Academic literature on the topic 'Photogrammetry Data processing'

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Journal articles on the topic "Photogrammetry Data processing"

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Zheng, S. Y., L. Gui, X. N. Wang, and D. Ma. "A real-time photogrammetry system based on embedded architecture." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5 (June 6, 2014): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-633-2014.

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In order to meet the demand of real-time spatial data processing and improve the online processing capability of photogrammetric system, a kind of real-time photogrammetry method is proposed in this paper. According to the proposed method, system based on embedded architecture is then designed: using FPGA, ARM+DSP and other embedded computing technology to build specialized hardware operating environment, transplanting and optimizing the existing photogrammetric algorithm to the embedded system, and finally real-time photogrammetric data processing is realized. At last, aerial photogrammetric experiment shows that the method can achieve high-speed and stable on-line processing of photogrammetric data. And the experiment also verifies the feasibility of the proposed real-time photogrammetric system based on embedded architecture. It is the first time to realize real-time aerial photogrammetric system, which can improve the online processing efficiency of photogrammetry to a higher level and broaden the application field of photogrammetry.
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Bruno, N., S. Mikolajewska, R. Roncella, and A. Zerbi. "INTEGRATED PROCESSING OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND LASER SCANNING DATA FOR FRESCOES RESTORATION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-2/W1-2022 (February 25, 2022): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-2-w1-2022-105-2022.

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Abstract. The integration of photogrammetry and Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) techniques is often desirable for Cultural Heritage digitization, especially when high metric and radiometric accuracy is required, as for the documentation and restoration of frescoed spaces. Despite the many technological and methodological advances in both techniques, their full integration is still not straightforward. The paper investigates a methodology where TLS and photogrammetric data are processed together through an image matching process between RGB panoramas acquired by the scanner’s integrated camera and frame imagery acquired through photographic equipment. The co-registration is performed without any Ground Control Point (GCP) but using the automatically extracted tie points and the known Exterior Orientation parameters of the panoramas (gathered from TLS data original registration) to set the ground reference. The procedure allowed for effective integrated processing with the possibility of take benefit from TLS and photogrammetry pros and demonstrated to be reliable even with low overlap between photogrammetric images.
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Feng, C., D. Yu, Y. Liang, D. Guo, Q. Wang, and X. Cui. "ASSESSMENT OF INFLUENCE OF IMAGE PROCESSING ON FULLY AUTOMATIC UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (June 4, 2019): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-269-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Nowadays UAVs have been widely used for large scale surveying and mapping. Compared with traditional surveying techniques, UAV photogrammetry is more convenient, cost-effective, and responsive. Aerial images, Position and Orientation System (POS) observations and coordinates of ground control points are usually acquired during a surveying campaign. Aerial images are the data source of feature point extraction, dense matching and ortho-rectification procedures. The quality of the images is one of the most important factors that influence the accuracy and efficiency of UAV photogrammetry. Image processing techniques including image enhancement, image downsampling and image compression are usually used to improve the image quality as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of the photogrammetric data processing. However, all of these image processing techniques bring in uncertainties to the UAV photogrammetry. In this work, the influences of the aforementioned image processing techniques on the accuracy of the automatic UAV photogrammetry are investigated. The automatic photogrammetric data processing mainly consists of image matching, relative orientation, absolute orientation, dense matching, DSM interpolation and orthomosaicing. The results of the experiments show that the influences of the image processing techniques on the accuracy of automatic UAV photogrammetry are insignificant. The image orientation and surface reconstruction accuracies of the original and the enhanced images are comparable. The feature points extraction and image matching procedures are greatly influenced by image downsampling. The accuracies of the image orientations are not influenced by image downsampling and image compression at all.</p>
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Dlesk, A., K. Vach, and P. Holubec. "ANALYSIS OF POSSIBILITIES OF LOW-COST PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR INTERIOR MAPPING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W3 (December 5, 2019): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w3-27-2019.

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Abstract. This paper shows the possibilities of using low-cost photogrammetry for interior mapping as a tool to gather fast and accurate data for 3D modelling and BIM. To create a 3D model of a building interior with a high level of detail requires techniques such as laser scanning and photogrammetry. In the case of photogrammetry, it is possible to use standard cameras and SfM software to create an accurate point cloud which can be used for 3D modelling and then for BIM. The images captured indoor are often captured under lower light conditions. Using different exposure during capturing of images of building interior was tested. Frequent plain walls of a building interior cause that the images are usually lack of any features and their photogrammetric processing is getting much more difficult. In some cases, results of photogrammetric processing are poor and inaccurate. In this paper, an experiment of creating a 3D model of a building interior using photogrammetric processing of images was carried out. For this experiment digital camera with two different lenses (16 mm lens and fisheye lens) was used. For photogrammetric processing were chosen different software. All the results were compared to each other and to the laser scanning data of the interior. At the end of the paper, the discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the shown method has been made.
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Hudec, P. "Analysis of accuracy of digital elevation models created from captured data by digital photogrammetry method." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10189-011-0021-0.

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Analysis of accuracy of digital elevation models created from captured data by digital photogrammetry methodA digital elevation model (DEM) is an important part of many geoinformatic applications. For the creation of DEM, spatial data collected by geodetic measurements in the field, photogrammetric processing of aerial survey photographs, laser scanning and secondary sources (analogue maps) are used. It is very important from a user's point of view to know the vertical accuracy of a DEM. The article describes the verification of the vertical accuracy of a DEM for the region of Medzibodrožie, which was created using digital photogrammetry for the purposes of water resources management and modeling and resolving flood cases based on geodetic measurements in the field.
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Zawieska, Dorota, and Zdzisław Kurczyński. "Photogrammetry at the Warsaw University of Technology – Past and Present." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 100, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rgg-2016-0015.

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Abstract The Department of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems at the Warsaw University of Technology is one of six organizational units of the Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography. The photogrammetry has been under interest of scientists in Faculty for over 90 years. The last decades has been characterized by the incredible development of photogrammetric technologies, mainly towards wide automation and popularization of derivative products for processing data acquired at satellite, aerial, and terrestrial levels. The paper presents achievements of scientists employed in Photogrammetric Research Group during last decades related to projects that were carried out in this department.
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Eliopoulos, Nicholas J., Yezhi Shen, Minh Luong Nguyen, Vaastav Arora, Yuxin Zhang, Guofan Shao, Keith Woeste, and Yung-Hsiang Lu. "Rapid Tree Diameter Computation with Terrestrial Stereoscopic Photogrammetry." Journal of Forestry 118, no. 4 (March 24, 2020): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa009.

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Abstract Forest inventorying is time-consuming and expensive. Recent research involving photogrammetry promises to reduce the cost of inventorying. Existing photogrammetry methods require substantial data-processing time, however. Our aim was to reduce data-acquisition and processing times while obtaining relatively accurate diameter estimates compared to manual and other digital measurements. We developed an algorithm to identify the ground and measure diameter at breast height (dbh) or any height along a stem from the recorded video footage of trees taken with a stereo camera. Footage acquisition time, dbh root mean square error, and mean absolute error were used as comparison metrics with other methods. The time to perform three recordings for 40 trees was about 30 minutes. We recorded data at 1 m, 3 m, and 5 m from the trunk, and our dbh root mean square errors were 1.28 cm (0.50 in.), 1.47 cm (0.58 in.), and 2.57 cm (1.01 in.), respectively, using manual measures as the control. This terrestrial stereoscopic photogrammetric method is much more efficient computationally than popular terrestrial structure-from-motion photogrammetry and substantially lowers time, costs, and complexity for data acquisition and processing compared with terrestrial laser scanning.
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Belmonte, A. A., M. M. P. Biong, and E. G. Macatulad. "DEM GENERATION FROM CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY USING EXTENDED PYTHON PHOTOGRAMMETRY TOOLBOX." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W5 (October 5, 2017): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w5-11-2017.

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Digital elevation models (DEMs) are widely used raster data for different applications concerning terrain, such as for flood modelling, viewshed analysis, mining, land development, engineering design projects, to name a few. DEMs can be obtained through various methods, including topographic survey, LiDAR or photogrammetry, and internet sources. Terrestrial close-range photogrammetry is one of the alternative methods to produce DEMs through the processing of images using photogrammetry software. There are already powerful photogrammetry software that are commercially-available and can produce high-accuracy DEMs. However, this entails corresponding cost. Although, some of these software have free or demo trials, these trials have limits in their usable features and usage time. One alternative is the use of free and open-source software (FOSS), such as the Python Photogrammetry Toolbox (PPT), which provides an interface for performing photogrammetric processes implemented through python script. For relatively small areas such as in mining or construction excavation, a relatively inexpensive, fast and accurate method would be advantageous. In this study, PPT was used to generate 3D point cloud data from images of an open pit excavation. The PPT was extended to add an algorithm converting the generated point cloud data into a usable DEM.
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Luhmann, T. "Learning Photogrammetry with Interactive Software Tool PhoX." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B6 (June 17, 2016): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b6-39-2016.

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Photogrammetry is a complex topic in high-level university teaching, especially in the fields of geodesy, geoinformatics and metrology where high quality results are demanded. In addition, more and more black-box solutions for 3D image processing and point cloud generation are available that generate nice results easily, e.g. by structure-from-motion approaches. Within this context, the classical approach of teaching photogrammetry (e.g. focusing on aerial stereophotogrammetry) has to be reformed in order to educate students and professionals with new topics and provide them with more information behind the scene. Since around 20 years photogrammetry courses at the Jade University of Applied Sciences in Oldenburg, Germany, include the use of digital photogrammetry software that provide individual exercises, deep analysis of calculation results and a wide range of visualization tools for almost all standard tasks in photogrammetry. During the last years the software package PhoX has been developed that is part of a new didactic concept in photogrammetry and related subjects. It also serves as analysis tool in recent research projects. PhoX consists of a project-oriented data structure for images, image data, measured points and features and 3D objects. It allows for almost all basic photogrammetric measurement tools, image processing, calculation methods, graphical analysis functions, simulations and much more. <br><br> Students use the program in order to conduct predefined exercises where they have the opportunity to analyse results in a high level of detail. This includes the analysis of statistical quality parameters but also the meaning of transformation parameters, rotation matrices, calibration and orientation data. As one specific advantage, PhoX allows for the interactive modification of single parameters and the direct view of the resulting effect in image or object space.
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Luhmann, T. "Learning Photogrammetry with Interactive Software Tool PhoX." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B6 (June 17, 2016): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b6-39-2016.

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Photogrammetry is a complex topic in high-level university teaching, especially in the fields of geodesy, geoinformatics and metrology where high quality results are demanded. In addition, more and more black-box solutions for 3D image processing and point cloud generation are available that generate nice results easily, e.g. by structure-from-motion approaches. Within this context, the classical approach of teaching photogrammetry (e.g. focusing on aerial stereophotogrammetry) has to be reformed in order to educate students and professionals with new topics and provide them with more information behind the scene. Since around 20 years photogrammetry courses at the Jade University of Applied Sciences in Oldenburg, Germany, include the use of digital photogrammetry software that provide individual exercises, deep analysis of calculation results and a wide range of visualization tools for almost all standard tasks in photogrammetry. During the last years the software package PhoX has been developed that is part of a new didactic concept in photogrammetry and related subjects. It also serves as analysis tool in recent research projects. PhoX consists of a project-oriented data structure for images, image data, measured points and features and 3D objects. It allows for almost all basic photogrammetric measurement tools, image processing, calculation methods, graphical analysis functions, simulations and much more. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; Students use the program in order to conduct predefined exercises where they have the opportunity to analyse results in a high level of detail. This includes the analysis of statistical quality parameters but also the meaning of transformation parameters, rotation matrices, calibration and orientation data. As one specific advantage, PhoX allows for the interactive modification of single parameters and the direct view of the resulting effect in image or object space.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Photogrammetry Data processing"

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Ma, Ruijin. "Building model reconstruction from lidar data and aerial photographs /." Ann Arbor : UMI Dissertation Services, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1104114425.

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Wildschek, Reto. "Surface capture using near-real-time photogrammetry for a computer numerically controlled milling system." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18605.

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During the past three years, a research project has been carried out in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at UCT, directed at developing a system to accurately reproduce three-dimensional (3D), sculptured surfaces on a three axis computer numerically controlled (CNC) milling machine. Sculptured surfaces are surfaces that cannot easily be represented mathematically. The project was divided into two parts: the development of an automatic noncontact 3D measuring system, and the development of a milling system capable of machining 30 sculptured surfaces (Back, 1988). The immediate need for such a system exists for the manufacture of medical prostheses. The writer undertook to investigate the measurement system, .with the objective to develop a non-contact measuring system that can be used to 'map' a sculptured surface so that it can be represented by a set of XYZ coordinates in the form required by the milling system developed by Back (1988). This thesis describes the development of a PC-based near-realtime photogrammetry system (PHOENICS) for surf ace capture. The topic is introduced by describing photogrammetric principles as used for non-contact measurements of objects. A number of different algorithms for image target detection, centering and matching is investigated. The approach to image matching adopted was the projection of a regular grid onto the surface with subsequent matching of conjugate grid intersections. A general algorithm which automatically detects crosses on a line and finds their accurate centres was developed. This algorithm was then extended from finding the crosses on a line, to finding all the intersection points of a grid. The algorithms were programmed in TRUE BASIC and specifically adapted for use with PHOENICS as an object point matching tool. The non-contact surface measuring technique which was developed was used in conjunction with the milling system developed by Back (1988) to replicate a test object. This test proved that the combined system is suitable for the manufacture of sculptured surf aces. The accuracy requirements for the manufacture of medical prostheses can be achieved with the combined measuring and milling system. At an object-to-camera distance of 0.5 m, points on a surface can be measured with an accuracy of approximately 0.3 mm at an interval of 5 mm. This corresponds to a relative accuracy of 1:1600. Back (1988) reported an average undercutting error of 0.46 mm for the milling system. This combines to an uncertainty of 0.55 mm. Finally, the limitations of PHOENICS at its prototype stage as a surface measuring tool are discussed, in particular the factors influencing the system's accuracy. PHOENICS is an ongoing project and the thesis is concluded by some recommendations for further research work.
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Assefha, Sabina, and Matilda Sandell. "Evaluation of digital terrain models created in post processing software for UAS-data : Focused on point clouds created through block adjustment and dense image matching." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26976.

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Lately Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are used more frequently in surveying. With broader use comes higher demands on the uncertainty in such measurements. The post processing software is an important factor that affects the uncertainty in the finished product. Therefore it is vital to evaluate how results differentiate in different software and how parameters contribute. In UAS-photogrammetry images are acquired with an overlap which makes it possible to generate point clouds in photogrammetric software. These point clouds are often used to create Digital Terrain Models (DTM).  The purpose of this study is to evaluate how the level of uncertainty differentiates when processing the same UAS-data through block adjustment and dense image matching in two different photogrammetric post processing software. The software used are UAS Master and Pix4D. The objective is also to investigate how the level of extraction in UAS Master and the setting for image scale in Pix4D affects the results when generating point clouds. Three terrain models were created in both software using the same set of data, changing only extraction level and image scale in UAS Master and Pix4D respectively.  26 control profiles were measured with network-RTK in the area of interest to calculate the root mean square (RMS) and mean deviation in order to verify and compare the uncertainty of the terrain models. The study shows that results vary when processing the same UAS-data in different software.  The study also shows that the extraction level in UAS Master and the image scale in Pix4D impacts the results differently. In UAS Master the uncertainty decreases with higher extraction level when generating terrain models. A clear pattern regarding the image scale setting in Pix4D cannot be determined. Both software were able to produce elevation models with a RMS-value of around 0,03 m. The mean deviation in all models created in this study were below 0,02 m, which is the requirement for class 1 in the technical specification SIS-TS 21144:2016. However the mean deviation for the ground type gravel in the terrain model created in UAS Master at a low extraction level exceeds the demands for class 1. This indicates all but one of the created models fulfil the requirements for class 1, which is the class containing the highest requirements.
Obemannade flygfarkostsystem (eng. Unmanned Aerial Systems, UAS) används allt mer frekvent för datainsamling inom geodetisk mätning. I takt med att användningsområdena ökar ställs också högre krav på mätosäkerheten i dessa mätningar. De efterbearbetningsprogram som används är en faktor som påverkar mätosäkerheten i den slutgiltiga produkten. Det är därför viktigt att utvärdera hur olika programvaror påverkar slutresultatet och hur valda parametrar spelar in. I UAS-fotogrammetri tas bilder med övertäckning för att kunna generera punktmoln som i sin tur kan bearbetas till digitala terrängmodeller (DTM).  Syftet med studien är att utvärdera hur mätosäkerheten skiljer sig när samma data bearbetas genom blockutjämning och tät bildmatchning i två olika programvaror. Programvarorna som används i studien är UAS Master och Pix4D. Målet är också att utreda hur vald extraktions nivå i UAS Master och vald bildskala i Pix4D påverkar resultatet vid generering av terrängmodeller. Tre terrängmodeller skapades i UAS Master med olika extraktionsnivåer och ytterligare tre skapades i Pix4D med olika bildskalor. 26 kontrollprofiler mättes in med nätverks-RTK i aktuellt område för beräkning av medelavvikelse och kvadratiskt medelvärde (RMS). Detta för att kunna verifiera och jämföra mätosäkerheten i modellerna. Studien visar att slutresultatet varierar när samma data bearbetas i olika programvaror.  Studien visar också att vald extraktionsnivå i UAS Master och vald bildskala i Pix4D påverkar resultatet olika. I UAS Master minskar mätosäkerheten med ökad extraktionsnivå, i Pix4D är det svårare att se ett tydligt mönster. Båda programvaror kunde producera terrängmodeller med ett RMS-värde kring 0,03 m. Medelavvikelsen i samtliga modeller understiger 0,02 m, vilket är kravet för klass 1 från den tekniska specifikationen SIS-TS 21144:2016. Medelavvikelsen för marktypen grus i UAS Master i modellen med låg extraktionsnivå överskrider dock kraven för klass 1. Därmed uppnår alla förutom en av terrängmodellerna kraven för klass 1, vilket är den klass med högst ställda krav.
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Arslaner, Ege Candeniz. "Integration of 3D data from the ancient city of Karkemish by Digital Photogrammetry." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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The thesis addresses the topic of rigorous reconstruction of an archaeological context, no longer existing, by using 3D models generated by a modern photogrammetric approach. The case of study is the ancient city of Karkemish, in Turkey. This beautiful city was forgotten for more than a thousand years. Then it was finally rediscovered more than a hundred years ago; unfortunately, many beautiful historical artifacts of the city scattered to London, Paris, Ankara, and many other places in the world. In order to demonstrate original appearance of the Long Wall of the Sculpture, digital photogrammetry method is applied, with a Structure from Motion Multi-View approach derived from Computer Vision. Thank to these recent methodologies, digital photogrammetry is more and more a universal technique for 3D model generation, applied in a wide range of interdisciplinary fields and very useful in surveying archaeological sites. During the thesis work, the 3D model of the Karkemish site was generated by ContextCapture software; the 3D model of the orthostats of the Long Wall of the Sculpture was instead created by PhotoScan software. After generation process, the models of the orthostats were modified by Blender software in order to create a realistic appearance. A similar process was applied for the 3D model of the city. Georeferencing was performed thanks to topographical surveys carried out on the site and the Digital Elevation Model. As the last step, all the orthostats have been imported one by one into their original positions, recreating the situation before their transfer in the Anatolian Civilizations Museum in Ankara.
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Lin, Dong [Verfasser], Hans-Gerd [Gutachter] Maas, Uwe [Gutachter] Stilla, and Thomas [Gutachter] Luhmann. "Thermal Camera Calibration and Photogrammetric Data Processing Schemes / Dong Lin ; Gutachter: Hans-Gerd Maas, Uwe Stilla, Thomas Luhmann." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1227053452/34.

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Yeung, Kwok-wai Albert, and 楊國偉. "A photogrammetric land information system for urban analysis: a study of the development of Kowloon from1964 to 1979." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31231445.

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Sheer, Paul. "A software assistant for manual stereo photometrology." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22434.

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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of Science in Engineering.
A software package was written under the X Window System, Version 11, to assist in manual stereopsis of multiple views. The package enables multiple high resolution (2000 by 1500 pixels and higher) black and white photographs to be viewed simultaneously. Images have adjustable zoom windows which can be manipulated with the pointing device. The zoom windows enlarge to many times the resolution of the image enabling sub-pixel measurements to be extrapolated by the operator. A user-friendly interface allows for fast pinhole camera calibration (from known 3D calibration points) and enables three dimensional lines, circles, grids, cylinders and planes to be fitted to markers specified by the user. These geometric objects are automatically rendered in 3D for comparison with the images. The camera calibration is performed using an iterative optimisation algorithm which also tries multiple combinations of omitted calibration points. This allows for some fault tolerance of the algorithm with respect to erroneous calibration points. Vector mathematics for the geometrical fits is derived. The calibration is shown to converge on a variety of photographs from actual plant surveys. In an artificial test on an array of constructed 3D coordinate markers, absolute accuracy was found to be 1 mm (standard deviation of the Euclidean error) for a distance of 2.5 meters from a standard 35 mm camera. This translates to an error of 1.6 pixels in the scanned views. Lens distortion was assumed to be negligible, except for aspect ratio distortion which was calibrated for. Finally. to demonstrate the efficacy of the package, a 3D model was reconstructed from ten photographs of a human face, taken from different angles.
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Lin, Dong. "Thermal Camera Calibration and Photogrammetric Data Processing Schemes." 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A38275.

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Thermal imagery relating radiation in the long infrared domain allows for temperature analysis of object surfaces. Driven by the fast development of microbolometer detector arrays, uncooled thermal cameras are widely applied in applications such as building insulation inspection, water contamination monitoring. However, accurate geometric measurements and precise temperature retrievals are still nontrivial issues for uncooled thermal cameras. On the one hand, uncooled thermal cameras usually suffer from severe distortion effects. On the other hand, due to the immature detector devices, uncooled thermal cameras are easily affected by ambient conditions, which degrades the robustness of accurate temperature retrieval. Therefore, geometric calibration and radiometric calibration are thoroughly investigated in this thesis. Based on the calibration results, photogrammetric data processing schemes of several applications are developed and extensively discussed in this thesis: Flow velocity measurement, thermal attribute mapping of building facades and facade elements extraction from point clouds with thermal attributes.
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(9187466), Bharath Kumar Comandur Jagannathan Raghunathan. "Semantic Labeling of Large Geographic Areas Using Multi-Date and Multi-View Satellite Images and Noisy OpenStreetMap Labels." Thesis, 2020.

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This dissertation addresses the problem of how to design a convolutional neural network (CNN) for giving semantic labels to the points on the ground given the satellite image coverage over the area and, for the ground truth, given the noisy labels in OpenStreetMap (OSM). This problem is made challenging by the fact that -- (1) Most of the images are likely to have been recorded from off-nadir viewpoints for the area of interest on the ground; (2) The user-supplied labels in OSM are frequently inaccurate and, not uncommonly, entirely missing; and (3) The size of the area covered on the ground must be large enough to possess any engineering utility. As this dissertation demonstrates, solving this problem requires that we first construct a DSM (Digital Surface Model) from a stereo fusion of the available images, and subsequently use the DSM to map the individual pixels in the satellite images to points on the ground. That creates an association between the pixels in the images and the noisy labels in OSM. The CNN-based solution we present yields a 4-8% improvement in the per-class segmentation IoU (Intersection over Union) scores compared to the traditional approaches that use the views independently of one another. The system we present is end-to-end automated, which facilitates comparing the classifiers trained directly on true orthophotos vis-`a-vis first training them on the off-nadir images and subsequently translating the predicted labels to geographical coordinates. This work also presents, for arguably the first time, an in-depth discussion of large-area image alignment and DSM construction using tens of true multi-date and multi-view WorldView-3 satellite images on a distributed OpenStack cloud computing platform.
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Books on the topic "Photogrammetry Data processing"

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Computational models in surveying and photogrammetry. Glasgow: Blackie, 1986.

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Kasser, Michel. Digital Photogrammetry. London: Taylor & Francis Group Plc, 2004.

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Yves, Egels, ed. Digital photogrammetry. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.

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Lagerqvist, Bosse. The conservation information system: Photogrammetry as a base for designing documentation in conservation and cultural resources management. Göteborg, Sweden: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 1996.

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International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (18th 1996 Vienna, Austria). International archives of photogrammetry and remote sensing = Archives internationales de photogrammétrie et de télédétection = Internationales Archiv für Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung: [Papers presented at the ISPRS XVIII Congress, Vienna, Austria, 1996]. [Bethesda, Md.]: Committee of the XVIII International Congress for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1996.

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ISPRS Commission II Symposium (1994 Ottawa, Ont.). Systems for data processing, analysis and representation: ISPRS Commission II Symposium, June 6-10, 1994, Ottawa, Canada. Ottawa, Ont: Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing Sector, Natural Resources Canada, 1994.

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Yeh, Anthony G. O. Advances in Spatial Data Handling and GIS: 14th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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Zhigui, Hu. Robust estimation applied to SPACE - M. Mississauga, Ont: University of Toronto, Erindale Campus, Survey Science, 1989.

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O'Connor, R. P. 1992 compact disk aerial imagery product database market survey report. [Rome, N.Y.] (P.O. Box 4194, Rome 13442-4194): [R.P. O'Connor Consulting, 1993.

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Shen, Zhenjiang. Geospatial Techniques in Urban Planning. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Photogrammetry Data processing"

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Huntley, David, Drew Rotheram-Clarke, Roger MacLeod, Robert Cocking, Philip LeSueur, Bill Lakeland, and Alec Wilson. "Scalable Platform for UAV Flight Operations, Data Capture, Cloud Processing and Image Rendering of Landslide Hazards and Surface Change Detection for Disaster-Risk Reduction." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 2, 2022, 49–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18471-0_4.

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AbstractThis International Programme on Landslide (IPL) Project 202 paper presents a scalable remote piloted aircraft system (RPAS) platform that streamlines unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) flight operations for data capture, cloud processing and image rendering to inventory and monitor slow-moving landslides along the national railway transportation corridor in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Merging UAV photogrammetry, ground-based real-time kinematic global navigation satellite system (RTK-GNSS) measurements, and satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) datasets best characterizes the distribution, morphology and activity of landslides over time. Our study shows that epochal UAV photogrammetry, benchmarked with periodic ground-based RTK-GNSS measurements and satellite InSAR platforms with repeat visit times of weeks (e.g., RADARSAT-2 and SENTINEL-1) to days (e.g. RADARSAT Constellation Mission) provides rapid landslide monitoring capability with cm-scale precision and accuracy.
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Tian, Jiuling. "Mountain Monitoring System Based on the Digital Photogrammetry and the Component GIS." In Data Processing Techniques and Applications for Cyber-Physical Systems (DPTA 2019), 1393–99. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1468-5_164.

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Liu, Zhaohua, and Jingyu Yang. "Discuss on the Teaching Reform of Photogrammetry Course Based on Data Processing Flow." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 155–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24775-0_24.

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Panisova, J., M. Fraštia, T. Wunderlich, and R. Pašteka. "DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN MICROGRAVITY DATA PROCESSING:." In Archaeological Prospection, 330–33. Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjsf630.125.

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Pfeifer, Norbert, and Jan Böhm. "Early stages of LiDAR data processing." In Advances in Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 169–84. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203888445.ch13.

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Gong, Jianya, Qiming Zhou, Guorui Ma, and Haigang Sui. "Processing of multitemporal data and change detection." In Advances in Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 227–47. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203888445.ch17.

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"Early stages of LiDAR data processing." In Advances in Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences: 2008 ISPRS Congress Book, 187–202. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203888445-20.

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Rahaman, Hafizur. "Photogrammetry: What, How, and Where." In Virtual Heritage: A Concise Guide, 25–37. Ubiquity Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bck.d.

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Developing 3D digital models of artefacts, monuments, excavations and historic landscapes as part of digital documentation is becoming common in the field of heritage management, virtual tourism, immersive Due to the present pandemic situation with restricted social distancing; gallery, library, archive, and museum (GLAM) industries are facing an incremental burden on both their income and visitor traffic, which is affecting their survival. As a way out, we can see some GLAM institutes are trying to expand their collections on digital platforms for showcasing and promoting virtual visits. Numerous online portals and repositories are evolving for archiving, sharing, and trading 3D models are also evolving to support this digital vibe. This chapter explains the basics of photogrammetry and its development workflow, including data acquisition (photo shooting), data processing and a few post-processing tools. visualisation and scientific research. Such 3D reconstruction or 3D data acquisition form a laser scanning process involves high costs, manual labour and substantial expertise. On the other hand, Image-based 3D modelling photogrammetry software offers a comparatively inexpensive alternative and can handle the task with ease. Besides, documenting heritage artefacts with free and open-source software (FOSS) in supporting photogrammetry is getting popular for quality data production.
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"Processing of multitemporal data and change detection." In Advances in Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences: 2008 ISPRS Congress Book, 245–66. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203888445-24.

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Genge, Matthew J. "Modern techniques in illustration and recording in geology." In Geological Field Sketches and Illustrations, 267–82. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835929.003.0016.

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Advances in technology have enabled new methods in the acquisition and recording of field data in geology and its presentation within publications. These techniques compliment, rather than replace, traditional field observations. This chapter describes the use of photogrammetry and aerial drone surveys in constructing three-dimensional models of geological features, which provide valuable data when combined with field notes on lithology. Digital methods in the analysis and processing of images are discussed together with methods in digital drawing and painting to produce publication-ready diagrams for Earth Science. Photographs for use in publications should be corrected to ensure optimal contrast and brightness.
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Conference papers on the topic "Photogrammetry Data processing"

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Belli, Antonio. "Large scale stereophotogrammetric survey and computer data processing on particular works of art." In Close-Range Photogrammetry Meets Machine Vision. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2294251.

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Kim, C., H. Son, and C. Kim. "The Effective Acquisition and Processing of 3D Photogrammetric Data from Digital Photogrammetry for Construction Progress Measurement." In International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41182(416)22.

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Valero, Enrique, Alan Forster, Frédéric Bosché, Lyn Wilson, and Alick Leslie. "COMPARISON OF 3D REALITY CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE SURVEY OF STONE WALLS." In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 8th International Congress on Archaeology, Computer Graphics, Cultural Heritage and Innovation. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica8.2016.2582.

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The maintenance of the external fabric of historic buildings constitutes a large portion of overall building life cycle costs.Advanced reality capture and data processing technologies have the potential to transform existing survey practice,providing surveyors with objective data pertaining to building fabric, in a more rapid (frequent), safe and cost-effectivemanner. In this paper, we present a unique evaluation of several Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and photogrammetric(PG) systems that assess their relative strengths for the survey of stone walls. The assessment is conducted using anhistoric building selected for its representativeness of form, fabric and condition. The work considers performance interms of data accuracy and precision, data completeness, and process efficiency. The results show that, while TLSprovides good geometric data to generate accurate and valuable 3D models, the quality of PG reconstructions can bealso be sufficient in such contexts. And considering the relatively low-cost and portability of modern digital camerascompared to laser scanners, photogrammetry can constitute a realistic alternative to TLS. In addition, mounting a cameraon a UAV could further solve access issues, preventing the need for any additional infrastructure (e.g. scaffolding), whichwould be required when employing TLS. However, a lesson drawn from this work is that effective acquisition ofphotogrammetric data requires careful planning to select the appropriate camera settings and picture density (andlocations) to ensure accurate and reliable photogrammetric reconstruction. This process may be referred to as: Planningfor Photogrammetry (P4P).
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Mirzazade, Ali, Cosmin Popescu, Thomas Blanksvärd, and Björn Täljsten. "Application of close range photogrammetry in structural health monitoring by processing generated point cloud datasets." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.0450.

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<p>In bridge inspection, vertical displacement is a relevant parameter for both short and long-term health monitoring. Assessing change in deflections could also simplify the assessment work for inspectors. Recent developments in digital camera technology and photogrammetry software enables point cloud with colour information (RGB values) to be generated. Thus, close range photogrammetry offers the potential of monitoring big and small-scale damages by point clouds. The current paper aims to monitor geometrical deviations in Pahtajokk Bridge, Northern Sweden, using an optical data acquisition technique. The bridge in this study is scanned two times by almost one year a part. After point cloud generation the datasets were compared to detect geometrical deviations. First scanning was carried out by both close range photogrammetry (CRP) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), while second scanning was performed by CRP only. Analyzing the results has shown the potential of CRP in bridge inspection.</p>
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Miniello, G., and M. La Salandra. "HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGE PROCESSING AND LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION FOR HYDRO- GEOMORPHOLOGICAL HIGH-RISK AREA MONITORING." In 9th International Conference "Distributed Computing and Grid Technologies in Science and Education". Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54546/mlit.2021.12.40.001.

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High-resolution image processing for land surface monitoring is fundamental to analyze the impact ofdifferent geomorphological processes on Earth surface for different climate change scenarios. In thiscontext, photogrammetry is one of the most reliable techniques to generate high-resolutiontopographic data, being key to territorial mapping and change detection analysis of landforms inhydro-geomorphological high-risk areas. An important issue arises as soon as the main goal is toconduct analyses over extended areas of the Earth surface (such as fluvial systems) in a short time,since the need to capture large datasets to develop detailed topographic models may limit thephotogrammetric process, due to the high demand of high-performance hardware. In order toinvestigate the best set up of computing resources for these very peculiar tasks, a study of theperformance of a photogrammetric workflow based on a FOSS (Free Open-Source Software) SfM(Structure from Motion) algorithm using different cluster configurations was conducted, leveragingthe computing power of ReCaS-Bari data center infrastructure, which hosts several services such asHTC, HPC, IaaS, PaaS. Exploiting the high-computing resources available at clusters and choosingspecific set up for the workflow steps, an important reduction of several hours in the processing timewas recorded, especially compared to classic photogrammetric programs processed on a singleworkstation with commercial softwares. The high quality of the image details can be used for landcover classification and preliminary change detection studies using Machine Learning techniques. Asubset of the datasets used for the workflow implementation has been considered to test theperformance of different Convolutional Neural Networks, using progressively more complex layersequences, data augmentation and callback functions for training the models. All the results are givenin terms of model accuracy and loss and performance evaluation.
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Pecci, Antonio. "Droni e fotogrammetria moderna per il rilievo dei castelli." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11490.

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Drones and modern photogrammetry for castlesCastles, often built on hills with extremely steep slopes, or on sea cliffs overlooking stretches of water, were difficult to conquer. Construction techniques and geomorphology of the area were a key factor in making castles impregnable to sieges of military troops or bands of pirates or robbers. Today, the same characteristics make them difficult to survey. In fact, there are huge difficulties in surveying fortified structures on the top of hills or on the edge of a precipice. Such geomorphological features sometimes make the survey difficult, time consuming and expensive and unsafe for operators. Today, these problems can be reduced through the use of drones and photogrammetric processing tools which are based on Structure from Motion algorythms and are easy to use. This method allows us to acquire data with geometric resolution in order to map and study masonry characteristics, as well as analyze and monitor decay and crack patterns for restoration purposes. In this paper, we will discuss the potential of drones and modern photogrammetry techniques in architectural surveys and applied to three case studies. These include the castle of Isabella Morra in Valsinni (Basilicata, South Italy), perched on a cliff; the medieval citadel of Uggiano in Ferrandina (Basilicata, South Italy) in an advanced state of degradation and on a plateau with high geological risk; and the San Fernando Fuerte to Bocochita (Cartagena de Indias, Colombia) overlooking the sea.
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Wu, P. K. K., J. Chin, R. Tsui, and C. Ng. "Evaluation of Digital Rock Mass Discontinuity Mapping Techniques for Applications in Tunnels." In The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.38.

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High-quality coloured 3D point clouds can now be readily generated by digital surveying techniques such as structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Point clouds allow discontinuities to be mapped digitally on rock slopes and this has been widely studied in Hong Kong. In comparison, few similar applications have been reported in tunnels in Hong Kong. To extend the application of this technology for tunnel excavation, we carried out three site trials in two drill-and-blast hard rock tunnels in Hong Kong. Both SfM photogrammetry and TLS were used to generate point clouds for the exposed rock tunnel surfaces. The generated point clouds were then tested for semi-automatic extraction of rock mass discontinuities using DRM2.0, Aurecon’s in-house developed software. This paper provides detail accounts of data acquisition, data processing, present the findings on the performance of semi-automatic identification of discontinuities, and the comparison between SfM and TLS techniques. The paper also discusses the challenges in digital mapping inside tunnels and provide useful suggestions on conducting laser scanning and photogrammetry in tunnels.
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Jankauskiene, Dainora, Indrius Kuklys, Lina Kukliene, and Birute Ruzgiene. "Surface modelling of a unique heritage object: use of UAV combined with camera and LiDAR for mound inspection." In Research for Rural Development 2020. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.26.2020.030.

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Nowadays, the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle flying at a low altitude in conjunction with photogrammetric and LiDAR technologies allows to collect images of very high-resolution to generate dense points cloud and to simulate geospatial data of territories. The technology used in experimental research contains reconstruction of topography of surface with historical structure, observing the recreational infrastructure, obtaining geographic information for users who are involved in preservation and inspection of such unique cultural/ heritage object as are mounds in Lithuania. In order to get reliable aerial mapping products of preserved unique heritage object, such photogrammetric/ GIS procedures were performed: UAV flight for taking images with the camera; scanning surface by LiDAR simultaneously; processing of image data, 3D modelling and generation of orthophoto. Evaluation of images processing results shows that the accuracy of surface modelling by the use of UAV photogrammetry method satisfied requirements – mean RMSE equal to 0.031 m. The scanning surface by LiDAR from low altitude is advisable, relief representation of experimental area was obtained with mean accuracy up to 0.050 m. Aerial mapping by the use of UAV requires to specify appropriate ground sample distance (GSD) that is important for reducing number of images and time duration for modelling of area. Experiment shows that specified GSD of 1.7 cm is not reasonable, GSD size increased by 1.5 time would be applicable. The use of different software in addition for DSM visualization and analysis is redundant action.
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Kaufman, John, Allan E. W. Rennie, and Morag Clement. "Reverse Engineering Using Close Range Photogrammetry for Additive Manufactured Reproduction of Egyptian Artefacts and Other Objets d’art." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20304.

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Photogrammetry has been in use for over one hundred and fifty years. This research considers how digital image capture using a medium range Nikon Digital SLR camera, can be transformed into 3D virtual spatial images, and together with additive manufacturing (AM) technology, geometric representations of the original artefact can be fabricated. The research has focused on the use of photogrammetry as opposed to laser scanning (LS), investigating the shift from LS use to a Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera exclusively. The basic photogrammetry equipment required is discussed, with the main objective being simplicity of execution for eventual realisation of physical products. As the processing power of computers has increased and become widely available, at affordable prices, software programs have improved, so it is now possible to digitally combine multi-view photographs, taken from 360°, into 3D virtual representational images. This has now led to the possibility of 3D images being created without LS intervention. Two methods of digital data capture are employed and discussed, in acquiring up to 130 digital data images, taken from different angles using the DSLR camera together with the specific operating conditions in which to photograph the objects. Three case studies are documented, the first, a modern clay sculpture, whilst the other two are 3000 year old Egyptian clay artefacts and the objects were recreated using AM technology. It has been shown that with the use of a standard DSLR camera and computer software, 2D images can be converted into 3D virtual video replicas as well as solid, geometric representation of the originals.
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Buchón-Moragues, Fernando, David Sánchez-Jiménez, Jesús Palomar-Vázquez, and Guillermo Peris-Fajarnés. "PROCESAMIENTO AUTOMATIZADO DE MODELOS TRIDIMENSIONALES DE ÚLCERAS CUTÁNEAS." In 1st Congress in Geomatics Engineering. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cigeo2017.2017.6553.

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Geomatics includes techniques such as photogrammetry, remote sensing and geographic information systems, which provide applicable tools in various areas of biomedicine, for example skin ulcer measurement. In previous projects we developed procedures for acquiring data and measuring skin ulcers using a digital photo camera, a manual scanner and photogrammetry software based on correlation. We have tested our technique in a randomized clinical trial in patients with chronic leg ulcers. In the present project an application system is created with the following objectives: automate the processing of three-dimensional models of cutaneous ulcers and generate documentation that ease the interpretation of the evolution of skin ulcers by medical personnel (including PDF report, AVI animation and XOS augmented reality project). We also created a website prototype that stores the documentation, allowing registered users to upload photographs and consult or modify the database of skin ulcers. A test is performed with 50 cutaneous leg ulcers, in order to debug and improve the application system and the website prototype.http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIGeo2017.2017.6553
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Reports on the topic "Photogrammetry Data processing"

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Fernandes, R. A., F. Canisius, S. G. Leblanc, M. Maloley, S. Oakes, C. Prévost, and C. Schmidt. Assessment of UAV-based photogrammetry for snow-depth mapping: data collection and processing. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/300553.

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Bruder, Brittany L., Katherine L. Brodie, Tyler J. Hesser, Nicholas J. Spore, Matthew W. Farthing, and Alexander D. Renaud. guiBath y : A Graphical User Interface to Estimate Nearshore Bathymetry from Hovering Unmanned Aerial System Imagery. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39700.

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This US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, technical report details guiBathy, a graphical user interface to estimate nearshore bathymetry from imagery collected via a hovering Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). guiBathy provides an end-to-end solution for non-subject-matter-experts to utilize commercia-off-the-shelf UAS to collect quantitative imagery of the nearshore by packaging robust photogrammetric and signal-processing algorithms into an easy-to-use software interface. This report begins by providing brief background on coastal imaging and the photogrammetry and bathymetric inversion algorithms guiBathy utilizes, as well as UAS data collection requirements. The report then describes guiBathy software specifications, features, and workflow. Example guiBathy applications conclude the report with UAS bathymetry measurements taken during the 2020 Atlantic Hurricane Season, which compare favorably (root mean square error = 0.44 to 0.72 m; bias = -0.35 to -0.11 m) with in situ survey measurements. guiBathy is a standalone executable software for Windows 10 platforms and will be freely available at www.github.com/erdc.
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Bhatt, Parth, Curtis Edson, and Ann MacLean. Image Processing in Dense Forest Areas using Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). Michigan Technological University, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.michigantech-p/16366.

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Imagery collected via Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) platforms has become popular in recent years due to improvements in a Digital Single-Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera (centimeter and sub-centimeter), lower operation costs as compared to human piloted aircraft, and the ability to collect data over areas with limited ground access. Many different application (e.g., forestry, agriculture, geology, archaeology) are already using and utilizing the advantages of UAS data. Although, there are numerous UAS image processing workflows, for each application the approach can be different. In this study, we developed a processing workflow of UAS imagery collected in a dense forest (e.g., coniferous/deciduous forest and contiguous wetlands) area allowing users to process large datasets with acceptable mosaicking and georeferencing errors. Imagery was acquired with near-infrared (NIR) and red, green, blue (RGB) cameras with no ground control points. Image quality of two different UAS collection platforms were observed. Agisoft Metashape, a photogrammetric suite, which uses SfM (Structure from Motion) techniques, was used to process the imagery. The results showed that an UAS having a consumer grade Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) onboard had better image alignment than an UAS with lower quality GNSS.
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