Academic literature on the topic 'Phosphorus and plants'
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Journal articles on the topic "Phosphorus and plants":
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Tang, Zhi Ru, Yue Wen, and Qi Zhou. "Research on the Phosphorus Removal Mechanisms and Approaches in Various Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands." Advanced Materials Research 573-574 (October 2012): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.599.
Abstract:
This research studied that performances and mechanisms of phosphorus removal in three types of HSFCW: reed/gravel bed system (W1), multiple plants/gravel bed system (W2) and reed/multiple substrates bed system (W3). Spatial distribution and fractionation analysis of phosphorous in different substrates showed that the accumulated phosphorous in gravel, zeolite and steel slag were mainly in forms of Ca/Mg-P, residual-P and Fe/Al-P respectively. Biomass and phosphorus contained in plants harvested in early autumn was obviously higher than that contained in plants of late autumn, so the optimal harvest time should be late October. Among three systems, the phosphorus removal by adsorption and sedimentation of substrates accounted for 67%-76% of the total phosphorous removal and was the major channel for phosphorous removal. Removal by harvesting plants ranked second, accounting for 15%-21%. Other removal mechanisms accounted for about 10%. The research reveals that W3>W2>W1 in phosphorus removal efficiency in HSFCWs.
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Norman, D. J., J. Chen, J. M. F. Yuen, A. Mangravita-Novo, D. Byrne, and L. Walsh. "Control of Bacterial Wilt of Geranium with Phosphorous Acid." Plant Disease 90, no. 6 (June 2006): 798–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0798.
Abstract:
Various bactericides were screened for efficacy in protecting geranium plants (Pelargonium hortorum) from Ralstonia solanacearum infection. Many of these bactericides were found to slow the disease progress; however, they were not able to protect the plants from infection and subsequent death. Potassium salts of phosphorous acid were found to be effective in protecting plants from infection when applied as a drench. The active portion of the potassium salts was found to be phosphorous acid (H3PO3). Phosphorous acid was found to inhibit in vitro growth of R. solanacearum. It is thought to be protecting plants from infection by acting as a bacteriostatic compound in the soil. The plants, however, are not protected from aboveground infection on wounded surfaces. Phosphorous acid drenches were shown to protect geranium plants from infection by either race 1 or 3 of R. solanacearum. Other phosphorous-containing products commonly used in the industry, such as phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4), were not able to protect plants from bacterial wilt infection.
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Wieczorek, Dorota, Beata Żyszka-Haberecht, Anna Kafka, and Jacek Lipok. "Phosphonates as Unique Components of Plant Seeds—A Promising Approach to Use Phosphorus Profiles in Plant Chemotaxonomy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 11501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111501.
Abstract:
Phosphorus is one of the most important elements essential for all living beings. Plants accumulate and store phosphorous in various forms that have diverse physiological and biochemical functions. In this study, we determine and then examine the phosphorus profiles of seeds of plants belonging to different taxa based on extractable inorganic phosphates and organic forms of phosphorus. We paid particular attention to the presence of natural phosphonates in the tested materials. The inorganic phosphates were determined colorimetrically, whereas phosphorus profiles were created by using 31P NMR spectroscopy. Our study on phosphorus profiles revealed that the obtainedsets of data vary significantly among the representatives of different taxa and were somehow specific for families of plants. It should be emphasised that the measurements obtained using 31P NMR spectroscopy undoubtedly confirmed—for the first time—the presence of phosphonates among the natural components of plant seeds. Hence, the classification of plants considering the phosphorus profiles, including the presence of phosphonates, may be a new additional chemotaxonomic feature.
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Bhodiwal, Shweta, and Tansukh Barupal. "Phosphate solubilizing microbes: an incredible role for plant supplements." MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences 7, no. 5 (December 21, 2022): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2022.07.00263.
Abstract:
Plants procure phosphorus from soil as the phosphate anion. It is the most un-portable component in plant and soil in comparison to other macronutrients. It’s very well known that phosphorus is the second most significant supplement after the nitrogen required/needed in plant growth. It is a fundamental component in every single living system. Barely 1%-2% of phosphorous is provided to different parts of the plants. It precipitates in soil as orthophosphate or is adsorbed by Fe and Al oxides through legend exchange. Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria play a substantial part in phosphorus nutrition by increasing phosphorus' accessibility to plants through discharge from inorganic and natural soil P pools by solubilization and mineralization. Lowering the pH of the soil through microbial generation of natural acids and mineralization of natural phosphorus by acid phosphates is the key element in the soil for mineral phosphate solubilization. Chemical composts are used as an additional source of phosphorous to satisfy the plant’s need. Additionally, co-inoculating P solubilizing microorganisms with other beneficial bacteria and mycorrhiza has shown to increase their efficiency. Microbial inoculants or biofertilizers can thus be used as an alternative source because they are both economical and environmentally favourable.
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Föhse, Doris, N. Claassen, and A. Jungk. "Phosphorus efficiency of plants." Plant and Soil 110, no. 1 (August 1988): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02143545.
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Föhse, Doris, N. Claassen, and A. Jungk. "Phosphorus efficiency of plants." Plant and Soil 132, no. 2 (April 1991): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00010407.
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Broschat, Timothy K. "Effects of Phosphorous and Phosphoric Acids on Growth and Phosphorus Concentrations in Container-grown Tropical Ornamental Plants." HortTechnology 16, no. 1 (January 2006): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.1.0105.
Abstract:
Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-chinensis), shooting star (Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum), downy jasmine (Jasminum multiflorum), areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), and `Jetty' spathiphyllum (Spathiphyllum) were grown in containers using Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 (15N-3.9P-10K), which provided phosphorus (two experiments), or resin-coated urea plus sulfur-coated potassium sulfate, which provided no phosphorus (one experiment). Plants were treated with water drenches (controls), drenches with metalaxyl fungicide only, drenches with phosphoric acid (PO4-P), drenches with metalaxyl plus phosphorus from phosphoric acid, drenches with PhytoFos 4-28-10 [4N-12.2P-8.3K, a fertilizer containing phosphorous acid (PO3-P), a known fungicidal compound], or a foliar spray with PhytoFos 4-28-10. Plants receiving soil drenches with equivalent amounts of P from PhytoFos 4-28-10, PO4-P, or PO4-P+metalaxyl generally had the greatest shoot and root dry weights and foliar PO4-P concentrations. There were no differences between the control and metalaxyl-treated plants, indicating that root rot diseases were not a factor. Therefore, responses from PhytoFos 4-28-10 were believed to be due to its nutrient content, rather than its fungicidal properties. Foliar-applied PhytoFos 4-29-10 produced plants that were generally similar in size to control plants or those receiving metalaxyl only drenches. Fertilizers containing PO3-P appear to be about as effective as PO4-P sources when applied to the soil, but are relatively ineffective as a P source when applied as a foliar spray. A distinct positive synergistic response for shoot and root dry weights and foliar PO4-P concentrations was observed for the PO4-P+metalaxyl treatment when no P was applied except as a treatment.
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Smith, FW, WA Jackson, and PJV Berg. "Internal Phosphorus Flows During Development of Phosphorus Stress in Stylosanthes hamata." Functional Plant Biology 17, no. 4 (1990): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9900451.
Abstract:
Partitioning and net transfer of phosphorus between shoots and roots in the tropical forage legume Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano during the development of phosphorus deficiency has been studied. Plants were stressed by either growing them in dilute flowing culture on continuously maintained external phosphorus concentrations that were inadequate for maximal growth, or by transferring plants of varying phosphorus status to phosphorus-free media. An external phosphorus concentration of 1 �M P was found to be just adequate for maximal growth of S. hamata. Phosphorus stress caused rapid and substantial increases in root weight percentage. It is proposed that this represents an important adaptive mechanism for maximising phosphorus uptake by S. hamata growing in phosphorus-deficient soils. Roots contained the minimum proportion of the plant's phosphorus content when root phosphorus concentrations were 8-10 �mol P g-1 root, and shoot phosphorus concentrations were 16-20 �mol P g-1 shoot. When tissue concentrations were less than these values, plants suffered from phosphorus stress and phosphorus was either preferentially retained by the roots or rapidly transferred from shoots to roots, reducing the growth rates of shoots, but permitting root growth to continue. Upon reducing the external phosphorus supply to plants whose root phosphorus concentrations exceeded 8 to 10 �mol P g-1 root, excess phosphorus was rapidly transferred from the root to the shoot to maintain shoot growth rates. The mobility of phospborus within the plant, and the apparent lack of any delay in transferring phosphorus from shoots to roots as phosphorus stress developed, represent another adaptive feature that is likely to be important to the successful growth of S. hamata in low phosphorus soils. When the phosphorus supply was limited, the plant's resources were directed toward maintaining root growth. Even extremely phosphorus deficient plants, in which shoot growth had ceased, maintained linear rates of root growth. These linear rates were related to the total phosphorus content of the plant. In the latter stages of phosphorus deprivation, linear rates of root growth were maintained by remobilisation of phosphorus from the older parts of the root system to sustain the phosphorus supply to the root meristems.
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George, Timothy S., Philippe Hinsinger, and Benjamin L. Turner. "Phosphorus in soils and plants – facing phosphorus scarcity." Plant and Soil 401, no. 1-2 (March 3, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-2846-9.
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Gourley, C. J. P., D. L. Allan, and M. P. Russelle. "Defining phosphorus efficiency in plants." Plant and Soil 155-156, no. 1 (October 1993): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00025039.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phosphorus and plants":
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Lung, Shiu-cheung. "Assimilation of phytate-phosphorus by plants." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B35710986.
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Lung, Shiu-cheung, and 龍兆章. "Assimilation of phytate-phosphorus by plants." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B35710986.
3
Ebuele, Victor Pghogho. "Phosphorus speciation in soil and plants." Thesis, Bangor University, 2016. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/phosphorus-speciation-in-soil-and-plants(c9a2b08e-cca7-48ad-ac49-79b772d17602).html.
Abstract:
To better understand the dynamics of P in soil and plants, chemical characterization and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were applied to a natural vegetation system dominated by bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) and British bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm.) and to different types of organically amended agricultural soils. Organic P (Po) was dominant in the natural system while the agricultural soil of the total P more than 80% was inorganic P (Pi) mainly in the form of orthophosphate. A detailed quantitative analysis of the P forms in three fields assigned codes (FWa, FWo and FWp) with contrasting coverage of bracken and bluebell, their original native vegetation was undertaken in 2013. Soils were collected in areas dominated by both plants, from April to September 2013 weeks (W1 – W20) in order to cover the main above-ground lifecycle stages. Chemical characterization of the soils showed differences in total P, total Po and plant available P (Mehlich-3 extraction). The total P content of the soils from the three fields showed a slight non-significant increase after bluebell flowering. Quantitative assessment using 31P NMR showed differences in the nature of P forms in the soil and this was reflected in the nature of the vegetation cover, and extent of plant litter deposition. The most dominant P form found in the NaOH-EDTA soil extracts of FWa and FWo were the organic P forms (68.1 – 84.3 %), (61.3 – 79.1 %) respectively, most especially orthophosphate monoesters (53.1 – 83.8 %), (50.3 – 79.4 %), mainly as myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (myo-IP6) or phytate, while the inorganic P form (32.8 – 58 %) was the most dominant on FWp mainly as orthophosphate (ortho-P) (30.7- 56.8 %). The increased myo-IP6 concentration in the soil was linked to the shedded old bluebell bulb below ground containing up to 40 % myo-IP6. Bluebell seeds, another potential route of P transfer into soil, also contained 60 % myo-IP6 of total P. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was also used in elucidating the speciation and distribution of P species in diverse plant seeds (cumin, fennel, flax, mustard, poppy and sesame seeds). Phosphorus speciation by 31P NMR showed that P was mainly present in organic forms such as phytate and α- and β-glycerophosphate in poppy, sesame, mustard, fennel and cumin seeds. The inorganic P forms detected included orthophosphate and pyrophosphate. In particular, the highest amount of orthophosphate was found in NaOH-EDTA extracts of fennel seeds (41.7 %) and the lowest in mustard seeds (9.3 %) and sesame seeds (6.9 %). For the organic P forms, the highest concentration of phytate was found in mustard xiv seeds (85.2 %) and the lowest in fennel seeds (43.3 %). This result implied that in most seed producing plants P, transferred from the plants vegetative parts to the developing seeds during seed maturation, is converted to phytate (organic P) in addition to being stored as orthophosphate (inorganic P). Phenologically either bracken or bluebells grow actively throughout the year. In a semi-natural ecosystem, competition between bluebell and bracken is highest on bracken crozier emergence, which dense bluebell coverage seem to delay. P speciation was identified as an underpinning driver: For bracken, P was present mainly in form of soluble inorganic orthophosphate (41- 96.1 %), while glycerophosphates were the main Po (2.4 – 58.9 %) detected in rhizome, pinnae or stipe. Contrarily bluebell bulbs contained mostly myo-IP6 (6.7 – 52.3 %) possibly aiding survival at low temperatures, because of bluebell’s active growth starting in early autumn. Within the whole plant, the bulb acts as a source and primary sink of P, mainly as myo-IP6. This might be a survival mechanism against P supply interruption during bluebell’s growth cycle while at the same time making P less available for others. The relatively higher total P content of bluebell bulbs (0.67 – 2.7 g kg-1) compared to bracken rhizomes (0.43 – 1.30 g kg-1) also supports this. Bracken’s competitive advantage relies on its dominance of the extensive rhizome system, for which this study showed its ability to redistribute nutrients. Specifically, there was very little differences in the P species between plant parts; instead orthophosphate was shuttled from rhizome to pinnae and returned. The effect of a variety of organic fertilizers additions (pig or cow slurry, farm yard manures, broiler litter, compost and paper sludge/waste) from 1990 to 2014 on the distribution and accumulation of soil Pi and Po forms in three different soil types Harper Adams (HAU, sandy loam), Terrington (TER, silty clay loam) and Gleadthorpe (GT, loamy sand) was investigated. A sequential fractionation scheme and 31P NMR of NaOH-EDTA soil extracts was used to speciate P. Total P concentration in all soils ranged from 0.76 g kg-1 – 1.49 g kg-1 and was predominantly inorganic P (51.2 – 90.8 %). The differences in pH suggests that P species in HAU and GT (pH 6.5) would likely be bound to Al/Fe oxides and hydroxides. At more alkaline pH for TER (pH 7.9) mainly Ca-P minerals would occur. Phosphorus speciation analysis supported this with orthophosphate (82.9 –95.5 %) as the most dominant P form detected. This high inorganic to organic P ratio in conjunction with a low C/P ratio (< 200) suggested that mineralization of organic P mainly occurred in these soils. Myo-IP6 was the most dominant organic P form (1.6 – 8.9 %) followed by scyllo-IP6 (0.7– 4.6 %). Orthophosphate diesters were detected in only one sample (GT) but in trace amounts (0 – 0.5 %). Polyphosphate and xv phosphonates were not detected in any sample. The similar composition of P species across the various treatments suggests that the additions of different manures to the soil only lead to an increase in inorganic P species mainly ortho-P, likely caused by the rapid mineralization of organic P forms in the manure-treated soils. The result also suggested that the abundance and accumulation (Legacy P) of the various P forms, as determined by sequential extraction, were dependent on the nature of manure treatment, soil type and pH of the soils.
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Ning, Jianchang. "Mycorrhizal roles in broomsedge plants under phosphorus limitation and aluminum toxicity." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1685.
Abstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 146 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-145).
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Dong, Bei. "A phosphorus mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd682.pdf.
Abstract:
Bibliography: leaves 89-104. In this study an EMS-mutated Arabidopsis mutant pho2, which accumulates Pi in leaves, was used to study Pi uptake and transport by comparing it to wild-type seedlings. The study aimed to define the physiological lesions in pho2 mutant and to obtain evidence regarding the function of the PHO2 gene in P nutrition in higher plants. Accumulation of Pi in leaves of pho2 was found to reside in the symplast and was not related to Zn-deficiency. The physiology of the pho2 mutant is consistent with either a block in Pi transport in phloem from shoots to roots or an inability of shoot cells to regulate internal Pi concentration. Southern block analysis revealed that the two transporter genes, APT1 and APT2 were not responsible for the pho2 mutant. Data from the mapping of the PHO2 gene along with information from the Arabidopsis genome sequencing will form the basis for cloning the PHO2 gene in the future.
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Hoffman, Victor, and Anton Marmsjö. "Combustion of sludge in Fortum’s plants with possible phosphorus recycling." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146974.
Abstract:
The management of waste is by all means a great challenge to any society. In Sweden, the past decades has seen legislation progressing in congruence with concerns over environmental stress from inefficient waste management. The legislative changes aim primarily to promote waste reduction and better waste utilization. Sludge is a waste-type from different industrial processes and is unfortunately of limited reuse and recycling-value, but sludge combustion for energy recovery appears promising. Also, the oftentimes high phosphorus content in sludge strengthens the potential of extracting phosphorus from combustion ashes. The heat and power industry has shown great interest in sludge combustion. Fortum has a set of different sludge types to choose from as well as many different options available based on where and how the sludge can be incinerated. Yet there are many inherent problems, but also operational benefits, of combusting sludge. These factors combined make the venture multifaceted and therefore not straightforward. Based on this, this thesis is a preliminary study aiming to assess the possibility of combusting sludge in Fortum’s existing or future facilities, along with possible phosphorus recovery from the combustion ashes. The study was based on applying either sludge mono- or co-combustion. The scenarios evaluated were; firing 70000 tonnes of digested sewage sludge, 50000 tonnes of fibrous sludge and 26400 tonnes of digestate which all are pertinent sludge amounts in this study. Co-combustion involved firing these together with the base fuels fired in Fortum’s grate furnace and fluidized bed boilers in Brista and Högdalen CHP plants. The mixing yielded new characteristics of the combustion input, such as a lower heating value, which were vetted against the boilers’ capability to handle these. Mono-combustion was compared economically with co-combustion to assess investment profitability. The phosphorus concentration in the ashes from the mixes was determined as well in order to assess the possibility for viable extraction. In addition, proper sludge pretreatment methods were examined. The results showed that co-incineration of 70000 tonnes digested sewage sludge was possible in boiler P6 in Högdalen and B2 in Brista. These generated an economic gain with an internal rate of return of 96,3 % and 96,4 % respectively. It was possible to co-incinerate 50000 tonnes of fibrous sludge in boilers B1 and B2 in Brista as well as P6 although economic gains were only seen in B1, where the internal rate was 87,5 %. Co‑incinerating 26400 tonnes of digestate was possible in all boilers except P3 assuming that the similar boilers P1 and P2 in Högdalen can incinerate the sludge in tandem. The incineration of digestate yielded an economic gain for these boilers with an internal rate ranging from 25,7 % for P1 and P2 in tandem to 102,6 % for B1. Although mono-combustion is a practical solution it was found not to be an economically feasible alternative under prevailing economic conditions. The results also indicated that NOx and SOx formation increased in the raw flue gaseswhen co‑firing sludge, as also was the case with flue gas volume flow and flue gas water vapor. Fossil CO2 emissionsdecreased for all waste fired boilers when co-combusting sludge. Digested sewage sludge and digestate increased combustion ash amounts in all cases, whereas fibrous sludge only did this in B1. All sludge types were found to be beneficial for reducing the risk of corrosion and agglomeration, but digested sewage sludge was remarkably more so than digestate and fibrous sludge. The phosphorus concentration in the co-combustion ashes was deemed insufficient for viable phosphorus extraction, but was promising when firing digested sewage sludge in B1. The concentration was sufficient in a mono-combustion application when firing digested sewage sludge and digestate. Overall environmental impacts are however dubious. There needs to be further investigation in order to properly assess these.Hanteringen av avfall är en stor utmaning i alla samhällen. I Sverige har lagstiftningen de senaste decennierna utvecklats i takt med ökad oro över miljöbelastningen från ineffektiv avfallshantering. I första hand syftar lagändringarna till att främja avfallsminimering och bättre avfallsutnyttjande. Slam är en typ av avfall från olika industriprocesser och har dessvärre begränsat värde för återanvändning och återvinning, men slamförbränning för energiutvinning verkar lovande. Även den i många fall höga fosforhalten i slam ger en potential att utvinna fosfor ur förbränningsaskorna. Kraft- och värmeindustrin har visat stort intresse för slamförbränning. Fortum har olika slamtyper att tillgå och många olika alternativ gällande var och hur slammet ska förbrännas. Det finns också problem, men även förbränningstekniska fördelar, kopplat till slamförbränning. Tillsammans gör dessa faktorer satsningen mångfacetterad och därför inte helt självklar. Detta examensarbete är en förstudie som syftar till att bedöma möjligheten att förbränna slam i Fortums befintliga eller framtida anläggningar, tillsammans med eventuell återvinning av fosfor från förbränningsaskorna. I studien undersöktes slamförbränning, antingen monoförbränning eller förbränning tillsammans med andra bränslen. Scenarierna som utvärderats innefattar förbränning av 70000 ton rötslam, 50000 ton fiberslam och 26400 ton rötrest vilka är relevanta mängder för denna studie. Samförbränning innebär att dessa blandas och eldas tillsammans med basbränslena i Fortums rosterpannor och fluidiserade bäddar i kraftvärmeverken i Brista och Högdalen. Slamblandningen ger upphov till nya egenskaper hos det inmatade bränslet, till exempel ett lägre värmevärde, vilka jämförs mot pannornas kapacitet att hantera dessa. Monoförbränning jämfördes med samförbränning för att bedöma dess ekonomiska konkurrenskraft. Fosforhalten i askan från blandningarna bestämdes även för att bedöma fosforutvinningspotentialen. Dessutom har lämpliga förbehandlingsmetoder för slam undersökts. Resultaten visar att samförbränning av 70000 ton rötslam var möjlig i panna P6 i Högdalen och B2 i Brista. Dessa gav en ekonomisk vinst med en internränta på 96,3 % respektive 96,4 %. Det var möjligt att samförbränna 50000 ton fiberslam i panna B1 och B2 i Brista samt panna P6 även om ekonomiska vinster bara visades i B1, där internräntan blev 87,5 %. Samförbränning av 26400 ton rötrest var möjligt i alla pannor förutom P3 förutsatt att pannorna P1 och P2 i Högdalen kan förbränna slammet i tandem. Förbränning av rötrest gav en ekonomisk vinst i dessa pannor med internräntor mellan 25,7 % för P1 och P2 tillsammans och 102,6 % för B1. Även om monoförbränning kan vara en praktisk lösning är det inte ett ekonomiskt försvarbart alternativ under rådande ekonomiska förhållanden. I studien gavs det även indikationer på att uppkomsten NOx och SOx i rågaserna ökade vid samförbränning med slam, samt att även rökgasvolymflöde och mängden vattenånga i rökgaserna ökade. Fossila CO2 utsläpp minskade för de avfallseldade pannorna vid samförbränning. Rötslam och rötrest gav en ökning av mängden aska i alla pannor, medan fiberslam endast ökade denna i B1. Alla slamtyper var fördelaktiga att förbränna för att minska risken för korrosion och agglomerering men rötslam var anmärkningsvärt bättre i det avseendet jämfört med rötrest och fiberslam. Fosforhalten i samförbränningsaskorna bedömdes vara för låg för lönsam fosforutvinning, men var lovande vid rötslamsförbränning i panna B1. Koncentrationen var tillräckligt hög vid monoförbränning av rötslam och rötrest. Det är dock oklart vad den totala miljöpåverkan blir vilket skulle behövas utredas vidare.
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Barca, Cristian. "Steel slag filters to upgrade phosphorus removal in small wastewater treatment plants." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EMNA0045/document.
Abstract:
L’objectif de ce travail est la mise au point de filtres garnis de laitiers d’aciéries destinés au traitement du phosphore (P) des eaux usées au sein de petites installations. Deux types de laitiers on été testés: laitiers de four à arc électrique (EAF), et laitiers d'aciérie de conversion (BOF). Une approche intégrée a été suivie, avec investigations à différentes échelles: (i) Des expériences en flacons ont été réalisées pour établir les capacités de rétention du P de laitiers produits en Europe, et ainsi sélectionner les échantillons les plus adaptés pour l’élimination du P; (ii)Des expériences en colonnes ont été menées pour étudier l'effet de divers paramètres, notamment la taille et la composition du laitier, sur les performances hydrauliques et épuratoires des filtres; (iii) Enfin, des expériences sur terrain ont été conduites afin d’évaluer les performances hydrauliques et épuratoires de deux unités démonstration conçues pour le traitement du P au sein d’un marais artificiel. Les résultats expérimentaux ont indiqué que le principal mécanisme d'élimination du P est lié à la dissolution du CaO des laitiers, suivie de la précipitation de phosphate de Ca et recristallisation en hydroxyapatite (HAP). Après 100 semaines d'alimentation avec une solution de P (concentration moyenne de P totale 10,2 mgP/L), les colonnes remplies de laitiers de petite taille (BOF6-12 mm et EAF 5-16 mm) ont retenu >98% du P total en entrée, tandis que les colonnes remplies de laitiers de grande taille (BOF 20-50 mm et EAF 20-40) ont retenu 56et 86% du P total en entrée, respectivement. Il apparaît que, plus la taille des laitiers est petite, plus la surface spécifique disponible pour la dissolution du CaO et pour l’adsorption des phosphates de Ca est grande. Les expériences sur terrain ont confirmé que les laitiers sont efficaces pour le traitement du P de l'effluent d'un marais artificiel (concentration moyenne du P totale 8,3 mg P/L). Sur une période de 85 semaines d'opération, de laitiers EAF ont retenu le 36% du P total en entrée, tandis que les laitiers BOF ont retenu le 59% du P total en entrée.L’efficacité de rétention du P apparaît augmenter avec la température et le temps de rétention hydraulique (HRT),très probablement parce que l'augmentation de la température et du HRT a favorisé la dissolution de la CaO et la précipitation de phosphate de Ca. Toutefois, il a été constaté que HRT >3 jours peuvent produire des pH élevés (>9), à la suite d’une excessive dissolution de CaO.Cependant, les résultats des unités démonstration ont montré que, à HRT de 1-2 jours, les filtres produisent des pH élevés seulement pendant les 5 premières semaines de fonctionnement, puis les pH se stabilisent en dessous de 9. Enfin, une équation de dimensionnement sur la base des résultats expérimentaux a été proposéeThis thesis aimed at developing the use of electric arc furnace steel slag (EAF-slag) and basic oxygen furnace steel slag (BOF-slag) in filters designed to upgrade phosphorus (P) removal in small wastewater treatment plants. An integrated approach was followed, with investigation at different scales: (i) Batch experiments were performed to establish an overview of the P removal capacities of steel slag produced in Europe, and then to select the most suitable samples for P removal; (ii)Continuous flow column experiments were performed to investigate the effect of various parameters including slag size and composition, and column design on treatment and hydraulic performances of lab-scale slag filters; (iii)Finally, field experiments were performed to investigate hydraulic and treatment performances of demonstration scale slag filters designed to remove P from the effluent of a constructed wetland. The experimental results indicated that the major mechanism of P removal was related toCaO-slag dissolution followed by precipitation of Caphosphate and recrystallisation into hydroxyapatite (HAP).Over 100 weeks of continuous feeding of a synthetic Psolution (mean inlet total P 10.2 mg P/L), columns filled with small-size slag (6-12 mm BOF-slag; 5-16 mm EAFslag)removed >98% of inlet total P, whereas columnsfilled with big-size slag (20-50 mm BOF-slag and 20-40mm EAF-slag) removed 56 and 86% of inlet total P,respectively. Most probably, the smaller was the size ofslag, the greater was the specific surface for CaO-slagdissolution and adsorption of Ca phosphate precipitates.Field experiments confirmed that EAF-slag and BOF-slagare efficient substrate for P removal from the effluent of aconstructed wetland (mean inlet total P 8.3 mg P/L). Overa period of 85 weeks of operation, EAF-slag removed 36%of inlet total P, whereas BOF-slag removed 59% of inlettotal P. P removal efficiencies increased with increasing temperature and void hydraulic retention time (HRTv),most probably because the increase in temperature and HRTv affected the rate of CaO dissolution and Caphosphate precipitation. However, it was found that longHRTv (>3 days) may produce high pH of the effluents(>9), as the result of excessive CaO-slag dissolution. However, the results of field experiments demonstrated that at shorter HRTv (1-2 days), slag filters produced pH that were elevated only during the first 5 weeks of operation, and then stabilized below a pH of 9. Finally, a dimensioning equation based on the experimental results was proposed
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Erickson, Heather E. "Nitrogen and phosphorus availability, ecosystem processes and plant community dynamics in boreal wetland meadows /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5590.
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Mackowiak, Cheryl L. "The Efficacy of Plant Residue Degradation Products on Phosphorus, Iron, Iodine, and Fluorine Bioavailability to Plants." DigitalCommons@USU, 2001. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6758.
Abstract:
Plant and animal wastes degrade in soils to form relatively stable humified compounds, which form ion complexes that affect the bioavailability of elements in the soil solution. Hydroponic studies with wheat and rice were conducted to characterize the effect of humic acid (HA) on phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), fluorine (F), and iodine (I) bioavailability. Ferrihydrite [Fe(OH)3] precipitation was greater on root surfaces without HA or synthetic chelates. Oxides such as ferrihydrite strongly adsorb P and provide exchange sites for metals. HA reduced this precipitate and increased P and Fe uptake. Humic acid had no effect on F toxicity in rice, where solution levels above 0.5 mM F inhibited growth. Data supported the hypothesis that in moderately acidic solutions (pH< 6), F uptake is primarily as HF rather than F. Doubling solution Ca caused a 10-fold increase in root surface CaF2 precipitates, but the additional Ca did not decrease F toxicity. Calcium levels above 1 mM caused HA to flocculate over time, but the addition of F reduced flocculation by competing with HA for Ca. The majority of shoot F was apparently associated with the middle lamella, suggesting that F may bind with phosphates and pectate-Ca. Organic matter promotes aqueous iodine (I2(aq)) reduction to I-, a less toxic species. HA reduced 12( aq) toxicity by 50%. In solutions without HA, 6.5 μM h(aq) was more toxic than 30 μM I-. Humic acid had no effect on I- uptake or toxicity, where I- and IO3- were toxic to rice at 10 and 100 μM, respectively. These data were used to model element cycling through plants in a regenerative human life support system for NASA 's Advanced Life Support program, where HA, P, Fe, F, and I from plant residues and human wastes are recycled to the crop production system.
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Kalifa, Ali. "Salt stress, and phosphorus absorption by potato plants cv. 'Russet Burbank'." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq29727.pdf.
Books on the topic "Phosphorus and plants":
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White, Philip J. The Ecophysiology of Plant-Phosphorus Interactions. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media B.V, 2008.
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Tandon, H. L. S. Phosphorus research and agricultural production in India. New Delhi, India: Fertiliser Development and Consultation Organisation, 1987.
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H, Lambers, and Poot P, eds. Structure and functioning of cluster roots and plant responses to phosphate deficiency. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
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Downing, Troy. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake in perennial grasses fertilized with dairy manure. [Tillamook, Or.]: Oregon State University, Extension Service, 2002.
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Chapman, David T. Evaluation of estimates of phosphorus concentrations and loadings from Ontario municipal wastewater treatment plants. [Toronto]: Ontario Environment, 1990.
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Schjørring, Jan K. Planters proton-balance: Indflydelsen af ionoptagelse, kvælstofassimilation og fosformangel på netto-fluxen af protoner mellem rødder og rodmedium, pH i rhizosfæren og udnyttelsen af jord som fosforkilde = Proton balance of plants : influence of ion uptake, nitrogen assimilation, and phosphorus deficiency on the net flux of protons between roots and root medium, rhizosphere pH, and acquisition of phosphorus from soil. København: Afdelingen for planternes ernæring, den Kgl. Veterinær- og landbohøjskole, 1985.
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Chapman, D. T. Evaluation of estimates of phosphorus concentrations and loadings from Ontario municipal wastewater treatment plants: Report. [Toronto]: Environment Ontario, Wastewater Technology Centre, 1990.
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Sims, J. L. Final report for memorandum of agreement no. 58-43YK-7-0028 titled "Effects of phosphorus and potassium on tobacco carbohydrate partitioning". Washington, D.C.?: USDA, ARS, 1989.
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Sidhu, S. S. Air and vegetation monitoring in the vicinity of a phosphorus plant: 1981-1983 results. St. John's, Nfld: Newfoundland Forest Research Centre, 1985.
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Ltd, Canviro Consultants. Phosphorus removal efficiency upgrading at municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Great Lakes Basin: Technical report. [Toronto]: Queen's Printer, 1988.
Book chapters on the topic "Phosphorus and plants":
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de Mello Prado, Renato. "Phosphorus." In Mineral nutrition of tropical plants, 113–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71262-4_6.
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Thiébaut, Gabrielle. "Phosphorus and aquatic plants." In Plant Ecophysiology, 31–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8435-5_3.
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Gourley, C. J. P., D. L. Allan, and M. P. Russelle. "Defining phosphorus efficiency in plants." In Plant Nutrition — from Genetic Engineering to Field Practice, 363–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1880-4_73.
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White, Philip J., and John P. Hammond. "Phosphorus nutrition of terrestrial plants." In Plant Ecophysiology, 51–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8435-5_4.
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Henze, Mogens. "Plants for Biological Phosphorus Removal." In Wastewater Treatment, 273–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22605-6_8.
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Henze, Mogens. "Plants for Biological Phosphorus Removal." In Wastewater Treatment, 285–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04806-1_8.
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Barber, Stanley A. "Soil-Plant Interactions in the Phosphorus Nutrition of Plants." In The Role of Phosphorus in Agriculture, 591–615. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1980.roleofphosphorus.c22.
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Siebers, Meike, Peter Dörmann, and Georg Hölzl. "Membrane remodelling in phosphorus-deficient plants." In Annual Plant Reviews Volume 48, 237–63. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118958841.ch9.
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Hammond, John P., and Philip J. White. "Diagnosing phosphorus deficiency in crop plants." In Plant Ecophysiology, 225–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8435-5_10.
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Prasad, Rajendra, Samendra Prasad, and Rattan Lal. "Phosphorus in Soil and Plants in Relation to Human Nutrition and Health." In Soil Phosphorus, 65–80. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315372327-5.
Conference papers on the topic "Phosphorus and plants":
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Eremin, D. I. "Features of phosphorus uptake by maize in cold Western soilsSiberia." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-164.
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Zaytsev, P. A., A. A. Ustimenko, A. A. Kublanovskaya, S. G. Vasilieva, O. I. Baulina, and A. E. Solovchenko. "The components selection for the bioinspired microalgae-cyanobacterial communities." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.286.
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Fu, Xiaoyun. "Phosphorus removal from wastewater by five aquatic plants." In 2015 3rd International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environmental Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaees-15.2015.186.
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Mindubaev, A. Z., E. V. Babynin, E. K. Badeeva, and Y. A. Akosah. "Strain Aspergillus niger AM1 – a living organism resistant to white phosphorus." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.172.
Abstract:
Copper sulphate has no effect on the growth of aspergill in a media with white phosphorus. We compared the white phosphorus resistance of A. niger AM1 with three strains from the All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms. Highest resistance was observed in AM1.
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Luca, Laurentiu, Alina Pricopie, Marian Barbu, George Ifrim, and Sergiu Caraman. "Control Strategies of Phosphorus Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants." In 2019 23rd International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing (ICSTCC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icstcc.2019.8886023.
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Bakaeva, M. D., S. P. Chetverikov, D. V. Chetverikova, and A. A. Kendzhieva. "Promising microorganisms for coping herbicide stress in plants." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.032.
Abstract:
Herbicide-resistant strains of Pseudomonas and Achromobacter have been isolated. Theу are diazotrophic, can mobilize phosphorus from insoluble compounds and synthesize phytohormones in the presence of herbicides.
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Tomić, Dalibor, Vladeta Stevović, Dragan Đurović, Milomirka Madić, Miloš Marjanović, and Nenad Pavlović. "ALTERNATIVNI NAČINI SNABDEVANJA VIŠEGODIŠNJIH KRMNIH LEGUMINOZA FOSFOROM." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.033t.
Abstract:
Recently, we have witnessed a continuous rise in the prices of phosphorus fertilizers, which are becoming less and less available, especially in developing countries. In addition, the low mobility of phosphorus in the soil and its immobilization in forms inaccessible to plants contribute to the lower efficiency of phosphorus fertilizers applied through the soil. In order to reduce these problems, efforts are being made to find alternative solutions for supplying perennial forage legumes with phosphorus, which could in the future contribute to an economical and efficient solution to the problem of phosphorus deficiency in plants. One such solution is foliar fertilization. However, today we are also working on breeding plants in the direction of creating genotypes with better root architecture. Also, we are working on the selection of genotypes that can use phosphorus from sparingly soluble phytates, as well as the selection in the direction of intensifying symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi that contribute to the mobility of phosphorus in the soil.
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Šarko, Julita, and Aušra Mažeikienė. "Investigation of Sorbents for Phosphorus Removal." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.620.
Abstract:
Nowadays, the problem of water pollution with phosphorus compounds is especially important. Wastewater treatment plants do not always meet the strict requirements for the residual total phosphorus concentration – 1 mg/l in the treated wastewater. Usually individual wastewater treatment plants have a poorer removal of phosphorus from the wastewater because they are more sensitive to fluctuations in wastewater flow and environmental conditions. Research results in the scientific literature shows that only 30–50% of the phosphorus is removed from the wastewater by conventional methods. Additional wastewater treatment is recommended for higher phosphorus removal efficiency achievement. One of the ways to remove phosphorus from wastewater is filtration through sorbents filter media. The efficiency of three sorbents – Filtralite P, foam-glass and crushed shells to remove phosphorus from biologically treated wastewater is investigated in this article. A phosphate phosphorus concentration was reduced by filtering wastewater through sorbents filter media during the experiment. Concentrations of treated wastewater pollutants, filtration rate, efficiency of sorbents to remove phosphorus from the wastewater were measured and evaluated. Experiment results showed that phosphate phosphorus was effectively removed by Filtralite P sorbent (removal efficiency 97–98%), less effective were foam-glass (removal efficiency 66–95%) and crushed shells sorbents (removal efficiency 39–50%).
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Voropaeva, O. V., G. G. Borisova, M. G. Maleva, O. V. Sedyaeva, and K. A. Panikovskaya. "Silicate bacteria increase the availability of phosphorus and potassium compounds and improve the growth of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. in model systems." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-106.
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Kuleshova, L. A., A. S. Kasakova, and I. S. Tatyanchenko. "INFLUENCE OF PRECURSORS ON THE CONTENT OF MINERAL PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS IN THE SOILS OF RICE FIELDS IN THE ROSTOV REGION." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.704-708.
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the problem of phosphoric nutrition of rice on chestnut soils of the northernmost zone of rice cultivation in Russia. The paper reveals the role of water-soluble fractions of phosphorus, aluminosilicates, iron phosphates and calcium phosphates in the nutrition of rice plants during the growing season. The influence of the previous culture on the content and consumption of these fractions was established.
Reports on the topic "Phosphorus and plants":
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Raghothama, Kashchandra G., Avner Silber, and Avraham Levy. Biotechnology approaches to enhance phosphorus acquisition of tomato plants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586546.bard.
Abstract:
Abstract: Phosphorus is one of the least available macronutrient in the soil. The high affinity phosphate transporters are known to be associated with phosphate acquisition under natural conditions. Due to unique interactions of phosphate with soil particles, up to 80% of the applied phosphates may be fixed forcing the farmers to apply 4 to 5 times the fertilizers necessary for crop production. Efficient uptake and utilization of this essential nutrient is essential for sustainability and profitability of agriculture. Many predictions point to utilization/exhaustion of high quality phosphate rocks within this century. This calls for efforts to improve the ability of plants to acquire and utilize limiting sources of phosphate in the rhizosphere. Two important molecular and biochemical components associated with phosphate efficiency are phosphate transporters and phosphatases. This research project is aimed at defining molecular determinants of phosphate acquisition and utilization in addition to generating phosphate uptake efficient plants. The main objectives of the project were; Creation and analysis of transgenic tomato plants over-expressing phosphatases and transporters Characterization of the recently identified members (LePT3 and LePT4) of the Pi transporter family Generate molecular tools to study genetic responses of plants to Pi deficiency During the project period we have successfully identified and characterized a novel phosphate transporter associated with mycorrhizal symbiosis. The expression of this transporter increases with mycorrhizal symbiosis. A thorough characterization of mutant tomato lacking the expression of this gene revealed the biological significance of LePT3 and another novel gene LePT4. In addition we have isolated and characterized several phosphate starvation induced genes from tomato using a combination of differential and subtractive mRNA hybridization techniques. One of the genes, LePS2 belongs to the family of phospho-protein phosphatase. The functionality of the recombinant protein was determined using synthetic phosphor-peptides. Over expression of this gene in tomato resulted in significant changes in growth, delay in flowering and senescence. It is anticipated that phospho-protein phosphatase may have regulatory role in phosphate deficiency responses of plants. In addition a novel phosphate starvation induced glycerol 3-phosphate permease gene family was also characterized. Two doctoral research students are continuing the characterization and functional analysis of these genes. Over expression of high affinity phosphate transporters in tobacco showed increased phosphate content under hydroponic conditions. There is growing evidence suggesting that high affinity phosphate transporters are crucial for phosphate acquisition even under phosphate sufficiency conditions. This project has helped train several postdoctoral fellows and graduate students. Further analysis of transgenic plants expressing phosphatases and transporters will not only reveal the biological function of the targeted genes but also result in phosphate uptake and utilization efficient plants.
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Schuster, Gadi, and David Stern. Integration of phosphorus and chloroplast mRNA metabolism through regulated ribonucleases. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695859.bard.
Abstract:
New potential for engineering chloroplasts to express novel traits has stimulated research into relevant techniques and genetic processes, including plastid transformation and gene regulation. This proposal continued our long time BARD-funded collaboration research into mechanisms that influence chloroplast RNA accumulation, and thus gene expression. Previous work on cpRNA catabolism has elucidated a pathway initiated by endonucleolytic cleavage, followed by polyadenylation and exonucleolytic degradation. A major player in this process is the nucleus-encoded exoribonuclease/polymerasepolynucleotidephoshorylase (PNPase). Biochemical characterization of PNPase has revealed a modular structure that controls its RNA synthesis and degradation activities, which in turn are responsive to the phosphate (P) concentration. However, the in vivo roles and regulation of these opposing activities are poorly understood. The objectives of this project were to define how PNPase is controlled by P and nucleotides, using in vitro assays; To make use of both null and site-directed mutations in the PNPgene to study why PNPase appears to be required for photosynthesis; and to analyze plants defective in P sensing for effects on chloroplast gene expression, to address one aspect of how adaptation is integrated throughout the organism. Our new data show that P deprivation reduces cpRNA decay rates in vivo in a PNPasedependent manner, suggesting that PNPase is part of an organismal P limitation response chain that includes the chloroplast. As an essential component of macromolecules, P availability often limits plant growth, and particularly impacts photosynthesis. Although plants have evolved sophisticated scavenging mechanisms these have yet to be exploited, hence P is the most important fertilizer input for crop plants. cpRNA metabolism was found to be regulated by P concentrations through a global sensing pathway in which PNPase is a central player. In addition several additional discoveries were revealed during the course of this research program. The human mitochondria PNPase was explored and a possible role in maintaining mitochondria homeostasis was outlined. As polyadenylation was found to be a common mechanism that is present in almost all organisms, the few examples of organisms that metabolize RNA with no polyadenylation were analyzed and described. Our experiment shaded new insights into how nutrient stress signals affect yield by influencing photosynthesis and other chloroplast processes, suggesting strategies for improving agriculturally-important plants or plants with novel introduced traits. Our studies illuminated the poorly understood linkage of chloroplast gene expression to environmental influences other than light quality and quantity. Finely, our finding significantly advanced the knowledge about polyadenylation of RNA, the evolution of this process and its function in different organisms including bacteria, archaea, chloroplasts, mitochondria and the eukaryotic cell. These new insights into chloroplast gene regulation will ultimately support plant improvement for agriculture
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Harman, Gary E., and Ilan Chet. Enhancing Crop Yield through Colonization of the Rhizosphere with Beneficial Microbes. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580684.bard.
Abstract:
At the start of this project, fungi in the genus Trichoderma were known to be potent biocontrol agents, and their primary mechanism was considered to via direct effects upon the target fungi. Due in large part to the efforts of the two PIs, we now know that this view is far too limited; while Trichoderma spp. do indeed have direct effects on pathogenic fungi, they have very far reaching effects directly upon plants. Indeed, these fungi must be considered as opportunistic plant symbionts; they provide a number of benefits to plants and themselves are favored by large numbers of healthy roots. Research under this BARD grant has demonstrated that These fungi induce resistance mechanisms in plants. They increase root development and depth of rooting; Bradyrhizobium enhances this effect in soybean. They enhance uptake of plant nutrients. They have abilities to solubilize nutrients, such as oxidized metals and insoluble phosphorus compounds by a variety of different mechanisms and biochemicals. This is a marked expansion of our knowledge of the abilities of these organisms. This knowledge has direct implications for understanding of basic plant responses and abilities, and already is being used to improve plant productivity and reduce pollution of the environment.
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Eshel, Amram, Jonathan P. Lynch, and Kathleen M. Brown. Physiological Regulation of Root System Architecture: The Role of Ethylene and Phosphorus. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585195.bard.
Abstract:
Specific Objectives and Related Results: 1) Determine the effect of phosphorus availability on ethylene production by roots. Test the hypothesis that phosphorus availability regulates ethylene production Clear differences were found between the two plants that were studied. In beans ethylene production is affected by P nutrition, tissue type, and stage of development. There are genotypic differences in the rate of ethylene production by various root types and in the differential in ethylene production when P treatments are compared. The acceleration in ethylene production with P deficiency increases with time. These findings support the hypothesis that ethylene production may be enhanced by phosphorus deficiency, and that the degree of enhancement varies with genotype. In tomatoes the low-P level did not enhance significantly ethylene production by the roots. Wildtype cultivars and ethylene insensitive mutants behaved similarly in that respect. 2) Characterize the effects of phosphorus availability and ethylene on the architecture of whole root systems. Test the hypothesis that both ethylene and low phosphorus availability modify root architecture. In common bean, the basal roots give rise to a major fraction of the whole root system. Unlike other laterals these roots respond to gravitropic stimulation. Their growth angle determines the proportion of the root length in the shallow layers of the soil. A correlation between ethylene production and basal root angle was found in shallow rooted but not deep-rooted genotypes, indicating that acceleration of ethylene synthesis may account for the change in basal root angle in genotypes demonstrating a plastic response to P availability. Short-time gravitropic response of the tap roots of young bean seedlings was not affected by P level in the nutrient solution. Low phosphorus specifically increases root hair length and root hair density in Arabidopsis. We tested 7 different mutants in ethylene perception and response and in each case, the response to low P was lower than that of the wild-type. The extent of reduction in P response varied among the mutants, but every mutant retained some responsiveness to changes in P concentration. The increase in root hair density was due to the increase in the number of trichoblast cell files under low P and was not mediated by ethylene. Low P did not increase the number of root hairs forming from atrichoblasts. This is in contrast to ethylene treatment, which increased the number of root hairs partly by causing root hairs to form on atrichoblasts. 3) Assess the adaptive value of root architectural plasticity in response to phosphorus availability. A simulation study indicated that genetic variation for root architecture in common bean may be related to adaptation to diverse competitive environments. The fractal dimension of tomato root system was directly correlated with P level.
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Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar, and Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.
Abstract:
Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.
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Palmborg, Cecilia. Fertilization with digestate and digestate products – availability and demonstration experiments within the project Botnia nutrient recycling. Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.25rctaeopn.
Abstract:
To increase our food security in Västerbotten we will need to become more self-sufficient of both energy, feed and nutrients that are now imported to the region. Biogas production from different waste streams is one solution to this. Biogas is produced using biowaste or sewage sludge as substrate in the major cities Umeå and Skellefteå. Biogas systems offer a range of benefits to society. Biogas production is currently prized for its climate benefits when replacing fossil fuels for the production of heat, electricity and vehicle gas, but at Bothnia Nutrient Recycling we have studied how to use the digestate, i.e. the residual product of production, as fertilizer in agriculture. We have been working to improve profitability for biogas producers and develop sustainable products from recycled nutrients, like phosphorus and nitrogen. Improving the uses for digestate increases self-sufficiency in agriculture and contributes to a circular economy. We conducted three agricultural demonstration experiments in collaboration with agricultural high schools in Finland and Sweden to introduce digestate and digestate products to the future farmers in the regions. We found that it may be possible to replace cattle slurry with compost when growing maize despite the low levels of nitrogen, N, available to plants in the compost. In barley, NPK fertilizers gave the highest yield. Digestate from HEMAB and sludge biochar supplemented with recycled ammonium sulphate gave a smaller yield but higher than unfertilized crop. Digestate from a dry digestion biogas plant in Härnösand was better suited to barley than to grass because in an experiment on grass ley the viscous fertilizer did not penetrate the grass and did not increase the growth of the grass. Fertilizer effects on crop quality were small. There was no increased uptake of heavy metals in barley after fertilization with digestate or digestate products compared to NPK fertilization. These demonstration experiments show that more thorough scientific experimentation is needed as a foundation for recommendations to farmers. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous in digestate from Västerbotten that could become used as fertilizer were modelled. It showed that if sewage sludge digestate is used to make sludge biochar and ammonium sulphate and the other available digestates are used directly in agriculture, the entire phosphorous demand but only a small part of the nitrogen demand in the county, could be covered. Thus, to achieve a true circular food production, development and increase of both the waste handling sector and agriculture is needed.
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Granot, David, Richard Amasino, and Avner Silber. Mutual effects of hexose phosphorylation enzymes and phosphorous on plant development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587223.bard.
Abstract:
Research objectives 1) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in tomato and Arabidopsis plants 2) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in pho1 and pho2 Arabidopsis mutants 3) Clone and analyze the PHO2 gene 4) Select Arabidopsis mutants resistant to high and low P 5) Analyze the Arabidopsis mutants and clone the corresponding genes 6) Survey wild tomato species for growth characteristics at various P levels Background to the topic Hexose phosphorylating enzymes, the first enzymes of sugar metabolism, regulate key processes in plants such as photosynthesis, growth, senescence and vascular transport. We have previously discovered that hexose phosphorylating enzymes might regulate these processes as a function of phosphorous (P) concentration, and might accelerate acquisition of P, one of the most limiting nutrients in the soil. These discoveries have opened new avenues to gain fundamental knowledge about the relationship between P, sugar phosphorylation and plant development. Since both hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P levels affect plant development, their interaction is of major importance for agriculture. Due to the acceleration of senescence caused by the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P concentration, traits affecting P uptake may have been lost in the course of cultivation in which fertilization with relatively high P (30 mg/L) are commonly used. We therefore intended to survey wild tomato species for high P-acquisition at low P soil levels. Genetic resources with high P-acquisition will serve not only to generate a segregating population to map the trait and clone the gene, but will also provide a means to follow the trait in classical breeding programs. This approach could potentially be applicable for other crops as well. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements Our results confirm the mutual effect of hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P level on plant development. Two major aspects of this mutual effect arose. One is related to P toxicity in which HXK seems to play a major role, and the second is related to the effect of HXK on P concentration in the plant. Using tomato plants we demonstrated that high HXK activity increased leaf P concentration, and induced P toxicity when leaf P concentration increases above a certain high level. These results further support our prediction that the desired trait of high-P acquisition might have been lost in the course of cultivation and might exist in wild species. Indeed, in a survey of wild species we identified tomato species that acquired P and performed better at low P (in the irrigation water) compared to the cultivated Lycopersicon esculentum species. The connection between hexose phosphorylation and P toxicity has also been shown with the P sensitive species VerticordiaplumosaL . in which P toxicity is manifested by accelerated senescence (Silber et al., 2003). In a previous work we uncovered the phenomenon of sugar induced cell death (SICD) in yeast cells. Subsequently we showed that SICD is dependent on the rate of hexose phosphorylation as determined by Arabidopsis thaliana hexokinase. In this study we have shown that hexokinase dependent SICD has many characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD) (Granot et al., 2003). High hexokinase activity accelerates senescence (a PCD process) of tomato plants, which is further enhanced by high P. Hence, hexokinase mediated PCD might be a general phenomena. Botrytis cinerea is a non-specific, necrotrophic pathogen that attacks many plant species, including tomato. Senescing leaves are particularly susceptible to B. cinerea infection and delaying leaf senescence might reduce this susceptibility. It has been suggested that B. cinerea’s mode of action may be based on induction of precocious senescence. Using tomato plants developed in the course of the preceding BARD grant (IS 2894-97) and characterized throughout this research (Swartzberg et al., 2006), we have shown that B. cinerea indeed induces senescence and is inhibited by autoregulated production of cytokinin (Swartzberg et al., submitted). To further determine how hexokinase mediates sugar effects we have analyzed tomato plants that express Arabidopsis HXK1 (AtHXK1) grown at different P levels in the irrigation water. We found that Arabidopsis hexokinase mediates sugar signalling in tomato plants independently of hexose phosphate (Kandel-Kfir et al., submitted). To study which hexokinase is involved in sugar sensing we searched and identified two additional HXK genes in tomato plants (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006). Tomato plants have two different hexose phosphorylating enzymes; hexokinases (HXKs) that can phosphorylate either glucose or fructose, and fructokinases (FRKs) that specifically phosphorylate fructose. To complete the search for genes encoding hexose phosphorylating enzymes we identified a forth fructokinase gene (FRK) (German et al., 2004). The intracellular localization of the four tomato HXK and four FRK enzymes has been determined using GFP fusion analysis in tobacco protoplasts (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006; Hilla-Weissler et al., 2006). One of the HXK isozymes and one of the FRK isozymes are located within plastids. The other three HXK isozymes are associated with the mitochondria while the other three FRK isozymes are dispersed in the cytosol. We concluded that HXK and FRK are spatially separated in plant cytoplasm and accordingly might play different metabolic and perhaps signalling roles. We have started to analyze the role of the various HXK and FRK genes in plant development. So far we found that LeFRK2 is required for xylem development (German et al., 2003). Irrigation with different P levels had no effect on the phenotype of LeFRK2 antisense plants. In the course of this research we developed a rapid method for the analysis of zygosity in transgenic plants (German et al., 2003).
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Савосько, Василь Миколайович, Юлія Віліївна Бєлик, Юрій Васильович Лихолат, Герман Хайльмейер, Іван Панасович Григорюк, Ніна Олександрівна Хромих, and Тетяна Юріївна Лихолат. The Total Content of Macronutrients and Heavy Metals in the Soil on Devastated Lands at Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining & Metallurgical District (Ukraine). Geology-dnu-dp.ua, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4286.
Abstract:
The relevance of the research is due to the need to develop technologies for phytoremediation of the devastated lands in the mining and metallurgical regions of Ukraine and the world. In this regard, the creation of tree plantations adapted to the ecological conditions of such territories is considered by many experts as the most promising option for innovative technologies. However, the development of artificial woodlands requires knowledge of the pedogeochemical character- istics of devastated lands. The aim of the work was to carry out a comparative analysis of the macronutrients and heavy metals gross forms content in the soils of the devastated lands of the Kryvyi Rih mining and metallurgical region. The field studies focused on five contrasting monitoring sites of the Petrovsky dump (Central Kryvorizhzhya), which has a typical age and composition of rocks for the region. Soil sampling, drying, sieving, and sample preparation (sintering in a muffle furnace) were done in accordance with classical techniques. The concentrations of macronutrients (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and phosphorus) and heavy metals (iron, manganese, zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium) were determined using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP- MS) X-Series 2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The analytical part of our research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of the Institute of Biosciences, Freiberg University of Technology and Mining Academy (Freiberg, Germany). At monitoring sites, significant differences were found in the content of macronutrients gross forms, and their variation relative to the control values as well. Potassium and sodium concentrations generally differed slightly or were close to control levels. The results of determining the content of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus indicate a significant deficiency or excess of these macronutrients in the soils of the devastated lands. An increased sulfur content was found in the soils of all monitoring sites, in some cases 4 times higher than the control level. The measured content of gross forms of iron, manganese, copper, cadmium and, partially, zinc in the soils of different monitoring sites exceeded the control values by 5.5 – 5.9 times. Thus, the analysis of the research results made it possible to establish that the soils of the devastated lands of the Petrovsky dump are characterized by unfavorable properties for the growth of most species of woody plants.
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Cytryn, Eddie, Mark R. Liles, and Omer Frenkel. Mining multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria for biocontrol activity and biologically-active compounds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598174.bard.
Abstract:
Control of agro-associated pathogens is becoming increasingly difficult due to increased resistance and mounting restrictions on chemical pesticides and antibiotics. Likewise, in veterinary and human environments, there is increasing resistance of pathogens to currently available antibiotics requiring discovery of novel antibiotic compounds. These drawbacks necessitate discovery and application of microorganisms that can be used as biocontrol agents (BCAs) and the isolation of novel biologically-active compounds. This highly-synergistic one year project implemented an innovative pipeline aimed at detecting BCAs and associated biologically-active compounds, which included: (A) isolation of multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria and root-associated bacteria from medicinal plants; (B) invitro screening of bacterial isolates against known plant, animal and human pathogens; (C) nextgeneration sequencing of isolates that displayed antagonistic activity against at least one of the model pathogens and (D) in-planta screening of promising BCAs in a model bean-Sclerotiumrolfsii system. The BCA genome data were examined for presence of: i) secondary metabolite encoding genes potentially linked to the anti-pathogenic activity of the isolates; and ii) rhizosphere competence-associated genes, associated with the capacity of microorganisms to successfully inhabit plant roots, and a prerequisite for the success of a soil amended BCA. Altogether, 56 phylogenetically-diverse isolates with bioactivity against bacterial, oomycete and fungal plant pathogens were identified. These strains were sent to Auburn University where bioassays against a panel of animal and human pathogens (including multi-drug resistant pathogenic strains such as A. baumannii 3806) were conducted. Nineteen isolates that showed substantial antagonistic activity against at least one of the screened pathogens were sequenced, assembled and subjected to bioinformatics analyses aimed at identifying secondary metabolite-encoding and rhizosphere competence-associated genes. The genome size of the bacteria ranged from 3.77 to 9.85 Mbp. All of the genomes were characterized by a plethora of secondary metabolite encoding genes including non-ribosomal peptide synthase, polyketidesynthases, lantipeptides, bacteriocins, terpenes and siderophores. While some of these genes were highly similar to documented genes, many were unique and therefore may encode for novel antagonistic compounds. Comparative genomic analysis of root-associated isolates with similar strains not isolated from root environments revealed genes encoding for several rhizospherecompetence- associated traits including urea utilization, chitin degradation, plant cell polymerdegradation, biofilm formation, mechanisms for iron, phosphorus and sulfur acquisition and antibiotic resistance. Our labs are currently writing a continuation of this feasibility study that proposes a unique pipeline for the detection of BCAs and biopesticides that can be used against phytopathogens. It will combine i) metabolomic screening of strains from our collection that contain unique secondary metabolite-encoding genes, in order to isolate novel antimicrobial compounds; ii) model plant-based experiments to assess the antagonistic capacities of selected BCAs toward selected phytopathogens; and iii) an innovative next-generation-sequencing based method to monitor the relative abundance and distribution of selected BCAs in field experiments in order to assess their persistence in natural agro-environments. We believe that this integrated approach will enable development of novel strains and compounds that can be used in large-scale operations.
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Bonville, L. J., G. W. Scheffler, and M. J. Smith. Progress and prospects for phosphoric acid fuel cell power plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/460155.