Academic literature on the topic 'Phosphorelays'
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Journal articles on the topic "Phosphorelays":
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Alves, Rui, Baldiri Salvadó, Ron Milo, Ester Vilaprinyo, and Albert Sorribas. "Maximization of information transmission influences selection of native phosphorelay architectures." PeerJ 9 (June 10, 2021): e11558. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11558.
Abstract:
Phosphorelays are signal transduction circuits that sense environmental changes and adjust cellular metabolism. Five different circuit architectures account for 99% of all phosphorelay operons annotated in over 9,000 fully sequenced genomes. Here we asked what biological design principles, if any, could explain selection among those architectures in nature. We began by studying kinetically well characterized phosphorelays (Spo0 of Bacillus subtilis and Sln1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae). We find that natural circuit architecture maximizes information transmission in both cases. We use mathematical models to compare information transmission among the architectures for a realistic range of concentration and parameter values. Mapping experimentally determined phosphorelay protein concentrations onto that range reveals that the native architecture maximizes information transmission in sixteen out of seventeen analyzed phosphorelays. These results suggest that maximization of information transmission is important in the selection of native phosphorelay architectures, parameter values and protein concentrations.
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Csikász-Nagy, Attila, Luca Cardelli, and Orkun S. Soyer. "Response dynamics of phosphorelays suggest their potential utility in cell signalling." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 8, no. 57 (August 11, 2010): 480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0336.
Abstract:
Phosphorelays are extended two-component signalling systems found in diverse bacteria, lower eukaryotes and plants. Only few of these systems are characterized, and we still lack a full understanding of their signalling abilities. Here, we aim to achieve a global understanding of phosphorelay signalling and its dynamical properties. We develop a generic model, allowing us to systematically analyse response dynamics under different assumptions. Using this model, we find that the steady-state concentration of phosphorylated protein at the final layer of a phosphorelay is a linearly increasing, but eventually saturating function of the input. In contrast, the intermediate layers can display ultrasensitivity. We find that such ultrasensitivity is a direct result of the phosphorelay biochemistry; shuttling of a single phosphate group from the first to the last layer. The response dynamics of the phosphorelay results in tolerance of cross-talk, especially when it occurs as cross-deactivation. Further, it leads to a high signal-to-noise ratio for the final layer. We find that a relay length of four, which is most commonly observed, acts as a saturating point for these dynamic properties. These findings suggest that phosphorelays could act as a mechanism to reduce noise and effects of cross-talk on the final layer of the relay and enforce its input–response relation to be linear. In addition, our analysis suggests that middle layers of phosphorelays could embed thresholds. We discuss the consequence of these findings in relation to why cells might use phosphorelays along with enzymatic kinase cascades.
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Thomason, P., and R. Kay. "Eukaryotic signal transduction via histidine-aspartate phosphorelay." Journal of Cell Science 113, no. 18 (September 15, 2000): 3141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.113.18.3141.
Abstract:
Transmembrane signal transduction is a feature common to all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. We now understand that a subset of the signalling mechanisms used by eukaryotes and prokaryotes are not just similar in principle, but actually use homologous proteins. These are the histidine-aspartate phosphorelays, signalling systems of eubacterial origin, now known to be widespread in eukaryotes outside the animal kingdom. Genome projects are revealing that His-Asp phosphorelays are present as multigene families in lower eukaryotes and in plants. A major challenge is to understand how these ‘novel’ signal transduction systems form integrated networks with the more familiar signalling mechanisms also present in eukaryotic cells. Already, phosphorelays have been characterised that regulate MAP kinase cascades and the cAMP/PKA pathway. The probable absence of His-Asp phosphorelays from animals has generated interest in their potential as targets for anti-microbial therapy, including antifungals. Recent findings suggest that this approach holds promise.
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Koppenhöfer, Sonja, and Andrew S. Lang. "Interactions among Redox Regulators and the CtrA Phosphorelay in Dinoroseobacter shibae and Rhodobacter capsulatus." Microorganisms 8, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8040562.
Abstract:
Bacteria employ regulatory networks to detect environmental signals and respond appropriately, often by adjusting gene expression. Some regulatory networks influence many genes, and many genes are affected by multiple regulatory networks. Here, we investigate the extent to which regulatory systems controlling aerobic–anaerobic energetics overlap with the CtrA phosphorelay, an important system that controls a variety of behavioral processes, in two metabolically versatile alphaproteobacteria, Dinoroseobacter shibae and Rhodobacter capsulatus. We analyzed ten available transcriptomic datasets from relevant regulator deletion strains and environmental changes. We found that in D. shibae, the CtrA phosphorelay represses three of the four aerobic–anaerobic Crp/Fnr superfamily regulator-encoding genes (fnrL, dnrD, and especially dnrF). At the same time, all four Crp/Fnr regulators repress all three phosphorelay genes. Loss of dnrD or dnrF resulted in activation of the entire examined CtrA regulon, regardless of oxygen tension. In R. capsulatus FnrL, in silico and ChIP-seq data also suggested regulation of the CtrA regulon, but it was only with loss of the redox regulator RegA where an actual transcriptional effect on the CtrA regulon was observed. For the first time, we show that there are complex interactions between redox regulators and the CtrA phosphorelays in these bacteria and we present several models for how these interactions might occur.
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Chen, Y. Erin, Christos G. Tsokos, Emanuele G. Biondi, Barrett S. Perchuk, and Michael T. Laub. "Dynamics of Two Phosphorelays Controlling Cell Cycle Progression in Caulobacter crescentus." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 24 (September 25, 2009): 7417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00992-09.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT In Caulobacter crescentus, progression through the cell cycle is governed by the periodic activation and inactivation of the master regulator CtrA. Two phosphorelays, each initiating with the histidine kinase CckA, promote CtrA activation by driving its phosphorylation and by inactivating its proteolysis. Here, we examined whether the CckA phosphorelays also influence the downregulation of CtrA. We demonstrate that CckA is bifunctional, capable of acting as either a kinase or phosphatase to drive the activation or inactivation, respectively, of CtrA. By identifying mutations that uncouple these two activities, we show that CckA's phosphatase activity is important for downregulating CtrA prior to DNA replication initiation in vivo but that other phosphatases may exist. Our results demonstrate that cell cycle transitions in Caulobacter require and are likely driven by the toggling of CckA between its kinase and phosphatase states. More generally, our results emphasize how the bifunctional nature of histidine kinases can help switch cells between mutually exclusive states.
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Schaller, G. Eric, Joseph J. Kieber, and Shin-Han Shiu. "Two-Component Signaling Elements and Histidyl-Aspartyl Phosphorelays†." Arabidopsis Book 6 (January 2008): e0112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1199/tab.0112.
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Chauhan, Neeraj. "Two-component phosphorelays in fungal mitochondria and beyond." Mitochondrion 22 (May 2015): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2015.03.003.
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Tierrez, Alberto, and Francisco García-del Portillo. "The Salmonella Membrane Protein IgaA Modulates the Activity of the RcsC-YojN-RcsB and PhoP-PhoQ Regulons." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 22 (November 15, 2004): 7481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.22.7481-7489.2004.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium membrane protein IgaA and the PhoP-PhoQ two-component system are used by this pathogen to attenuate the intracellular growth rate within fibroblasts. IgaA has also recently been shown to contribute to virulence by exerting tight repression of the RcsC-YojN-RcsB phosphorelay in host tissues. Here we show that loss of repression of the RcsC-YojN-RcsB system, linked to an R188H mutation in the IgaA protein (igaA1 allele), is accompanied by altered expression of PhoP-PhoQ-activated (pag) genes. The changes in gene expression were different depending on the specific pag gene analyzed. Thus, transcription of ugd, which is required for lipopolysaccharide modification and colanic acid capsule synthesis, was enhanced in the igaA1 mutant. RcsB and its coregulator RcsA promoted this alteration in a PhoP-PmrA-independent manner. Unlike ugd, activation of the RcsC-YojN-RcsB phosphorelay negatively affected the expression of all other pag genes tested. In this case, RcsB alone was responsible for this effect. We also found that PhoP, but not PmrA, negatively modulates the expression of gmm, a gene required for colanic acid synthesis that is regulated positively by RcsC-YojN-RcsB. Finally, it was observed that the fine regulation of pag genes exerted by RcsB requires the RpoS protein and that an active RcsB, but not RcsA, diminishes expression of the phoP gene. These data support the hypothesis that in Salmonella there is an intimate regulatory circuit between the PhoP-PhoQ and RcsC-YojN-RcsB phosphorelays, which is revealed only when the RcsC-YojN-RcsB signaling route is derepressed. Consistent with the phenotypes observed in fibroblast cells, IgaA is predicted to favor expression of the entire PhoP-PhoQ regulon based on its repression of the RcsC-YojN-RcsB phosphorelay.
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Kothamachu, Varun B., Elisenda Feliu, Carsten Wiuf, Luca Cardelli, and Orkun S. Soyer. "Phosphorelays Provide Tunable Signal Processing Capabilities for the Cell." PLoS Computational Biology 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2013): e1003322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003322.
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Knudsen, Michael, Elisenda Feliu, and Carsten Wiuf. "Exact analysis of intrinsic qualitative features of phosphorelays using mathematical models." Journal of Theoretical Biology 300 (May 2012): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.01.007.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phosphorelays":
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Salvadó, López Baldiri. "Design principles in two component systems and his-asp phosphorelays." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/393740.
Abstract:
L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és trobar principis generals que permetin relacionar l’estructura i les propietats funcionals dels circuits moleculars de transducció de senyals two-component systems (TCS) i his-asp phosphorelays (PR).
La tesi s’inicia revisant els mètodes usats per a l’estudi de principis de disseny en sistemes moleculars i alguns dels resultats obtinguts fins ara, i discutint la importància de l’estudi dels principis de disseny.
A continuació, explorem els proteomes seqüenciats de més de 7000 organismes i fem un inventari dels diferents tipus d’organització en operons i proteïnes multidomini dels dominis proteics que intervenen en TCS i PR. A partir d’aquesta informació deduirem alternatives existents en la natura pel que fa al disseny d’aquests circuits moleculars.
Per acabar, comparem mitjançant modelització matemàtica el comportament dinàmic de 3 circuits diferents de TCS, i trobem que un tercer component que modula l’activitat de la histidina quinasa o bé el response regulator pot modificar l’espai paramètric on el sistema es comporta de forma biestable.El objectivo principal de esta tesis es la búsqueda de principios de diseño que relacionen la estructura y la función de redes bioquímicas de transducción de señales, concretamente en two-component systems (TCS) y phosphorelays (PR). La tesis se inicia con una revisión de los métodos usados para el estudio de principios de diseño en sistemas moleculares y algunos de los resultados obtenidos hasta ahora, seguida de una discusión sobre la importancia del estudio de dichos principios de diseño. A continuación, exploramos los proteomas secuenciados de más de 7000 organismos y hacemos un inventario de los distintos tipos de organización en operones o proteínas de los dominios proteicos implicados en TCS y PR, con el objetivo de deducir el repertorio de estructuras existentes en la naturaleza para estos circuitos moleculares. Para terminar, comparamos mediante modelización matemática las propiedades dinámicas de tres circuitos distintos de TCS, y observamos que una proteína adicional que interacciona con la histidina quinasa o con el response regulator modifica el espacio de valores de los parámetros del sistema en el cual existe biestabilidad.
The ultimate goal of this thesis is to set the stage for finding general design principles underlying the relationship between network design and network function in two-component (TCS) and His-Asp phosphorelay (PR) signal transduction systems. This thesis starts with a review of the methods for and results from the study of design principles in molecular systems, and a discussion about the importance of studying those design principles. Next, a survey of the fully sequenced and annotated genomes and proteomes of more than 7000 different organisms is performed in order to identify different types of organizations of the TCS/PR protein domains in operons and multidomain proteins. From this data, the existing diversity of TCS/PR circuit designs will be inferred. Finally, we compare through mathematical modeling the dynamic properties associated with three types of TCS circuit designs, and find that a third component that binds to and modulates the activity of either the sensor kinase or the response regulator can modify the parameter space in which bistability in the system’s response is possible.
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Cochard, Clémence. "Régulation fine du système EnvZ/OmpR chez Dickeya dadantii : clef d'une infection réussie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS109.
Abstract:
Tout au long de sa vie, la bactérie doit faire face à de nombreuses variations de l'environnement. Elle doit s'y adapter rapidement et efficacement afin de survivre. Pour cela, elle dispose des phosphorelais, ou systèmes à deux composants qui sont les outils moléculaires majeurs permettant la perception et l'adaptation de l'environnement chez les bactéries. Ils sont composés d'un capteur et d'un régulateur associé. Suite à la perception d'un stimulus, le capteur s'autophosphoryle et transmet le groupement phosphate au régulateur qui va alors moduler l'expression de l'ensemble des gènes cibles, appelé régulon. Durant le processus d'infection, les bactéries pathogènes doivent faire face à de multiples stress. Ainsi est retrouvé un nombre important de ces systèmes chez de nombreuses bactéries pathogènes comme notre modèle d'étude Dickeya dadantii. Responsable de la maladie de la pourriture molle, D. dadantii est une entérobactérie phytopathogène à large spectre d'hôte. Elle dispose d'une batterie de 32 phosphorelais pour affronter les défenses de l'hôte et les stress généraux de carences nutritionnelles ou des variations physico-chimique de l'environnement.Dans un premier temps, cette étude se focalise sur l'un d'entre eux, le système EnvZ/OmpR. Mes travaux montrent dans un premier temps que le pH dans la plante reste acide durant l'infection. Cependant, malgré une activation du système par le pH acide, il n'est pas activé durant ce processus. Pour comprendre la raison de cette incohérence, le régulon du système a été étudié. Il a alors été découvert que durant l'émergence du genre Dickeya, le gène ompF, codant la porine du même nom, a été dupliqué. De façon intéressante, l'expression d'ompF est constitutive tandis que celle d'ompF2, le gène dupliqué, est soumise au niveau de phosphorylation d'OmpR. L'expression de cette seconde porine est également délétère à l'infection. Ainsi, durant l'infection, l'activation d'EnvZ/OmpR est contrecarrée par la perception de molécule de défense de l'hôte afin d'éviter l'expression d'ompF2 et permettre un bon déroulement de la virulence.Dans un second temps, a été réalisée lors de mes travaux une étude globale de l'importance de chaque phosphorelais sur la virulence de D. dadantii. Les premiers résultats montrent que seuls 6 systèmes sont impliqués dans la virulence. Le nombre et la complexité des stress rencontrés par les bactéries pathogènes ne semblent pas en accord avec ce faible nombre. La baisse de la quantité de bactéries inoculées a permis d'affiner la détection des systèmes participant à la virulence, qui se comptent désormais au nombre de 12. Enfin, l'ensemble de ces résultats indiquent l'importance d'une régulation fine de l'activation d'un phosphorelais car EnvZ/OmpR doit être activé pour l'infection mais que cette activation doit être fermement contrôlée au risque d'avoir des effets néfastes sur la virulenceThroughout their life, the bacteria must confront numerous environmental variations. They must adapt rapidly and effectively to ensure their survival. To accomplish this, they possess phosphorelays, or two-component systems, which are the major molecular tools enabling perception and adaptation to the environment in bacteria. These phosphorelays consist of a sensor and an associated regulator. Following the perception of a stimulus, the sensor autophosphorylates and transmits the phosphate group to the regulator, which then modulates the expression of the entire target gene set, known as a regulon. During the infection process, pathogenic bacteria must deal with multiple stresses. A significant number of these systems are found in various pathogenic bacteria, such as our study model Dickeya dadantii. Responsible for soft rot disease, D. dadantii is a wide-host-range phytopathogenic enterobacterium. It possesses a battery of 32 phosphorelays to deal with host defenses and the general stresses of nutritional deficiencies or physicochemical variations in the environment.First this study focuses on one of them, the EnvZ/OmpR system. My work initially shows that the pH in the plant remains acidic during infection. However, despite activation of the system by acidic pH, it is not activated during this process. To understand the reason for this inconsistency, the system's regulon was studied. It was then discovered that during the emergence of the Dickeya genus, the ompF gene, encoding the porin of the same name, was duplicated. Interestingly, the expression of ompF is constitutive, whereas that of ompF2, the duplicated gene, which is dependent on OmpR phosphorylation levels. The expression of this second porin is also detrimental to infection. Thus, during infection, the activation of EnvZ/OmpR is counteracted by the perception of host defense molecules to prevent the expression of ompF2 and enable proper virulence progression.In a second phase, a comprehensive study of the importance of each phosphorelay in D. dadantii's virulence was conducted in my work. The initial results show that only 6 systems are involved in virulence. The number and complexity of stresses encountered by pathogenic bacteria do not seem to align with this low number. Reducing the quantity of inoculated bacteria allowed for a more precise detection of the systems contributing to virulence, which now totals 12. Overall, these results indicate the significance of finely regulating the activity of a phosphorelay, as EnvZ/OmpR must be activated for infection, but this activation must be strongly controlled to avoid detrimental effects on virulence
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Treffandier, Hélène. "Etude du phosphorelais RcsCDB/FA d'Escherichia coli." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/797/.
Abstract:
Les phosphorelais histidine-aspartate constituent la voie préférentielle de transduction des signaux environnementaux chez les bactéries et médient un grand nombre de réponses adaptatives différentes. Le système Rcs d'Escherichia coli est un phosphorelais complexe constitué de cinq protéines RcsCDBFA. Exclusif des Entérobactéries, il module la formation des biofilms et la virulence de différents pathogènes. Il est activé par des altérations de l'enveloppe et contrôle 2 à 3 % du génome bactérien. Cependant, le rôle du système Rcs dans l'adaptation des cellules à leur environnement reste peu documenté. Mon travail de thèse avait pour objectifs (i) de progresser dans la connaissance du rôle du système Rcs dans des conditions environnementales pertinentes (ii) de rationaliser la complexité du phosphorelais Rcs et notamment d'expliquer le rôle du co-facteur accessoire RcsA au sein de la réponse Rcs (iii) de tendre vers une vision intégrative du système par l'identification de ses partenaires protéiques. Dans le cadre de ces objectifs, mon travail de thèse a démontré le rôle essentiel du système Rcs pour la survie aux pHs acides, situation rencontrée par l'entérobactérie E. Coli dans l'estomac des mammifères. Mes travaux suggèrent également que le co-facteur accessoire RcsA affecte la cinétique d'expression de l'ensemble des gènes du régulon RcsB et qu'il permet notamment de prolonger la réponse Rcs après la disparition du signal activateur du phosphorelais. Pour finir, il apparaît que la régulation de rcsA est bien plus complexe qu'initialement supposée. En effet, mes résultats ont mis en évidence deux niveaux de régulation : transcriptionnel et post-transcriptionnelTwo-component systems, also called phosphorelays are the major signalling pathways in bacteria. They are widespread and mediate a large variety of adaptative cellular responses. The Rcs system of Escherichia coli is a complex phosphorelay composed of five proteins: RcsCDBFA. Exclusive to the Enterobacteriacae, the Rcs phosphorelay modulates biofilm formation and virulence in several pathogens. It is activated by membrane alterations and influences expression of 2 to 3% of the bacterial genome. However, the role of the Rcs system in adaptation to the environment remains elusive. The three objectives of my PhD were (i) to explore further the role of the Rcs system in adaptation to relevant environmental conditions (ii) to rationalize the complexity of the Rcs phosphorelay and, in particular, to explain the role of the accessory co-factor RcsA in the Rcs response (iii) to develop an integrated vision of the system through the identification of its protein partners. Within the framework of these objectives, my work proved that the Rcs system is essential for resistance to low pH, a situation encountered by E. Coli in mammals' stomach. My research also suggests that the accessory cofactor RcsA modulates the kinetics of expression of the whole RcsB regulon, in particular by prolonging the Rcs response after the phosphorelay's activating signal has stopped. To finish with, my work revealed a greater complexity in rcsA regulation than was previously thought to exist, by showing that it is twofold: transcriptional and post-transcriptional
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Caby, Marine. "Rôle du phosphorelais EnvZ/OmpR chez la bactérie phytopathogène Dickeya dadantii." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1S108.
Abstract:
Au cours de leur vie, les bactéries pathogènes sont confrontées à de nombreuses variations environnementales souvent appelées stress, notamment au cours du processus infectieux. Pour survivre et coloniser avec succès son hôte, la bactérie doit percevoir ce nouvel et hostile environnement pour s'y adapter rapidement. C'est le rôle principal assigné aux phosphorelais. Ces systèmes sont composés d'un couple capteur/régulateur. Sous l'action d'un stimulus, le capteur s'autophosphoryle et transmet son phosphate au régulateur, qui module l’activité d’un ensemble de gènes cibles permettant l'adaptation au nouvel environnement. Notre modèle expérimental Dickeya dadantii est une bactérie phytopathogène nécrotrophe responsable de la maladie de la pourriture molle chez un large spectre de plantes hôtes. Les variations du pH et d’osmolarité sont deux des stress souvent rencontrés et combattus par les bactéries pathogènes. Les phosphorelais EnvZ/OmpR et RcsCDB sont deux systèmes majeurs répondant à ces stress. Le laboratoire avait précédemment démontré que le niveau d'activation du système RcsCDB dépendait de la concentration en glucanes périplasmiques osmorégulés (OPG). Leur concentration est d’autant plus élevée dans le périplasme que l’osmolarité du milieu est basse ce qui fait des OPG un intermédiaire essentiel dans la perception de l'osmolarité. Cela nous a poussé à éclaircir la relation entre EnvZ/OmpR et les OPG. Dans ce travail, j’ai montré que, contrairement à l'activation du système RcsCDB, l'activation du système EnvZ/OmpR ne dépend pas de la concentration des OPG, tout en nécessitant leur présence pour l’activation correcte de ce phosphorelais. Pour mieux comprendre le rôle du système EnvZ/OmpR chez D. dadantii, l'activité de ce système a été étudiée in vivo et in planta. Alors que le système EnvZ/OmpR est activé dans un milieu à pH acide et à une osmolarité élevée chez E. coli, mes travaux montrent que seule la variation du pH active ce phosphorelais. De plus, contrairement à E. coli qui possède deux porines majeures, il ne semblait exister qu’une seule porine majeure chez D. dadantii. Mes études ont cependant révélé l’existence d’une seconde porine apparaissant à pH acide in vivo et in planta. Ces deux porines de type OmpF sont régulées par le pH via OmpR. Passée une adaptation de quelques heures dans l’hôte, le profil de ces porines dans l’enveloppe ne change plus durant l’infection. Pourtant, le niveau d’activation d’EnvZ/OmpR durant cette même période fluctue. Ainsi, au moins un autre paramètre environnemental module l’activation de EnvZ/OmpR in planta. Enfin, l’absence de variation des porines dans l’enveloppe durant cette même période suggère qu’un autre régulateur, peut-être RcsCDB, permettrait le maintien de leur niveau d’expressionDuring their lifetime, pathogenic bacteria are confronted with numerous environmental variations often referred to stress, particularly during infection. In order to survive and successfully colonize its host, the bacterium must perceive this new and dangerous environment to adapt quickly. This is the main role assigned to phosphorelays. These systems are composed of a sensor and a cognate regulator. Under the action of a stimulus, the sensor autophosphorylates and transmits the phosphate group to its regulator, which in turn modulates the activity of a set of target genes allowing adaptation to the new environment. Our experimental model Dickeya dadantii is a necrotrophic plant pathogen bacterium responsible for soft rot disease in a wide range of plant species. The variation of pH and osmolarity are two stresses often faced and fought by pathogenic bacteria. EnvZ/OmpR and RcsCDB phosphorelays are two major systems known to respond to these stresses. The laboratory had previously demonstrated that the level of activation of the RcsCDB system was dependent on the concentration of periplasmic osmoregulated glucans (OPG). Their concentration in the periplasm increases as the medium osmolarity decreases, making OPGs a major intermediate in the perception of osmolarity. This prompted us to decipher the relationship between EnvZ/OmpR and OPGs. I showed that, unlike for the activation of the RcsCDB system, the activation of EnvZ/OmpR doesn’t depend on the concentration of OPGs, but still requires its presence for proper activation of the phosphorelay. To go deeper into the EnvZ/OmpR system, activities of this system have been studied in vivo and in planta. While the EnvZ/OmpR system is activated in a medium with an acidic pH and a high osmolarity in E. coli, my work shows that only pH variation activates this phosphorelay in D. dadantii. In addition, only one major porin (versus two in E. coli) was previously detected in D. dadantii. My studies revealed the existence of a second porin expressed at acidic pH in vivo and in planta. These two OmpF-like porins are regulated by the pH via OmpR. After adaptation for a few hours in planta, the pattern of these two porines remains the same over the rest of the infection. However, the level of OmpR activation during the same period fluctuates indicating that at least one other environmental parameter modulates the activation of EnvZ/OmpR in planta. The steady state level of the porines in the envelope during this same period suggests that another regulatory system, perhaps RcsCDB may maintain their expression level
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Huang, Ya-hui. "Genetic and functional analysis of the Rcs phosphorelay in the Enterobacteriaceae." Thesis, University of Bath, 2006. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436882.
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Djeghdir, Inès. "Identification et caractérisation de facteurs de transcription appartenant à la famille des régulateurs de réponse de type B, impliqués dans la réponse à la sécheresse chez le peuplier." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2056/document.
Abstract:
Les plantes sont de plus en plus confrontées à une diminution de la disponibilité en eau du sol, constituant une contrainte hydrique et osmotique impactant leur survie. La tolérance des plantes face à cette contrainte sera conditionnée par la perception de celle-ci. Un des mécanismes de signalisation de cette contrainte est appelé MultiStep Phosphorelay (MSP) et est composé de 3 partenaires : un récepteur Histidine-aspartate Kinase (HK), des protéines Histidine Phosphotransfert (HPt) et des Régulateurs de Réponse (RR), dont les facteurs de transcription RR-B. Chez Arabidopsis, un MSP constitué d’AHK1, AHP2 et ARR18 a été identifié dans le cadre de la contrainte osmotique. Pour le peuplier, HK1a et b, gènes paralogues et homologues à AHK1, ainsi que 10 et 9 gènes codant respectivement des HPt et des RR-B ont été isolés. La fonction d’osmosenseur d’HK1a a été avancée, et une voie de signalisation de la contrainte osmotique chez le peuplier constituée de ce récepteur, 3 HPt et 6 RR-B a été proposée. L’objectif de la thèse visait à déterminer et caractériser des facteurs de transcription RR-B liés à la contrainte osmotique de façon spécifique. Les résultats phares de cette thèse sont la mise en évidence de la fonction de facteur de transcription de deux RR-B, RR13 et RR19, via l’étude de leur capacité à dimériser et à transactiver ou non des gènes de réponses à la contrainte osmotique. Le RR13 semblerait spécifique de la voie cytokinines et le RR19 de la voie osmosensing. Ce travail étaye fortement l’implication du RR19 dans le MSP dédié à cette contrainte. De nombreuses études ont par ailleurs été initiées durant ce travail de thèse et pourront faciliter la caractérisation du MSP étudiéPlants are increasingly faced with a decrease in soil’s water availability, leading to a hydric and osmotic stress and impacting on their survival. Plant tolerance to this stress will be dependent on its perception. One of the signaling mechanisms related to this stress is called MultiStep Phosphorelay (MSP) and is composed by 3 partners: a histidine-aspartate receptor kinase (HK), histidine phosphotransfer proteins (HPt) and response regulators (RR), including the B-type RR transcription factors. In Arabidopsis, an MSP with AHK1, AHP2 and ARR18 has been identified for osmotic stress signaling. For poplar, HK1a and b, paralogous genes and homologous with AHK1, 10 HPt and 9 B-type RR genes have been isolated respectively. The osmosensor function of HK1a was proposed, and an osmosensing signaling pathway composed by HK1a, 3 HPt proteins, and 6 B-type RR has been suggested. The purpose of this work was focused on the identification and characterization of B-type RR transcription factors specifically linked to osmotic stress in poplar. The main results of this work are the highlight of the transcription factor function of two B-type RR, RR13 and RR19, through the study of their ability to dimerize and transactivate or not osmotic stress-responsive genes. The RR13 seems to be specific for cytokinins signaling pathway, whereas the RR19 seems to be specific for the osmosensing one. This work strongly supports the involvement of RR19 in the osmosensing MSP. Many studies have also been initiated during this work and will facilitate the characterization of the studied MSP
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Borland, Stéphanie. "Rôle des systèmes à deux composants dans l’adaptation de la bactérie phytostimulatrice Azospirillum à la rhizosphère." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10037.
Abstract:
Les systèmes à deux composants jouent un rôle prépondérant dans l'adaptation des bactéries à leur environnement. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse était d'identifier et de caractériser des systèmes à deux composants chez la bactérie phytostimulatrice Azospirillum nécessaires à l'adaptation à la rhizosphère de sa plante-hôte. L'analyse de la distribution génomique des gènes appartenant à la famille des systèmes à deux composants dans les génomes d'Azospirillum disponibles a révélé l'existence d'un grand nombre de gènes codant des hisitidine kinases hybrides, et une analyse plus approfondie a montré une organisation multidomaines complexe de cette famille de protéines. Afin de comprendre leur rôle chez Azospirillum, nous avons, dans un premier temps, sélectionné et inactivé quatre gènes codant des histidine kinases hybrides présentant une architecture multidomaines complexe. A l'aide d'une approche multidisciplinaire combinant génétique, biochimie et phylogénie, nous avons mis en évidence pour la première fois chez Azospirillum, un système atypique à trois-composants nommé PreSKR contrôlant un grand nombre de processus impliqués dans la survie et la colonisation de la rhizosphère, qui agirait en modulant le taux intracellulaire de c-di-GMP. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes focalisés sur une histidine kinase hybride exprimée au contact de la plante hôte ; cette protéine, appelée RsiK, s'avère être impliquée dans la perception de surfaces et la régulation de la formation de biofilms. L'analyse du régulon par RNA-seq a révèlé que 78 gènes étaient contrôlés par ce système. La prévalence de la famille des histidine kinases hybrides chez Azospirillum couplée à l'approche fonctionnelle réalisée sur deux d'entre elle souligne l'importance des phosphorelais encore largement méconnus chez les bactéries rhizosphériquesBacterial two-component systems play an important role in the ability of bacteria to adapt to various environments. The aim of this thesis was to identify and characterize two-component systems involved in the adaptation of the phytostimulatory bacteria Azospirillum to its host plant. Analysis of the genomic distribution of genes encoding two-component systems across Azospirillum available genomes revealed the existence of a high number of genes encoding hybrid histidine kinases, and further analyses highlighted a complex multi-domain organization of this family of proteins. In order to understand their role in Azospirillum, as a first step we selected and inactivated four genes encoding complex hybrid histidines kinases. Using a multidisciplinary approach which combines genetics, biochemistry and phylogeny, we brought to light for the first time in Azospirillum, an atypical three-component system named PreSKR which controls a wide variety of processes involved in survival and rhizosphere colonization likely by modulating c-di-GMP levels. As a second step, we focused on a gene encoding a hybrid histidine kinase named RsiK which is induced in contact with its host plant. RsiK is involved in surface sensing and biofilm formation regulation. Transcriptomic analysis of rsiK regulon by RNA-seq showed that 78 genes were under the control of this system. The prevalence of genes encoding hybrid histidine kinase family in Azospirillum, coupled with the functional characterization of two of them, highlight the importance of phosphorelays, still largely unrecognized in rhizospheric bacteria
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Fernandez, Marion. "Le rôle de systèmes à phosphorelais dans l’infection de la puce Xenopsylla cheopis par Yersinia pestis." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUS050.
Abstract:
Les systèmes à deux composants sont utilisés par les bactéries afin de percevoir un stimulus environnemental et de s’y adapter, via une modulation de l’expression génétique. Ils sont composés d’une histidine kinase, un capteur, qui transmet le signal perçu à un régulateur de réponse par un mécanisme de phosphotransfert. Y. pestis est un bacille à Gram négatif responsable de la peste, une zoonose, transmis par les puces. La formation d’un biofilm bactérien obstruant le proventricule de la puce infectée, qualifiée alors de bloquée, est un élément essentiel dans le processus de transmission de la bactérie par l’arthropode. Au cours de son cycle de vie, Y. pestis transite via différents environnements auxquels elle doit s’adapter afin de survivre et de disséminer. C’est pourquoi, l’étude des systèmes à deux composants a été pressentie par le laboratoire comme d’intérêt afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de pathogénicité de Y. pestis. Nos travaux ont mis au jour que le système OmpR/EnvZ est activé suite à l’entrée des bactéries dans le tractus digestif de la puce. Cette activation n’est pas engendrée par les changements d’osmolarité ni de pH rencontrés chez l’arthropode, mais pourrait être le fruit de la digestion du repas sanguin et du manque de nutriments en résultant. Par ailleurs, l’activation du système OmpR/EnvZ est requis pour le blocage optimal du tube digestif de la puce car il permet la mise en place d’un biofilm dense au niveau du proventricule de l’arthropode ; cet effet repose en partie sur l’activation de ompF. Les travaux de thèse associés aux précédents du laboratoire ont également permis de mettre en évidence qu’un autre système, GlrKR-YfhG et plus précisément la phosphorylation du régulateur de réponse GlrR, est important pour le blocage et la colonisation de la puce. De façon surprenante, le rôle de ce système dans l’insecte est multiple. Au niveau du proventricule, ce système est requis pour la formation d’un biofilm dense permettant le blocage du tube digestif de l’insecte. Il contrôlerait notamment la production de biofilm via la synthèse de c-di-GMP, selon un mécanisme encore inconnu. Dans l’intestin, ce système promeut la survie du pathogène en lui permettant de maintenir son intégrité membranaire via la régulation concomitante des gènes codant les ARN non codants, GlmY et GlmZ. Cependant, cette régulation n’explique que partiellement le rôle du système dans la colonisation de l’estomac. Finalement, le phénotype des mutant du système GlrKR-YfhG illustre que le tractus digestif de la puce est un environnement toxique pour Y. pestis et que le proventricule et l’intestin moyen de la puce sont deux environnements différentsTwo-component systems are used by bacteria to sense and respond to environmental cues by modulating genetic expression. They are composed of an histidine kinase, a sensor which transmits the signal to a response regulator by a phosphotransfert mechanism. Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague, a zoonotic disease, and is transmitted by fleas. Biofilm formation in the flea proventriculus leads to flea blockage, which is an important step for Y. pestis transmission by its vector. During its life cycle, Y. pestis must sense and adapt to different environments. This is why two-component systems have been considered of interest for Y. pestis pathogenicity studies. Our work provided evidence that OmpR/EnvZ is activated in the flea’s digestive tract. Interestingly, neither osmolarity nor pH variation in the flea gut trigger OmpR-EnvZ. In contrast, nutrient depletion occurring after blood digestion could be responsible for the activation of the system. We further reported that OmpR/EnvZ is needed for flea blockage because it is needed for biofilm formation in the proventriculus, especially by activating ompF. In addition to OmpR-EnvZ, we also provided evidence that the activation of the GlrKR-YfhG regulatory system is also required for flea blockage. Strikingly, this system displays two distinct function. In the proventriculus, it promotes the production of c-di-GMP, a secondary messenger essential for biofilm formation, and thus flea blockage. In the midgut, it activates the transcription of small RNA glmY and glmZ genes to maintain the bacterial morphology. Overall, our data suggest that the flea’s digestive tract is a toxic environment for Y. pestis and that the proventriculus and the midgut are two distinct environments
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Sexauer, Anne [Verfasser], and Nicole [Akademischer Betreuer] Frankenberg-Dinkel. "Characterization of a bacterial-like signal transduction phosphorelay in Methanosarcina acetivorans / Anne Sexauer ; Betreuer: Nicole Frankenberg-Dinkel." Kaiserslautern : Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1237268974/34.
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Chefdor, Françoise. "Recherche d’un phosphorelais multiple impliqué dans la perception et la transduction du signal stress hydrique chez le peuplier." Orléans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ORLE2054.
Abstract:
A partir d’une banque d’ADNc de racines de peuplier ‘Dorskamp’, nous avons isolé un ADNc codant pour une histidine-aspartate kinase appelé HK1 et quatre ADNc codant pour trois protéines à domaine transmetteur de phosphate à histidine, HPt1, HPt2 et HPt3/4. Nous avons montré dans les racines de peuplier cultivé en hydroponie que le taux de transcrits HK1 augmente 5 min après l’application d’une contrainte hyper-osmotique et qu’il existe une interaction entre HK1 et HPt2 chez la levure. L’ensemble de ces résultats est un argument fort en faveur de l’implication d’un système de phosphorelais multiple dans la perception et la transduction du signal stress hydrique chez le peuplier.
Book chapters on the topic "Phosphorelays":
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Perego, Marta, and James A. Hoch. "Two-Component Systems, Phosphorelays, and Regulation of Their Activities by Phosphatases." In Bacillus subtilis and Its Closest Relatives, 473–81. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817992.ch33.
2
Hoch, James A. "spoO Genes, the Phosphorelay, and the Initiation of Sporulation." In Bacillus subtilis and Other Gram-Positive Bacteria, 747–55. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818388.ch51.
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Hoch, James A. "Control of Cellular Development in Sporulating Bacteria by the Phosphorelay Two-Component Signal Transduction System." In Two-Component Signal Transduction, 129–44. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818319.ch8.
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Hosoda, Kazuo, Etsuko Katoh, Tomohisa Hatta, Takeshi Mizuno, and Toshimasa Yamazaki. "NMR Solution Structure of B-Motif, a Signature Motif of Type-B Response Regulators for His-to-Asp Phosphorelay Signal Transduction System, and Its Interactions with DNA." In Peptides: The Wave of the Future, 411–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0464-0_190.
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Laub, Michael T., Emanuele G. Biondi, and Jeffrey M. Skerker. "Phosphotransfer Profiling: Systematic Mapping of Two‐Component Signal Transduction Pathways and Phosphorelays." In Methods in Enzymology, 531–48. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(07)23026-5.
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"Phosphorelay." In Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Informatics, 1485. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_12759.
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"Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase Phosphorelay Modules." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, 1409. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57401-7_300467.
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Varughese, Kottayil I., Haiyan Zhao, Vidya Harini Veldore, and James Zapf. "Sporulation Phosphorelay Proteins and Their Complexes: Crystallographic Characterization." In Methods in Enzymology, 102–22. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(06)22005-6.
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Majdalani, Nadim, and Susan Gottesman. "Genetic Dissection of Signaling Through the Rcs Phosphorelay." In Methods in Enzymology, 349–62. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(07)23016-2.
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Kaserer, Alla O., Babak Andi, Paul F. Cook, and Ann H. West. "Kinetic Studies of the Yeast His-Asp Phosphorelay Signaling Pathway." In Methods in Enzymology, 59–75. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(10)71004-1.
Conference papers on the topic "Phosphorelays":
1
Lampoudi, Sotiria, Robin Hulbert, Corinne Williams, Peggy Cotter, and Linda Petzold. "The development of a model of a bacterial phosphorelay signal transduction system." In 2006 Bio Micro and Nanosystems Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmn.2006.330933.
Reports on the topic "Phosphorelays":
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Lers, Amnon, and Gan Susheng. Study of the regulatory mechanism involved in dark-induced Postharvest leaf senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591734.bard.
Abstract:
Postharvest leaf senescence contributes to quality losses in flowers and leafy vegetables. The general goal of this research project was to investigate the regulatory mechanisms involved in dark-induced leaf senescence. The regulatory system involved in senescence induction and control is highly complex and possibly involves a network of senescence promoting pathways responsible for activation of the senescence-associated genes. Pathways involving different internal signals and environmental factors may have distinctive importance in different leaf senescence systems. Darkness is known to have a role in enhancement of postharvest leaf senescence and for getting an insight into its regulatory mechanism/s we have applied molecular genetics and functional genomics approaches. The original objectives were: 1. Identification of dark-induced SAGs in Arabidopsis using enhancer/promoter trap lines and microarray approaches; 2. Molecular and functional characterization of the identified genes by analyzing their expression and examining the phenotypes in related knockout mutant plants; 3. Initial studies of promoter sequences for selected early dark-induced SAGs. Since genomic studies of senescence, with emphasis on dark-induced senescence, were early-on published which included information on potential regulatory genes we decided to use this new information. This is instead of using the uncharacterized enhancer/promoter trap lines as originally planned. We have also focused on specific relevant genes identified in the two laboratories. Based on the available genomic analyses of leaf senescence 10 candidate genes hypothesized to have a regulatory role in dark-induced senescence were subjected to both expression as well as functional analyses. For most of these genes senescence-specific regulation was confirmed, however, functional analyses using knock-out mutants indicated no consequence to senescence progression. The transcription factor WARK75 was found to be specifically expressed during natural and dark-induced leaf senescence. Functional analysis demonstrated that in detached leaves senescence under darkness was significantly delayed while no phenotypic consequences could be observed on growth and development, including no effect on natural leaf senescence,. Thus, WARKY75 is suggested to have a role in dark-induced senescence, but not in natural senescence. Another regulatory gene identified to have a role in senescence is MKK9 encoding for a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 9 which is upregulated during senescence in harvested leaves as well as in naturally senescing leaves. MKK9 can specifically phosphorylate another kinase, MPK6. Both knockouts of MKK9 and MPK6 displayed a significantly senescence delay in harvested leaves and possibly function as a phosphorelay that regulates senescence. To our knowledge, this is the first report that clearly demonstrates the involvement of a MAP kinase pathway in senescence. This research not only revealed a new signal transduction pathway, but more important provided significant insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying senescence in harvested leaves. In an additional line of research we have employed the promoter of the senescence-induced BFN1 gene as a handle for identifying components of the regulatory mechanism. This gene was shown to be activated during darkinduced senescence of detached leaves, as well as natural senescence. This was shown by following protein accumulation and promoter activity which demonstrated that this promoter is activated during dark-induced senescence. Analysis of the promoter established that, at least some of the regulatory sequences reside in an 80 bps long fragment of the promoter. Overall, progress was made in identification of components with a role in dark-induced senescence in this project. Further studies should be done in order to better understand the function of these components and develop approaches for modulating the progress of senescence in crop plants for the benefit of agriculture.