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Journal articles on the topic 'Photocatalysis'
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1
Wang, Shifa, Peilin Mo, Dengfeng Li, and Asad Syed. "Intelligent Algorithms Enable Photocatalyst Design and Performance Prediction." Catalysts 14, no. 4 (March 22, 2024): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14040217.
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Photocatalysts have made great contributions to the degradation of pollutants to achieve environmental purification. The traditional method of developing new photocatalysts is to design and perform a large number of experiments to continuously try to obtain efficient photocatalysts that can degrade pollutants, which is time-consuming, costly, and does not necessarily achieve the best performance of the photocatalyst. The rapid development of photocatalysis has been accelerated by the rapid development of artificial intelligence. Intelligent algorithms can be utilized to design photocatalysts and predict photocatalytic performance, resulting in a reduction in development time and the cost of new catalysts. In this paper, the intelligent algorithms for photocatalyst design and photocatalytic performance prediction are reviewed, especially the artificial neural network model and the model optimized by an intelligent algorithm. A detailed discussion is given on the advantages and disadvantages of the neural network model, as well as its application in photocatalysis optimized by intelligent algorithms. The use of intelligent algorithms in photocatalysis is challenging and long term due to the lack of suitable neural network models for predicting the photocatalytic performance of photocatalysts. The prediction of photocatalytic performance of photocatalysts can be aided by the combination of various intelligent optimization algorithms and neural network models, but it is only useful in the early stages. Intelligent algorithms can be used to design photocatalysts and predict their photocatalytic performance, which is a promising technology.
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Prakash, Jai. "Mechanistic Insights into Graphene Oxide Driven Photocatalysis as Co-Catalyst and Sole Catalyst in Degradation of Organic Dye Pollutants." Photochem 2, no. 3 (August 17, 2022): 651–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photochem2030043.
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Photocatalysis is a promising route to utilize sunlight, which has been potentially used to solve energy as well as environmental problems with an emphasis on fundamental understanding and technological applications in society. Semiconductors are excellent photocatalysts but often show less efficient activities due to the fast recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and very slow kinetics of surface photochemical reactions. However, recent advancements show promising strategies to improve their photocatalytic activities, including surface modifications using suitable co-catalysts and the development of novel efficient photocatalysts. Graphene oxide (GO) is one of such nanomaterials which shows multifarious roles in photocatalysis with a great potential to act as an independent solar-driven sole photocatalyst. In this minireview, the photochemistry of GO has been discussed in view of its multifarious roles/mechanisms in improving the photocatalytic activity of metal oxide semiconductors, plasmonic nanomaterials, and also their nanocomposites. In addition, recent advancements and applications of such GO-based photocatalysts in photocatalytic degradation of organic dye pollutants, including engineering of GO as the sole photocatalyst, have been discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and future prospects for the development of GO-based photocatalysts are discussed.
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Yu, Haidong, Haibing Jiang, Shuji Zhang, Xin Feng, Song Yin, and Wenzhi Zhao. "Review of Two-Dimensional MXenes (Ti3C2Tx) Materials in Photocatalytic Applications." Processes 11, no. 5 (May 6, 2023): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11051413.
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MXenes (Ti3C2Tx) have gotten a lot of interest since their discovery in 2011 because of their distinctive two-dimensional layered structure, high conductivity, and rich surface functional groups. According to the findings, MXenes (Ti3C2Tx) may block photogenerated electron-hole recombination in the photocatalytic system and offer many activation reaction sites, enhancing the photocatalytic performance and demonstrating tremendous promise in the field of photocatalysis. This review discusses current Ti3C2Tx-based photocatalyst preparation techniques, such as ultrasonic mixing, electrostatic self-assembly, hydrothermal preparation, and calcination techniques. We also summarised the advancements in photocatalytic CO2 reduction, photocatalytic nitrogen fixation, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, and Ti3C2Tx-based photocatalysts in photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. Lastly, the challenges and prospects of Ti3C2Tx in photocatalysis are discussed based on the practical application of Ti3C2Tx.
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Li, Xue, Ulla Simon, Maged F. Bekheet, and Aleksander Gurlo. "Mineral-Supported Photocatalysts: A Review of Materials, Mechanisms and Environmental Applications." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 5607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155607.
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Although they are of significant importance for environmental applications, the industrialization of photocatalytic techniques still faces many difficulties, and the most urgent concern is cost control. Natural minerals possess abundant chemical inertia and cost-efficiency, which is suitable for hybridizing with various effective photocatalysts. The use of natural minerals in photocatalytic systems can not only significantly decrease the pure photocatalyst dosage but can also produce a favorable synergistic effect between photocatalyst and mineral substrate. This review article discusses the current progress regarding the use of various mineral classes in photocatalytic applications. Owing to their unique structures, large surface area, and negatively charged surface, silicate minerals could enhance the adsorption capacity, reduce particle aggregation, and promote photogenerated electron-hole pair separation for hybrid photocatalysts. Moreover, controlling the morphology and structure properties of these materials could have a great influence on their light-harvesting ability and photocatalytic activity. Composed of silica and alumina or magnesia, some silicate minerals possess unique orderly organized porous or layered structures, which are proper templates to modify the photocatalyst framework. The non-silicate minerals (referred to carbonate and carbon-based minerals, sulfate, and sulfide minerals and other special minerals) can function not only as catalyst supports but also as photocatalysts after special modification due to their unique chemical formula and impurities. The dye-sensitized minerals, as another natural mineral application in photocatalysis, are proved to be superior photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution and wastewater treatment. This work aims to provide a complete research overview of the mineral-supported photocatalysts and summarizes the common synergistic effects between different mineral substrates and photocatalysts as well as to inspire more possibilities for natural mineral application in photocatalysis.
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Gusarov, Sergey. "Advances in Computational Methods for Modeling Photocatalytic Reactions: A Review of Recent Developments." Materials 17, no. 9 (April 30, 2024): 2119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17092119.
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Photocatalysis is a fascinating process in which a photocatalyst plays a pivotal role in driving a chemical reaction when exposed to light. Its capacity to harness light energy triggers a cascade of reactions that lead to the formation of intermediate compounds, culminating in the desired final product(s). The essence of this process is the interaction between the photocatalyst’s excited state and its specific interactions with reactants, resulting in the creation of intermediates. The process’s appeal is further enhanced by its cyclic nature—the photocatalyst is rejuvenated after each cycle, ensuring ongoing and sustainable catalytic action. Nevertheless, comprehending the photocatalytic process through the modeling of photoactive materials and molecular devices demands advanced computational techniques founded on effective quantum chemistry methods, multiscale modeling, and machine learning. This review analyzes contemporary theoretical methods, spanning a range of lengths and accuracy scales, and assesses the strengths and limitations of these methods. It also explores the future challenges in modeling complex nano-photocatalysts, underscoring the necessity of integrating various methods hierarchically to optimize resource distribution across different scales. Additionally, the discussion includes the role of excited state chemistry, a crucial element in understanding photocatalysis.
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Ahmad, Abdul Latif, Jing Yi Chin, Abdul Majeed Alaudin, and Norhanis Farhana Mohd Masri. "Influence of TiO2 Phases and Operational Parameters on Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange." Journal of Physical Science 35, no. 2 (September 4, 2024): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jps2024.35.2.5.
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In the textile industry, the wastewater produced consists of large amount of dyes. These dyes possess harm to environmental and public health. TiO2 is one of the most common photocatalysts, however studies about degradation efficiency of dye using different phases of TiO2 is scared. Employing photocatalysis, the novelty of this study is to compare methyl orange (MO) degradation efficiency of pure phases of photocatalysts TiO2 (anatase, rutile and brookite) in terms of their photochemical properties and underlying photocatalytic mechanism. Characterisation evaluations including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out to assess morphology, chemical structure, crystal structure and electron transfer resistance of the photocatalysts. MO adsorption-photocatalysis removal percentage by pure phase TiO2, which are anatase, brookite and rutile were attained at 57%, 48% and 19%, respectively. The main reason that contributes to high degradation rate of MO by TiO2-anatase could be due to the good dye-photocatalyst affinity and the least electron transfer resistance. Besides, other affecting parameters such as initial concentration of photocatalyst, initial concentration of dye and pH of the dye solution were evaluated. It was found that photocatalytic efficiency was enhanced with increasing initial concentration of photocatalyst from 0.25 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL (degradation improved from 50% to 80%), with decreasing initial dye concentration and under acidic condition.
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Chang, Haoxu, Yayang Wang, Panzhe Qiao, Bo Sun, Zhengbang Wang, and Fei Song. "Formulating InVO4/α-Fe2O3 Heterojunction Composites for Photocatalytic Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation." Nanomaterials 14, no. 17 (September 4, 2024): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14171441.
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This study reports the synthesis of InVO4/α-Fe2O3 heterojunction photocatalysts with different stoichiometric ratios via a two-step hydrothermal synthesis reaction. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and other methods. The prepared composites exhibited good photocatalysis of tetracycline hydrochloride. Among the InVO4/α-Fe2O3 heterojunction photocatalysts with different ratios, the InVO4/0.25α-Fe2O3 photocatalyst showed the highest degradation rate for 20 mg L−1 tetracycline hydrochloride. After three photocatalytic runs, it still exhibited excellent stability and reusability. Meanwhile, this study also found that superoxide radical anion (-O2−), electron (e−), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and photogenerated hole (h+) are the basic active substances in the photocatalytic process.
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Cheng, Yan, Chenxi Li, Shindume Lomboleni Hamukwaya, Guangdong Huang, and Zengying Zhao. "Synthesis of Composite Titanate Photocatalyst via Molten Salt Processing and Its Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties." Nanomaterials 13, no. 22 (November 14, 2023): 2944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13222944.
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Photocatalysis plays a pivotal role in environmental remediation and energy production and improving the efficiency of photocatalysts, yet enhancing its efficiency remains a challenge. Titanate has been claimed to be a very promising material amongst various photocatalysts in recent years. In this work, a novel composite photocatalyst of sodium titanate and potassium titanate was synthesized via a simple hydrothermal and molten salt calcination method. Low melting point nitrate was added in the calcination process, which helps reduce the calcination temperature. The as-prepared composite sample showed excellent photocatalytic performance compared with commercial P25 in the visible light range. According to the characterization of XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, UV–Vis, and photocatalytic property testing, the composite’s photocatalytic performance results are due to the dual optimization brought about by the layered structure and composite of titanium salts forming a heterojunction. We believe that the composite has significant application potential for the use of titanate in the field of photocatalysis. Notably, this study employed well-documented synthesis methods and adhered to established protocols for experimental procedures.
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Ren, Yu, Yuze Dong, Yaqing Feng, and Jialiang Xu. "Compositing Two-Dimensional Materials with TiO2 for Photocatalysis." Catalysts 8, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8120590.
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Energy shortage and environmental pollution problems boost in recent years. Photocatalytic technology is one of the most effective ways to produce clean energy—hydrogen and degrade pollutants under moderate conditions and thus attracts considerable attentions. TiO2 is considered one of the best photocatalysts because of its well-behaved photo-corrosion resistance and catalytic activity. However, the traditional TiO2 photocatalyst suffers from limitations of ineffective use of sunlight and rapid carrier recombination rate, which severely suppress its applications in photocatalysis. Surface modification and hybridization of TiO2 has been developed as an effective method to improve its photocatalysis activity. Due to superior physical and chemical properties such as high surface area, suitable bandgap, structural stability and high charge mobility, two-dimensional (2D) material is an ideal modifier composited with TiO2 to achieve enhanced photocatalysis process. In this review, we summarized the preparation methods of 2D material/TiO2 hybrid and drilled down into the role of 2D materials in photocatalysis activities.
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Kudo, Akihiko. "Photocatalysis and solar hydrogen production." Pure and Applied Chemistry 79, no. 11 (January 1, 2007): 1917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200779111917.
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Photocatalytic water splitting is a challenging reaction because it is an ultimate solution to energy and environmental issues. Recently, many new powdered photocatalysts for water splitting have been developed. For example, a NiO (0.2 wt %)/NaTaO3:La (2 %) photocatalyst with a 4.1-eV band gap showed high activity for water splitting into H2 and O2 with an apparent quantum yield of 56 % at 270 nm. Overall water splitting under visible light irradiation has been achieved by construction of a Z-scheme photocatalysis system employing visible-light-driven photocatalysts, Ru/SrTiO3:Rh and BiVO4 for H2 and O2 evolution, and an Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple as an electron relay. Moreover, highly efficient sulfide photocatalysts for solar hydrogen production in the presence of electron donors were developed by making solid solutions of ZnS with AgInS2 and CuInS2 of narrow band gap semiconductors. Thus, the database of powdered photocatalysts for water splitting has become plentiful.
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Dutta, Vishal, Ankush Chauhan, Ritesh Verma, C. Gopalkrishnan, and Van-Huy Nguyen. "Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 13 (November 11, 2022): 1316–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.13.109.
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One of the most enticing approaches to environmental restoration and energy conversion is photocatalysis powered by solar light. Traditional photocatalysts have limited practical uses due to inadequate light absorption, charge separation, and unknown reaction mechanisms. Discovering new visible-light photocatalysts and investigating their modification is crucial in photocatalysis. Bi-based photocatalytic nanomaterials have gotten much interest as they exhibit distinctive geometric shapes, flexible electronic structures, and good photocatalytic performance under visible light. They can be employed as stand-alone photocatalysts for pollution control and energy production, but they do not have optimum efficacy. As a result, their photocatalytic effectiveness has been significantly improved in the recent decades. Numerous newly created concepts and methodologies have brought significant progress in defining the fundamental features of photocatalysts, upgrading the photocatalytic ability, and understanding essential reactions of the photocatalytic process. This paper provides insights into the characteristics of Bi-based photocatalysts, making them a promising future nanomaterial for environmental remediation. The current review discusses the fabrication techniques and enhancement in Bi-based semiconductor photocatalysts. Various environmental applications, such as H2 generation and elimination of water pollutants, are also discussed in terms of semiconductor photocatalysis. Future developments will be guided by the uses, issues, and possibilities of Bi-based photocatalysts.
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Shen, Liqiang, Tingting Ye, Yehui Chen, Bei Chu, Hui Chen, Jinxing Hu, and Yan Yu. "Facile Synthesis of a Novel AgIO3/CTF Heterojunction and Its Adsorption–Photocatalytic Performance with Organic Pollutants." Toxics 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2024): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics12020133.
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With the development of modern industry, the issue of water pollution has garnered increasing attention. Photocatalysis, as a novel green environmental technology that is resource-efficient, environmentally friendly, and highly promising, has found extensive applications in the field of organic pollutant treatment. However, common semiconductor materials exhibit either a relatively low photocatalytic efficiency in the visible light range or an inefficient separation of photogenerated charges, resulting in their limited ability to harness solar energy effectively. Consequently, the development of new photocatalysts has become a pivotal focus in current photocatalysis research to enhance solar energy utilization. This research provides a brief explanation of the photocatalytic mechanism of the AgIO3/CTF heterojunction photocatalyst. Due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect, the Ag nanoparticles demonstrate significant absorption in the visible light region, playing a crucial role in the highly efficient photocatalytic reduction of organic pollutants.
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Alalm, Mohamed Gar, Ridha Djellabi, Daniela Meroni, Carlo Pirola, Claudia Letizia Bianchi, and Daria Camilla Boffito. "Toward Scaling-Up Photocatalytic Process for Multiphase Environmental Applications." Catalysts 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11050562.
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Recently, we have witnessed a booming development of composites and multi-dopant metal oxides to be employed as novel photocatalysts. Yet the practical application of photocatalysis for environmental purposes is still elusive. Concerns about the unknown fate and toxicity of nanoparticles, unsatisfactory performance in real conditions, mass transfer limitations and durability issues have so far discouraged investments in full-scale applications of photocatalysis. Herein, we provide a critical overview of the main challenges that are limiting large-scale application of photocatalysis in air and water/wastewater purification. We then discuss the main approaches reported in the literature to tackle these shortcomings, such as the design of photocatalytic reactors that retain the photocatalyst, the study of degradation of micropollutants in different water matrices, and the development of gas-phase reactors with optimized contact time and irradiation. Furthermore, we provide a critical analysis of research–practice gaps such as treatment of real water and air samples, degradation of pollutants with actual environmental concentrations, photocatalyst deactivation, and cost and environmental life-cycle assessment.
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Gu, Zhanyong, Mengdie Jin, Xin Wang, Ruotong Zhi, Zhenghao Hou, Jing Yang, Hongfang Hao, et al. "Recent Advances in g-C3N4-Based Photocatalysts for NOx Removal." Catalysts 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13010192.
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Nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollutants can cause a series of environmental issues, such as acid rain, ground-level ozone pollution, photochemical smog and global warming. Photocatalysis is supposed to be a promising technology to solve NOx pollution. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a metal-free photocatalyst has attracted much attention since 2009. However, the pristine g-C3N4 suffers from poor response to visible light, rapid charge carrier recombination, small specific surface areas and few active sites, which results in deficient solar light efficiency and unsatisfactory photocatalytic performance. In this review, we summarize and highlight the recent advances in g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic NOx removal. Firstly, we attempt to elucidate the mechanism of the photocatalytic NOx removal process and introduce the metal-free g-C3N4 photocatalyst. Then, different kinds of modification strategies to enhance the photocatalytic NOx removal performance of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts are summarized and discussed in detail. Finally, we propose the significant challenges and future research topics on g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic NOx removal, which should be further investigated and resolved in this interesting research field.
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Hong, Jong-Wook. "Development of Visible-Light-Driven Rh–TiO2–CeO2 Hybrid Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production." Catalysts 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11070848.
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Visible-light-driven hydrogen production through photocatalysis has attracted enormous interest owing to its great potential to address energy and environmental issues. However, photocatalysis possesses several limitations to overcome for practical applications, such as low light absorption efficiency, rapid charge recombination, and poor stability of photocatalysts. Here, the preparation of efficient noble metal–semiconductor hybrid photocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production is presented. The prepared ternary Rh–TiO2–CeO2 hybrid photocatalysts exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance toward the hydrogen production reaction compared with their counterparts, ascribed to the synergistic combination of Rh, TiO2, and CeO2.
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Goodarzi, Nahal, Zahra Ashrafi-Peyman, Elahe Khani, and Alireza Z. Moshfegh. "Recent Progress on Semiconductor Heterogeneous Photocatalysts in Clean Energy Production and Environmental Remediation." Catalysts 13, no. 7 (July 14, 2023): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13071102.
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Semiconductor-based photocatalytic reactions are a practical class of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to address energy scarcity and environmental pollution. By utilizing solar energy as a clean, abundant, and renewable source, this process offers numerous advantages, including high efficiency, eco-friendliness, and low cost. In this review, we present several methods to construct various photocatalyst systems with excellent visible light absorption and efficient charge carrier separation ability through the optimization of materials design and reaction conditions. Then it introduces the fundamentals of photocatalysis in both clean energy generation and environmental remediation. In the other parts, we introduce various approaches to enhance photocatalytic activity by applying different strategies, including semiconductor structure modification (e.g., morphology regulation, co-catalysts decoration, doping, defect engineering, surface sensitization, heterojunction construction) and tuning and optimizing reaction conditions (such as photocatalyst concentration, initial contaminant concentration, pH, reaction temperature, light intensity, charge-carrier scavengers). Then, a comparative study on the photocatalytic performance of the various recently examined photocatalysts applied in both clean energy production and environmental remediation will be discussed. To realize these goals, different photocatalytic reactions including H2 production via water splitting, CO2 reduction to value-added products, dye, and drug photodegradation to lessen toxic chemicals, will be presented. Subsequently, we report dual-functional photocatalysis systems for simultaneous energy production and pollutant photodegradation for efficient reactions. Then, a brief discussion about the industrial and economical applications of photocatalysts is described. The report follows by introducing the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the design and selection of an innovative photocatalyst in energy and environmental issues. Finally, a summary and future research directions toward developing photocatalytic systems with significantly improved efficiency and stability will be provided.
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Wongburapachart, Chanagun, Phuwadej Pornaroontham, Kyusung Kim, and Pramoch Rangsunvigit. "Photocatalytic Degradation of Acid Orange 7 by NiO-TiO2/TiO2 Bilayer Film Photo-Chargeable Catalysts." Coatings 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010141.
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Photocatalysis as an eco-friendly technology has the potential to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, an improvement of conventional photocatalysts is necessary to overcome their limitations such as slow kinetics, wavelength for excitation, and environmental restrictions. In particular, the development of a photocatalyst that can operate even in the absence of light is constantly conducted, and a photo-chargeable photocatalyst could be one of the answers. In this paper, a heterojunction composed of TiO2 and NiO-TiO2 bilayer film photocatalyst (BLF) was prepared. The effect of the synthesis conditions of the NiO-TiO2 layer on the photocatalytic properties was investigated. Photocatalytic degradation measurements were conducted with an acid orange 7 (AO7) solution under light and dark conditions. The highest degradation BLF was synthesized at a NiO loading of 52% and calcination temperature of 300 °C. The prepared sample showed about five-fold greater photocatalytic activity of 48% in AO7 degradation after 8 h compared to an ordinary TiO2 film (9%) under light conditions. Moreover, under dark conditions it exhibited 13.6% degradation, while the naked layers of TiO2 and NiO-TiO2 showed no degradation. The proposed mechanism suggested that photocatalysis in the dark was possible due to the stabilization of photogenerated holes by anionic intercalation during illumination.
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Fadlun, Wan. "Carbon Dioxide Reduction to Solar Fuels via Iron-Based Nanocomposite: Strategies to Intensify the Photoactivity." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 654–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8789.
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Photocatalysis has been studied over three decades ago as a promising alternative for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction with the ultimate objective of promoting sustainable keys to address global warming and energy crisis. In particular, photocatalysis offers the reduction of CO2 to renewable hydrocarbon fuels by utilizing limitless sunlight to trigger the reaction. The urgency reducing CO2 to solar fuels have aroused attention towards Fe-based material owing to their abundance, flexible compositional tunability, recyclability, and low cost compared to noble-metal photocatalysts. This review discussed comprehensively the recent evolution on Fe-based photocatalysts for CO2 reduction including metallic iron, iron oxide, and ternary iron oxides based photocatalysts. In the mainstream, detailed discussion on the main strategies adopted in the morphology and structure to enhance the photocatalytic performance have been discussed in detail for each type of Fe-based catalysts. The enhancements of Fe-based photocatalyst is analyzed with a view to emphasizing the reaction mechanism and probable pathways for the production of solar fuels. In addition, thermodynamics are discussed critically for selectivity of photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The existing constrains and guidance for future studies were defined, pledging to develop superior Fe-based photocatalysts for CO2 reduction with better-improved power reduction efficiency and generation rates.
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Ren, Zhenxing, Yang Li, Qiuyu Ren, Xiaojie Zhang, Xiaofan Fan, Xinjuan Liu, Jinchen Fan, Shuling Shen, Zhihong Tang, and Yuhua Xue. "Unveiling the Role of Sulfur Vacancies in Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Hybrids Photocatalysts." Nanomaterials 14, no. 12 (June 11, 2024): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14121009.
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Photocatalysis represents a sustainable strategy for addressing energy shortages and global warming. The main challenges in the photocatalytic process include limited light absorption, rapid recombination of photo-induced carriers, and poor surface catalytic activity for reactant molecules. Defect engineering in photocatalysts has been proven to be an efficient approach for improving solar-to-chemical energy conversion. Sulfur vacancies can adjust the electron structure, act as electron reservoirs, and provide abundant adsorption and activate sites, leading to enhanced photocatalytic activity. In this work, we aim to elucidate the role of sulfur vacancies in photocatalytic reactions and provide valuable insights for engineering high-efficiency photocatalysts with abundant sulfur vacancies in the future. First, we delve into the fundamental understanding of photocatalysis. Subsequently, various strategies for fabricating sulfur vacancies in photocatalysts are summarized, along with the corresponding characterization techniques. More importantly, the enhanced photocatalytic mechanism, focusing on three key factors, including electron structure, charge transfer, and the surface catalytic reaction, is discussed in detail. Finally, the future opportunities and challenges in sulfur vacancy engineering for photocatalysis are identified.
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Yan, Xin, Yuanyuan Wang, Bingbing Kang, Zhuo Li, and Yanhui Niu. "Preparation and Characterization of Tubelike g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 Heterojunction with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity." Crystals 11, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111373.
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Water pollution caused by dye wastewater is a potential threat to human health. Using photocatalysis technology to deal with dye wastewater has the advantages of strong purification and no secondary pollution, so it is greatly significant to look for new visible-light photocatalysts with high photocatalytic ability for dye wastewater degradation. Semiconductor photocatalyst silver phosphate (Ag3PO4) has high quantum efficiency and photocatalytic degradation activity. However, Ag3PO4 is prone to photoelectron corrosion and becomes unstable during photocatalysis, which severely limits its application in this field. In this study, a tubelike g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 heterojunction was constructed by the chemical precipitation method. An Ag3PO4 nanoparticle was loaded onto the surface of the tubelike g-C3N4, forming close contact. The photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst was evaluated by the degradation of RhB under visible-light irradiation. The tubelike g-C3N4/Ag3PO4-5% heterojunction exhibited optimal photocatalytic performance. In an optimal process, the degradation rate of the RhB is 90% under visible-light irradiation for 40 min. The recycling experiment showed that there was no apparent decrease in the activity of tubelike g-C3N4/Ag3PO4-5% heterojunction after five consecutive runs. A possible Z-type mechanism is proposed to explain the high activity and stability of the heterojunction.
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Navidpour, Amir Hossein, Mohammad Boshir Ahmed, and John L. Zhou. "Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceutical Residues from Water and Sewage Effluent Using Different TiO2 Nanomaterials." Nanomaterials 14, no. 2 (January 6, 2024): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14020135.
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Pharmaceuticals are widely used and often discharged without metabolism into the aquatic systems. The photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical compounds propranolol, mebeverine, and carbamazepine was studied using different titanium dioxide nanostructures suspended in water under UV and UV-visible irradiation. Among three different photocatalysts, the degradation was most effective by using Degussa P25 TiO2, followed by Hombikat UV100 and Aldrich TiO2. The photocatalytic performance was dependent on photocatalyst dosage, with an optimum concentration of 150 mg L−1. The natural aquatic colloids were shown to enhance the extent of photocatalysis, and the effect was correlated with their aromatic carbon content. In addition, the photocatalysis of pharmaceuticals was enhanced by the presence of nitrate, but inhibited by the presence of 2-propanol, indicating the importance of hydroxyl radicals. Under optimum conditions, the pharmaceuticals were rapidly degraded, with a half-life of 1.9 min, 2.1 min, and 3.2 min for propranolol, mebeverine, and carbamazepine, respectively. In treating sewage effluent samples, the photocatalytic rate constants for propranolol (0.28 min−1), mebeverine (0.21 min−1), and carbamazepine (0.15 min−1) were similar to those in water samples, demonstrating the potential of photocatalysis as a clean technology for the effective removal of pharmaceuticals from sewage effluent.
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Radetić, Lucija, Jan Marčec, Ivan Brnardić, Tihana Čižmar, and Ivana Grčić. "Study of Photocatalytic Oxidation of Micropollutants in Water and Intensification Case Study." Catalysts 12, no. 11 (November 18, 2022): 1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12111463.
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During the last decades, heterogenous photocatalysis has shown as the most promising advanced oxidation process for the removal of micropollutants due to degradation rate, sustainability, non-toxicity, and low-cost. Synergistic interaction of light irradiation, photocatalysts, and highly reactive species are used to break down pollutants toward inert products. Even though titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most researched photocatalyst, to overcome shortcomings, various modifications have been made to intensify photocatalytic activity in visible spectra range among which is modification with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Therefore, photocatalytic oxidation and its intensification by photocatalyst’s modification was studied on the example of four micropollutants (diclofenac, DF; imidacloprid, IMI; 1-H benzotriazole, BT; methylene blue, MB) degradation. Compound parabolic collector (CPC) reactor was used as, nowadays, it has been considered the state-of-the-art system due to its usage of both direct and diffuse solar radiation and quantum efficiency. A commercially available TiO2 P25 and nanocomposite of TiO2 and MWCNT were immobilized on a glass fiber mesh by sol-gel method. Full-spectra solar lamps with appropriate UVB and UVA irradiation levels were used in all experiments. Photocatalytic degradation of DF, IMI, BT, and MB by immobilized TiO2 and TiO2/CNT photocatalysts was achieved. Mathematical modelling which included mass transfer and photon absorption was applied and intrinsic reaction rate constants were estimated: kDF=3.56 × 10−10s−1W−0.5m1.5, kIMI=8.90 × 10−11s−1W−0.5m1.5, kBT=1.20 × 10−9s−1W−0.5m1.5, kMB=1.62 × 10−10s−1W−0.5m1.5. Intensification of photocatalysis by TiO2/CNT was observed for DF, IMI, and MB, while that was not the case for BT. The developed model can be effectively applied for different irradiation conditions which makes it extremely versatile and adaptable when predicting the degradation extents throughout the year using sunlight as the energy source at any location.
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Zhang, Shuping, Bing Bai, Jia Liu, and Jiatao Zhang. "Atomically Dispersed Catalytic Sites: A New Frontier for Cocatalyst/Photocatalyst Composites toward Sustainable Fuel and Chemical Production." Catalysts 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11101168.
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Photocatalysis delivers a promising pathway toward the clean and sustainable energy supply of the future. However, the inefficiency of photon absorption, rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and especially the limited active sites for catalytic reactions result in unsatisfactory performances of the photocatalytic materials. Single-atom photocatalysts (SAPCs), in which metal atoms are individually isolated and stably anchored on support materials, allow for maximum atom utilization and possess distinct photocatalytic properties due to the unique geometric and electronic features of the unsaturated catalytic sites. Very recently, constructing SAPCs has emerged as a new avenue for promoting the efficiency of sustainable production of fuels and chemicals via photocatalysis. In this review, we summarize the recent development of SAPCs as a new frontier for cocatalyst/photocatalyst composites in photocatalytic water splitting. This begins with an introduction on the typical structures of SAPCs, followed by a detailed discussion on the synthetic strategies that are applicable to SAPCs. Thereafter, the promising applications of SAPCs to boost photocatalytic water splitting are outlined. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the future development of SAPCs are summarized.
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Pei, Junxiang, Haofeng Li, Dechao Yu, and Dawei Zhang. "g-C3N4-Based Heterojunction for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance: A Review of Fabrications, Applications, and Perspectives." Catalysts 14, no. 11 (November 16, 2024): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14110825.
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In recent years, photocatalysts have attracted wide attention in alleviating energy problems and environmental governance, among which, g-C3N4, as an ideal photocatalyst, has shown excellent application potential in achieving the sustainable development of energy. However, its photocatalytic performance needs to be further improved in some applications. Rational construction of heterostructures with two or more semiconductor materials can combine the advantages of multi-components to simultaneously improve the photo-induced charge separation, which is very conducive to improving the absorption of visible light and obtaining more efficient redox capacity. With the rapid development in photocatalysis of g-C3N4-based heterostructures, a systematic summary and prospection of performance improvement are urgent and meaningful. This review focuses on various kinds of effective methods of heterogeneous combination; as well, strategies for improving the photocatalytic performance are fully discussed. In addition, the applications in efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production, photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction, and organic pollutant degradation are systematically demonstrated. Finally, the remaining issues and prospects of further development are proposed as a kind of guidance for g-C3N4-based heterostructures with high efficiency at photocatalysis.
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Akhter, Parveen, Abdullah Arshad, Aimon Saleem, and Murid Hussain. "Recent Development in Non-Metal-Doped Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts for Different Dyes Degradation and the Study of Their Strategic Factors: A Review." Catalysts 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12111331.
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Semiconductor titanium dioxide in its basic form or doped with metals and non-metals is being extensively used in wastewater treatment by photocatalysis due to its versatile nature. Other numerous characteristics including being environmentally friendly, non-pernicious, economical, multi-phase, highly hydrophilic, versatile physio-chemical features, chemical stability, suitable band gap, and corrosion-resistance, along with its low price make TiO2 the best candidate in the field of photocatalysis. Commercially, semiconductor and synthesized photocatalysts—which have been investigated for the last few decades owing to their wide band gap—and the doping of titania with p-block elements (non-metals) such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, boron, carbon, phosphorus, and iodine enhances their photocatalytic efficiency under visible-light irradiation. This is because non-metals have a strong oxidizing ability. The key focus of this review is to discuss the various factors affecting the photocatalytic activity of non-metal-doped titania by decreasing its band gap. The working parameters discussed are the effect of pH, dyes concentration, photocatalyst’s size and structure, pollutants concentration and types, the surface area of photocatalysts, the effect of light intensity and irradiation time, catalyst loading, the effect of temperature, and doping impact, etc. The mechanism of the photocatalytic action of several non-metallic dopants of titanium dioxide and composites is a promising approach for the exploration of photocatalysis activity. The various selected synthesis methods for non-metallic-doped TiO2 have been reviewed in this study. Similarly, the effect of various conditions on the doping mode has been summarized in relation to several sorts of modified TiO2.
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Zhang, Fubao, Xianming Wang, Haonan Liu, Chunli Liu, Yong Wan, Yunze Long, and Zhongyu Cai. "Recent Advances and Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalytic Technology." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 18, 2019): 2489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122489.
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Along with the development of industry and the improvement of people’s living standards, peoples’ demand on resources has greatly increased, causing energy crises and environmental pollution. In recent years, photocatalytic technology has shown great potential as a low-cost, environmentally-friendly, and sustainable technology, and it has become a hot research topic. However, current photocatalytic technology cannot meet industrial requirements. The biggest challenge in the industrialization of photocatalyst technology is the development of an ideal photocatalyst, which should possess four features, including a high photocatalytic efficiency, a large specific surface area, a full utilization of sunlight, and recyclability. In this review, starting from the photocatalytic reaction mechanism and the preparation of the photocatalyst, we review the classification of current photocatalysts and the methods for improving photocatalytic performance; we also further discuss the potential industrial usage of photocatalytic technology. This review also aims to provide basic and comprehensive information on the industrialization of photocatalysis technology.
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You, Wei. "Research Progresses and Development Trends of High-Efficacy Photocatalysts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.532.
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Progresses of research on high-efficacy photocatalyst were introduced in this paper. Firstly, efficiency-strengthening methods of TiO2-serie photocatalysts were summarized basing on collected literatures, including photosensitization, alloying, moreover, novel photocatalysis materials and technologies and probable development tendencies in the future were introduced, such as broad-spectrum photocatalysts, broad-energy and energy-sensitive catalysts and high-efficacy controllable high-power photocatalysis materials and equipments.
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Barrera-Andrade, Jose Manuel, Natali de la Fuente-Maldonado, Ricardo Lopez-Medina, Ana Marisela Maubert-Franco, and Elizabeth Rojas-Garcia. "Revolutionizing Wastewater Treatment: Harnessing Metal–Organic Frameworks for Exceptional Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo-Type Dyes." Colorants 2, no. 4 (November 13, 2023): 674–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colorants2040035.
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Due to the high stability of azo-type dyes, conventional treatment processes such as adsorption, flocculation, and activated sludge are not efficient for decolorizing wastewater effluents. An alternative to traditional wastewater treatment is photocatalysis, which has gained significant interest because research has shown it to be a viable and cost-effective process that uses sunlight as an inexhaustible energy source. In heterogeneous photocatalysis, a photocatalyst is required, such as TiO2, ZnO, composite materials, and, more recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). MOFs, also known as “coordination polymers”, exhibit photocatalytic properties and have been proven to be promising materials in the photocatalytic degradation of dyes. This study presents recent advances in using MOFs as photocatalysts to degrade recalcitrant contaminants like azo-type dyes. Recent advancements in developing photocatalysts based on MOFs are focused on two strategies. Firstly, the development of new MOFs composed of complex ligands or a mixed ligand system, and secondly, the synthesis of composite materials based on MOFs and metal oxides, metals, sulfides, nitrides, etc. Both strategies have significantly contributed to the search for new semiconductors to degrade some recalcitrate contaminants in wastewater.
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Tien, Tsung-Mo, and Edward L. Chen. "A Novel ZnO/Co3O4 Nanoparticle for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution under Visible Light Irradiation." Catalysts 13, no. 5 (May 8, 2023): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13050852.
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In recent years, ZnO/Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) have been reflected as typical of the most promising photocatalysts utilized in the field of photocatalysis for potentially solving energy shortages and environmental remediation. In this work, a novel ZnO/Co3O4 NP photocatalyst was fabricated and utilized for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with visible light activity. ZnO/Co3O4 NPs display an improved photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of 3963 μmol/g through a five-hour test under visible light activity. This is much better than their single components. Hence, bare ZnO NPs loaded with 20 wt% Co3O4 NPs present optimum efficiency of hydrogen evolution (793.2 μmol/g/h) with 10 vol% triethanolamine (TEOA), which is 11.8 times that of pristine ZnO NPs. An achievable mechanism for improved photocatalysis is endowed in terms of the composite that promotes the operative separation rate of charge carriers that are produced by visible light irradiation. This study yields a potential process for the future, proposing economical, high-function nanocomposites for hydrogen evolution with visible light activity.
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Gao, Teng, Hongqi Chu, Shijie Wang, Zhenzi Li, and Wei Zhou. "Construction of Ternary Ce Metal–Organic Framework/Bi/BiOCl Heterojunction towards Optimized Photocatalytic Performance." Nanomaterials 14, no. 16 (August 15, 2024): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14161352.
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Photocatalysis is the most promising green approach to solve antibiotic pollution in water, but the actual treatment effect is limited by photocatalytic activity. Herein, Bi and BiOCl were loaded onto the surface of Ce-MOF (metal–organic framework) using an electrostatic adsorption method, and a special ternary heterojunction of Ce/Bi/BiOCl was successfully prepared as a photocatalyst for the degradation of tetracycline (TC). FTIR demonstrated that the obtained photocatalyst contains functional groups such as -COOH belonging to Ce-MOF and characteristic crystal planes of Bi and BiOCl, indicating the successful construction of a ternary photocatalyst. The results of UV–vis absorption spectra confirm that the band gap of Ce/Bi/BiOCl heterojunction is reduced from 3.35 eV to 2.7 eV, resulting in an enhanced light absorption capability in the visible light region. The special ternary heterojunction constructed by Ce-MOF, Bi, and BiOCl could achieve a narrow band gap and reasonable band structure, thereby enhancing the separation of photogenerated charges. Consequently, the photocatalytic performance of the Ce/Bi/BiOCl ternary heterojunction was significantly enhanced compared to Ce-MOF, Bi, and BiOCl. Therefore, Ce/Bi/BiOCl can achieve a photocatalytic degradation rate of 97.7% within 20 min, which is much better than Bi (14.8%) and BiOCl (67.9%). This work successfully constructed MOF-based ternary photocatalysts and revealed the relationship between ternary heterojunctions and photocatalytic activity. This provides inspiration for constructing other heterogeneous catalysts for use in the field of photocatalysis.
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Tian, Haining. "(Invited) Organic Polymer Dots for Photocatalysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 47 (December 22, 2023): 2369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02472369mtgabs.
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Organic polymeric photocatalysts have been attracted scientists’ interests during past years due to their low-cost, tunable bandgaps and energy levels, and promising photocatalytic performance. Making the traditional hydrophobic polymeric photocatalyst into nano-particles with size less than 100 nm, so-called polymer dots (Pdots), has shown significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity. Rational design of organic polymers is one of strategies to improve photocatalytic performance for hydrogen production. Moreover, making heterojunction Pdots can efficiently separate photogenerated charges within Pdots as well as utilize energy transfer process to enhance the light harvesting efficiency. In this talk, I will discuss our research achievements in optimization of polymer structures on Pdots photocatalysis, study of photocatalytic mechanism in heterojunction Pdots systems and applications of Pdots in bio-hybrid photocatalytic systems. Relevant publications: [1] Wang L., et al., Angew. Chem., 2016, 128 (40), 12494-12498 [2] Pati P., et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2017 10 (6), 1372-1376 [3] Liu A., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 143 (7), 2875-2885 [4] Pavliuk M., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144(30) 13600–13611 [5] Wang S., et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, 61(23), e202202733
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Chen, Hui-Qi, Jin-Ge Hao, Yu Wei, Wei-Ya Huang, Jia-Lin Zhang, Tao Deng, Kai Yang, and Kang-Qiang Lu. "Recent Developments and Perspectives of Cobalt Sulfide-Based Composite Materials in Photocatalysis." Catalysts 13, no. 3 (March 8, 2023): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13030544.
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Photocatalysis, as an inexpensive and safe technology to convert solar energy, is essential for the efficient utilization of sustainable renewable energy sources. Earth-abundant cobalt sulfide-based composites have generated great interest in the field of solar fuel conversion because of their cheap, diverse structures and facile preparation. Over the past 10 years, the number of reports on cobalt sulfide-based photocatalysts has increased year by year, and more than 500 publications on the application of cobalt sulfide groups in photocatalysis can be found in the last three years. In this review, we initially summarize the four common strategies for preparing cobalt sulfide-based composite materials. Then, the multiple roles of cobalt sulfide-based cocatalysts in photocatalysis have been discussed. After that, we present the latest progress of cobalt sulfide in four fields of photocatalysis application, including photocatalytic hydrogen production, carbon dioxide reduction, nitrogen fixation, and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. Finally, the development prospects and challenges of cobalt sulfide-based photocatalysts are discussed. This review is expected to provide useful reference for the construction of high-performance cobalt sulfide-based composite photocatalytic materials for sustainable solar-chemical energy conversion.
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Bielan, Zuzanna, Szymon Dudziak, Adam Kubiak, and Ewa Kowalska. "Application of Spinel and Hexagonal Ferrites in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 10160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110160.
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Semiconducting materials display unique features that enable their use in a variety of applications, including self-cleaning surfaces, water purification systems, hydrogen generation, solar energy conversion, etc. However, one of the major issues is separation of the used materials from the process suspension. Therefore, chemical compounds with magnetic properties have been proposed as crucial components of photocatalytic composites, facilitating separation and recovery of photocatalysts under magnetic field conditions. This review paper presents the current state of knowledge on the application of spinel and hexagonal ferrites in heterogeneous photocatalysis. The first part focuses on the characterization of magnetic (nano)particles. The next section presents the literature findings on the single-phase magnetic photocatalyst. Finally, the current state of scientific knowledge on the wide variety of magnetic-photocatalytic composites is presented. A key aim of this review is to indicate that spinel and hexagonal ferrites are considered as an important element of heterogeneous photocatalytic systems and are responsible for the effective recycling of the photocatalytic materials.
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Zhang, Yingjie, Huijuan Yu, Ruiqi Zhai, Jing Zhang, Cuiping Gao, Kezhen Qi, Li Yang, and Qiang Ma. "Recent Progress in Photocatalytic Degradation of Water Pollution by Bismuth Tungstate." Molecules 28, no. 24 (December 8, 2023): 8011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248011.
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Photocatalysis has emerged as a highly promising, green, and efficient technology for degrading pollutants in wastewater. Among the various photocatalysts, Bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) has gained significant attention in the research community due to its potential in environmental remediation and photocatalytic energy conversion. However, the limited light absorption ability and rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers hinder the further improvement of Bi2WO6’s photocatalytic performance. This review aims to present recent advancements in the development of Bi2WO6-based photocatalysts. It delves into the photocatalytic mechanism of Bi2WO6 and summarizes the achieved photocatalytic characteristics by controlling its morphology, employing metal and non-metal doping, constructing semiconductor heterojunctions, and implementing defective engineering. Additionally, this review explores the practical applications of these modified Bi2WO6 photocatalysts in wastewater purification. Furthermore, this review addresses existing challenges and suggests prospects for the development of efficient Bi2WO6 photocatalysts. It is hoped that this comprehensive review will serve as a valuable reference and guide for researchers seeking to advance the field of Bi2WO6 photocatalysis.
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Rocha, Rafael Lisandro P., Luzia Maria C. Honorio, Roosevelt Delano de S. Bezerra, Pollyana Trigueiro, Thiago Marinho Duarte, Maria Gardennia Fonseca, Edson C. Silva-Filho, and Josy A. Osajima. "Light-Activated Hydroxyapatite Photocatalysts: New Environmentally-Friendly Materials to Mitigate Pollutants." Minerals 12, no. 5 (April 23, 2022): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050525.
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This review focuses on a reasoned search for articles to treat contaminated water using hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based compounds. In addition, the fundamentals of heterogeneous photocatalysis were considered, combined with parameters that affect the pollutants’ degradation using hydroxyapatite-based photocatalyst design and strategies of this photocatalyst, and the challenges of and perspectives on the development of these materials. Many critical applications have been analyzed to degrade dyes, drugs, and pesticides using HAp-based photocatalysts. This systematic review highlights the recent state-of-the-art advances that enable new paths and good-quality preparations of HAp-derived photocatalysts for photocatalysis.
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Díaz, Carlos, Marjorie Segovia, and Maria Luisa Valenzuela. "Solid State Nanostructured Metal Oxides as Photocatalysts and Their Application in Pollutant Degradation: A Review." Photochem 2, no. 3 (August 5, 2022): 609–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photochem2030041.
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Most dyes used in various industries are toxic and carcinogenic, thus posing a serious hazard to humans as well as to the marine ecosystem. Therefore, the impact of dyes released into the environment has been studied extensively in the last few years. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has proved to be an efficient tool for degrading both atmospheric and aquatic organic contaminants. It uses the sunlight in the presence of a semiconductor photocatalyst to accelerate the remediation of environmental contaminants and the destruction of highly toxic molecules. To date, photocatalysis has been considered one of the most appealing options for wastewater treatment due to its great potential and high efficiency by using sunlight to remove organic pollutants and harmful bacteria with the aid of a solid photocatalyst. Among the photocatalysts currently used, nanostructured metal oxide semiconductors have been among the most effective. This review paper presents an overview of the recent research improvements on the degradation of dyes by using nanostructured metal oxide semiconductors obtained by a solid-state method. Metal oxides obtained by this method exhibited better photocatalytic efficiency than nanostructured metal oxides obtained using other solution methods in several cases. The present review discusses examples of various nanostructured transition metal oxides—such as TiO2, Fe2O3, NiO, ReO3, IrO2, Rh2O3, Rh/RhO2, and the actinide ThO2—used as photocatalysts on methylene blue. It was found that photocatalytic efficiency depends not only on the bandgap of the metal oxide but also on its morphology. Porous nanostructured metal oxides tend to present higher photocatalytic efficiency than metal oxides with a similar band gap.
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Teye, Godfred Kwesi, Jingyu Huang, Yi Li, Ke Li, Lei Chen, and Williams Kweku Darkwah. "Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole, Nitenpyram and Tetracycline by Composites of Core Shell g-C3N4@ZnO, and ZnO Defects in Aqueous Phase." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2021): 2609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102609.
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The synthesis of photocatalysts with high charge separation and transfer efficiency are of immense significance in the process of using photocatalysis technology for wastewater treatment. In this study core shell g-C3N4@ZnO, and ZnO defects photocatalysts presented an improved morphology in its characterization using techniques such as SEM, DRS, PL, MS, EIS, and XRD, and enhanced photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole, Nitenpyram and Tetracycline. Different composites were obtained as confirmed by the various characterization techniques studied, including core shell g-C3N4@ZnO, and ZnO defects photocatalyst. The synthesized photocatalysts showed high visible light absorption efficiency within a range of ~655 to 420 nm. Core shell g-C3N4@ZnO, and ZnO defects photocatalysts demonstrated high photocatalytic activity ascribed to high load separation and transition as shown in PL, Photocurrent reaction and EIS. It is understandable that core shell g-C3N4@ZnO, and ZnO defects photocatalysts have been confirmed to be one of the ultimate promising entrants for photocatalyst scheming.
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Khan, Zeeshan, Juhana Jaafar, Azmat Ali Khan, Mustafa Kamal, Ghani Ur Rehman, Fahad Mir, A. F. Ismail, M. H. D. Othman, and Mukhlis A. Rahman. "MXENE AS FUTURE POTENTIAL PHOTOACTIVE CO-CATALYST MATERIAL FOR EFFICIENT VISIBLE LIGHT PHOTODEGRADATION OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS: A REVIEW." ASEAN Engineering Journal 14, no. 4 (November 30, 2024): 101–11. https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v14.21320.
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Advanced oxidation strategies (AOSs), which are regarded as an eco-friendly approach, are being evaluated as a potential technique to address the escalating energy crisis and environmental issues stemming from the industrial revolution. Traditional wastewater treatment techniques often result in the emission of possibly harmful by-products. Therefore, various semiconductor photocatalysts such as TiO2, ZnO, g-C3N4, CdS, WO3, and ZnS have been under continuous investigation to fulfill the need for efficient treatment of wastewater in a cost-effective approach. However, there is a pressing need to develop engineering strategies for these photocatalytic materials to generate strong capabilities for maintaining high stability, effectively separating charges, and harvesting visible light. This need for innovation arises from the inherently low efficiency of the reactions that occur when employing a single photocatalyst. MXene (2-D titanium carbide) has gained recognition as a promising co-catalyst material in the field of photocatalysis based on its distinctive physicochemical and mechanical characteristics that include a configurable bandgap, extensive surface area, strong conductivity, exceptional structural stability, facile functionalization, and hydrophilicity. The challenges associated with the utilization of an individual semiconductor photocatalyst could be effectively addressed by incorporating MXene as a co-catalyst, thus enhancing the photocatalytic degradation performance. One of the effective techniques for promoting photocatalytic activity and improving the electronic structure by utilizing MXene as a co-catalyst is the generation of Schottky junctions and heterostructures. The overall objective of this paper is to highlight MXene as a prospective co-catalyst for visible light photodegradation of persistent organic contaminants. The article critically focuses on the fundamental principles of photocatalysis, synthesis techniques, and recent advancements in MXene and MXene-based composite photocatalysts for efficient wastewater treatment. It is anticipated that this article will motivate additional research and pave the way for the development of novel, highly effective MXene-modified semiconductor photocatalysts, thereby expanding their potential applications.
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Singh, Gurpinder, Manpreet Kaur Ubhi, Kiran Jeet, Chetan Singla, and Manpreet Kaur. "A Review on Impacting Parameters for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Effluents by Ferrites and Their Nanocomposites." Processes 11, no. 6 (June 5, 2023): 1727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11061727.
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Traditional wastewater treatment methods, such as reverse osmosis, adsorption, desalination, and others, are outweighed by the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Ferrites are prominent photocatalysts due to their tunable band gaps, surface areas, and magnetic properties, which render photodegradation economical. Ferrites and their nanocomposites have been reported as promising visible light active photocatalysts. The photocatalytic system is heavily reliant on a number of factors that influence the photodegradation of organic effluents. This review demonstrates various parameters such as substrate concentration, pH of solution, photocatalyst quantity, photocatalyst surface area, metal and non-metal ion doping, light intensity, irradiation time, quenchers, etc. affecting the photocatalytic degradation of organic effluents by ferrite nanoparticles and their nanocomposites in detail. The photodegradation efficiency of the ferrite nanoparticles alters with the change in the value of pH of the solution, which further depends upon the nature of the pollutant used. A dose of the substrate and the photocatalyst must be optimized so as to attain better photodegradation efficiency. Photocatalysts with different surface areas change the amount of active sites, which in turn affects the degradation of pollutant and render it a crucial factor. In addition, the mechanism of the action of photocatalysis is elaborated in this review. Future research perspectives for the advancement of ferrites and their nanocomposites are deliberated in order to improve their use as photocatalysts.
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Yang, Xiaoyong, Deobrat Singh, and Rajeev Ahuja. "Recent Advancements and Future Prospects in Ultrathin 2D Semiconductor-Based Photocatalysts for Water Splitting." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101111.
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Ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor-mediated photocatalysts have shown their compelling potential and have arguably received tremendous attention in photocatalysis because of their superior thickness-dependent physical, chemical, mechanical and optical properties. Although numerous comprehensions about 2D semiconductor photocatalysts have been amassed up to now, low cost efficiency, degradation, kinetics of charge transfer along with recycling are still the big challenges to realize a wide application of 2D semiconductor-based photocatalysis. At present, most photocatalysts still need rare or expensive noble metals to improve the photocatalytic activity, which inhibits their commercial-scale application extremely. Thus, developing less costly, earth-abundant semiconductor-based photocatalysts with efficient conversion of sunlight energy remains the primary challenge. In this review, it begins with a brief description of the general mechanism of overall photocatalytic water splitting. Then a concise overview of different types of 2D semiconductor-mediated photocatalysts is given to figure out the advantages and disadvantages for mentioned semiconductor-based photocatalysis, including the structural property and stability, synthesize method, electrochemical property and optical properties for H2/O2 production half reaction along with overall water splitting. Finally, we conclude this review with a perspective, marked on some remaining challenges and new directions of 2D semiconductor-mediated photocatalysts.
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Tigabu Bekele, Mekonnen. "An overview of the developments of nanotechnology and heterogeneous photocatalysis in the presence of metal nanoparticles." Journal of Plant Science and Phytopathology 6, no. 3 (September 20, 2022): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001083.
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In general, nanotechnology can be understood as a technology of design, fabrication and applications of nanostructures and nanomaterials, as well as a fundamental understanding of the physical properties and phenomena of nanomaterials and nanostructures. In recent years the development of industries like textile, leather, paint, food, plastics, and cosmetics is enlarged and these industries are connected with the discarding of a vast number of organic pollutants which are harmful to microbes, aquatic systems, and human health by influencing the different parameters. So the fabrication of those nanomaterials (coupled or doped) to form heterojunctions provides an effective way to better harvest solar energy and facilitate charge separation and transfer, thus enhancing the photocatalytic activity and stability. We expect this review to provide a guideline for readers to gain a clear picture of the fabrication and application of different types of heterostructured photocatalysts. In this review, starting from the photocatalytic reaction mechanism and the preparation of the photocatalyst, we review the classification of current photocatalysts, preparation methods, a factor that affects photocatalytic reaction, characterization of photocatalysts, and the methods for improving photocatalytic performance. This review also aims to provide basic and comprehensive information on the industrialization of photocatalysis technology.
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Wang, Wanting, Yuanting Wu, Long Chen, Chenggang Xu, Changqing Liu, and Chengxin Li. "Fabrication of Z-Type TiN@(A,R)TiO2 Plasmonic Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity." Nanomaterials 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2023): 1984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13131984.
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Plasmonic effect-enhanced Z-type heterojunction photocatalysts comprise a promising solution to the two fundamental problems of current TiO2-based photocatalysis concerning low-charge carrier separation efficiency and low utilization of solar illumination. A plasmonic effect-enhanced TiN@anatase-TiO2/rutile-TiO2 Z-type heterojunction photocatalyst with the strong interface of the N–O chemical bond was synthesized by hydrothermal oxidation of TiN. The prepared photocatalyst shows desirable visible light absorption and good visible-light-photocatalytic activity. The enhancement in photocatalytic activities contribute to the plasma resonance effect of TiN, the N–O bond-connected charge transfer channel at the TiO2/TiN heterointerface, and the synergistically Z-type charge transfer pathway between the anatase TiO2 (A-TiO2) and rutile TiO2 (R-TiO2). The optimization study shows that the catalyst with a weight ratio of A-TiO2/R-TiO2/TiN of approximately 15:1:1 achieved the best visible light photodegradation activity. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of fabricating plasmonic effect-enhanced Z-type heterostructure semiconductor photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light-photocatalytic activities.
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Liu, Xiaoyan, Siyi Lv, Baoyan Fan, An Xing, and Bi Jia. "Ferroelectric Polarization-Enhanced Photocatalysis in BaTiO3-TiO2 Core-Shell Heterostructures." Nanomaterials 9, no. 8 (August 3, 2019): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9081116.
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Suppressing charge recombination and improving carrier transport are key challenges for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity of heterostructured photocatalysts. Here, we report a ferroelectric polarization-enhanced photocatalysis on the basis of BaTiO3-TiO2 core-shell heterostructures synthesized via a hydrothermal process. With an optimal weight ratio of BaTiO3 to TiO2, the heterostructures exhibited the maximum photocatalytic performance of 1.8 times higher than pure TiO2 nanoparticles. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the promotion of charge separation and transport based on the internal electric field originating from the spontaneous polarization of ferroelectric BaTiO3. High stability of polarization-enhanced photocatalysis is also confirmed from the BaTiO3-TiO2 core-shell heterostructures. This study provides evidence that ferroelectric polarization holds great promise for improving the performance of heterostructured photocatalysts.
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Wahyuni, Endang Tri, Titi Rahmaniati, Aulia Rizky Hafidzah, Suherman Suherman, and Adhitasari Suratman. "Photocatalysis over N-Doped TiO2 Driven by Visible Light for Pb(II) Removal from Aqueous Media." Catalysts 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11080945.
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The photocatalysis process over N-doped TiO2 under visible light is examined for Pb(II) removal. The doping TiO2 with N element was conducted by simple hydrothermal technique and using urea as the N source. The doped photocatalysts were characterized by DRUVS, XRD, FTIR and SEM-EDX instruments. Photocatalysis of Pb(II) through a batch experiment was performed for evaluation of the doped TiO2 activity under visible light, with applying various fractions of N-doped, photocatalyst mass, irradiation time, and solution pH. The research results attributed that N doping has been successfully performed, which shifted TiO2 absorption into visible region, allowing it to be active under visible irradiation. The photocatalytic removal of Pb(II) proceeded through photo-oxidation to form PbO2. Doping N into TiO2 noticeably enhanced the photo-catalytic oxidation of Pb(II) under visible light irradiation. The highest photocatalytic oxidation of 15 mg/L Pb(II) in 25 mL of the solution could be reached by employing TiO2 doped with 10%w of N content 15 mg, 30 min of time and at pH 8. The doped-photocatalyst that was three times repeatedly used demonstrated significant activity. The most effective process of Pb(II) photo-oxidation under beneficial condition, producing less toxic and handleable PbO2 and good repeatable photocatalyst, suggest a feasible method for Pb(II) remediation on an industrial scale.
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Kliś, Tomasz, and Marcin Kublicki. "Organoboron Compounds in Visible Light-driven Photoredox Catalysis." Current Organic Chemistry 25, no. 9 (May 25, 2021): 994–1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272825666210225103418.
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The increasing importance of visible light photoredox catalysis as a powerful strategy for the activation of small molecules require the development of new effective radical sources and photocatalysts. The unique properties of organoboron compounds have contributed significantly to the rapid progress of photocatalysis. Since the first work on the topic in 2005, many researchers have appreciated the role of boron-containing compounds in photocatalysis, and this is reflected in several publications. In this review, we highlight the utility of organoboron compounds in various photocatalytic reactions enabling the construction of carbon- carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. The dual role of organoboron compounds in photocatalysis is highlighted by their applications as reactants and as well as organic photocatalysts.
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Al-Madanat, Osama, Barbara Nascimento Nunes, Yamen AlSalka, Amer Hakki, Mariano Curti, Antonio Otavio T. Patrocinio, and Detlef W. Bahnemann. "Application of EPR Spectroscopy in TiO2 and Nb2O5 Photocatalysis." Catalysts 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11121514.
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The interaction of light with semiconducting materials becomes the center of a wide range of technologies, such as photocatalysis. This technology has recently attracted increasing attention due to its prospective uses in green energy and environmental remediation. The characterization of the electronic structure of the semiconductors is essential to a deep understanding of the photocatalytic process since they influence and govern the photocatalytic activity by the formation of reactive radical species. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a unique analytical tool that can be employed to monitor the photoinduced phenomena occurring in the solid and liquid phases and provides precise insights into the dynamic and reactivity of the photocatalyst under different experimental conditions. This review focus on the application of EPR in the observation of paramagnetic centers formed upon irradiation of titanium dioxide and niobium oxide photocatalysts. TiO2 and Nb2O5 are very well-known semiconductors that have been widely used for photocatalytic applications. A large number of experimental results on both materials offer a reliable platform to illustrate the contribution of the EPR studies on heterogeneous photocatalysis, particularly in monitoring the photogenerated charge carriers, trap states, and surface charge transfer steps. A detailed overview of EPR-spin trapping techniques in mechanistic studies to follow the nature of the photogenerated species in suspension during the photocatalytic process is presented. The role of the electron donors or the electron acceptors and their effect on the photocatalytic process in the solid or the liquid phase are highlighted.
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Gao, Ting, Ke Zhang, Qiuhui Zhu, Qingyun Tian, Hui Wang, Wei Zhang, Jiangyushan Liang, et al. "One Step Synthesis of Oxygen Defective Bi@Ba2TiO4/BaBi4Ti4O15 Microsheet with Efficient Photocatalytic Activity for NO Removal." Catalysts 12, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12111455.
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Photocatalysis is an effective technology for NO removal even at low concentrations in the ambient atmosphere. However, the low efficiency of this advanced process and the tendency of producing toxic byproducts hinder the practical application of photocatalysis. To overcome these problems, the Bi@Ba2TiO4/BaBi4Ti4O15 photocatalytic composites were successfully prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized photocatalysts exhibited an efficient photocatalytic performance and generated low amounts of toxic byproducts. X-ray diffraction studies show that Bi3+ is successfully reduced on the surface of Ba2TiO4/BaBi4Ti4O15 (BT/BBT). After L-Ascorbic acid (AA) modification, the photocatalytic NO removal efficiency of Bi@Ba2TiO4/BaBi4Ti4O15 is increased from 25.55% to 67.88%, while the production of the toxic byproduct NO2 is reduced by 92.02%, where the initial concentration of NO is diluted to ca. 800 ppb by the gas stream and the flow rate is controlled at 301.98 mL·min−1 in a 150 mL cylindrical reactor. Furthermore, ambient humidity has little effect on the photocatalytic performance of theBi@Ba2TiO4/BaBi4Ti4O15, and the photocatalyst exhibits excellent reusability after repeated cleaning with deionized water. The improved photocatalytic effect is attributed to the addition of AA in BT/BBT being able to reduce Bi3+ ions to form Bi nanoparticles giving surface plasmon effect (SPR) and generate oxygen vacancies (OVs) at the same time, thereby improving the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers, enhancing the light absorption, and increasing the specific surface areas. The present work could provide new insights into the design of high-performance photocatalysts and their potential applications in air purification, especially for NO removal.
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Romay, Marta, Nazely Diban, Maria J. Rivero, Ane Urtiaga, and Inmaculada Ortiz. "Critical Issues and Guidelines to Improve the Performance of Photocatalytic Polymeric Membranes." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050570.
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Photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMR), with immobilized photocatalysts, play an important role in process intensification strategies; this approach offers a simple solution to the typical catalyst recovery problem of photocatalytic processes and, by simultaneous filtration and photocatalysis of the aqueous streams, facilitates clean water production in a single unit. The synthesis of polymer photocatalytic membranes has been widely explored, while studies focused on ceramic photocatalytic membranes represent a minority. However, previous reports have identified that the successful synthesis of polymeric photocatalytic membranes still faces certain challenges that demand further research, e.g., (i) reduced photocatalytic activity, (ii) photocatalyst stability, and (iii) membrane aging, to achieve technological competitiveness with respect to suspended photocatalytic systems. The novelty of this review is to go a step further to preceding literature by first, critically analyzing the factors behind these major limitations and second, establishing useful guidelines. This information will help researchers in the field in the selection of the membrane materials and synthesis methodology for a better performance of polymeric photocatalytic membranes with targeted functionality; special attention is focused on factors affecting membrane aging and photocatalyst stability.
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Wang, Shifa, Xinmiao Yu, Huajing Gao, and Xiangyu Chen. "Hexagonal Ferrite MFe12O19 (M=Sr, Ba, Cu, Ni, Pb) Based Photocatalysts: Photoluminescence, Photocatalysis and Applications." Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering Technology 10 (December 31, 2022): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2311-8741.2022.10.06.
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Hexagonal ferrite (MFe12O19, M=Sr, Ba, Cu, Ni, Pb) is a kind of semiconductor material with excellent performance and an important magnetic material, with high chemical and thermal stability, low cost, simple preparation process, excellent optical, magnetic, wave-absorbing, dielectric, photoluminescence properties and catalytic activities have been widely used in broadcast communication, information storage, aerospace, automatic control, catalytic synthesis, medicine and biology and many other fields. This paper focuses on the application of MFe12O19-based ferrite in the field of photocatalysis, and further discusses the effect of preparation method on the photocatalytic activity of MFe12O19-based photocatalysts. The application of MFe12O19-based photocatalysts in the degradation of dyes, drugs and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was deeply revealed, and the photocatalytic mechanisms of single-phase MFe12O19, ion-doped MFe12O19 and MFe12O19-based composite photocatalysts were also explored. The relationship between photocatalytic activity and photoluminescence properties of MFe12O19-based photocatalysts have also been investigated. This review points out the direction for further research on the application of MFe12O19-based photocatalysts in the field of photocatalysis.
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Lyu, Peishan. "Bi2MoO6 photocatalyst: structure, preparation, modification method and application in water cleaning." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2608, no. 1 (October 1, 2023): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2608/1/012023.
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Abstract Humans widely utilize solar energy as a green and sustainable resource. Furthermore, semiconductor photocatalysis can use sunlight for reaction without other additional energy, so it has received wide attention. Bi2MoO6 shows excellent potential in visible photocatalysis due to its narrow band gap, high stability, and non-toxicity. This review focuses on the modification methods of Bi2MoO6 photocatalysts. By adjusting the treatment of Bi2MoO6 with different modifications, the photogenerated electron-hole complexation can be retarded, and its specific surface area increases, thus enhancing its photocatalytic performance. This article begins with describing the current state of photocatalysts, the mechanism of the photocatalytic process, as well as important bottlenecks and affecting factors. Then, three techniques for making Bi2MoO6 photocatalysts are provided, and their attributes are compared in various ways. Four approaches for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of the material are outlined and addressed. Then, the organic pollutant degradation performance of Bi2MoO6 photocatalysts generated by various modification techniques is studied. Finally, the existing issues with Bi2MoO6 photocatalysts and ways to improve them are explored.