dioecious trees commonly result in leading to a robustly structured population. Fieldwork for sex discrimination is time-consuming and labor-required. Benefiting from the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and SfM techniques, the present study aims to detect male and female Caspian poplar (Populus caspica) trees. In March 2021, a heterogeneous forest in Noor city located in Mazandaran province was photographed, then 3D point clouds were extracted from the images using structure from motion algorithm (SfM) to generate an orthomosaic and a point cloud. The field survey was carried out to record the species, sex, and position of the overstory trees which were identifiable on the orthomosaics. A random forest classification algorithm was applied using R software to classify the trees into male and female. By assessing the producer's accuracy, user's accuracy, and overall accuracy, the classification accuracy for identified trees was computed using 10-fold cross-validation. The results showed an accuracy of 83% for identifying Caspian poplar trees and 52% accuracy for Sex discrimination. Overall, our effort to evaluate sex discrimination of dioecious trees using UAV imagery represents a promising preliminary step in forest data collection.

The taxonomy and phylogeny of Hydropus subalpinus and Leucoinocybe lenta were investigated on the basis of morphological features and multi-gene molecular analysis (nrITS, nrLSU, tef-1α data sets) in order to elucidate the taxonomic status of these two rare species, and delineate a natural classification within the family Porotheleaceae. The results reinforced the conclusion that Hydropus and Leucoinocybe represent independent genera separate from Clitocybula, Gerronema , Lignomphalia, Megacollybia, Porotheleum and Trogia. The genus Leucoinocybe in the analysis proves to be a monophyletic group, while the genus Hydropus is polyphyletic. In addition, this is the first report of Leucoinocybe lenta growing in forests of the relict endemic Liquidambar orientalis and Fagus orientalis is recorded as a new host for Hydropus subalpinus. The study describes Hydropus subalpinus and Leucoinocybe lenta as new records and Hydropus and Leucoinocybe as new genera records for Turkish mycobiota. Detailed description of the morphological characters, line drawings of salient micromorphological features and color photographs of these species are provided, and comparisons with phenetically similar and phylogenetically related species are presented. This survey provides hopefully useful information for future studies on the phylogeny and diversity of Hydropus and Leucoinocybe, and reveals the need for more molecular studies on collections of the Hydropoid clade.

Abstract In this article, I focus on digital scientific archives which are made up of the leftovers of science, such as drafts, obsolete instruments, photographs, documentation, etc. The artifacts exhibited in such collections were neither meant to be representations, nor objects of gaze, but means used to achieve scientific results. As they lose functionality, they acquire aesthetic and historical value and emerge as clues, traces of past scientific practices and institutional histories. Therefore, the ways in which institutions situate these objects within the archive, the vocabularies and metadata they use, bear testimony on the manner they present and depict their past. How do the digital archives of the scientific institutions represent their histories? To address this question, I analyse the subject metadata of twenty-five institutional archives, turning them into objects of distant reading. Quantitative methods offer a way to discern the discursive frameworks that scientific institutions tend to adopt: Do they frame their collections as cultural heritage? represent them as corporate histories? emphasise technical specifications? scientific value? big names? A closer look at the metadata sets reveals that, in fact, these very different perspectives intermingle and clash with each other within the archive structures: the logic of heritage is juxtaposed with scientific classifications, institutional categories stand side by side with natural objects, and minority histories with celebrity narratives. Discussing this interplay of discourses, the article frames the digital archive of science as a specific mode of historical representation, which gives rise to a new (and still political) order of things.

We present a microhistological key for identification of plant fragments consumed and partially digested by free-roaming, forest cervids based on collection of 92 plant species representing forage availability of the Western Carpathian forests. The key represents a determination tool to facilitate microhistological analyses of faecal and ruminal material. We summarized, integrated, and developed current knowledge on microstructures of plants consumed by Cervidae using specific diagnostic features of plant fragments including type, shape, orientation, and arrangement of cells and stomata, type of venation, presence, and type of trichomes and crystalline inclusions. Since most plant species of the same taxa show common patterns in morphology of the different epidermal traits, we categorized collected material into seven functional botanical groups, i.e., grasses and sedges, herbs and leaves of broadleaved trees, needles, ferns and mosses, seeds and fruits, and genera Rubus, Rosa, Vaccinium. The key is consistent with classifications used in the majority of studies on diet of wild cervids and is supported with photographs of the main diagnostics features. The key has the potential to decrease amount of time needed for processing of the reference material, and to improve consistency between users studying feeding behaviour of forest cervids in central Europe.

An abnormal growth of cells in the brain, often known as a brain tumor, has the potential to develop into cancer. Carcinogenesis of glial cells in the brain and spinal cord is the root cause of gliomas, which are the most prevalent type of primary brain tumor. After receiving a diagnosis of glioblastoma, it is anticipated that the average patient will have a survival time of less than 14 months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-known non-invasive imaging technology that can detect brain tumors and gives a variety of tissue contrasts in each imaging modality. Until recently, only neuroradiologists were capable of performing the tedious and time-consuming task of manually segmenting and analyzing structural MRI scans of brain tumors. This was because neuroradiologists have specialized training in this area. The development of comprehensive and automatic segmentation methods for brain tumors will have a significant impact on both the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors. It is now possible to recognize tumors in photographs because of developments in computer-aided design (CAD), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) approaches. The purpose of this study is to develop, through the application of MRI data, an automated model for the detection and classification of brain tumors based on deep learning (DLBTDC-MRI). Using the DLBTDC-MRI method, brain tumors can be detected and characterized at various stages of their progression. Preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification are all included in the DLBTDC-MRI methodology that is supplied. The use of adaptive fuzzy filtering, often known as AFF, as a preprocessing technique for photos, results in less noise and higher-quality MRI scans. A method referred to as “chicken swarm optimization” (CSO) was used to segment MRI images. This method utilizes Tsallis entropy-based image segmentation to locate parts of the brain that have been injured. In addition to this, a Residual Network (ResNet) that combines handcrafted features with deep features was used to produce a meaningful collection of feature vectors. A classifier developed by combining DLBTDC-MRI and CSO can finally be used to diagnose brain tumors. To assess the enhanced performance of brain tumor categorization, a large number of simulations were run on the BRATS 2015 dataset. It would appear, based on the findings of these trials, that the DLBTDC-MRI method is superior to other contemporary procedures in many respects.

The author analyzes the special type of imagery, that is kaleidoscopic image, and investigates its evolution in photography, video and multimedia from the first vortograph (photo, taken through the prism of the mirrored glasses in 1917 by Alvin Langdon Coburn) until nowdays. The author combines empirical methods with the theoretical analysis. For the first time in the humanitarian historiography a huge package of kaleidoscopic photos, video and multimedia images was collected and systematized. The collection includes works of several dozens artists, some of them interviewed by the author of the research. As a result the author proposes the classification based on the subject regimentation: the entire aggregation of the assembled materials is divided into three main groups - the human body, the nature objects, the architecture. The images in each group are analyzed with respect to their structural features, composition and semantics, creation technology. Two structural features were singled out as unifying for all three groups: ambivalent character of the kaleidoscopic image as a symmetrically organized chaos, as well as a trend to transform a realistic recognizable subject into an abstract pattern. Kaleidoskoping is considered to be of the form generated mechanisms not only in the visual arts, but also in practice-oriented areas: design and graphic design, textile industry and fashion, ceramics, glass industry, etc.

Introduction. The study of the validation of scientific name validation at the species and family level is not widely known. This study aimed to provide information about the process of scientific name validation at the species and family level. Data Collection Method. Data were collected from online portal databases regarding the scientific name of plant species and family. Data was analyzed in a descriptive-narrative manner. Results and Discussions. Validation of the scientific name of species and family of plants can be conducted by searching the latest publications and using the online database portals i.e. IPNI, POWO, Tropicos, The Plant List, and GBIF. IPNI and The Plant List provide more information about species names compared to others. POWO and GBIF provide the status of the plant names and complemented with photographs of the plants, specimens, and distribution maps. Tropicos provides names of families according to the latest APG IV classification. Conclusions. Validation through the online portal database is the fastest way, however, validation through the publication of the latest plant taxonomy revision publications is the most recommended. Validation can be initiated by using the online database portals and then confirmed by tracking the latest revised plant taxonomy publications.

Calibrated acoustic backscattering measurements using 12, 38 and 120 kHz were collected over depths of 30–230 m, together with benthic epi- and in-fauna, sediments, photographs and video data. Each acoustic ping was envelope detected and digitized by echo sounder to include both the first and second echoes, and specifically designed software removed signal biases. A reference set of distinct habitat types at different depths was established, and a simple classification of the seabed combined both biological and geological attributes. Four seabed types were identified as having broad biological and geological significance;the simple acoustic indices could discriminate three of these at a single frequency. This demonstrates that the acoustic indices are not directly related to specific seabed properties but to a combination of seabed hardness and roughness attributes at a particular sampling frequency. The acoustic-derived maps have greater detail of seabed structure than previously described by sediment surveys and fishers’ interpretation. The collection of calibrated digital acoustic data at multiple frequencies and the creation of reference seabed sites will ensure that new shape-and energy-based feature extraction methods on the ping-based data can begin to unravel the complexities of the seabed. The methods described can be transferred to higher-resolution swath-mapping acoustic-sampling devices such as digital side-scan sonars and multi-beam echo sounders.

The Laboratory of Anthropological Reconstruction (LAR) of the Centerfor Physical Anthropology (CPhA) of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences has a truly unique collection of graphic and sculptural portraits made from the skulls of ancient and modern Eskimos from the Old and New Worlds. The article presents the works of G.V. Lebedinskaya, T.S. Surnina, T.S. Baluyeva, as well as some reconstructions made more recently by todays LAR research fellows. These latest works were carried out, taking into account the new data based on the improvement of the method of graphic facial reconstruction from a skull. The processing technique for 3D reconstruction of skull, based on a series of photographs taken from different angles is described. Thanks to this method, it is possible to obtain accurate images of the skull from front and side profile without any perspective distortion. The presented recon-structions were made using both classical and new methods, the last ones, based on the use of computer and the Photoshop Software. An innovative way of rep-resenting lifelike facial features makes it possible to show the real color of the skin, hair and eyes. In the article is as well discussed the place of the Eskimos in the anthropological classification system and the peculiarities of their features in Greenland and Chukotka.

Pavement distress surveys based upon field interpretation and manual mapping and recording of the distress information on paper forms has been used in the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program to collect important pavement condition and distress data. Although this manual method was used in the past as a backup to the 35-mm black and white photographic-based method, recently the use of manual distress survey methods has increased in intensity and coverage. To promote uniformity and consistency of distress data collection, one of the early LTPP efforts was to develop standard definitions, measurement procedures and data collection forms. Various quality control and quality assurance functions have also been implemented to provide for high quality data. However, despite these efforts, manual surveys are still based upon a single rater’s subjective classification of distresses present in the field. Recognizing that rater variability exists, a study was undertaken by FHWA to assess the level of variability between individual distress raters and to address the potential precision and bias. Results from nine LTPP distress rater-accreditation workshops conducted during the period of 1992 to 1996 were used as the source of data. Analyses of those data led to numerous observations and conclusions regarding the bias and precision of LTPP distress data. Because LTPP distress data are to be used in the development of pavement performance prediction models, it is believed that the level of variability found in this study should be reduced to increase its potential usage in the development of such models. A number of recommendations to improve the variability associated with manual distress surveys data are included.

The article is devoted to the review of one of the sections of the A. M. Gorky Archive of the A. M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences (AG IMLI RAN). The section contains a large collection of children's letters addressed to the “great proletarian writer.” The archive stores letters from children dating from 1899 to 1936. There are about 3000 children’s letters in the collection. Systematic and information methods have been used to study the collection; based on the principle of comprehensive study of documents, they have permitted to consider documents as elements of one system and to study the content. Source analysis has made it possible to study the internal and external features of documents and also helped to develop the basis for their classification and systematization within the archival collection. Typological and historical-functional research methods have made it possible to classify letters and consider them in the changing socio-cultural contexts. The collection of children's letters at the AG IMLI RAN is diverse and extensive. Most of it has not been subjected to detailed scientific analysis. The relevance of the research topic is due to the need for detailed consideration and comprehensive understanding of the materials of the collection. Scientific and practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using its results in a variety of scientific aspects: historical, biographical, source studies, textual, literary, cultural, etc. The reason for the study is insufficient knowledge of the collection of children's letters stored in the archive, which are of scientific interest. The purpose of the study is to describe and to study the collection of children's letters to M. Gorky, to introduce interesting material into scientific use and to provide its preliminary analysis. When using typological analysis, three groups of letters have been identified: individual, collective, and those from adults. The same method has made it possible to divide letters by social, age, geographical principle. The genre-thematic analysis has helped to divide the letters into subgroups united by common formal, substantive, and functional features: letters of request, letters of thanks, letters containing reviews, letters containing feedback on Gorky's artistic and journalistic works, letters with reports, letters of greeting, letters of invitation, letters of complaint. The archive also contains drawings, illustrations, postcards, photographs of children, and children's writings (poems, fairy tales, short stories, plays). Content analysis of the materials allows us to conclude that children's letters contribute to the study of social history, literary process, and epistolary heritage of the first half of the 20th century; they are able to provide new information for those who study the history of pedagogy, textual criticism, literary criticism. Systematic analysis of the collection allows us to consider children's letters in the historical and literary context of the era. Drawing on the analysis of archival documents, the conclusion is made that Gorky initiated the correspondence and stimulated children's writing. The letters demonstrate that the writer was perceived by his young contemporaries as assistant and defender, his works and public activities were of great educational value. Some letters in the collection contain Gorky’s notes, showing his attitude to the text. Children's letters supplement the knowledge of the personality of M. Gorky and his addressees. An important result of the comprehensive study of the archival material is discovery of information opportunities and source studies potential of the collection of children's letters in the AG IMLI RAN.

In the last decade, there has been a surge of interest in addressing complex Computer Vision (CV) problems in the field of face recognition (FR). In particular, one of the most difficult ones is based on the accurate determination of the ethnicity of mankind. In this regard, a new classification method using Machine Learning (ML) tools is proposed in this paper. Specifically, a new Deep Learning (DL) approach based on a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) model is developed, which outperforms a reliable determination of the ethnicity of people based on their facial features. However, it is necessary to make use of specialized high-performance computing (HPC) hardware to build a workable DCNN-based FR system due to the low computation power given by the current central processing units (CPUs). Recently, the latter approach has increased the efficiency of the network in terms of power usage and execution time. Then, the usage of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) was considered in this work. The performance of the new DCNN-based FR method using FPGA was compared against that using graphics processing units (GPUs). The experimental results considered an image dataset composed of 3141 photographs of citizens from three distinct countries. To our knowledge, this is the first image collection gathered specifically to address the ethnicity identification problem. Additionally, the ethnicity dataset was made publicly available as a novel contribution to this work. Finally, the experimental results proved the high performance provided by the proposed DCNN model using FPGAs, achieving an accuracy level of 96.9 percent and an F1 score of 94.6 percent while using a reasonable amount of energy and hardware resources.

The article analyzes the natural processes in the corridor of pipeline routes that can cause defects or accidents after the completion of construction or during the operation of the pipeline system. In the transition to a digital form of management of the processes of design, construction and operation of pipeline transport facilities, one of the most important tasks is to identify and control the dynamics of natural hazards processes (NHP). Because the system has significant impact on the flow of natural processes in corridor of the highway, they can become more active and cause accidents. The sources of negative impact on the main oil pipelines are exogenous and endogenous geological processes, as well as atmospheric processes, in the zone of influence of which the oil pipeline is located. It is advisable to use laser scanning to identify and monitor of hazards geological processes (HGP). Filling the NHP database is performed in stages: first, collection and synthesis of all available materials about geology, geomorphology, tectonics, engineering geology, hydrogeology, climate and vegetation of the researcher area is performed; then a digital terrain model (DEM) is created based on air laser scanning (VLS) and aerial photography (AP) by direct decoding features with the allocation of contours of territories subject to natural processes with the classification of their types; and, finally, lists, schemes, maps compiled by result of analysis qualitative and quantitative characteristics of geological processes that have received status of NHP or HGP for designed or operated structure. Decoding of dangerous geological processes according by VLS data performed in two stages: identification of the process and determination of its type by a set of decoding features, then comparison with the standard model from the catalog by location of identification primitives on the DEM and the reference model.

<p class="VARAbstract">The former polis of Tall-as-Sin (in the current province of Deir ez-Zor, Syria) grew considerably during Justinian's reign in the 6^th century AD. Its cemetery, outside the walls, presents an extraordinary Byzantine necropolis, where 163 hypogea graves were documented, thanks to recent archaeological campaigns financed by the Ministry of Culture (PAMES-Sirio Euphrates Middle Archaeological Project). This paper presents the research for obtaining three-dimensional (3D) models of graves, selected in the cemetery, by combining information (obtained from planimetric and photographic surveys of the site) with taxonomic features (types of arcosolia, vaults, accesses, stairways...). The 3D modelling process is carried out using data collected during the survey of the graves. These data are then used to restore the surfaces which cover the burial chambers dug out in the ground. The modelling technique was based on generating surfaces, incorporating the different sections and profiles obtained during the data collection phase. The surfaces generated enclose the volume of the dug-out space so that the definitive grave models were obtained using a simple Boolean operation, removing these volumes from a prism-shaped piece representing a portion of the land, thus emptying the interior. The result has provided a reliable and rigorous graphic basis for the design and printing of 3D mockups, contributing to the dissemination of the exhibition called "A retrospective on five years of archaeological activities in Syria".</p><p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Contributing to Byzantine architecture classification in the Middle East, including specific case-studies, interesting both from archaeological and architectural research fields.</p></li><li><p>Experimenting and investigating tools for the study, representation and conservation of archaeological finds, combining 3D digital and 3D printing mockups.</p></li><li><p>Incorporating resources for promoting and disseminating archaeological and architectural heritage, raising awareness among local Syrian population and authorities, allowing them to rediscover their own heritage, often neglected.</p></li></ul>

The article covers a poorly studied topic about the sources of museum science study. The authors of the article rely on the prominent Russian researcher S.O. Schmidt’ opinion that the elaboration of source study is a guarantor of the accuracy of historical knowledge. They used Schmidt's scientific classification of sources and applied it to identifying and systematizing the sources of study of Liaoning Paleontological Museum in China. The article deals with such typological groups of sources as written, material, visual and electronic sources. The group of written sources includes legislative acts and documents of office-work. Such important act documents as the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics contain the information on museum work and protection of cultural values. Orders and resolutions of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, and the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China, and the National Administration of Cultural Heritage Regulations include this information as well. The administrative documents of the leadership of Shenyang Pedagogical University, in which the Liaoning Paleontological Museum was opened in 2011, have no small importance too. The Charter of the Academic Committee of the Liaoning Paleontological Museum has direct relation to the creation and activities of the museum at Shenyang University. Documents of officework were deposited in the archival funds of the Liaoning Museum. They include planning materials, and reports on the activities of the museum departments. The reports on the search and conservation of fossils, on work with museum visitors, on cooperation between the museum and schools in Liaoning Province contain an important information about Liaoning Museum. The article characterizes a group of material sources that play a major role in the formation of the source base for Liaoning Museum study. These are paleontological fossils – samples of flora and fauna of antiquity. The museum contains 30158 paleontological fossils. The author reported that 707 fossils are of unique scientific value and are authentic sources of study of the museum. Visual sources include photographs, restoration drawings and sculptures made of resin of fossil samples. These historical monuments are used in the museum exposition; contain important information about the activities of the museum. Electronic sources and multimedia resources are created in order to popularize scientific knowledge about the ancient world of China, they are used in working with visitors, contain important information about the museum and its collections. The identified and characterized sources have a high degree of reliability, they are distinguished by information saturation. They provide a solid documentary base for the study of the Liaoning Paleontological Museum.

Spatial susceptible landslide prediction is the one of the most challenging research areas which essentially concerns the safety of inhabitants. The novel geographic information web (GIW) application is proposed for dynamically predicting landslide risk in Chiang Rai, Thailand. The automated GIW system is coordinated between machine learning technologies, web technologies, and application programming interfaces (APIs). The new bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) algorithm is presented to forecast landslides. The proposed algorithm consists of 3 major steps, the first of which is the construction of a landslide dataset by using Quantum GIS (QGIS). The second step is to generate the landslide-risk model based on machine learning approaches. Finally, the automated landslide-risk visualization illustrates the likelihood of landslide via Google Maps on the website. Four static factors are considered for landslide-risk prediction, namely, land cover, soil properties, elevation and slope, and a single dynamic factor i.e., precipitation. Data are collected to construct a geospatial landslide database which comprises three historical landslide locations—Phu Chifa at Thoeng District, Ban Pha Duea at Mae Salong Nai, and Mai Salong Nok in Mae Fa Luang District, Chiang Rai, Thailand. Data collection is achieved using QGIS software to interpolate contour, elevation, slope degree and land cover from the Google satellite images, aerial and site survey photographs while the physiographic and rock type are on-site surveyed by experts. The state-of-the-art machine learning models have been trained i.e., linear regression (LR), artificial neural network (ANN), LSTM, and Bi-LSTM. Ablation studies have been conducted to determine the optimal parameters setting for each model. An enhancement method based on two-stage classifications has been presented to improve the landslide prediction of LSTM and Bi-LSTM models. The landslide-risk prediction performances of these models are subsequently evaluated using real-time dataset and it is shown that Bi-LSTM with Random Forest (Bi-LSTM-RF) yields the best prediction performance. Bi-LSTM-RF model has improved the landslide-risk predicting performance over LR, ANNs, LSTM, and Bi-LSTM in terms of the area under the receiver characteristic operator (AUC) scores by 0.42, 0.27, 0.46, and 0.47, respectively. Finally, an automated web GIS has been developed and it consists of software components including the trained models, rainfall API, Google API, and geodatabase. All components have been interfaced together via JavaScript and Node.js tool.

1. Introduction 3082. Electron microscopy 3112.1 Specimen preparation 3112.2 The electron microscope 3112.3 Acceleration voltage, defocus, and the electron gun 3122.4 Magnification and data collection 3133. Digitisation and CTF correction 3173.1 The patchwork densitometer 3183.2 Particle selection 3203.3 Position dependent CTF correction 3213.4 Precision of CTF determination 3214. Single particles and angular reconstitution 3234.1 Preliminary filtering and centring of data 3234.2 Alignments using correlation functions 3244.3 Choice of first reference images 3244.4 Multi-reference alignment of data 3254.5 MSA eigenvector/eigenvalue data compression 3284.6 MSA classification 3304.7 Euler angle determination (‘angular reconstitution’) 3324.8 Sinograms and sinogram correlation functions 3324.9 Exploiting symmetry 3354.10 Three-dimensional reconstruction 3374.11 Euler angles using anchor sets 3394.12 Iterative refinements 3395. Computational hardware/software aspects 3415.1 The (IMAGIC) image processing workstation 3425.2 Operating systems and GUIs 3425.3 Computational logistics 3445.4 Shared memory machines 3445.5 Farming on loosely coupled computers 3465.6 Implementation using MPI protocol 3475.7 Software is what it's all about 3476. Interpretation of results 3486.1 Assessing resolution: the Fourier Shell Correlation 3486.2 Influence of filtering 3516.3 Rendering 3516.4 Searching for known sub-structures 3526.5 Interpretation 3537. Examples 3537.1 Icosahedral symmetry: TBSV at 5·9 Å resolution 3547.2 The D6 symmetrical worm hemoglobin at 13 Å resolution 3567.3 Functional states of the 70S E. coli ribosome 3577.4 The 50S E. coli ribosomal subunit at 7·5 Å resolution 3598. Perspectives 3619. Acknowledgements 36410. References 364In the past few years, electron microscopy (EM) has established itself as an important – still upcoming – technique for studying the structures of large biological macromolecules. EM is a very direct method of structure determination that complements the well-established techniques of X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Electron micrographs record images of the object and not just their diffraction patterns and thus the classical ‘phase’ problem of X-ray crystallography does not exist in EM. Modern microscopes may reach resolution levels better than ∼ 1·5 Å, which is more than sufficient to elucidate the polypeptide backbone in proteins directly. X-ray structures at such resolution levels are considered ‘excellent’. The fundamental problem in biological EM is not so much the instrumental resolution of the microscopes, but rather the radiation sensitivity of the biological material one wants to investigate. Information about the specimen is collected in the photographic emulsion with the arrival of individual electrons that have (elastically) interacted with the specimen. However, many electrons will damage the specimen by non-elastic interactions. By the time enough electrons have passed through the object to produce a single good signal-to-noise (SNR) image, the biological sample will have been reduced to ashes. In contrast, stable inorganic specimens in material science often show interpretable details down to the highest possible instrumental resolution.

Squids in the family Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847, have been reported from every ocean but the Arctic, are taken frequently in deep-sea fisheries bycatch, and are ecologically important in the diets of many marine predators including cetaceans, pinnipeds, sharks, and seabirds. However, the diversity and systematics of the family have remained poorly understood. Of the 60+ nominal species, 12–14 have generally been accepted in recent studies. Challenges to clarity include insufficient species descriptions, original descriptions published in eight languages and often based solely on early life stages, non-designation or subsequent loss of type material, and the existence of several unresolved species complexes. In light of the general systematic disarray of the Onychoteuthidae, a global revision of the family follows, based on ~1500 specimens examined from 19 repositories. Type material has been examined wherever possible (although, for some species, photographs of type specimens, original illustrations, and/or the original descriptions have provided the only information available). For all 25 species treated in this revision, descriptions and illustrations are provided to a consistent standard that will enable their reidentification. External and internal morphological characters and states are described for subadult to adult stages of most species, with external characters reported through ontogeny as permitted by available material. Historically important characters are treated (general external morphology, body proportions, tentacle clubs, photophores, gladius, lower beak, radula), augmented by several more recently recognised characters (palatine teeth, detailed morphology of the tentacular hooks in adults, tentacular suckers in paralarvae, chromatophore patterns). The systematic value of both historical and new morphological characters at the generic and species levels is discussed; at all ontogenetic stages, tentacular club and hook morphology are considered the most valuable characters, although body proportions and gladius also prove useful. In the interest of systematic stability, neotypes are also designated for four species in which type specimens were not previously designated [Onykia (Onykia) loennbergii Ishikawa & Wakiya, 1914; Onychoteuthis borealijaponica Okada, 1927] or have been subsequently lost [Onykia (Onykia) carriboea Lesueur, 1821; Onykia (Onykia) robsoni Adam, 1962]. Partial resolution of the Onychoteuthis banksii complex has been possible in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, resulting in: the resurrection of Onychoteuthis bergii Lichtenstein, 1818, and Onychoteuthis aequimanus Gabb, 1868; the description of two new species in an earlier publication (Onychoteuthis lacrima Bolstad & Seki, and Onychoteuthis prolata Bolstad, Vecchione & Young, in Bolstad, 2008) and another herein, Onychoteuthis horstkottei sp. nov.; and the expansion of one species’ recognised distribution (Onychoteuthis compacta Berry, 1913) to include the Atlantic Ocean. The genus Moroteuthis Verrill, 1881, is considered a junior synonym of Onykia Lesueur, 1821, in accordance with the findings of several earlier authors. However, morphological differences in the species ‘Moroteuthis’ ingens Smith, 1881, necessitate the resurrection of the subgenus Moroteuthopsis Pfeffer, 1908, with all other Onykia species placed into the nominate subgenus Onykia (Onykia). Sexual dimorphism is reported in the beaks of Onykia (Moroteuthopsis) ingens (new comb.). Morphological and historical genetic data suggest a more distant relationship between Onykia and the species ‘Moroteuthis’ knipovitchi Filippova, 1972, than was suggested by earlier classifications. This species is therefore placed into Filippovia gen. nov., described herein. ‘Onykia’ rancureli (Okutani, 1981) and C. youngorum sp. nov. are placed into Callimachus gen. nov., according to morphological and genetic data. Given that the majority of available onychoteuthid material was collected after 1950, resulting in the descriptions of over half of the generally accepted genera and species since 1960, ongoing collection programmes are necessary to further resolve onychoteuthid systematics.

Rapid urbanization rates impact significantly on the nature of Land Cover patterns of the environment, which has been evident in the depletion of vegetal reserves and in general modifying the human climatic systems (Henderson, et al., 2017; Kumar, Masago, Mishra, & Fukushi, 2018; Luo and Lau, 2017). This study explores remote sensing classification technique and other auxiliary data to determine LULCC for a period of 50 years (1967-2016). The LULCC types identified were quantitatively evaluated using the change detection approach from results of maximum likelihood classification algorithm in GIS. Accuracy assessment results were evaluated and found to be between 56 to 98 percent of the LULC classification. The change detection analysis revealed change in the LULC types in Minna from 1976 to 2016. Built-up area increases from 74.82ha in 1976 to 116.58ha in 2016. Farmlands increased from 2.23 ha to 46.45ha and bared surface increases from 120.00ha to 161.31ha between 1976 to 2016 resulting to decline in vegetation, water body, and wetlands. The Decade of rapid urbanization was found to coincide with the period of increased Public Private Partnership Agreement (PPPA). Increase in farmlands was due to the adoption of urban agriculture which has influence on food security and the environmental sustainability. The observed increase in built up areas, farmlands and bare surfaces has substantially led to reduction in vegetation and water bodies. The oscillatory nature of water bodies LULCC which was not particularly consistent with the rates of urbanization also suggests that beyond the urbanization process, other factors may influence the LULCC of water bodies in urban settlements. Keywords: Minna, Niger State, Remote Sensing, Land Surface Characteristics References Akinrinmade, A., Ibrahim, K., & Abdurrahman, A. (2012). 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In 2022, the Swiss branch of the international publishing house Springer published a book, a collection of papers entitled Military Geoscience: A Multifaceted Approach to the Study of Warfare. It consists of selected contributions by international researchers in the field of military geoscience, presented at the 13th International Conference on Military Geosciences, held in Padua in June 2019. The first paper is by the editors, Aldin Bondesan and Judy Ehlen, and provides a brief overview of understanding the concept of military geoscience as an application of geology and geography to the military domain, and the historical development of the discipline. It should also be pointed out that the International Conferences on Military Geosciences (ICMG), which organises this biennial international conference, has over the past two decades also covered other aspects, such as conflict archaeology. The publication is further divided into three parts. The first part comprises three contributions covering military geoscience up to the 20th century. The first paper, by Chris Fuhriman and Jason Ridgeway, provides an insights into the Battle of Marathon through topography visualisation. The geography of the Marathon field, the valley between Mt. Cotroni and Mt. Agrieliki, allowed the Greek defenders to nullify the advantage of the Persian cavalry and archers, who were unable to develop their full potential. This is followed by a paper by Judy Ehlen, who explores the geological background of the Anglo-British coastal fortification system along the English Channel, focusing on the Portsmouth area of Hampshire. The author thus points out that changes in artillery technology and naval tactics between the 16th and 19th centuries necessitated changes in the construction of coastal fortifications, both in terms of the form of the fortifications and the method of construction, including the choice of basic building materials, as well as the siting of the fortifications in space. The next article is then dedicated to the Monte Baldo Fortress in north-eastern Italy, between Lake Garda and the Adige River. In his article, Francesco Premi analyses the presence of the fortress in the transition area between the Germanic world and the Mediterranean, and the importance of this part of Italy (at the southernmost part of the pre-Alpine mountains) in military history, as reflected in the large number of important military and war relics and monuments. The second part of the book, which is the most comprehensive, focuses on the two World Wars and consists of nine papers. The first paper in this part provides an analysis of the operation of trench warfare training camps in the Aube region of France. The group of authors, Jérôme Brenot, Yves Desfossés, Robin Perarnau, Marc Lozano and Alain Devos, initially note that static warfare training camps have not received much attention so far. Using aerial photography of the region dating from 1948 and surviving World War II photographic material, they identified some 20 sites where soldiers of the Entente forces were trained for front-line service in trenches. Combined archaeological and sociological fieldwork followed, confirming the presence of these camps, both through preserved remains and the collective memory. The second paper in this volume also concerns the survey on trenches, located in northern Italy in the Venezia Tridentina Veneto area in northern Italy. The authors Luigi Magnini, Giulia Rovera, Armando De Guio and Giovanni Azzalin thus use digital classification methods and archaeology to determine how Italian and Austro-Hungarian First World War trenches have been preserved or, in case they have disappeared, why this was the case, both from the point of view of the natural features as well as from the anthropological point of view of the restoration of the pre-war settings. The next paper, by Paolo Macini and Paolo Sammuri, analyses the activities of the miners and pioneers of the Italian Corps of Engineers during the First World War, in particular with regard to innovative approaches to underground mine warfare. In the Dolomites, the Italian engineers, using various listening devices, drilling machinery and geophysical methods, developed a system for drilling underground mine chambers, which they intended to use and actually used to destroy parts of Austro-Hungarian positions. The paper by Elena Dai Prà, Nicola Gabellieri and Matteo Boschian Bailo concerns the Italian Army's operations during the First World War. It focuses on the use of tactical maps with emphasis on typological classification, the use of symbols, and digital cartography. The authors thus analysed the tactical maps of the Italian Third Army, which were being constantly updated by plotting the changes in positions and tactical movements of both sides. These changes were examined both in terms of the use of new symbols and the analysis of the movements. This is followed by a geographical presentation of the Italian Army's activities during the First World War. The authors Paolo Plini, Sabina Di Franco and Rosamaria Salvatori have thus collected 21,856 toponyms by analysing documents and maps. The locations were also geolocated to give an overview of the places where the Italian Army operated during the First World War. The analysis initially revealed the complexity of the events on the battlefields, but also that the sources had misidentified the places of operation, as toponyms were misidentified, especially in the case of homonyms. Consequently, the area of operation was misidentified as well. In this respect, the case of Vipava was highlighted, which can refer to both a river and a settlement. The following paper is the first on the Second World War. It is the article by H. A. P. Smith on Italian prisoners of war in South Africa. The author outlines the circumstances in which Italian soldiers arrived to and lived in the southern African continent, and the contribution they made to the local environment and the society, and the remnants of their presence preserved to the present day. In their article, William W. Doe III and Michael R. Czaja analyse the history, geography and significance of Camp Hale in the state of Colorado. In doing so, they focus on the analysis of the military organization and its impact on the local community. Camp Hale was thus the first military installation of the U.S. Army, designated to test and train U.S. soldiers in mountain and alpine warfare. It was here that the U.S. 10th Mountain Division was formed, which concluded its war path on Slovenian soil. The Division's presence in this former camp, which was in military use also after the war until 1965, and in the surrounding area is still visible through numerous monuments. This is followed by a paper by Hermann Häusler, who deals with German military geography and geology on the Eastern Front of the Second World War. A good year before the German attack on the Soviet Union, German and Austrian military geologists began an analysis of the topography, population and infrastructure of the European part of the Soviet Union, which led to a series of publications, including maps showing the suitability of the terrain for military operations. During the war, military geological teams then followed the frontline units and carried out geotechnical tasks such as water supply, construction of fortifications, supply of building materials for transport infrastructure, and analysis of the suitability of the terrain for all-terrain driving of tracked and other vehicles. The same author also authored a paper in the next chapter, this time focusing on the activities of German military geologists in the Adriatic area. Similarly to his first contribution, the author presents the work of military geologists in northern Italy and north-western Slovenia. He also focuses on the construction of fortification systems in northern Italy and presents the work of karst hunters in the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral. Part 3 covers the 21st century with five different papers (chapters). The first paper by Alexander K. Stewart deals with the operations of the U.S. Army specialised teams in Afghanistan. These Agribusiness Development Teams (ADTs) carried out a specialised form of counter-guerrilla warfare in which they sought to improve the conditions for the development of local communities through agricultural assistance to the local population. In this way, they were also counteracting support for the Taliban. The author notes that, in the decade after the programme's launch, the project had only a 19% success rate. However, he stresses that such forms of civil-military cooperation should be present in future operations. The next chapter, by Francis A. Galgan, analyses the activities of modern pirates through military-geographical or geological methods. Pirates, who pose a major international security threat, are present in four regions of the world: South and South-East Asia, East Africa and the Gulf of Guinea. Building on the data on pirate attacks between 1997 and 2017, the author shows the temporal and spatial patterns of pirate activities, as well as the influence of the geography of coastal areas on their activities. This is followed by another chapter with a maritime topic. Mark Stephen Blaine discusses the geography of territorial disputes in the South China Sea. Through a presentation of international law, the strategic importance of the sea (sea lanes, natural resources) and the overlapping territorial claims of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia, the author shows the increasing level of conflict in the area and calls for the utmost efforts to be made to prevent the outbreak of hostilities or war. M. H. Bulmer's paper analyses the Turkish Armed Forces' activities in Syria from the perspective of military geology. The author focuses on the Kurdish forces' defence projects, which mainly involved the construction of gun trenches, observation towers or points, tunnels and underground facilities, as well as on the Turkish armed forces' actions against this military infrastructure. This involved both mountain and underground warfare activities. While these defensive infrastructures proved to be successful during the guerrilla warfare period, direct Turkish attacks on these installations demonstrated their vulnerability. The last chapter deals with the current operational needs and limitations of military geosciences from the perspective of the Austrian Armed Forces. Friedrich Teichmann points out that the global operational interest of states determines the need for accurate geo-data as well as geo-support in case of rapidly evolving requirements. In this context, geoscience must respond to new forms of threats, both asymmetric and cyber, at a time when resources for geospatial services are limited, which also requires greater synergy and an innovative approach to finding solutions among multiple stakeholders. This also includes increased digitisation, including the use of satellite and other space technologies. The number of chapters in the publication illustrates the breadth and depth of military geoscience, as well as the relevance of geoscience to past, present and future conflicts or military operations and missions. The current military operations in Ukraine demonstrate the need to take into account the geo-geological realities of the environment and that terrain remains one of the decisive factors for success on the battlefield, irrespective of the technological developments in military engineering and technology. This can also be an incentive for Slovenian researchers and the Slovenian Armed Forces to increase research activities in the field of military geosciences, especially in view of the rich military and war history in the geographically and geologically diverse territory of Slovenia.

Abstract Background PRESSURE 2 is a randomised evaluation of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of two types of mattress for the prevention of pressure ulcers (PUs). The primary clinical endpoint was time to development of a category ≥2 PU. The current ‘gold standard’ for PU identification is expert clinical assessment. Due to the mattress appearance, a blinded assessment of the endpoint is not possible. This poses a risk to the internal validity of the study. A possible approach is to use photographs of skin sites, with central blinded review. However, there are practical and scientific concerns including patients’ consent to photographs, burden of data collection, photograph quality, data completeness and comparison of photographs to the current ‘gold standard’. This paper reports the findings of the PRESSURE 2 photographic validation sub-study. Method Where consent was obtained, photographs were taken of all category ≥2 PUs on the first presentation to assess over-reporting, and for the assessment of under-reporting, a random sample of 10% patients had an assessment by an independent clinical assessor who also photographed two skin sites. The staff were trained in taking and transferring photographs using standardised procedures and equipment. A card included in the photograph recorded participant details and a ‘greyscale’ for correction of white balance during processing. Three blinded reviewers assessed the photographs and rated how confident they were in their assessment. Results The trial recruited 2029 patients; 85% consented to photography, and 532 photographs were received and used in the blinded central review. The level of confidence varied by skin classification with more confidence observed when the skin was assessed as being less severe than a category ≥2 PU. Overall, there was a very good reliability compared to the gold standard expert clinical assessment (87.8%, kappa 0.82). Conclusion Study findings have usefully informed the scientific and practical issues of blinded assessment of PU status to reducing the risk of bias in medical device trials. The reliability of central blinded expert photography was found to be ‘very good’ (PABAK). Photographs have been found to be an acceptable method of data validation for participants. Methods to improve the quality of photographs would increase the confidence in the assessments. Trial registration ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN01151335. Registered on 19 April 2013

Background: Celastraceae is a morphologically heterogeneous family. For this reason, the inclusion of some taxa within this group is controversial. Recently this problem has become significant since its fossil record is recognized as an important source of information for evolutionary studies, especially those using molecular clocks which require a robust, reliable fossil record. Questions: What are the most reliable fossil records of Celastraceae? What morphological characters are used to assign fossils in the family? Study site and dates: Compilation of records contained in paleontological databases, and paleobotanical literature, covering publications from 1869 to 2018. Methods: Published information on the Celastraceae fossil record was compiled and analyzed using the most recent classification system and specialized literature on the family. Results: A total of 168 fossil records were examined, of which nine are proposed for use as molecular clock calibration points. Each specimen has a description based on a character set used for its identification, a photograph and/or illustration, their geological age is well supported, their geographic origin is known, and the specimens are in accredited home institutions with publicly accessible collections. Conclusions: The identification and establishment of relationships between fossil and extant taxa have important limitations that depend on the critical interpretation of morphology in a phylogenetic context. Therefore, it is essential to incorporate only those morphological studies in Celastraceae that help clarify its fossil record.

Geographically referenced user generated content provides us with an opportunity to, for the first time, gather perspectives on place over large areas by exploring how very many people describe information. We present a framework for analysing large collections of user generated content. This involves classification of descriptive terms attached by users to photographs into facets of elements, qualities, and activities. We apply this framework to two contrasting photographic archives — Flickr and Geograph, representing weakly and strongly moderated content respectively. We propose a method for removing user-generated bias from such collections though the user of term profiles that can assess the effect of the most and least prolific contributors to a collection. Analysis and visualization of co–occurrence between terms suggests clear differences in the description of place between the two collections, both in terms of the facets used and their geographical footprints. This is attributed to the role of moderation/editorialising of content; to the role tags and free–text has on descriptive behaviour and on the geographic footprint of content supplied to the two collections.