Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Phosphors – Spectra'
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Shalav, Avi School of Photovoltaic & Renewable Energy Engineering UNSW. "Rare-earth doped up-converting phosphors for an enhanced silicon solar cell response." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24184.
Full textLazraq, Mohamed. "Derives doublement lies du bore, du phosphore et du germanium : phosphaborenes et germenes." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30141.
Full textSjöqvist, Jonas. "Platinum(II) and phosphorous MM3 force field parameterization for chromophore absorption spectra at room temperature." Thesis, Linköping University, Computational Physics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-18804.
Full textThe absorption properties of the Pt1 chromophore at room temperature have been studied. Stretch, bend and torsion parameters for Pt(II), P, C (type 1, 2 and 4) and H have been parameterized for use in the MM3 force field. Parameters were fitted to energies computed at the B3LYP level of theory. The parameterized model was used to perform molecular dynamics simulations at room temperature. This was done for several environments and for time periods of up to 200 ps. Absorption properties were computed for snapshots from the dynamics, from which average absorption spectra were created. A conformational broadening of around 40 nm was found in the theoretical spectra, which is in good agreement with experiments. Due to a lack of solvent-solute interactions and the use of a less extensive basis set, a systematic blue shift of 40 nm is evident in the computed spectra.
Carniato, Denis. "Nouveaux inhibiteurs de l'alanine racemase : les acides α-aminophosphoniques β-fonctionnalisés." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066029.
Full textPouységu, Laurent. "Détermination structurale de sucres par RMN 29Si,13C et 31P : expériences INEPT et DEPT associées à des simulations de spectres." Bordeaux 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR10583.
Full textZaim, Wadghiri Youssef. "Méthodologies pour l'utilisation clinique de la spectroscopie RMN : cas du phosphore-31 ; quantification ; mesures thermométriques." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10349.
Full textKhalid, Ashiq Hussain. "Development of phosphor thermometry systems for use in development gas turbine engines." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/development-of-phosphor-thermometry-systems-for-use-in-development-gas-turbine-engines(f01316f9-4622-4a6d-b2d0-611a9191b5eb).html.
Full textRanaivonjatovo, Henri Jacques. "Derives du phosphore et de l'arsenic dicoordonnes doublements lies : diphosphenes, diarsenes et phospha-arsenes." Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30069.
Full textMercaderre, Lydie. "Proprietes cristallines et electroniques des depots de silicium lpcvd dopes in-situ (dopants bore et phosphore)." Toulouse, INSA, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ISAT0009.
Full textBarra, Anne-Laure. "Etude d'observabilité de la non conservation de la parité par résonance magnétique nucléaire ; étude expérimentale du tenseur d'écran du triphénylphosphirène." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10025.
Full textLacourarie, Fiona. "Caractérisation thermique et lumineuse de diodes électroluminescentes en charge par méthodes locales non intrusives : influence du luminophore." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMAC0003/document.
Full textThe high brightness LED market is constantly growing last twenty years. The lighting market is changing as needs have changed: we would like, for example, reduce power consumption, or have more flexible lighting (color, lighting cycle, dimensions ...). High brightness LEDs help provide solutions where others are lighting defects. A comparative study is conducted between the LEDs and other lighting sources.The operation of a high brightness LED emitting white light is explained with the description of each element: chip, substrate, the PAD and optics. Then the different methods of obtaining white light with LEDs are compared: several chips, a chip with one or more phosphors, or PRS-LED method. The phosphor has a significant optical role and an important thermal role. After being excited by the light emitted from the chip, it re-emits light in a greater wavelength. The effectiveness of this process depends on many parameters, such as the implementation of the phosphor, or the type of phosphor used. The study and characterization of optical and thermal properties are made for commercial LEDs, composed of a single chip emitting blue light with and without yellow phosphor. To master the maximum factors, we conducted a study and design of the printed circuit board (PCB) on which will be implanted our LEDs. In order to evaluate the materials constituting the LEDs, analyzes made at scanning electron microscope, and by microprobe were conducted. This work has revealed in particular the position of the p-n junction in the chip, and the composition of the phosphor layer of two different types. Moreover, to improve our understanding, a comparative study will be conducted on three yellow phosphors. Then the two types of LEDs, bare chip and chip with phosphor, were tested in order to obtain the luminous flux and efficiency of LEDs. The optical characterization has led us to create a bench for spectral radiance over a small portion of the chip. Furthermore, we are interested in the junction temperature of the bare chip, which we measure by various methods, including infrared thermography. For this, the emissivity was estimated for the bare chip and the chip with phosphor. Then we also compare these different methods to calculate the thermal resistance Rth j-PAD between the junction and the PAD. The mesh of conductive wires, implanted on the surface of the chip, is electrically modeled. The study, which is composed of three progressive levels of modeling, provides an understanding of distribution of the electric current through the junction, and thus to understand the distribution of the light flow and temperature at the surface of the chip. Afterwards, an optical-thermal model describes the phenomena present at the junction of a bare chip: converting electrical power into blue light and heat, and heat transfer. We complete this first model for a model of a chip with the phosphor. This model takes into account the photo-conversion of the phosphor with the calculation of the luminous flux at the output of the phosphor and the calculation of the heat due to the photo-conversion. The resolution of this model allows us to obtain the junction temperature of a chip with phosphor. The model of energy conservation is also verified. The optical-thermal model is applied to a surface temperature mapping in order to obtain a mapping of the junction temperature. These maps are combined with pictures of infrared thermography and radiance
Jeannin, Marc. "Reconnaissance moléculaire dans des solutions ioniques paramagnétiques par relaxation nucléaire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10070.
Full textBengourina, Chérif. "Synthèse et étude par spectroscopie UV d'agents complexants organophosphores comportant un ou plusieurs motifs 6,9-diaza-1,3-dioxa-2-thiophosphacycloundecane." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-292.pdf.
Full textCHAMBOUN, HASSAN. "Nouveaux phosphates de vanadium, molybdene, niobium et tantale a charpentes mixtes formees d'octaedres mo : :(6) et de tetraedres po::(4)." Caen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CAEN2030.
Full textMeftah, Ali. "Mesure et interprétation de spectres de lanthanides faiblement ionisés dans l'ultraviolet : cas du néodyme et du thulium." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112296.
Full textThe emission spectrum of lanthanide elements is observed an measured on normal incidence spectrographs (70-275nm). Argentic plates or phosphor image plates are used as receptors. In the case of neodymium, spark excitation conditions are varied to discriminate Nd III, IV and V spectral lines. The electronic configurations of the Cowan codes. The 41 levels of 4f3 (Nd IV) and 12 levels of 4f2(Nd V) are interpreted parametrically by taking into account the configuration interaction effects at the 3rd order of perturbation and all spin dependent effects at the 2nd order , with a root mean square deviation of 1/13000 of the interpreted energy range. In Nd IV, 1426 lines are reported with the combining levels, the calculated transition probabilities gA. For the first time the importance of the interaction 5p64f N-15d-5p54fN5d on the resonance transitions 4f N+1-4fN5d is evidenced. The same methods are applied to the formely unknown spectrum of Tm IV, that comprises now 760 classified lines (with calculated transition probabilities), involving 209 energy levels. In the case of Nd V, the comparison of ETL computed versus measured intensities leads to Teff=3,6(3)eV in the spark
Chaumeil, Myriam. "Mesure du métabolisme énérgétique cérébral par RMN du 31P in vivo : validation méthodologique multimodale et application à l'étude de la neurodégénérescence." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112365.
Full textNeuroimaging methods have considerably developed over the last decades and offer various non-invasive approaches for measuring cerebral metabolic fluxes. Among these methods, 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has the particularity to directly measure cerebral ATP synthesis, but is still methodologically challenging. In this context, a multimodal neuroimaging study was performed in order to validate the saturation transfer 31P MRS method as a quantitative measurement of brain ATP synthesis. Glucose consumption (CMRglc), TCA cycle flux (Vtca ) and rate of ATP synthesis (Vatp) were measured in primate monkeys using 18F-FDG PET scan, indirect 13C MRS and saturation transfer 31P MRS, respectively. The consistency of these three fluxes with literature and, more interestingly, one with each other, demonstrated the robustness of saturation transfer 31 P MRS for directly evaluating ATP synthesis in the living brain. The potential of 31P MRS was then evaluated on Huntington's disease patients. Stability of metabolic homeostasis, non-significant decrease in Vatp, and significant increase in cerebral pH were shown in HD patient's brain. The increase in cerebral pH, detected for the first time in MH, was correlated with motor scores. Given these results, in order to assess the precocity of pH variations associated with MH, a study was performed on a rodent chronic model of MH. A significant increase in cerebral pH was detected before any lesions evidence, showing the potentiality of pH measurement as early biomarker of MH
Haelters, Jean-Pierre. "Synthèse de dérivés phosphono-indoliques-benzofuranniques et -pyrroliques à partir d'hydrazones phosphonates." Brest, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BRES2002.
Full textLachgar, Abdessadek. "Etude cristallographique et spectroscopique de quelques phases nouvelles du systeme k : :(2)o-sb::(2)o::(5)-p::(2)o::(5)." Nantes, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NANT2015.
Full textLe, Fouiller François. "Deflecteurs acousto-optiques a large bande : application a l'analyse spectrale radio-frequence." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066354.
Full textYoussefi, Mohammad. "Recherche de nouvelles synthèses de sélénophosphonates : Préparation et étude de la réactivité d'ène-phosphoramides fonctionnels." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10105.
Full textBENAKKI, STIET SALIHA. "Resonance paramagnetique electronique des defauts ponctuels intrinseques dans gaas apres une deformation plastique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13080.
Full textDuchesne, Claire. "Etude des proprietes optiques non lineaires dans les verres. Cas du systeme NA2O-TIO2-P2O5." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136123.
Full textMartinez, Éric. "Etudes par rmn multinoyaux (1h, 19f, 27a1, 31p) de l'aluminium complexe avec l'adp et le fluor (relation avec l'inhibition de la calcium-atpase par les fluorometaux)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10232.
Full textRICHERT, JEAN-LUC. "Synthese et reactivite de clusters heterometalliques palladium-fer et platine-fer." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR13251.
Full textAhadi, Mostafa. "Contribution à l'étude théorique de la relaxation de spin dans les systèmes bidimensionnels en présence d'un potentiel intermoléculaire." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066156.
Full textCaniparoli, Jean-Philippe. "Etude par resonance magnetique nucleaire des conformations et des interactions moleculaires dans les mesophases lyotropes : application a des problemes de solubilisation." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066117.
Full textMoroni, Didier. "Etude des proprietes optiques de semi-conducteurs composes iii-v et de puits quantiques par photoluminescence et excitation de la photoluminescence." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066540.
Full textBen, Nasr Chérif. "Complexation du nickel (II) et des lanthanides (III) par des phosphoramides bidentes : Application à l'extraction liquide-liquide." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10032.
Full textNaini, Ahmed. "Synthèse de cyclopendants aminophosphorés : complexes d'ions paramagnétiques et de radionucléides à finalité biomédicale." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10174.
Full textGrison, Claude. "Généralisation de la réaction d'alpha halogénation-carbonyloléfination et nouvelles applications en synthèse des acides dialkylphosphono-2-alcanoiques et des acides voisins apparentés alpha brome, alpha chlore et alpha fluore." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10340.
Full textWu, Wei-Lun, and 吳偉綸. "Spectra Tuning in Red Fluoride Phosphors via Mechanism Investigation and Their Applications." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6g5fj9.
Full text國立臺灣大學
化學研究所
105
White light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) have been widely used in different lighting systems around the world because of their high brightness, low power consumption, high durability and environmental protection. In order to improve the WLEDs color rendering index (CRI), must add red-light phosphors rich red spectral area. Nitride phosphor is a red phosphors commonly used in WLED devices. However, the human eye is almost impossible to detect more than 650 nm red light. Fluoride phosphors with narrow spectral emission and the appropriate peak wavelength of 630 nm, moreover, no yellow-green light absorption can be effectively avoided in the components of the spectrum of re-absorption of energy consumption, based on the above advantages, fluoride phosphors has great potential applied to WLEDs system. However, the commercially fluoride phosphors K2SiF6:Mn4+ (KSF) lacks the spectral contribution of the positive red light at 620 nm in the emission spectrum. Therefore, the spectral modification of the fluoride phosphors are still important direction. At present, it is pointed out that with the additional zero phonon emission spectrum can be obtained by the distortion of the fluoride phosphors structure, which is a positive red light band at 620 nm to further enhance its red spectral contribution. In this study, the red fluoride phosphors with high quantum efficiency and zero-phonon radiation was synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method. The crystal structure was analyzed by X-ray diffractometer. The relationship between the crystal structure and its electron transition process was discussed. To understand its radiation spectrum and zero-phonon radiation mechanism. The theoretical step of fluoride was obtained by theoretical calculation, and the transition process of the experimental spectrum was compared. In this study, we also measured the spectral lifetime of the powder in different environments, observed the trend of the zero-phonon line, and analyzed the mitigation process of the fluoride phosphors. In addition, we tried to adjust the main structure of the fluoride phosphors. The control of the zero-phoneme radiation intensity, and ultimately the synthesis of fluoride phosphors used in white light-emitting diodes, and with the commercial KSF phosphor powder comparison, the performance of its device can be seen by the additional zero phonon red light contribution, can effectively enhance the white light device color rendering and its Luminous efficacy of radiation (LER) of the lighting performance.
Tseng, Chun-Ming, and 曾春銘. "The study of spectrum calculation model and optical behavior in the optical spectra for mixing multi-color phosphors." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48927927694180845475.
Full textKuo, Hsuan-Wei, and 郭炫偉. "The Spectrum Analysis and Prediction of Phosphor-converted White LED with Green and Red Phosphors." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76794747574256952040.
Full text明新科技大學
光電系統工程系碩士班
103
Generally, the phosphor-converting white Light-Emitting-Diode (LED) packages are typically fabricated by blue chip coated with green and red phosphors. However, for the phosphor-converting white LED with green and red phosphors, the re-absorption between green and red phosphors would introduce intensity deviations of the green and red emissions. The package engineers will pay a lot of effort and take excessive time to achieve the correct chromaticity of the white LEDs. In this study, we provide a method to predict the spectrum of the white LEDs through experimental analysis. With the spectrum model, the deviations of the CIE 1931 x and y between the prediction and real sample is less than 0.002; the deviation of the CCT between the prediction and real sample is less than 20K; the deviation of the CRI between the prediction and real sample is less than 3. Finally, we provide a good method to predict the spectrum of the phosphor-converting white LED with green and red phosphors with high accuracy.
Leano, Julius Jr Liclican, and 李岸歐. "Spectral Tuning and Characterization of Cuboid Nitride Phosphors." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/kv2d67.
Full text國立臺灣大學
化學研究所
106
Nitride phosphors emerged in the forefront of phosphor research and development due to the thermal and chemical stability derived from the various structural motifs that it could form. Doping with rare earth elements such as Eu2+ gives rise to red emission that is vital in improving the color rendering capacity of white light emitting diodes. The UCr4C4-type nitrides are interesting phosphors with condensed framework (host) that gives rise to eight-nitrogen symmetric cuboid coordination site occupied by a cation and to which rare earth elements (activator) could be doped into. The optimization of the synthesis and preparation of these cuboid nitride phosphors via solid state reaction approach takes off from the rather long and multi-step radiofrequency approach. Using all-nitride starting materials, synthesis was done at high pressure and temperature affording pure-phase luminescent products. Spectral tuning was achieved by chemical tuning of the phosphors through the partial or full substitution of the activator (activator substitution) in the cuboid site, and/or the nitride framework (framework editing); and/or the cation that constitutes the host (cation tuning and co-doping). These three approaches were the gateways in unraveling the chemical, spectral and thermal behavior of these nitride phosphors. Activator substitution with use of Ce3+ instead of Eu2+ reveals completely different spectral properties. The spin-orbit coupled ground state of Ce3+ gives rise to a broad emission band that spans up to the red region offering interesting spectral properties towards practical lighting applications. a green-light excitable property with a broad emission band peaking at 580 and 620 nm. The assembly of an LED package through the sequential coating of a green phosphor (β-SiAlON), followed by Ce3+-doped nitride phosphor generated white light. Framework editing towards the improvement of thermal properties pertains to the chemical composition of the host. While maintaining the structure and electrical neutrality, (Mg2+-Al3+) couple is partially substituted with (Li+-Si4+) on Sr[Mg2Al2N4]. The solid solution generation through high-pressure solid state reaction demonstrated how thermal and photoluminescence properties can be improved by this chemical tuning strategy. Relative band broadening has also been correlating structural and photoluminescence behavior despite a single emitting crystallographic site. The cation tuning whereby the Sr2+ cation that occupies the cuboid site by substituting with the larger Ba2+ bringing along smaller thermal vibration frequency, enhanced the emission and systematically shifted it to the red region between 620-690 nm. This enables the development of tunable deep red phosphor for agricultural applications. Further insight into the enhanced thermal stability has been investigated. The unusual redshift with increasing Ba in the same structure reveals how the reduction of symmetry due to size mismatch explained the unusual redshift. Co-doping was explored whereby Tm3+ showed that Ba[Mg2Al2N4]:Eu2+could be tailored for near-infrared applications. The energy transfer from Eu2+ to Tm3+ extended the emission to the first biological window (~800 nm) thereby demonstrating potential use beyond LED lighting. The simplified preparation of this cuboids nitrides via solid-state approach enhances their upscale production, investigation, and use. Through this chemical tuning approaches, these cuboid phosphors have revealed interesting new luminescence properties, and mechanisms and insights that accounts for these have been offered. The systematic investigation of the effects of several compositional changes redounds to structural changes, spectral tuning and thermal improvement which are collectively vital in the design and development of phosphors for lighting applications and beyond.
Goudreault, Félix Antoine. "Calculs numériques du spectre Raman double-résonant du phosphorène." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22208.
Full textHUANG, LI-YU, and 黃立宇. "Fabricating Excellent Full-Spectrum of White LEDs by Doping Phosphor into Encapsulant and Covering Glass Phosphor Piece." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d2xxnc.
Full textCHEN, BO-HUI, and 陳柏諱. "Emission Spectrum Tunable Phosphor-Converted Light Emitting Diode Light Sources." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zx2sws.
Full text國立臺灣科技大學
電子工程系
104
Since plants needed different spectrum in different growth stages, the light sources of plant factory are composed of various number of blue or red LED, therefore the light source of plant factory is unable to satisfy the spec¬trum needed of the plant growth. In this study, the use of multi-wavelength excited multi-phosphor for LED packaging structure to achieve the pur¬pose of changing the emission spectral characteristics of a single LED, this re-search is proposed to provide the spectrum corresponding to different stages for plants growth. To find the best recipe of light source required, this study is divided into three parts, the first part is phosphor effi¬ciency analysis, calculating energy conversion efficiencies at the emission wave¬length of each LED die of dif-ferent phosphors and their combinations. The en¬ergy conversion characteristics of phosphor is divided into the wavelength conversion efficiency and Stokes shift loss, in addition, the inter-action between phos¬phors which can provide a criterior for the optimized combina¬tion of efficiency need. The second part is the Taguchi method analysis, this method acts a de-sign tools for choice of the combination of LED exciting wavelength and phosphors, the first purpose of Taguchi is to reduce varia¬tion, the second purpose is improve to target average, also use of Taguchi method can be used to find the optimal formula¬tions of phosphors concentration. The third part is to discuss LED light characteristic of the optimized phosphors concentration formulations, which can be divided into three con-clusions, 1.Red and blue are the most effective wavelengths for plant photo-synthesis, according to the different periods for plant growth and the different plants, therefore, the ratio between red and blue will be also different; 2.The spectrum distribution of the relative strength enables plants different phyto-chemical to absorb; 3. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the LED emission spectrum changes the plant absorption spectrum result in different absorption ratio for various growth state, in addition to the illumination ap-plication, the FWHM of the emission spectrum also improved color rendering characteristics.
Vicente, V., A. Fruchier, M. Taillefer, C. Coombes-Chamelet, Ian J. Scowen, F. Plenat, and H.-J. Cristeau. "Synthesis and structural studies (H-1, C-13, P-31 NMR and X-ray) of new C-bonded cyclotriphosphazenes with heterocyclic substituents from novel phosphinic acid derivatives." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3552.
Full textThree new C-bonded cyclotriphosphazenes, [N3P3(2-thienyl)6], 2, [N3P3(3-thienyl)6], 4, and [N3P3(3,3-bithienyl-2,2-ylene)3], 6, have been prepared by two new synthetic procedures and are the first examples of non-spiro and trispirocyclotriphosphazene derivatives composed of thiophene and 3,3-dithiophene substituents, respectively. Their 1H, 13C and 31P NMR parameters are given. The solid state structures of 2, 4 and 6 have been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Lin, Chang-Rong, and 林昶嶸. "Study of Emission Spectrum Model for YAG Phosphor Excited by Blue LED." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48817669612200170515.
Full text國立中央大學
光電科學研究所
98
To investigate the luminescence mechanism of white LED which is produced by using blue LED exciting yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) phosphor is the point in this field all the time, because of its popular applications and the simplest way to fabricate. In this thesis, according to not only the physical mechanism which includes excitation, emission, absorption, and conversion between the blue LED and phosphor, but also the re-absorption and re-emission of phosphor, the emission spectrum model is established. Besides, the absorption coefficient and conversion coefficient of phosphor are carried out by algorithm. Therefore, the phenomena of excitation, emission, absorption, and conversion inside each layer of phosphor would be described by this spectrum model. In addition, the luminescence spectrum of phosphor with different thickness could be predicted by this spectrum model. The simulated spectrum is close to experiment spectrum over the excitation wavelength range, and the tendency is the same, even though the magnitudes are different over the emission wavelength range.
Desta, Kefyalew Girma. "Identification of optical spectral signatures for detecting cheat and ryegrass in winter wheat, and determination of optimum rate and growth stage of foliar applied phosphorus in corn." 2004. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate-1053.pdf.
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