Relevant bibliographies by topics / Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria

Academic literature on the topic 'Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria"

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Flores, Enrique, and Antonia Herrero. "The cyanobacteria: morphological diversity in a photoautotrophic lifestyle." Perspectives in Phycology 1, no. 2 (November 10, 2014): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pip/2014/0008.

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McEwen, Jordan T., Iara M. P. Machado, Michael R. Connor, and Shota Atsumi. "Engineering Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 for Continuous Growth under Diurnal Conditions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 5 (December 28, 2012): 1668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03326-12.

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ABSTRACTSynechococcus elongatusstrain PCC 7942 strictly depends upon the generation of photosynthetically derived energy for growth and is incapable of biomass increase in the absence of light energy. Obligate phototrophs' core metabolism is very similar to that of heterotrophic counterparts exhibiting diverse trophic behavior. Most characterized cyanobacterial species are obligate photoautotrophs under examined conditions. Here we determine that sugar transporter systems are the necessary genetic factors in order for a model cyanobacterium,Synechococcus elongatusPCC 7942, to grow continuously under diurnal (light/dark) conditions using saccharides such as glucose, xylose, and sucrose. While the universal causes of obligate photoautotrophy may be diverse, installing sugar transporters provides new insight into the mode of obligate photoautotrophy for cyanobacteria. Moreover, cyanobacterial chemical production has gained increased attention. However, this obligate phototroph is incapable of product formation in the absence of light. Thus, converting an obligate photoautotroph to a heterotroph is desirable for more efficient, economical, and controllable production systems.
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Iliev, Ivan, Georgi Petkov, Jaromir Lukavsky, Sevdalina Furnadzhieva, and Rayna Andreeva. "Do Cyanobacterial Lipids Contain Fatty Acids Longer Than 18 Carbon Atoms?" Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 66, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2011): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2011-5-610.

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Fatty acids of twelve species of cyanobacteria grown under different photoautotrophic conditions were studied and their composition was compared with literature data of many other species. We have come to the conclusion that the lipids of cyanobacteria do not contain fatty acids with a chain longer than 18 carbon atoms. In our opinion, omission of an analytical procedure, i.e. purification of fatty acid methyl esters before gas chromatography, leads to incorrect interpretation of the results. Absence or presence of fatty acids was suggested as a useful taxonomic marker and a proper diagnostic indicator in the commercial application of cyanobacterial biomass.
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Kirkwood, Andrea E., Czesia Nalewajko, and Roberta R. Fulthorpe. "The occurrence of cyanobacteria in pulp and paper waste-treatment systems." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w01-063.

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Pulp and paper secondary waste-treatment systems in Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, and the U.S.A. contained dynamic cyanobacterial communities, some of which exceeded heterotrophic bacterial biomass. No other viable photoautotrophic populations were detected in the ponds. Regardless of geographical location, Oscillatoriales including Phormidium, Geitlerinema, and Pseudanabaena were the dominant taxa. As well, Chroococcus (Chroococcales) was an important genus in Brazil and New Zealand. The possible impact of cyanobacteria on waste-treatment efficiency deserves further study given their large biomass and diverse metabolic characteristics.Key words: cyanobacteria, blue-green algae, heterotrophic bacteria, community structure, pulp and paper secondary waste treatment.
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Kamravamanesh, Donya, Maximilian Lackner, and Christoph Herwig. "Bioprocess Engineering Aspects of Sustainable Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production in Cyanobacteria." Bioengineering 5, no. 4 (December 18, 2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering5040111.

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Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of biopolymers produced in various microorganisms as carbon and energy reserve when the main nutrient, necessary for growth, is limited. PHAs are attractive substitutes for conventional petrochemical plastics, as they possess similar material properties, along with biocompatibility and complete biodegradability. The use of PHAs is restricted, mainly due to the high production costs associated with the carbon source used for bacterial fermentation. Cyanobacteria can accumulate PHAs under photoautotrophic growth conditions using CO2 and sunlight. However, the productivity of photoautotrophic PHA production from cyanobacteria is much lower than in the case of heterotrophic bacteria. Great effort has been focused to reduce the cost of PHA production, mainly by the development of optimized strains and more efficient cultivation and recovery processes. Minimization of the PHA production cost can only be achieved by considering the design and a complete analysis of the whole process. With the aim on commercializing PHA, this review will discuss the advances and the challenges associated with the upstream processing of cyanobacterial PHA production, in order to help the design of the most efficient method on the industrial scale.
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Sengupta, Annesha, Prem Pritam, Damini Jaiswal, Anindita Bandyopadhyay, Himadri B. Pakrasi, and Pramod P. Wangikar. "Photosynthetic Co-production of Succinate and Ethylene in a Fast-Growing Cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 11801." Metabolites 10, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10060250.

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Cyanobacteria are emerging as hosts for photoautotrophic production of chemicals. Recent studies have attempted to stretch the limits of photosynthetic production, typically focusing on one product at a time, possibly to minimise the additional burden of product separation. Here, we explore the simultaneous production of two products that can be easily separated: ethylene, a gaseous product, and succinate, an organic acid that accumulates in the culture medium. This was achieved by expressing a single copy of the ethylene forming enzyme (efe) under the control of PcpcB, the inducer-free super-strong promoter of phycocyanin β subunit. We chose the recently reported, fast-growing and robust cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 11801, as the host strain. A stable recombinant strain was constructed using CRISPR-Cpf1 in a first report of markerless genome editing of this cyanobacterium. Under photoautotrophic conditions, the recombinant strain shows specific productivities of 338.26 and 1044.18 μmole/g dry cell weight/h for ethylene and succinate, respectively. These results compare favourably with the reported productivities for individual products in cyanobacteria that are highly engineered. Metabolome profiling and 13C labelling studies indicate carbon flux redistribution and suggest avenues for further improvement. Our results show that S. elongatus PCC 11801 is a promising candidate for metabolic engineering.
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Lau, Nyok-Sean, Minami Matsui, and Amirul Al-Ashraf Abdullah. "Cyanobacteria: Photoautotrophic Microbial Factories for the Sustainable Synthesis of Industrial Products." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/754934.

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Cyanobacteria are widely distributed Gram-negative bacteria with a long evolutionary history and the only prokaryotes that perform plant-like oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria possess several advantages as hosts for biotechnological applications, including simple growth requirements, ease of genetic manipulation, and attractive platforms for carbon neutral production process. The use of photosynthetic cyanobacteria to directly convert carbon dioxide to biofuels is an emerging area of interest. Equipped with the ability to degrade environmental pollutants and remove heavy metals, cyanobacteria are promising tools for bioremediation and wastewater treatment. Cyanobacteria are characterized by the ability to produce a spectrum of bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antialgal properties that are of pharmaceutical and agricultural significance. Several strains of cyanobacteria are also sources of high-value chemicals, for example, pigments, vitamins, and enzymes. Recent advances in biotechnological approaches have facilitated researches directed towards maximizing the production of desired products in cyanobacteria and realizing the potential of these bacteria for various industrial applications. In this review, the potential of cyanobacteria as sources of energy, bioactive compounds, high-value chemicals, and tools for aquatic bioremediation and recent progress in engineering cyanobacteria for these bioindustrial applications are discussed.
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Veaudor, Théo, Victoire Blanc-Garin, Célia Chenebault, Encarnación Diaz-Santos, Jean-François Sassi, Corinne Cassier-Chauvat, and Franck Chauvat. "Recent Advances in the Photoautotrophic Metabolism of Cyanobacteria: Biotechnological Implications." Life 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10050071.

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Cyanobacteria constitute the only phylum of oxygen-evolving photosynthetic prokaryotes that shaped the oxygenic atmosphere of our planet. Over time, cyanobacteria have evolved as a widely diverse group of organisms that have colonized most aquatic and soil ecosystems of our planet and constitute a large proportion of the biomass that sustains the biosphere. Cyanobacteria synthesize a vast array of biologically active metabolites that are of great interest for human health and industry, and several model cyanobacteria can be genetically manipulated. Hence, cyanobacteria are regarded as promising microbial factories for the production of chemicals from highly abundant natural resources, e.g., solar energy, CO2, minerals, and waters, eventually coupled to wastewater treatment to save costs. In this review, we summarize new important discoveries on the plasticity of the photoautotrophic metabolism of cyanobacteria, emphasizing the coordinated partitioning of carbon and nitrogen towards growth or compound storage, and the importance of these processes for biotechnological perspectives. We also emphasize the importance of redox regulation (including glutathionylation) on these processes, a subject which has often been overlooked.
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Ohkouchi, N., Y. Kashiyama, J. Kuroda, N. O. Ogawa, and H. Kitazato. "An importance of diazotrophic cyanobacteria as a primary producer during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2." Biogeosciences Discussions 3, no. 3 (June 16, 2006): 575–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-3-575-2006.

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Abstract. In Livello Bonarelli black shale deposited during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE-2, ca. 94 Ma), nitrogen isotopic compositions of bulk sediments are in a narrow range from −2.7 to −0.7. We also determined molecular distribution and nitrogen isotopic compositions of geoporphyrins extracted from the black shale. The nitrogen isotopic compositions of C32 Ni deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP) and total Ni porphyrins are −3.5 and −3.3, respectively, leading us to the estimation that the mean nitrogen isotopic composition of photoautotrophic cell was around +1 during the formation of Bonarelli black shale. This value is suggestive of N2-fixation a dominant process for these photoautotrophs when assimilating nitrogen. Furthermore, Ni-chelated C32 DPEP, derived mainly from chlorophyll a was the highest concentration. Based on these evidence, we conclude that diazotrophic cyanobacteria were major primary producers during that time. The cyanobacteria may be key photoautotrophs during the formation of black shale type sediments intermittently observed throughout the later half of the Earth's history, and hence may have played a crucial role in the evolution of geochemical cycles.
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van der Meer, Marcel T. J., Stefan Schouten, Mary M. Bateson, Ulrich Nübel, Andrea Wieland, Michael Kühl, Jan W. de Leeuw, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and David M. Ward. "Diel Variations in Carbon Metabolism by Green Nonsulfur-Like Bacteria in Alkaline Siliceous Hot Spring Microbial Mats from Yellowstone National Park." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 7 (July 2005): 3978–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.7.3978-3986.2005.

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ABSTRACT Green nonsulfur-like bacteria (GNSLB) in hot spring microbial mats are thought to be mainly photoheterotrophic, using cyanobacterial metabolites as carbon sources. However, the stable carbon isotopic composition of typical Chloroflexus and Roseiflexus lipids suggests photoautotrophic metabolism of GNSLB. One possible explanation for this apparent discrepancy might be that GNSLB fix inorganic carbon only during certain times of the day. In order to study temporal variability in carbon metabolism by GNSLB, labeling experiments with [13C]bicarbonate, [14C]bicarbonate, and [13C]acetate were performed during different times of the day. [14C]bicarbonate labeling indicated that during the morning, incorporation of label was light dependent and that both cyanobacteria and GNSLB were involved in bicarbonate uptake. 13C-labeling experiments indicated that during the morning, GNSLB incorporated labeled bicarbonate at least to the same degree as cyanobacteria. The incorporation of [13C]bicarbonate into specific lipids could be stimulated by the addition of sulfide or hydrogen, which both were present in the morning photic zone. The results suggest that GNSLB have the potential for photoautotrophic metabolism during low-light periods. In high-light periods, inorganic carbon was incorporated primarily into Cyanobacteria-specific lipids. The results of a pulse-labeling experiment were consistent with overnight transfer of label to GNSLB, which could be interrupted by the addition of unlabeled acetate and glycolate. In addition, we observed direct incorporation of [13C]acetate into GNSLB lipids in the morning. This suggests that GNSLB also have a potential for photoheterotrophy in situ.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria"

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Okafor, O. J. "Comparison of microbially induced sedimentary structures in the Palaeoproterozoic Magaliesberg (Transvaal Supergroup) and Makgabeng (Waterberg Group) Formations, Kaapvaal craton, South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45922.

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The MRS/MISS of the Makgabeng Formation encompasses sand cracks, wrinkle marks, mat fragments, mat chips and roll-ups and those of the Magaliesberg formation are wrinkle marks, petees/petee ridges, sand cracks, and multi-directional ripples. The sedimentary process that moderated the formational mechanism of the MISS of the Makgabeng Formation is (descriptively allochthonous) of high energy (inter-dune depositional setting) that eroded, transported and re-deposited mat bound sediments. The genetic mechanism of the MISS of the Magaliesberg Formation is descriptively authochthonous because of enhanced resistance of biostabilized sediments to being reworked. XRF (major and trace) and XRD analysis (qualitative and quantitative) was done on MISS bearing sedimentary rock layers (A) and underlying sedimentary sections (B) of Magaliesberg and Makgabeng samples. Result show high quartz content of all the analyzed samples compared to average sandstones. This premise suggests a relation of microbes (e.g. cyanobacteria) to phototrophy and/photoautotrophy because of the conduction properties of translucent quartz. Also plausible inference is that the intense chemical weathering that produced the quartz arenite was positively influenced by microbes, as noted in some Proterozoic basins. There is higher concentration of Ba in all A samples compared to B (Makgabeng and Magaliesberg) which might be emblematic of biogenicity. The Magaliesberg analyzed samples (MAG 101, 102, 103) exhibit homogeneity by the higher concentration of Al2O3, TiO2, K2O, and P2O5, and lower concentration of SiO2 in the A compared to the B subsamples of a particular sample. Also, Magaliesberg analyzed samples (MAG 101, 102, 103) exhibit homogeneity by the lower concentration of quartz and higher concentration of muscovite in the A compared to the B subsamples. This exact established negative correlation between the duo of SiO2 and quartz, and the quartet of Al2O3, TiO2, K2O, and P2O5, and muscovite as in Magaliesberg samples pertains also to a Makgabeng sample (MKG 102; roll-up). MKG 101 (mat fragment) deviates from this mineralogical and geochemical trend. Each of the A samples of MAG 101, 102, 103, are uniformly of higher concentration in Ce, Cr, Nb, Th, V, Y, Zn, Zr compared to the B version of that sample. MKG 101 and 102 are uniformly of lower concentration of Ce, Cr, Nb, Th, V, Y, Zn, Zr in A compared to the B version of that sample. The A of each of the samples MAG 101, 102, and 103 has higher concentration of Hf and Rb compared to its B; a character that is also exhibit in MKG 102, and MKG 101 is vice versa. Microscopy shows that A of all the samples is of smaller grain size compared to B, espousing affinity of microbes to fine-medium grained sandstones. Microscopy of the Magaliesberg Formation samples show Pseudo petee ridges and pseudo cross lamination which reflect biostabilization, and microscopy of the Makgabeng Formation show roll-ups, mat chips and composite mat chips. The MISS genetic difference of the two formations is related to energy, water residence time (emergence and inundation), Ph, and similarity is related to mutuality in shallow water environment. Mat types are inferred to be biologically, physically and chemically moderated adaptations of microbial communities to specific cum peculiar locally prevailing environmental conditions; factors that are premised on taphonomy and ecology.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Geology
MSc
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STIBAL, Marek. "Photoautotrophic microorganisms in the glacial ecosystem of Svalbard, high Arctic." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-52460.

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Photoautotrophic microorganisms, i.e. cyanobacteria and microalgae, are ubiquitous in the glacial ecosystem of the high Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. Their communities play significant roles in the ecosystem, including organic carbon production on the glacier surface and its supply to downstream environments, initiating microbial colonisation after glacier retreat and preparing proglacial substrata for further succession.
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Pinto, Filipe José Vilarinho. "Design and engineering of a cyanobacterial photoautotrophic chassis and parts for Synthetic Biology applications." Doctoral thesis, 2013. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/96865.

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Pinto, Filipe José Vilarinho. "Design and engineering of a cyanobacterial photoautotrophic chassis and parts for Synthetic Biology applications." Tese, 2013. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/96865.

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Ferreira, Eunice Miguel Azevedo. "Production of compatible solutes using the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as photoautotropic chassis." Doctoral thesis, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/139671.

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Books on the topic "Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria"

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Kirchman, David L. Microbial primary production and phototrophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0006.

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This chapter is focused on the most important process in the biosphere, primary production, the turning of carbon dioxide into organic material by higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic microbes account for roughly 50% of global primary production while the other half is by large, terrestrial plants. After reviewing the basic physiology of photosynthesis, the chapter discusses approaches to measuring gross and net primary production and how these processes affect fluxes of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of aquatic ecosystems. It then points out that terrestrial plants have high biomass but relatively low growth, while the opposite is the case for aquatic algae and cyanobacteria. Primary production varies greatly with the seasons in temperate ecosystems, punctuated by the spring bloom when the biomass of one algal type, diatoms, reaches a maximum. Other abundant algal types include coccolithophorids in the oceans and filamentous cyanobacteria in freshwaters. After the bloom, small algae take over and out-compete larger forms for limiting nutrients because of superior uptake kinetics. Abundant types of small algae include two coccoid cyanobacteria, Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, the latter said to be the most abundant photoautotroph on the planet because of its large numbers in oligotrophic oceans. Other algae, often dinoflagellates, are toxic. Many algae can also graze on other microbes, probably to obtain limiting nitrogen or phosphorus. Still other microbes are mainly heterotrophic but are capable of harvesting light energy. Primary production in oxic environments is carried out by oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, whereas in anoxic environments with sufficient light, it is anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis in which oxygen is not produced. Although its contribution to global primary production is small, anoxygenic photosynthesis helps us understand the biophysics and biochemistry of photosynthesis and its evolution on early Earth. These microbes as well as aerobic phototrophic and heterotrophic microbes make up microbial mats. These mats can provide insights into early life on the planet when a type of mat, “stromatolites,” covered vast areas of primordial seas in the Proterozoic.
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Book chapters on the topic "Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria"

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Zhan, Jiao, and Qiang Wang. "Photoresponse Mechanism in Cyanobacteria: Key Factor in Photoautotrophic Chassis." In Synthetic Biology of Cyanobacteria, 75–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0854-3_4.

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Matsumura, T., Y. Fujita, and T. Hase. "Non-Photosynthetic Type Ferredoxin from Maize Retards Photoautotrophic Growth of the Cyanobacterium Plectonema Boryanum." In Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere, 1687–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0173-5_396.

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Sam, Ka-Kei, Nyok-Sean Lau, Amirul Al-Ashraf Abdullah, and Minami Matsui. "Photoautotrophic Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production in Cyanobacteria." In Cyanobacteria: Omics and Manipulation. Caister Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21775/9781910190555.12.

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Algade Amadu, Ayesha, Kweku Amoako Atta deGraft-Johnson, and Gabriel Komla Ameka. "Industrial Applications of Cyanobacteria." In Cyanobacteria - Recent Advances in Taxonomy and Applications. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98859.

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Cyanobacteria also known as blue-green algae are oxygenic photoautotrophs, which evolved ca. 3.5 billion years ago. Because cyanobacteria are rich sources of bioactive compounds, they have diverse industrial applications such as algaecides, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal agents, hence, their wide use in the agricultural and health sectors. Cyanobacterial secondary metabolites are also important sources of enzymes, toxins, vitamins, and other pharmaceuticals. Polyhydroxy- alkanoates (PHA) which accumulate intracellularly in some cyanobacteria species can be used in the production of bioplastics that have properties comparable to polypropylene and polyethylene. Some cyanobacteria are also employed in bioremediation as they are capable of oxidizing oil components and other complex organic compounds. There are many more possible industrial applications of cyanobacteria such as biofuel, biofertilizer, food, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, the metabolic pathways that lead to the production of important cyanobacterial bioactive compounds are outlined in the chapter along with commercial products currently available on the market.
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Tony Pembroke, J., Patricia Armshaw, and Michael P. Ryan. "Metabolic Engineering of the Model Photoautotrophic Cyanobacterium Synechocystis for Ethanol Production: Optimization Strategies and Challenges." In Fuel Ethanol Production from Sugarcane. IntechOpen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77271.

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Conference papers on the topic "Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria"

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Ohmoto, Hiroshi. "Possible emergences of cyanobacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria before the emergence of anoxygenic photoautotrophs." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.12431.

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Reports on the topic "Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria"

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Gantt, Elisabeth, Avigad Vonshak, Sammy Boussiba, Zvi Cohen, and Amos Richmond. Carotenoid-Rich Algal Biomass for Aquaculture: Astaxanthin Production by Haematococcus Pluvialis. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613036.bard.

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The synthesis of carotenoids has been studied toward enhancing the production of ketocarotenoids, since fish and crustaceans raised by aquaculture require astaxanthin and other ketocaroteinoids in their feed for desirable pigmentation. Notable progress has been made in attaining the goals of determining improved conditions for ketocarotenoid production in Haematococcus pluvialis and in elucidating the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. For production of astaxanthin a number of strains of the green alga Haematococcus were evaluated, a strain CCAG was found to be optimal for photoautotrophic growth. Of four mutants, selected for enhanced carotenoid production, two hold considerable promise because caroteinoid accumulation occurs without encystment. The biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids was elucidated in photosynthetic organisms by characterizing novel genes encoding carotenoid enzymes and by examining the function of these enzymes in a bacterial complementation system. Two cyclases (b- and e-) were cloned that are at a critical branch point in the pathway. One branch leads to the formation of b-carotene and zeaxanthin and astaxanthin, and the other to the production of a-carotene and lutein. Cyclization of both endgroups of lycopene to yield b-carotene was shown to be catalyzed by a single gene product, b-lycopene cyclase in cyanobacteria and plants. The formation of a-carotene was found to require the e-cyclase gene product in addition to the b-cyclase. By cloning a b-hydroxylase gene we showed that a single gene product forms zeaxanthin by hydroxylatin of both b-carotene rings. It is expected that a second hydroxylase is required in the synthesis of astaxanthin, since canthaxanthin rather than zeaxanthin is the precursor. Evidence, from inhibitor studies, suggests that astaxanthin is formed from canthaxanthin and that b-carotene is a major precursor. Feasibility studies with the photobioreactors have shown that a two-stage system is the most practical, where Haematococcus cultures are first grown to high cell density and are then switched to high light for maximal astaxanthin production. The basic knowledge and molecular tools generated from this study will significantly enhance Haematococcus as a viable model for enhanced astaxanthin production.
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