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Academic literature on the topic 'Phosphorus compounds'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Phosphorus compounds"

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Timperley, Christopher M., Michael Bird, John F. Broderick, Ian Holden, Ian J. Morton, and Matthew J. Waters. "Fluorinated phosphorus compounds." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 104, no. 2 (July 2000): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(00)00248-7.

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Timperley, Christopher M., John F. Broderick, Ian Holden, Ian J. Morton, and Matthew J. Waters. "Fluorinated phosphorus compounds." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 106, no. 1 (October 2000): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(00)00284-0.

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Timperley, Christopher M., Ian Holden, Ian J. Morton, and Matthew J. Waters. "Fluorinated phosphorus compounds." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 106, no. 2 (December 2000): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(00)00327-4.

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Timperley, Christopher M., David J. Sellers, and Matthew J. Waters. "Fluorinated phosphorus compounds." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 107, no. 1 (January 2001): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(00)00394-8.

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Timperley, Christopher M., and Matthew J. Waters. "Fluorinated phosphorus compounds." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 109, no. 2 (July 2001): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(01)00362-1.

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Timperley, Christopher M., Robert E. Arbon, Sally A. Saunders, and Matthew J. Waters. "Fluorinated phosphorus compounds." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 113, no. 1 (January 2002): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(01)00468-7.

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Timperley, Christopher M., Stephen N. Marriott, and Matthew J. Waters. "Fluorinated phosphorus compounds." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 113, no. 1 (January 2002): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(01)00493-6.

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Timperley, Christopher M., Sally A. Saunders, Josef Szpalek, and Matthew J. Waters. "Fluorinated phosphorus compounds." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 119, no. 2 (February 2003): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(02)00239-7.

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Akbaş, Hüseyin, Aytuğ Okumuş, Ahmet Karadağ, Zeynel Kılıç, Tuncer Hökelek, L. Yasemin Koç, Leyla Açık, Betül Aydın, and Mustafa Türk. "Phosphorus–nitrogen compounds." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 123, no. 2 (September 15, 2015): 1627–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-5001-6.

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Timperley, Christopher M., Sue Kirkpatrick, Mark Sandford, and Matthew J. Waters. "Fluorinated phosphorus compounds." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 126, no. 6 (June 2005): 902–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2005.03.026.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phosphorus compounds"

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Root, A. "NMR of phosphorus containing compounds." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372798.

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Crowe, Lindsey Alexandra. "NMR of solid phosphorus-containing compounds." Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4502/.

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Solid-state NMR techniques have been applied to the structure and dynamic characterisation of a range of phosphorus-containing compounds. Comparisons have been made within several series of compounds as well as studies of individual molecules with interesting NMR properties, whether dynamic, structural or magnetic. Spectral features such as shielding anisotropy, the high sensitivity of phosphorus and its large chemical shift range are extensively utilised in this work. Triple-channel, fluorine-observe and variable-temperature spectrometer facilities at different magnetic field strengths have been explored to give as much complementary information as possible. For both chlorinated and fluorinated diazadiphosphetidines, motional properties have been examined and the indirect spin-spin and dipolar interactions, together with shielding have been studied. Spectra from the NMR-active nuclei in these cyclic dimers have been used to compare effects of differing substituents on NMR properties. The bowl-shaped' molecules, calix[4] resorcinols with phosphorus functionality modifying the upper rim, constitute the other major group of compounds studied. These are of interest in inclusion chemistry. As well as simple one-dimensional NMR characterisation of solid-state calix[4]resorcinol compounds, interesting two-dimensional correlation results have helped with the assignment and conformational conclusions. A qualitative and quantitative study of a co-crystal of triphenylphosphine oxide and phenol was made to establish the nature of the disorder observed, but undefined, in an X-ray structural investigation of the hydrogen-bonded network. Complementary NMR techniques were used to extend the temperature range over which the rate of any motion can be characterised. Bandshape analysis, Tip measurement and selective polarisation inversion experiments have proved to be accurate in different regions of a variable temperature study. Other compounds explored were those which showed interesting solid-state NMR results, for example, the complexities of cross-polarisation dynamics between two abundant spins in inorganic phosphates, and compounds with potential solid-state applications. These include (i) phosphorus-containing compounds with chlorine and fluorinated aromatic substituents and (ii) complexes with transition metals. Comparison with single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction has also been exploited. In some cases, data have been produced, and in others the applicability of a theoretical approach has led to other conclusions.
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Simpson, Bryan Garth. "Reactions of heterocycles with phosphorus compounds." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329647.

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Soltani, Morteza. "Strength, fracture morphology, and polymorphic phase transformations in phosphate-bonded high-alumina refractory compositions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19060.

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Williams, Gareth Rhys. "The synthesis and applications of new organo-phosphorus and organofluorine-phosphorus compounds." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528265.

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Merwin, Lawrence Hale. "NMR of solid phosphorus and nitrogen compounds." Thesis, Durham University, 1987. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1683/.

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Dhaher, S. M. "Sterically hindered organo-phosphorus and -tin compounds." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374457.

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Clark, Lauren Lisa. "Composition and cycling of marine organic phosphorus /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Sun, Chaode. "Syntheses and reactivities of [pi]-electron rich phosphorus-nitrogen and sulfur-nitrogen ligands." HKBU Institutional Repository, 1999. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/140.

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Mcguire, Janine Gale. "Synthesis and properties of potentially liquid crystalline phosphorus compounds." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2000. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20138/.

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Traditionally it was considered necessary for molecules to be either rod or disc shaped to fulfil the requirements necessary for liquid crystalline phase formation. However, recent moves away from these traditional theories have led to the discovery of molecules possessing geometries such as tetrahedral and even octahedral producing mesogenic phases. One molecular geometry not yet shown to display liquid crystalline behaviour is trigonal pyramidal. Group V elements exhibit such geometry. This thesis reports the synthesis of a number of novel phosphorus(IIl) molecules and an investigation into their possible liquid crystalline phase behaviour. Trigonal pyramidal phosphines together with the corresponding tetrahedral phosphine oxides, with three alkoxybiphenyl groups attached to a central phosphorus atom, were synthesised with varying alkyl chain lengths between C1-C22. Investigation into liquid crystalline behaviour by both sets of compounds failed to demonstrate any mesophase formation. However, tri(nonyloxybiphenyl)phosphine oxide did show evidence of crystal to crystal transitions, often seen as a precursor to liquid crystaffine behaviour. Conversion of the phosphorus molecules into a more traditional linear shape by the replacement of an alkoxybiphenyl group with a smaller alkyl or phenyl group was also undertaken to investigate possible liquid crystalline behaviour, although none was observed. Attempts were also made to extend the length of the groups attached to the phosphorus atom to a tri-phenyl ring system incorporating an azo linking unit, which has often been shown to demonstrate mesophase behaviour. This led to the synthesis of a new series of compounds, phenyl (4-alkoxyphenylazo)benzoates, which demonstrated both nematic and smectic C liquid crystalline phases. Unfortunately, synthesis of the desired phosphorus was not achieved. Di(alkoxybiphenyl)phosphine oxides separated by an alkyl spacer group, were synthesised in an attempt to produce H-shaped molecules, an arrangement that would be intermediate between rod and disc shaped molecules. Again, liquid crystalline behaviour was not observed. A series of mixed butyl and methyl phosphonium nonadecafluorodecanoates were shown to produce lyotropic liquid crystalline phases in accordance with those observed for the equivalent ammonium compounds.
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Books on the topic "Phosphorus compounds"

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Peruzzini, Maurizio, and Luca Gonsalvi, eds. Phosphorus Compounds. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3817-3.

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Siew, Wai Lin. Phosphorus compounds in palm oil. Salford: University of Salford, 1987.

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Root, Andrew. NMR of phosphorus containing compounds. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1986.

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1925-, Walsh Edward N., ed. Phosphorus chemistry in everyday living. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: American Chemical Society, 1987.

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Corbridge, D. E. C. Phosphorus: An outline of its chemistry, biochemistry, and technology. 4th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990.

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Corbridge, D. E. C. Phosphorus: An outline of its chemistry, biochemistry, and uses. 5th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995.

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Iolani, Cohen JaimeLee, ed. Synthesis of carbon-phosphorus bonds. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRS Press, 2004.

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Manfred, Regitz, Scherer Otto J, and Appel R, eds. Multiple bonds and low coordination in phosphorus chemistry. Stuttgart: G. Thieme Verlag, 1990.

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Prodan, E. A. Stabilʹnostʹ i reakt︠s︡ionnai︠a︡ sposobnostʹ fosfornykh soleĭ. Minsk: "Navuka i tėkhnika", 1994.

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Organization, World Health, International Labour Organisation, International Program on Chemical Safety., and United Nations Environment Programme, eds. Phosphorus trichloride and phosphorus oxychloride: Health and safety guide. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Phosphorus compounds"

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Francois, M. Rony, and Frank Stephen. "Phosphorus Compounds." In Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 383–90. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118834015.ch51.

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Addison, R. F. "Elemental Phosphorus." In Anthropogenic Compounds, 207–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39468-6_5.

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Norman, A. D. "From Phosphorus Compounds." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 119–20. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145197.ch92.

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Yoshifuji, Masaaki. "Hexacoordinate Phosphorus Compounds." In Organophosphorus Chemistry, 239–47. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527672240.ch6.

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Centofanti, Louis, R. W. Rudolph, and Max Lustig. "Phosphorus Compounds: Difluorophosphines." In Inorganic Syntheses, 281–87. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132432.ch50.

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Higham, Lee J. "The Primary Phosphine Renaissance." In Phosphorus Compounds, 1–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3817-3_1.

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Marinetti, Angela, and Delphine Brissy. "Chiral Phosphorus Ligands for Enantioselective Enyne Cycloisomerizations." In Phosphorus Compounds, 305–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3817-3_10.

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Crassous, J., C. Lescop, and R. Réau. "Coordination-Driven Supramolecular Assembly of Phosphole-Based π-Conjugated Ligands." In Phosphorus Compounds, 343–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3817-3_11.

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Karasik, Andrey A., and Oleg G. Sinyashin. "Phosphorus Based Macrocyclic Ligands: Synthesis and Applications." In Phosphorus Compounds, 375–444. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3817-3_12.

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Nazarov, Alexey A., and Paul J. Dyson. "Metal Phosphorus Complexes as Antitumor Agents." In Phosphorus Compounds, 445–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3817-3_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Phosphorus compounds"

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Kasprzyk, Magda, Ewa Wojciechowska, Hanna Obarska–Pempkowiak, and Marta Thomas. "Preliminary Results from the Removal of Phosphorus Compounds with Selected Sorption Material." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.080.

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Due to the fact that resources of phosphorous are limited and are expected to get exhausted in the next 30 years the management of this resource has become extremely important. Most of the phosphorus compounds are lost forever, because they are discharged with sewage into surface water, causing eutrophication and in this way generating further issue and challenge. The aim of the study was to investigate the capacity to retain phosphorus compounds on sorption material. During the experiments, both synthetic and real wastewater were used. The synthetic wastewater simulated the composition of the reject water (RW) generated during the mechanical dewatering of the digested sewage sludge, and the real RW comes from WWTP in Gdansk. The investigation in steady conditions was carried out with Phoslock® which is chemically lanthanum clay. The results of the investigation are related to the determination of the sorption capacity with respect to the analyzed content of phosphorus compounds for stable conditions the determination of hydraulic load and way and time of mixing. For the synthetic wastewater the removal efficiency of phosphorous was 99.8% while for reject water (RW) generated during the mechanical dewatering of the digested sewage sludge was lower and equal to 85%.
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Huerta, Rafael, and Nevil Wu. "Red Phosphorous Induced Shorts in Plastic Packages." In ISTFA 2004. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2004p0644.

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Abstract Red phosphorous is one of the inorganic phosphorous compounds used as a flame retardant in microelectronic applications. One of the concerns is a red phosphorus induced pin-to-pin short in the molding compound. This paper discusses the red phosphorous-induced shorts in a 100 Lead TQFP (14x20x1.4mm) plastic package. The devices first failed on boards in the field. After de-soldering them from the boards, the devices were tested and found to have resistive pin-to-pin shorts. Common failure analysis techniques, including parallel lapping, cross sectioning, and X-ray, failed to reveal the resistive shorts and the shorting mechanism. Removing the molding compound by means of a wet chemical etching method using sulfuric acid on a hot plate worked very well and enabled to expose particles in three dimensions. It was concluded that the resistive shorts were not necessarily due to a single large phosphorous particle, but due to small and fragmented pieces of phosphorous.
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Sone, Tomoyuki, Toshiki Sasaki, and Hiromi Yamaguchi. "Reduction of Radioactive Secondary Waste With Steam Reforming in Treatment of Waste TBP/Dodecane." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7144.

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Waste tributyl phosphate (TBP) and normal dodecane generated from R&D activities on recycle of nuclear fuel has been stored in Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). If it is incinerated, a large quantity of contaminated phosphorous compounds will be generated as radioactive secondary wastes. The objective of this study is to reduce the generation of the radioactive secondary wastes by the treatment of the waste TBP/dodecane using steam reforming system. We constructed the demonstration scale steam reforming system which consists of a gasification chamber for vaporization of wastes, a metal mesh filter for removal of radioactive nuclides from gasified wastes, a combustion chamber, and scrubbers for removal of phosphorous oxides. We conducted process demonstration tests using waste TBP/dodecane with 0.07 g/L of uranium. We studied the temperature dependence of the gasification ratio of inorganic phosphorus compounds formed by pyrolysis of TBP in the gasification chamber and removal of uranium by the filter. As the results, more than 90% of phosphorus compounds were gasified from the gasification chamber at temperature of 600°C or more, and the uranium concentration in the waste water generated from the off-gas treatment system is under the detection limits. The waste water containing the separated phosphorus compounds can be discharged into the river or the sea as the liquid wastes in which uranium concentration is under the regulatory level. These results show the steam reforming system is effective in the reduction of radioactive secondary waste in the treatment of TBP/dodecane.
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Paulionytė, Judita, Rasa Vaiškūnaitė, and Aušra Mažeikienė. "EVALUATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE BIOCHAR USE IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT FROM PHOSPHATE." In 25-osios jaunųjų mokslininkų konferencijos „Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis“ teminės konferencijos APLINKOS APSAUGOS INŽINERIJA. Vilniaus Gedimino Technikos Universitetas, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2022.006.

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Phosphorus is important in the environment and its recovery and recycling is necessary. Sewage wastewater is one of the substances in which a high amount of phosphorus and its compounds are found. Phosphorus in water is one of the causes of environmental problems such as eutrophication. The utilization of sewage sludge is a main prob- lem in both large and smaller towns. This research investigates how much and how to use sewage sludge biochar as an adsorbent to remove phosphorus compounds from wastewater. This article highlights the sorption capacity of the filler to absorb phosphorus compounds.
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Pardayev, O., Sh Ismoilov, P. M. Champion, and L. D. Ziegler. "Vibrational Spectra of Phosphorus Compounds With Multiple Bonds." In XXII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3482675.

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Nilsson, Johan, Thomas Szabo, Gaston Lavén, Martin Kullberg, Adam Kraszewski, and Jacek Stawinski. "Developing synthetic methods for bioactive phosphorus compounds. A progress report." In XIIIth Symposium on Chemistry of Nucleic Acid Components. Prague: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css200507189.

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Turner, Mattias A., Pradeep Parajuli, Waruna D. Kulatilaka, and Eric L. Petersen. "Emission Spectra of Hydrocarbon Flames Doped with Phosphorus-Containing Compounds." In AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-0638.

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Di Meo, Antonella, Fabio Riganti, Graziano Vezzulli, and Rosaldo Picozzi. "Soluble Phosphorus-Based Compounds as Anti-Wear Additives for Perfluoropolyethers Lubricants." In ASME/STLE 2007 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2007-44263.

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New soluble additives were synthesized to act as anti-wear for perfluoropolyether oils. The tribological properties of the formulations of these phosphorus-containing compounds in different base oils have been evaluated by a Falex four ball test machine and by an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester. The results obtained, object of the present work, clearly show that these additives are able to significantly reduce the wear of PFPE oils (up to 50% reduction).
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Šarko, Julita, and Aušra Mažeikienė. "Investigation of Sorbents for Phosphorus Removal." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.620.

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Nowadays, the problem of water pollution with phosphorus compounds is especially important. Wastewater treatment plants do not always meet the strict requirements for the residual total phosphorus concentration – 1 mg/l in the treated wastewater. Usually individual wastewater treatment plants have a poorer removal of phosphorus from the wastewater because they are more sensitive to fluctuations in wastewater flow and environmental conditions. Research results in the scientific literature shows that only 30–50% of the phosphorus is removed from the wastewater by conventional methods. Additional wastewater treatment is recommended for higher phosphorus removal efficiency achievement. One of the ways to remove phosphorus from wastewater is filtration through sorbents filter media. The efficiency of three sorbents – Filtralite P, foam-glass and crushed shells to remove phosphorus from biologically treated wastewater is investigated in this article. A phosphate phosphorus concentration was reduced by filtering wastewater through sorbents filter media during the experiment. Concentrations of treated wastewater pollutants, filtration rate, efficiency of sorbents to remove phosphorus from the wastewater were measured and evaluated. Experiment results showed that phosphate phosphorus was effectively removed by Filtralite P sorbent (removal efficiency 97–98%), less effective were foam-glass (removal efficiency 66–95%) and crushed shells sorbents (removal efficiency 39–50%).
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Bakaeva, M. D., S. P. Chetverikov, D. V. Chetverikova, and A. A. Kendzhieva. "Promising microorganisms for coping herbicide stress in plants." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.032.

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Herbicide-resistant strains of Pseudomonas and Achromobacter have been isolated. Theу are diazotrophic, can mobilize phosphorus from insoluble compounds and synthesize phytohormones in the presence of herbicides.
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Reports on the topic "Phosphorus compounds"

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Depuy, Charles H., and Veronica M. Bierbaum. Gas Phase Ion-Molecule Chemistry of Phosphorus and Sulfur Compounds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada192125.

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Cowley, Alan H. Reactions of Organometallic Compounds with Phosphorus (V) Esters and Related Species. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada190893.

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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.
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4

Cytryn, Eddie, Mark R. Liles, and Omer Frenkel. Mining multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria for biocontrol activity and biologically-active compounds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598174.bard.

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Abstract:
Control of agro-associated pathogens is becoming increasingly difficult due to increased resistance and mounting restrictions on chemical pesticides and antibiotics. Likewise, in veterinary and human environments, there is increasing resistance of pathogens to currently available antibiotics requiring discovery of novel antibiotic compounds. These drawbacks necessitate discovery and application of microorganisms that can be used as biocontrol agents (BCAs) and the isolation of novel biologically-active compounds. This highly-synergistic one year project implemented an innovative pipeline aimed at detecting BCAs and associated biologically-active compounds, which included: (A) isolation of multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria and root-associated bacteria from medicinal plants; (B) invitro screening of bacterial isolates against known plant, animal and human pathogens; (C) nextgeneration sequencing of isolates that displayed antagonistic activity against at least one of the model pathogens and (D) in-planta screening of promising BCAs in a model bean-Sclerotiumrolfsii system. The BCA genome data were examined for presence of: i) secondary metabolite encoding genes potentially linked to the anti-pathogenic activity of the isolates; and ii) rhizosphere competence-associated genes, associated with the capacity of microorganisms to successfully inhabit plant roots, and a prerequisite for the success of a soil amended BCA. Altogether, 56 phylogenetically-diverse isolates with bioactivity against bacterial, oomycete and fungal plant pathogens were identified. These strains were sent to Auburn University where bioassays against a panel of animal and human pathogens (including multi-drug resistant pathogenic strains such as A. baumannii 3806) were conducted. Nineteen isolates that showed substantial antagonistic activity against at least one of the screened pathogens were sequenced, assembled and subjected to bioinformatics analyses aimed at identifying secondary metabolite-encoding and rhizosphere competence-associated genes. The genome size of the bacteria ranged from 3.77 to 9.85 Mbp. All of the genomes were characterized by a plethora of secondary metabolite encoding genes including non-ribosomal peptide synthase, polyketidesynthases, lantipeptides, bacteriocins, terpenes and siderophores. While some of these genes were highly similar to documented genes, many were unique and therefore may encode for novel antagonistic compounds. Comparative genomic analysis of root-associated isolates with similar strains not isolated from root environments revealed genes encoding for several rhizospherecompetence- associated traits including urea utilization, chitin degradation, plant cell polymerdegradation, biofilm formation, mechanisms for iron, phosphorus and sulfur acquisition and antibiotic resistance. Our labs are currently writing a continuation of this feasibility study that proposes a unique pipeline for the detection of BCAs and biopesticides that can be used against phytopathogens. It will combine i) metabolomic screening of strains from our collection that contain unique secondary metabolite-encoding genes, in order to isolate novel antimicrobial compounds; ii) model plant-based experiments to assess the antagonistic capacities of selected BCAs toward selected phytopathogens; and iii) an innovative next-generation-sequencing based method to monitor the relative abundance and distribution of selected BCAs in field experiments in order to assess their persistence in natural agro-environments. We believe that this integrated approach will enable development of novel strains and compounds that can be used in large-scale operations.
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5

Harman, Gary E., and Ilan Chet. Enhancing Crop Yield through Colonization of the Rhizosphere with Beneficial Microbes. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580684.bard.

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Abstract:
At the start of this project, fungi in the genus Trichoderma were known to be potent biocontrol agents, and their primary mechanism was considered to via direct effects upon the target fungi. Due in large part to the efforts of the two PIs, we now know that this view is far too limited; while Trichoderma spp. do indeed have direct effects on pathogenic fungi, they have very far reaching effects directly upon plants. Indeed, these fungi must be considered as opportunistic plant symbionts; they provide a number of benefits to plants and themselves are favored by large numbers of healthy roots. Research under this BARD grant has demonstrated that These fungi induce resistance mechanisms in plants. They increase root development and depth of rooting; Bradyrhizobium enhances this effect in soybean. They enhance uptake of plant nutrients. They have abilities to solubilize nutrients, such as oxidized metals and insoluble phosphorus compounds by a variety of different mechanisms and biochemicals. This is a marked expansion of our knowledge of the abilities of these organisms. This knowledge has direct implications for understanding of basic plant responses and abilities, and already is being used to improve plant productivity and reduce pollution of the environment.
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6

Phillips, Donald, and Yoram Kapulnik. Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613012.bard.

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Abstract:
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions
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