Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Phospholipid fatty acid'
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Melvin, Alison Jane. "Phospholipid fatty acid composition and insulin action." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413198.
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Williams, Anest. "Lipid profilling of polyunsaturated fatty acid - treated mouse brain and plasma. Investigation into polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-induced neuroprotection." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4414.
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Pre-treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids or bioactive lipid mediators has been shown to reduce neuronal injury in rodent models of focal ischaemia, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this neuroprotection are unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether systemic administration of alpha linolenic acid (ALA) leads to changes in the profile of mouse brain phospholipid and bioactive lipid mediators in both mouse brain and plasma within the previously determined neuroprotection time window. Mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) allowed us to detect and identify 47 phospholipids in mouse cerebral cortex, including several phospholipid species not previously reported in brain lipidomic studies. These included a phosphatidylethanolamine species with m/z 720 that has been associated with retinal stem cells. No widespread changes in cerebral cortex phospholipid composition were observed following intravenous ALA. Several significant changes in lipid mediators (P<0.05 with two-way ANOVA and post hoc Dunnett's t test) were detected in ALA-treated animals compared to untreated and vehicle-injected animals. Many of the affected lipid mediators are ligands for prostanoid receptors which have been demonstrated to play a role in the development of brain injury following cerebral ischaemia, implying that changes in bioactive lipid mediators or modulation of prostanoid receptors may occur following ALA pre-treatment in mice. This study illustrates the potential of advanced lipidomic analysis as a novel tool for neurochemists.
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Brookes, P. S. "The proton leak and fatty acid composition of mitochondrial inner membrane phospholipid liposomes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596937.
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Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the chief site of eukaryotic energy transduction, accounting for up to 90% of cellular oxygen consumption. During the process, protons pumped out across the mitochondrial inner membrane return down their electrochemical gradient to synthesise ATP, a universal energy intermediate. Protons may also passively leak back in, by-passing ATP synthesis. This proton leak is an important physiological process, accounting for up to 25-30% of the standard metabolic rate of an animal such as the rat. Three major determinants of metabolic rate - body mass, thyroid hormones, and phylogeny, all correlate with mitochondiral proton leak, and also with mitochondrial phospholipid fatty acid composition. It is hypothesised that the mitochondrial inner membrane's phospholipid fatty acid composition may play a role in determining its proton permeability, though the mechanism of this is unknown. In the current investigation, novel and modified methods were used to isolate mitochondiral inner membrane phospholipids from 8 species of animal of different metabolic rate, and reconstitute them into liposomes without the use of detergents. The fatty acid composition and proton permeability of these liposomes was determined. The results suggest that only 5% of mitochondrial proton leak is through the bulk phospholipid bilayer portion of the inner membrane. Further, they indicate that the fatty acid composition of a pure phospholipid bilayer does not affect its proton permeability. Thus, if phospholipid fatty acid composition does play a role in determining the proton permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane, any effects must be mediated through the other components of the inner membrane, such as the proteins. The results have implications for the basis of standard metabolic rate, and also for the biophysical understanding of proton leak mechanisms in pure phospholipid bilayers.
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Suito, Takuto. "Studies on the roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids for thermal adaptation." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242532.
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付記する学位プログラム名: 充実した健康長寿社会を築く総合医療開発リーダー育成プログラムKyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第21794号
工博第4611号
新制||工||1718(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻
(主査)教授 梅田 眞郷, 教授 跡見 晴幸, 教授 秋吉 一成
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Smith, Scott Alan. "Effects of dietary fatty acids on cholesterol content, and fatty acid distributions in total and phospholipid fractions of mammary glands and adenocarcinomas from strain A/St mice." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/471160.
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This study was designed to determine the distribution of fatty acids and cholesterol in total tumor and mammary tissues. Fatty acid profiles of phospholipid fractions from tumors and mammary glands were also determined. Fatty acids and cholesterols were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Methodology was developed for phospholipid separation by high performance liquid chromatography.Tumors derived from mammary glands in Strain A/ST mice were found to contain two to three times the amount of cholesterol compared to normal mammary glands. Mammary glands from safflower fed mice contained significantly higher percentages of linoleic acid. Linoleic acid content in stearicacid (SA-1) fed mice was sharply reduced. linoleic acid in mammary glands of animals fed a high fat Stearic acid (SA-4) , corn oil and stock diet fed animals displayed similar fatty acid profiles. Fatty acid analysis of tumors excised from mice fed the experimental diets showed similar patterns in comparison to normal mammary glands. The similar distributions were in the 18 carbon fatty acids. Distributions of phospholipid fatty acids in tumors and mammary glands were similar. Mammary gland phospholipids displayed increased percentages of short chain (14 carbons and under) fatty acids. Results of these studies demonstrate an increased availability of diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Roberts, Matthew D. "Lipidomic investigations into the phospholipid content and metabolism of various kinetoplastids." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16983.
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This work expands the knowledge on phospholipid metabolism in the kinetoplastid parasites: T. brucei, T. cruzi, Leishmania spp. that cause neglected tropical diseases and the related non-human pathogenic Crithidia fasiculata. As a close relative of parasitic kinetoplasts, specifically Leishmania, it is hypothesised that Crithidia fasiculata possesses a similar lipid biosynthetic capability and therefore represent an attractive model organism. Database mining the Crithidia genome revealed the ability to biosynthesise all of the main phospholipid species. Utilising various lipidomic techniques, a high level of an ω-6 18:3 fatty acid was observed, alongside an uncommon Δ19:0 fatty acid that was later identified to be exclusive attributed to PE species. Sphingolipid metabolism was shown to resemble that of Leishmania and T. cruzi, given the exclusive production of inositol-phosphoceramide species and no sphingomyelin species being observed. Using labelled precursors, Crithidia were seen to uptake and incorporate extracellular inositol into both phosphatidylinositol and inositol-phosphoceramide species. Crithidia were also shown to utilise both the Kennedy pathway and methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to form phosphatidylcholine. The phospholipidome of T. cruzi revealed several phosphatidylserine species for the first time, suggesting a functional phosphatidylserine synthase. Current knowledge of T.cruzi sphingolipid biosynthesis was also confirmed as only inositol xxxi phosphoceramide species were observed. The identification and subsequent characterisation of novel phosphonolipid species are reported for the first time. Utilising lipidomic methodologies and labelled precursors, the relative contribution of the intracellular inositol pools within bloodstream and procyclic T. brucei towards PI biosynthesis was examined. This highlighted that the synthesis/turnover rates for specific phosphatidylinositol and inositol-phosphoceramide species are unequal. Efforts to optimise media conditions highlighted that under reduced levels of serum/glucose/inositol, bloodstream T. brucei unexpectedly adjusts its inositol metabolism. The procyclic parasite exemplifies this fact, as under inositol/glucose deficient media conditions they appear to have adapted to utilising glucogenesis and inositol de-novo synthesis. This work highlights that these parasites are rapidly dividing, their unique features of lipid metabolism may be exploitable for drug discovery purposes.
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Careaga, de Houck Maria Monica. "Part 1. Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acid by human platelets ; Part 2. Phospholipid composition of rat blood cells after feeding diets containing corn oil or corn/fish oil /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487584612162702.
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Kimura, Makoto, 眞人 木村, Susumu Asakawa, and 晋. 浅川. "Comparison of community structures of microbiota at main habitats in rice field ecosystems based on phospholipid fatty acid analysis." Springer, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/12083.
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Morris, Stephen Michael. "The use of phospholipid fatty acid profiles to determine the diversity of soil microbial communities of managed woodland stands." Thesis, University of East London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365987.
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Lo, Van Amanda. "Study of the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and a structured phospholipid containing DHA on physiological and pathological conditions of neurogenesis in vitro." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI005/document.
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L'acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA, 22:6n-3) est un acide gras polyinsaturé (AGPI) oméga-3. Il est particulièrement abondant dans le cerveau et la rétine et est nécessaire pour le bon développement et fonctionnement du cerveau. Tandis qu'une déficience en DHA a été montrée être liée à l'émergence de maladies cérébrales (i.e. maladie d'Alzheimer ou maladie de Parkinson), des études ont également montré qu'un apport alimentaire en AGPI oméga-3 pouvait empêcher ou atténuer les perturbations neurologiques liées au vieillissement ou aux maladies neurodégénératives. Il est alors primordial de transporter efficacement le DHA au cerveau. Le laboratoire français a synthétisé auparavant une forme stabilisée de la lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA, qui est le vecteur principal d'apport de DHA au cerveau, de structure 1-acétyl,2-docosahexaénoyl-glycérophosphocholine, brevetée et nommée AceDoPC®. L'injection d'AceDoPC ou de DHA après un accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique provoqué expérimentalement a montré que ces deux molécules étaient neuroprotectrices. Ces effets sont supposés être dus en partie à la conversion du DHA en métabolites oxygénés. Notre étude vise à examiner les effets du DHA et de ses métabolites dérivés, estérifiés ou non dans des phospholipides structurés sur un modèle de neurogenèse in vitro en conditions physiologiques ou pathologiques. Le premier objectif de ce travail a été de synthétiser le phospholipide structuré contenant du DHA, l’AceDoPC®, la protectine DX (métabolite oxygéné du DHA), et un nouveau phospholipide structuré contenant la protectine: 1-acétyl,2-protectine DX-glycérophosphocholine (AceDoxyPC). Le second objectif était d’étudier les effets du DHA, de l'AceDoPC et de la PDX sur la neurogenèse en utilisant un modèle in vitro de neurogenèse, constitué de cultures de cellules souches progénitrices neurales (NSPCs) dérivées de cerveaux de souris adultes, dans des conditions physiologiques ou pathologiques (ischémiques ici). Enfin, le troisième objectif de cette thèse a été d'identifier les mécanismes impliqués dans la réponse des cellules aux conditions ischémiques. La synthèse du phospholipide structuré AceDoxyPC a été réalisée avec succès par une double lipoxygénation enzymatique de l'AceDoPC, et l'identification du produit a été possible grâce à l'utilisation de techniques avancées de chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (LC/ESI/MS). De futures études sur ce transporteur de molécule neuroprotectrice potentielle doivent être réalisées prochainement. Les cellules incubées en présence d’AceDoPC présentent une augmentation de neurogenèse comparativement à celles cultivées avec addition de DHA non estérifié ou du véhicule contrôle, notamment sous conditions pathologiques. Les études préliminaires des mécanismes potentiellement impliqués dans la neuroprotection indiquent que les effets neuroprotecteurs et régénératifs de l'AceDoPC pourraient être en partie dus à des effets anti-oxidantsDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). It is specifically enriched in the brain and the retina and it is required for visual acuity, proper brain development and cerebral functions. While DHA deficiency in the brain was shown to be linked to the emergence of cerebral diseases (i.e. Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease), studies showed that a dietary intake of omega-3 PUFA could prevent or attenuate neurologic disturbances linked with ageing or neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, it is primary to deliver DHA efficiently to the brain. Targeting the brain with DHA might offer great promise in developing new therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. The French host laboratory previously synthesized a stabilized form of lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA, which is main vector of DHA transportation to the brain, of structure 1-acetyl,2-docoshexaenoyl-glycerophosphocholine, patented and named AceDoPC®. Injection of AceDoPC or DHA after experimental ischemic stroke showed that both molecules also had neuroprotective effects. These potential neuroprotective effects are expected to be due, in part, to DHA conversion into oxygenated metabolites. This study aims to investigate the beneficial effects of DHA and its derived metabolites either unesterified or esterified within structured phospholipids on a model of neurogenesis in vitro under physiological or pathological conditions. The first objective of this work was then to synthesize the DHA-containing structured phospholipid AceDoPC®, DHA oxygenated derivative protectin DX (PDX) and a novel structured phospholipid of protectin: 1-acetyl,2-protectinDX-glycerophosphocholine (AceDoxyPC). The second objective was to investigate the effects of DHA, AceDoPC and PDX on neurogenesis using an in vitro model of neurogenesis, namely cultures of neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs) derived from the adult mouse brain under physiological or pathological conditions (ischemic conditions). Following this, the third objective of this work was to identify the mechanisms involved in such response to stress induced under pathological conditions. Synthesis of the novel structured phospholipid AceDoxyPC was successfully performed by double enzymatic lipoxygenation of AceDoPC and identification of the product was possible using advanced techniques of liquid chromatography (LC)/electrospray ionization (/ESI)/mass spectrometry (/MS). Future studies on this potential neuroprotective molecule transporter are to be investigated in the near future. Neurogenesis study of cell cultures with AceDoPC showed enhanced neurogenesis compared to addition of unesterified DHA or vehicle control, especially under pathological conditions. Preliminary studies of the potential mechanisms involved in neuroprotection hinted that AceDoPC neuroprotective and regenerative effects might be due in part to its anti-oxidative effects
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Dahlan, Winai. "Intravenous infusion of triacylglycerol-phospholipid complexes in man: effects on fatty acid pattern of plasma and on erythrocyte membrane lipid composition." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213206.
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Claassens, Sarina. "Measuring rehabilitation success of coal mining disturbed areas : a spatial and temporal investigation into the use of soil microbial properties as assessment criteria / Sarina Claassens." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1295.
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Drerup, Samuel A. "Functional Responses of Stream Communities to Acid Mine Drainage Remediation." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1458822356.
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Grim, Jeffrey Matthew. "The Effects of Acclimation Temperature on the Susceptibility of Biological Membranes in Fish Muscle to Lipid Peroxidation and the Role of Phospholipid Composition on Antioxidant Defenses in Vertebrates." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1282594590.
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Van, Niekerk Bertina Freda. "Functional and structural diversity of the microbial communities associated with the use of Fischer–Tropsch GTL Primary Column Bottoms as process cooling water / van Niekerk B.F." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7284.
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Despite emerging water shortages, most water is only used once, and often with low efficiency. However, with appropriate treatment, water can be re–used to reduce the demand on freshwater sources. The Department of Water Affairs, South Africa, promotes industries to reduce discharges into water resources in order to sustain an overall good water quality of all water systems. All of this ultimately leads to industries striving towards zero effluent discharge. Primary Column Bottoms (PCBs) is a wastewater stream derived from the Fischer–Tropsch Gas to Liquid process and consists mainly of organic acids, but no nitrogen or phosphorous, which by implication excludes possible biodegradation. In the operation of cooling towers in industrial processes, cooling water quality has a direct impact on the cooling performance of the system, where nutrient levels may affect fouling, scaling and corrosion observed in the cooling towers. Fouling, scaling and corrosion affect the operating efficiency of cooling water systems and may necessitate the addition of chemical agents to control these phenomena. This has a financial and labour time impact on the operation of these systems.
In this study a mini cooling tower test rig was operated with a synthetic PCB effluent as cooling water and various cycles of concentration, pH and linear flow velocities (LFVs). A constant delta temperature of 10 °C was maintained. Cycles of concentration (COC) evaluated included 2, 4 and 6 cycles of concentration and linear flow velocities evaluated was 0.6 m/s, 0.9 m/s and 1.2 m/s. Fouling, scaling and corrosion rates were determined using corrosion coupons and heat exchanger tubes for mild steel and stainless steel. Besides the evaluation of the various operational parameters for fouling, scaling and corrosion, the possibility for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal by operating the cooling tower as a bioreactor was also evaluated. To this end nutrient correction was applied to the reactor to allow for a CNP ratio of 100:10:1.
With regard to fouling, scaling and corrosion, mild steel was more affected by fouling, scaling and corrosion compared to stainless steel where almost no fouling, scaling and corrosion was observed. Overall increased linear flow velocities resulted in higher fouling and scaling rates, whereas lower linear flow velocities resulted in decreased corrosion rates. In terms of cycles of concentration, increased COC resulted in higher fouling, scaling and corrosion rates. Despite the high nutrient removal levels, the accompanying fouling, scaling and corrosion was still below the particular industry’s guidelines.
Besides physical–chemical evaluation of the towers under the various operational conditions, culture–dependent and culture–independent methods were also employed. Concerning culture–dependent approaches the study demonstrated that aerobic and anaerobic organisms are present in both the planktonic and sessile phase of the cooling tower reactors. Heterotrophic aerobes were found to be the most abundant under all the operating conditions. Sulphate reducing bacteria were more abundant in the sessile phase of the cooling towers, and the presence of high sulphate levels in the experiments could be indicative of the sulphate reducing bacteria actively participating in the microbial community. Lower than expected corrosion levels, however, suggest that a combination of the organisms in the biofilm rather than sulphate reducing bacteria alone, contributed to the corrosion rates observed. Culture–independent methods, specifically phospholipid fatty acid analysis supported the results from the culture–dependent methods. Furthermore results demonstrated that linear flow velocity had a greater effect on the community structure than cycles of concentration. Finally molecular methods, specifically denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, found that increasing cycles of concentration resulted in increased microbial community diversity, while increasing linear flow velocity resulted in decreased microbial community diversity.
Regarding COD removal, nutrient correction of the synthetic PCB effluent achieved 89.35 % COD removal at 2 COC and 1.2 m/s LFV, while 80.85 % COD removal was achieved at 4 COC at 1.2 m/s LFV. From these results it was recommended that the operation of the cooling tower should be at 4 COC and 1.2 m/s, which despite slightly lower % COD removal, were characterised by fouling, scaling and corrosion rates well within guidelines.Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Hendricks, Luanne R. "Soil Bioavailability of Aminomethylphosphonic Acid: A Metabolite of Glyphosate." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1592583268434087.
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Tallman, Diana L. "Effects of long-term dietary zinc manipulation on diabetic indices and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue phospholipid and triglyceride of diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0015/MQ53122.pdf.
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Hajarine, Mohamad. "Contributions a l'etude du metabolisme plaquettaire d'acides gras polyenoiques." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066073.
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Dempsey, Mark A. "Exotic earthworms and soil microbial community composition in a northern hardwood forest." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1259958575.
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Mora, Oberländer Gabriel [Verfasser], Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Fulda, Ivo [Akademischer Betreuer] FeußNer, Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Thumm, and Klaus-Armin [Akademischer Betreuer] Nave. "Pathways for phospholipid deacylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their impact on fatty acid trafficking and equilibrium / Gabriel Mora Oberländer. Gutachter: Ivo Feußner ; Michael Thumm ; Klaus-Armin Nave. Betreuer: Martin Fulda." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1042972451/34.
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Simoens, Christian. "Intravascular metabolism of lipid emulsions with different fatty acid pattern: influence on fatty acid profile of membrane phospholipids in target organs and cells." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209776.
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Chambaz, Jean. "Metabolisme des acides gras essentiels par les hepatocytes de rat en culture." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066669.
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La composition en apolipoproteines des lipoproteines synthetisees et secretees par des hepatocytes a ete caracterisee par immuntransfert et immunolocalisation. Les mecanismes de constitution et secretion de pools de lipides porteurs des acides gras essentiels sont caracterises
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Slaughter, Lindsey C. "SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE: RESULTS FROM A TEMPERATE KENTUCKY PASTURE." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/8.
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Climate change is likely to alter plant species composition and interactions between plants and soil microbes that together dictate the quantity and quality of forage produced in pastures, the base of animal production in central Kentucky. This study assessed the seasonal dynamics of soil microbes and their response to increased temperature (+3oC) and growing season precipitation (+30% of the mean annual). Total soil microbial biomass, community composition, enzyme activities, potential carbon mineralization, and catabolic responses to selected substrates were measured seasonally in the different climate treatments. In this system, seasonal variability was a dominant driving factor for all the soil microbial characteristics that I investigated. Summer maxima and winter minima were identified in the active microbial biomass, while soil microbial community structure differed between each season. Extracellular enzyme activities were generally highest in either the spring or summer, while seasonal patterns for each substrate were unique across catabolic response profiles. Climate treatments produced few significant main or interactive effects on the soil microbial biomass and function. This resiliency, coupled with evidence of functional redundancy, suggests that central Kentucky pasture ecosystems may be well-equipped to handle future environmental stress associated with climate change and to maintain critical ecosystem services.
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Rahman, Md Mahbubur. "Characterization of Acyltransferases and WRINKLED Orthologs Involved in TAG Biosynthesis in Avocado." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3519.
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Triacylglycerols (TAG) or storage oils in plants are utilized by humans for nutrition, production of biomaterials and fuels. Since nonseed tissues comprise the bulk biomass, it is pertinent to understand how to improve their TAG content. Typically, the final step in TAG biosynthesis is catalyzed by diacylglycerol (DAG) acyltransferases (DGAT) and/or phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferases (PDAT), which also determine the content and composition of TAG. Besides enzymatic regulation of TAG synthesis, transcription factors such as WRINKLED1 (WRI1) play a critical role during fatty acid synthesis. In this study, mesocarp of Persea americana, with > 60% TAG by dry weight and oleic acid as the major constituent was used as a model system to explore TAG synthesis in nonseed tissues. Based on the transcriptome data of avocado, it was hypothesized that both DGAT and PDAT are likely to catalyze the conversion of DAG to TAG, and orthologs of WRI1 transcription factors regulate fatty acid biosynthesis. Here, with comprehensive in silico analyses, putative PamDGAT1 and 2 (Pam; Persea americana), PamPDAT1, and PamWRI1 and 2 were identified. When acyltransferases were expressed into TAG-deficient mutant yeast strain (H1246), only DGAT1 restored TAG synthesis capacity, with a preference for oleic acid. However, in planta, when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, PamDGAT1, PamPDAT1, PamWRI1, and PamWRI2 increased lipid contents, PamDGAT2 remained inactive. The data reveals that putative PamDGAT1, PamPDAT1 are functional and preferred acyltransferases in avocado and both PamWRI1 and 2 regulate fatty acid synthesis. In conclusion, while nonseed tissue of a basal angiosperm has certain distinct regulatory features, DAG to TAG conversion remains highly conserved.
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Rogerson, Madeleine. "Interactions of phospholipids with fatty acids." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398493.
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Sehl, Anthony. "Impact de la forme moléculaire et supramoléculaire de vectorisation des acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 sur leur biodisponibilité : étude physico-chimique et in vivo chez le rat." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0065.
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Les dernières données de consommation alimentaire de la population française démontrent que les apports nutritionnels en acide eicosapentaénoïque (EPA) et en acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA) sont nettement inférieurs aux recommandations fixées par l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire, de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (ANSES). Compte tenu de leurs rôles physiologiques, l’amélioration de leur biodisponibilité est devenue une priorité nutritionnelle. La maitrise des formes de vectorisation des acides gras polyinsaturés à longue chaine de la série n-3 (AGPI-LC n-3) représente une piste d’intérêt afin de répondre à cette problématique. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit ce travail de thèse, visant à étudier l’influence de la forme moléculaire (phospholipides (PL) vs triglycérides (TG)) et/ou supramoléculaire (phase continue, émulsion, liposomes) de vectorisation des AGPI-LC n-3 sur leur devenir métabolique.La démarche expérimentale adoptée a consisté, dans un premier temps, à caractériser les différentes formes de vectorisation des AGPI-LC n-3 par un couplage de méthodes d’analyse physico-chimiques (microscopie optique, granulométrie, mesure des produits primaires et secondaires d’oxydation, lipolyse enzymatique). Les données obtenues ont permis de poser des hypothèses mécanistiques pour l’étude de la biodisponibilité chez le rat. Ainsi, dans un deuxième temps, l’étude in vivo a permis d’aborder (1) l’absorption intestinale des acides gras (AG) suite à un apport en bolus de lipides et (2) l’accrétion tissulaire suite à un régime de 8 semaines.Les résultats indiquent que la forme moléculaire de vectorisation des AGPI-LC n-3 (TG marins vs PL marins, en phase continue) n’influence pas leur absorption intestinale mais plutôt leur incorporation dans les lipides lymphatiques, principaux transporteurs des AG alimentaires dans l’organisme. A l’inverse, la structuration des PL marins en milieu aqueux (émulsion ou liposomes), permet d’améliorer l’absorption de l’EPA et du DHA, de façon spécifique à la nature de la structuration supramoléculaire. Les résultats de l’accrétion tissulaire montrent qu’au terme des 8 semaines de régime, l’enrichissement tissulaire en AGPI-LC n-3 s’effectue de façon différente selon leur forme moléculaire de vectorisation. Ainsi, la consommation de TG marins favorise l’incorporation des AGPI-LC n-3 dans les lipides hépatiques, alors que la supplémentation des régimes en PL marins permet d’orienter le DHA vers le cerveau et la rétine.L’ensemble de ces résultats montre que le choix de la forme moléculaire de vectorisation des AGPI-LC n-3 (PL vs TG) peut être un moyen d'orienter leur incorporation tissulaire, alors que leur structuration supramoléculaire (émulsion ou liposomes), une stratégie pour moduler leur absorption intestinaleThe latest data from the cross-sectional national French dietary study show that dietary intakes of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are significantly lower than those recommended by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES). Considering their physiological roles, improving their dietary intake has became a nutritional priority. The control of the different forms of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty (n-3 LC-PUFA) intake represents an interesting way to address this issue. In this context, this thesis aims at studying the influence of the molecular form (phospholipids (PL) vs triglycerides (TG)) and/or supramolecular form (continuous phase, emulsion, liposomes) of n-3 LC-PUFA towards their bioavailability.The experimental approach consisted in characterizing the different forms of n-3 LC-PUFAs by coupling various physicochemical methods (optical microscopy, granulometry, measurement of primary and secondary oxidation products, enzymatic lipolysis). The data obtained made it possible to propose some mechanistic hypothesis for the bioavailability studies conducted in rat. Thus, in a second step, the in vivo study made addresses (1) the intestinal absorption of fatty acids following a single dose of lipids and (2) the lipid tissue accretion following an 8-week diet.The data obtained from the intestinal absorption study indicate that the molecular form of n-3 LC-PUFA targeting (marine TG vs marine PL, in continuous phase) does not influence their intestinal absorption but rather their incorporation into lymphatic lipids, which are the main carriers for dietary fatty acids in the organism. Conversely, structuring marine PL (emulsion or liposomes) improves the EPA and DHA absorption, but differently according to the supramolecular form. The results concerning tissue accretion show that, after 8-week diet, the tissue enrichment in n-3 LC-PUFA is different according to the molecular form of targeting. The consumption of marine TG favours the incorporation of n-3 LC-PUFA into hepatic lipids, while the supplementation of diets with marine PL targets DHA preferentially to brain and retina.All these results show that the molecular form of targeting (PL vs TG) of n-3 LC-PUFA can be a way for managing their tissue incorporation, whereas the supramolecular organization (emulsion or liposomes) can be envisaged to monitor their intestinal absorption
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Dempsey, Mark Austin. "Exotic earthworms and soil microbial community composition in a northern hardwood forest." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1259958575.
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Petkevicius, Kasparas. "The role of macrophage intracellular lipid partitioning in glucose and lipid homeostasis during obesity." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285429.
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Obesity-associated metabolic disorders are amongst the most prevalent causes of death worldwide. Understanding how obesity leads to the development of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) will enable the development of novel therapies that dissociate obesity from its cardiometabolic complications. Our laboratory views the functional capacity of white adipose tissue (WAT), the organ designed for safe lipid storage, as a key factor in the development of MetS and CVD. At a genetically-defined stage of the aberrant WAT expansion that occurs during obesity, adipocytes undergo a functional failure, resulting in an impaired control of serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentration. In such setting, FFAs and their metabolic derivatives accumulate in other organs, where they cause lipotoxicity, leading to the development of insulin resistance and CVD. We therefore aim to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms that induce adipocyte dysfunction. The past two decades of research have established the immune system as an important regulator of WAT function. The number of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), the most abundant immune cell type in WAT, increases during obesity, resulting in WAT inflammation. Multiple genetic and pharmacological intervention studies of murine models of obesity have assigned a causal link between ATM pro-inflammatory activation and WAT dysfunction. However, while the propagation of inflammation in ATMs during obesity has been extensively studied, factors triggering ATM inflammatory activation are less clear. Recently, our lab has observed lipid accumulation in the ATMs isolated from obese mice. Lipid-laden ATMs were pro-inflammatory, leading us to hypothesise that aberrant lipid build-up in macrophages triggers WAT inflammation during obesity. This thesis expands on the initial findings from our lab and describes two novel mechanisms that potentially contribute to lipid-induced inflammatory activation of ATMs. In chapter 3, the role of de novo phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis pathway during lipotoxicity in macrophages is addressed. The first part of the chapter demonstrates that lipotoxic environment increased de novo PC synthesis rate in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and ATMs, and that loss of rate-limiting enzyme in de novo PC synthesis pathway, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase a (CCTa) diminished saturated FFA-induced inflammation in BMDMs. In the second part, I show that macrophage-specific CCTa deletion did not impact on the development of WAT inflammation or systemic insulin resistance, but had a minor benefitial effect on hepatic gene transcription during obesity. Chapter 4 develops on recent observations of interactions between sympathetic nerves and macrophages in WAT. In the first part of the chapter, I demonstrate that stimulating B2-adrenergic receptor (B2AR), the main receptor for sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine in macrophages, enhanced intracellular triglyceride storage by up-regulating diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (Dgat1) gene expression in BMDMs. The second part of the chapter shows that macrophage-specific B2AR deletion did not modulate systemic glucose and lipid metabolism during obesity, but mice lacking B2ARs in macrophages demonstrated augmented hepatic glucose production on a chow diet. Furthermore, systemic B2AR blockade or macrophage-specific B2AR deletion in mice did not affect the thermogenic response to cold exposure. Chapter 5 includes the characterisation of B2AR stimulation-induced changes to the global cellular proteome of BMDMs, and a subsequent validation of the role of candidate transcription factors in regulating B2AR agonism-induced gene expression in BMDMs.
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Yu, Rong. "Metabolic interactions among amino acids, phospholipids and fatty acids." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45211.
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-shortening disorder among Caucasians. Excessive faecal bile acid loss, increased oxidant stress, reduced plasma choline, increased oxidant stress, reduced glutathione and alterations in essential fatty acids are well recognized in patients with CF. It is also well-known that diabetes perturbs the methionine-homocysteine cycle. However, experimental data linking loss of amino acids in CF or decreased glucose availability in experimental diabetes to altered phospholipids and fatty acid metabolism are lacking. In the liver, bile acids are conjugated with glycine or taurine prior to secretion, and glycine de novo synthesis begins with glucose. Thus, the objectives of this thesis are: 1) to determine if inducing faecal bile acid loss will alter the methionine-homocysteine, and choline-betaine cycle metabolites, phospholipids and phospholipids n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, and 2) to show that experimental diabetes, which decreases glucose availability, alters methionine-homocysteine and choline-betaine cycle metabolites, phospholipids and phospholipid fatty acids in rats.
Studies to address the first objective demonstrated that inducing faecal bile acid malabsorption leads to fat malabsorption with increased faecal total lipids and phospholipid excretion. This increased excretion was accompanied by increased plasma betaine concentration, decreased plasma triacylglycerol concentration, increased plasma and liver S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) concentration, and changes in the fatty acid composition of hepatic phospholipids. Studies to address the second objective showed that experimental diabetes led to increased plasma betaine concentration, decreased homocysteine concentration, increased liver phosphatidylethanolamine, decreased phosphatidylcholine, changes in the fatty acid composition of hepatic phospholipids, and abundance of the enzyme choline dehydrogenase. Thus, experimental diabetes, which reduces intracellular glucose availability, alters methionine-homocysteine and choline-betaine cycle metabolites, phospholipids and fatty acids. In conclusion, metabolism of phospholipids, their fatty acids, and the amino acids involved in the methionine-homocysteine cycle are inter-related.
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Paavola, T. (Timo). "Associations of low HDL cholesterol level and premature coronary heart disease with functionality and phospholipid composition of HDL and with plasma oxLDL antibody levels." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2019. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526223360.
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Abstract Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis. It is a major cause of mortality and morbidity both in Finland and globally. Even after the best known treatments a significant residual risk of CHD remains. A low plasma HDL cholesterol level (HDL, high-density lipoprotein) is a common lipid abnormality in patients affected by premature CHD and also a component of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors for atherosclerosis associated with central obesity. In this study, a phenotype of low HDL cholesterol level and premature CHD was investigated in two Northern Finnish family populations. The aim was to find new biological factors accounting for the elevated CHD risk in the phenotype. In the subjects of family population I, plasma levels of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA) against experimental epitopes (malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde-modified, copper-oxidized) of oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein) particles were measured. In the subjects of family population II, capacity of HDL fractions (total HDL, HDL2 and HDL3) to accept cholesterol from a THP-1 experimental foam cell model was assayed (cholesterol efflux). In addition, a phospholipid composition of their HDL fractions (HDL2 and HDL3) was measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antibody levels were not related to CHD or to HDL cholesterol level. Instead, the cholesterol efflux to HDL2 fraction was clearly impaired in CHD, which was associated with the low HDL cholesterol level of the patients. The impaired cholesterol efflux to HDL2 fraction was primarily in conjunction with the metabolic syndrome. The phospholipid composition of HDL fractions was different between the affected and the non-affected subjects. As an example, characteristic of the metabolic syndrome were elevated contents of palmitic, palmitoleic or oleic acids relative to linoleic acid in lysophosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylcholines. In conclusion, the HDL fraction is both functionally and compositionally modified in the phenotype of low HDL cholesterol level and premature CHD. Especially the cholesterol efflux capacity of the HDL2 fraction and thus its many functional properties may be impaired. There are many characteristic features in the phospholipid composition of the HDL in the phenotype which were detected in HDL2 and HDL3 fractionsTiivistelmä Sepelvaltimotauti on ateroskleroosin kliininen ilmenemismuoto. Se on merkittävimpiä kuolleisuuden ja sairastavuuden aiheuttajia niin Suomessa kuin maailmalla. Parhaillakin tunnetuilla hoidoilla sepelvaltimotaudille jää huomattava jäännösriski. Plasman matala HDL-kolesterolitaso (HDL, high-density lipoprotein) on yleinen lipidipoikkeavuus varhaista sepelvaltimotautia sairastavilla ja myös eräs metabolisen oireyhtymän, eli keskivartalolihavuuteen liittyvän ateroskleroosin riskitekijäkasauman, komponentti. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkittiin matalan HDL-kolesterolitason ja varhaisen sepelvaltimotaudin fenotyyppiä kahdessa pohjoissuomalaisessa sukuaineistossa. Tavoitteena oli löytää uusia biologisia tekijöitä fenotyypin kohonneen sepelvatimotautiriskin taustalta. Ensimmäisen aineiston henkilöiden plasmasta mitattiin vasta-ainetasoja (IgG, IgM, IgA) LDL-hiukkasten (LDL, low-density lipoprotein) kokeellisia hapettuneita epitooppeja (malonidialdehydi-asetaldehydi-modioitu ja kuparilla hapetettu LDL) vastaan. Toisessa aineistossa mitattiin henkilöiden HDL-fraktioiden (kokonais-HDL, HDL2 ja HDL3) kykyä saada aikaan kolesterolin ulosvirtausta kokeellisesta THP-1 vaahtosolumallista. Lisäksi heidän HDL-fraktioidensa (HDL2, HDL3) fosfolipidikoostumus mitattiin nestekromatografi-massaspektrometri-laitteistolla. Vasta-ainetasot eivät liittyneet sepelvaltimotautiin tai HDL-kolesterolitasoon. Sen sijaan kolesterolin ulosvirtaus HDL2-fraktioon oli selkeästi alentunut sepelvaltimotaudissa, mikä liittyi potilaiden pieneen HDL-kolesterolipitoisuuteen. Alentunut ulosvirtaus HDL2-fraktioon liittyikin ensisijaisesti metaboliseen oireyhtymään. HDL-fraktioiden fosfolipidikoostumus erosi terveiden ja sairaiden välillä. Esimerkiksi metabolisessa oireryhtymässä tunnusomaista oli lysofosfatidyylikoliinien ja fosfatidyylikoliinien sisältämän palmitiinihapon, palmitoleiinihapon tai oleiinihapon suurentunut määrä suhteessa niiden sisältämän linoleenihapon määrään. Loppupäätelmä on, että matalan HDL-kolesterolitason ja varhaisen sepelvaltimotaudin fenotyypin HDL-fraktio on sekä toiminnaltaan että koostumukseltaan muuntunut. Erityisesti HDL2-fraktion kyky saada aikaan kolesterolin ulosvirtausta ja näin ollen sen monet toiminnalliset ominaisuudet voivat olla alentuneet. Fenotyypin HDL:n fosfolipidikoostumuksessa on monia tunnusomaisia piirteitä, joita havaittiin sekä HDL2- että HDL3-fraktiossa
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Lee, Jong-Sook Kwon. "Effects of dietary fatty acids on platelet function, plasma thromboxane B? levels, and fatty acid composition of plasma and platelet phospholipids /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487672245900036.
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Lin, Yun. "Industrial Applications of Plant Secondary Metabolites." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492554952029414.
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Areda, Martha. "The role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of schizophrenia through modification of membrane phospholipids." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kemi och biomedicin (KOB), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-55601.
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Ever since the emergence of the hypothesis that linked the aetiology of schizophrenia with abnormal membrane phospholipids composition, an increasing number of evidences have suggested reduced membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with schizophrenia. This has led to a conduct of several studies to evaluate the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplement in the modification of membrane phospholipids and treatment of schizophrenia. The two main omega-3 fatty acid classes, EPA and DHA, play a vital role in membranes. This project work reviews omega-3 fatty acid studies and summarizes their outcomes. Eight original articles (nine studies) were reviewed. Six out of nine studies measured RBC membrane fatty acids levels and all six studies reported a significant increase in EPA after EPA supplement. Two studies reported increased DHA post omega-3 fatty acid and DHA supplement, respectively. One study observed a dose-dependent increment in DHA after EPA supplement. Improved symptoms were observed in seven studies, while one study found a worsening of symptoms in patients with low baseline PUFA. Moreover, out of the six studies that evaluated the correlation between symptom change and membrane fatty acids change, three studies observed a correlation between increased EPA and symptom improvement. One study reported an increased AA associated with improved symptoms, in contrast to another study, which found a correlation between increased AA and worsened symptoms. The conclusion from this project work is that EPA supplement can increase the EPA levels in membranes; however, its therapeutic effect in schizophrenia requires further investigation using larger studies.Ända sedan tillkomsten av hypotesen som länkade etiologin av schizofreni med onormala sammansättningar av membranfosfolipider, har bevis för nedsatt membranfettsyror hos patienter med schizofreni ökat. Detta har lett till genomförandet av flera studier för att utvärdera effekten av omega-3 supplement i modifieringen av membranfosfolipider och i behandling av schizofreni. De två viktigaste omega-3 klasserna, EPA och DHA, spelar en viktig roll i membran. Detta projektarbete granskar de omega-3 studierna och sammanfattar deras resultat. Åtta originalartiklar (nio studier) granskades. Sex av nio studier mätte nivåer av RBC membranfettsyror och alla sex studierna rapporterade en signifikant ökning av EPA efter EPA behandling. Två studier rapporterade ökad DHA efter omega-3 och DHA behandling, respektive. En studie observerade en dosberoende ökning i DHA efter EPA behandling. Förbättrade symtom observerades i sju studier, medan en studie fann en försämring av symtom hos patienter med låg baseline PUFA. Av de sex studier som utvärderade sambandet mellan symtomförändring och förändring i membranfettsyror, hittade två studier samband mellan ökad EPA och symtomförbättring. En studie rapporterade en ökad AA i samband med förbättrade symtom, i motsats till en annan studie, som fann ett samband mellan ökad AA och försämrade symtom. Slutsatsen från detta projektarbete är att EPA tillägg ökar nivåer av EPA i membranfosfolipider; men dess terapeutiska effekt vid schizofreni kräver ytterligare utredning med hjälp av större studier.
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Portolesi, Roxanne, and roxanne portolesi@flinders edu au. "Fatty acid metabolism in HepG2 cells: Limitations in the accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid in cell membranes." Flinders University. Medicine, 2007. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20070802.103146.
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The current dietary recommendations for optimal health are designed to increase our intake of two bioactive omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), abundant naturally in fatty fish such as salmon. Health authorities recommend that the general population consume two to three fatty fish meals per week (1) for optimal health and for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, some modern Western societies consume only modest amounts of fish and seafood (2;3). Land based vegetable oils may provide an alternative to meet these needs. Linseed and canola oils are rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) (4). ALA can be converted endogenously to EPA and DHA and suggests that increasing the dietary intake of ALA may increase the conversion and accumulation of DHA in tissues and plasma. However, elevated dietary intakes of ALA in animals and humans results in an increased level of EPA in tissues yet there is little or no change in the level of DHA (5-7). The current consensus is that the synthesis of DHA from ALA in humans is limited yet the mechanisms involved in regulating the accumulation of DHA in tissues are poorly understood.
The reputed rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of fatty acids is delta 6 desaturase (D6D). ALA is a substrate for D6D and undergoes a series of desaturation and elongation reactions to yield n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). The final step in the synthesis of DHA from ALA involves translocation of its immediate fatty acid precursor, 24:6n-3 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the peroxisome to be partially beta-oxidised to yield DHA. The involvement of multiple enzymes in the desaturation-elongation pathway, and the integration of other pathways, such as phospholipid biosynthesis, suggests there are various steps that may regulate the accumulation of DHA in cell membranes. This thesis aimed to examine the possible regulatory steps in the conversion of fatty acids to LCPUFA, particularly in the synthesis of DHA from n-3 fatty acid precursors.
The human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, was used as an in vitro cell system to examine the accumulation of individual fatty acids and their metabolites in isolation from other competing fatty acid substrates. The accumulation of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and ALA in HepG2 cell phospholipids following supplementation with increasing concentrations of each respective fatty acid correlated with that described in vivo, as was the accumulation of their conversion products. The accumulation of DHA in cells supplemented with ALA reached a plateau at concentrations above 5 micro g/ml and paralleled the accumulation of 24:6n-3 in cell phospholipids, suggesting that the delta 6 desaturation of 24:6n-3 was prevented by increasing concentrations of ALA, thereby limiting the accumulation of DHA. The accumulation of DHA in cells supplemented with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) or docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) was significantly greater than the level of DHA that accumulated in cells supplemented with ALA. However, regardless of substrate, the level of DHA in cell membranes reached a plateau at substrate concentrations above 5 micro g/ml.
This thesis further aimed to examine the effect of fatty acid supplementation on the mRNA expression of D6D in HepG2 cells. The expression and activity of D6D mRNA is subject to nutritional and hormonal regulation. The mRNA expression of D6D in HepG2 cells following supplementation with oleic acid (OA, 18:1n-9), LA, ALA, arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) or EPA was examined by real time RT PCR. The expression of D6D mRNA was reduced by up to 50% in cells supplemented with OA, LA, ALA , AA or EPA compared with control cells and suggests that fatty acids modulate the expression of the key enzyme involved in the conversion of fatty acids.
The effect of fatty acid co-supplementation on the fatty acid composition of HepG2 cell phospholipids was also examined in an attempt to gain insights into the role of D6D and the enzymes involved in peroxisomal beta-oxidation on the accumulation of DHA from n-3 fatty acid precursors. The reduction in the accumulation of DHA in cells co-supplemented with DPA and docosatetraenoic acid (DTA, 22:4n-6) was greater than in cells co-supplemented with DPA and LA, suggesting that peroxisomal beta-oxidation may have a greater role in determining the accumulation of DHA from DPA than the activity of D6D. Further investigation should be directed towards understanding the role that peroxisomal beta-oxidation may play in the synthesis of DHA from precursor fatty acids.
The fatty acid composition of cell membranes in vivo is a result of several physiological processes including dietary intake, phospholipids biosynthesis and fatty acid conversion as well as catabolic processes. This thesis demonstrates that a greater understanding of the regulation of the conversion of fatty acids will help to define dietary approaches that enhance the synthesis of n-3 LCPUFA from n-3 fatty acid precursors to lead to improved outcomes for health.
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Bouazizi, Hana. "Rôle des lipides dans l’infestation, la virulence, et la transformation des promastigotes en amastigotes et implication des acides gras dans la pathogénie de Leishmania." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1104.
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Les parasites Leishmania sont les agents responsables de la leishmaniose viscérale (LV), mucocutanée (LM) ou cutanée (LC) chez l'homme et de la leishmaniose canine (CanL). Ces parasites sont phagocytés par les macrophages humains et animaux où ils vont se transformer de promastigote en amastigote. Nous avons identifié et analysé les lipides impliqués dans le processus de transformation dans le complexe de Leishmania donovani et infantum. Quatre classes de lipides, les phospholipides, les acides gras libres, les triglycérides et les stérols ont été étudiés. De même, nous avons analysé la composition en acides gras des lipides totaux chez neuf espèces de Leishmania isolées en Tunisie, dont quatre souches de L. infantum, deux souches de L. major et deux souches de L. tropica et une souche de L. infantum de chien. Durant nos premiers travaux, la composition en acides gras des lipides totaux a été analysée et nos résultats montrent une augmentation des acides gras et du cholestérol et une diminution des triglycérides et de l'ergostérol durant la transition entre les promastigotes et les amastigotes. En ce qui concerne les classes de phospholipides, nous avons trouvé une proportion accrue de sphingomyéline et de phosphatidylsérine et une proportion réduite de phosphatidylinositol et de lysophosphatidyléthanolamine. Pour la composition en acides gras, une augmentation significative des acides gras n-7 a été observée chez les amastigotes, quant aux acides gras n-6 totaux, ils ont diminué chez les PL. Plusieurs changements ont également été observés au niveau des TG et des acides gras libres, en particulier, les acides gras n-7 et 20: 4n-6 ont été fortement augmentés, alors que les acides gras n-9 et les précurseurs n-6 ont diminué. Pour la deuxième étude, les résultats trouvés dans nos premiers travaux qui concernent la présence de proportions très élevés de 18 : 2n-6 contre de faible proportion de l’AA (20 :4n-6) ainsi que l’absence ou la très faible proportion de 18 :3n-3 ont été confirmés. De plus, L. major présentait une proportion plus élevée de 14 : 0 (acide myristique), 18: 3n-6 (acide gamma-linoléique) et une plus faible proportion de n-3, y compris 18: 3n-3 (acide alphalinoléique) et 22: 6n-3 (acide docosahexaénoïque) comparé à L. infantum et L. tropica. Après la supplémentation de l'acide oléique (AO), l'acide arachidonique (AA) et l’acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA) sur deux souches de L. infantum utilisées pour infecter les macrophages : un isotype MON-24 responsable de la leishmaniose cutanée et un MON-1 causant la leishmaniose viscérale ; nous avons constatés que les AA et DHA augmentaient la virulence du parasite, tandis que L’AO diminuait leur virulenceLeishmania parasites are the causative agents of visceral (LV), mucocutaneous (LM) or cutaneous (LC) leishmaniasis in humans, canine leishmaniasis in dogs (CanL), and leishmaniases in other mammals .The parasites are phagocytosed by human and animal macrophages where they will transform from promastigote to amastigote. We identified and analyzed the lipids involved in the transformation process in the Leishmania donovani complex. Four classes of lipids, phospholipids (PL), free fatty acids (FA), triglycerides (TG) and sterols were studied.Similarly, we analyzed the fatty acid composition of total lipids in nine Tunisian Leishmania isolates, including five strains of L. infantum (four human and one canine), two strains of L. major and two strains of L. tropica.In our early work, the fatty acid composition of total lipids was analyzed and our results show an increase in fatty acids and cholesterol and a decrease in triglycerides and ergosterol during the transformation of promastigotes into amastigotes. For phospholipid classes, we found an increase in sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserines and a decrease in phosphatidylinositols and lysophosphatidylethanolamines during processing. For the fatty acid composition, a significant increase of n-7 fatty acids was observed in amastigotes, as for n-6 total fatty acids, they decreased in PLs. Several changes have also been observed in TG and free fatty acids, in particular, n-7 and 20: 4n-6 fatty acids have been greatly increased, whereas n-9 fatty acids and n-6 ??precursors have been significantly increased. decreased.The study of the fatty acid composition of the 9 Tunisian strains of Leishmania confirmed, in the first place, our results found in our first works concerning the presencevery high proportions of 18: 2n-6 against low proportion of AA (20: 4n-6) as well as the absence or very low proportion of 18: 3n-3.In addition, the comparison of the fatty acid compositions of the three species studied: L. infantum, L. major and L. tropica showed that L. major had a higher proportion of 14: 0 (myristic acid), 18: 3n- 6 (gamma-linoleic acid) and a lower proportion of n-3, including18: 3n-3 (alpha-linoleic acid) and 22: 6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid) compared to L. infantum and L. tropica. After supplementation of oleic acid (AO), arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on two L. infantum strains used to infect macrophages: a MON-24 isotype responsible for cutaneous and a MON-1
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Newman, Ronald Edward. "Modulation of avian metabolism by dietary fatty acids." University of Sydney. Veterinary Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/799.
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The role of dietary fatty acids and their subsequent effects on metabolism has received considerable attention in mammalian species. It is becoming increasingly clear that fatty acids have metabolic roles over and above their influence on energy density of the diet. Recent studies have linked changes in the fatty acyl composition of the plasma membrane, induced by the dietary fat profile, to alterations in both lipid and glucose metabolism. These dietary induced changes have profound effects on insulin action, glucose transport and enzyme activity that regulate triglyceride and fatty acid synthesis, factors that ultimately influence protein and lipid deposition of animals. Because of their high growth rate, broiler chickens have a high requirement for energy and the use of triglycerides as a major energy source has resulted in a fat carcass. A change in the glucose-insulin balance has been suggested as being the main reason for differences in adiposity between broilers selected for fatness or leanness. The hypotheses of this thesis is based on the finding that dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA�s) increase the sensitivity of muscle tissue to insulin and this would presumably augment insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into muscle cells. Therefore, increasing the capacity of broiler muscle tissue to utilise glucose as its principal energy substrate would reduce the bird�s reliance on triglycerides and this inturn would result in a leaner carcass. The aims of this study are firstly to explore the role that dietary PUFA�s from the n-3 and n-6 series have on the growth and body composition of broiler chickens and secondly to determine the relationships between dietary fatty acid profile, tissue insulin sensitivity and lipid deposition. Because dietary fatty acids have been implicated in the modulation of hormones important for the growth and development of animals, a third aim of this thesis is to determine the effects of dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on pituitary and adrenal sensitivity. Since the modulation of metabolism by dietary fatty acids has been attributed to changes in the fatty acyl composition of the plasma membrane, the final aim of this study will be to investigate and characterise the molecular species of the breast muscle choline and ethanolamine phospholipids. Feeding either fish oil a source of n-3 PUFA�s or sunflower oil a source of n-6 PUFA�s fatty acids to broiler chickens resulted in a significant (P<0.01) reduction in the abdominal fat pad mass and a modest increase in breast muscle mass when compared to broilers fed edible tallow. Associated with the changes in carcass composition was an alteration in energy substrate utilisation. This was reflected by lower respiratory quotients and reduced triglyceride and insulin concentrations for the chickens fed the two PUFA diets. Coupled to the shift in energy metabolism was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the proportion of PUFA�s incorporated into the abdominal fat pad and breast muscle. The dietary fat supplements resulted in the incorporation of specific fatty acid subtypes. Feeding fish oil significantly increased the proportion of long-chain n-3 PUFA�s whereas feeding sunflower oil significantly increased the proportion of long-chain n-6 PUFA�s compared to tallow feeding whose tissues were dominated by a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids. It was further shown that dietary n-3 and n-6 PUFA�s enhanced glucose /insulin action. Feeding either fish oil or sunflower oil to broiler chickens increased insulin action when examined by an intravenous glucose tolerance test. The maximal insulin release in response to the glucose infusion was higher in the tallow fed group compared to either the sunflower oil or fish oil groups. To estimate the disappearance rate of glucose from the plasma and its incorporation into tissues, 2-deoxy-D-3H glucose was infused into each chicken. There were no significant differences in the clearance rate of 2-deoxy-D-3H glucose from the plasma. However, when measured under steady state conditions, the labelled glucose incorporation into the breast muscle was greater in birds fed fish oil compared to either tallow or sunflower oil feeding. The dietary fatty acid induced increase in insulin action suggests that the sensitivity of muscle cells to insulin was enhanced. This modulation of tissue sensitivity by dietary fatty acids was also shown to occur at the level of the pituitary. To provide an estimate of pituitary sensitivity, bolus GnRH and GHRH infusions were given on different days to chickens fed the three dietary treatments. Feeding sunflower oil (n-6 PUFA�s) increased the level of GH that was released in response to the GHRH infusion when compared to birds fed either tallow or fish oil (n-3 PUFA�s). This dietary fatty acid modulation appears to be specific to certain pituitary cell types as there was no effect on LH secretion following the GnRH infusion. Dietary fatty acid modulation of endocrine gland sensitivity is particular to the gland type. Although the dietary treatments mediated a distinct pattern in pituitary sensitivity to GHRH infusion, these same three diets did not influence adrenal sensitivity, as there was no difference in the corticosterone profile following either ACTH or CRF infusion. The previously observed physiological changes for the three dietary groups was expected to be positively correlated to an alteration of the plasma membrane phospholipids induced by the dietary fatty acids. Supplementation with fish oil (n-3 PUFA�s) significantly increased levels of both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) into the choline (PC) and ethanolamine (PE) breast muscle phospholipids compared to either sunflower oil (n-6 PUFA�s) or tallow supplementation. The increase in n-3 PUFA incorporation was associated with a corresponding decrease in the proportion of arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6) an event that would presumably alter substrate availability for the 1- and 2-series eicosanoids. However, feeding sunflower oil or tallow gave a molecular species profile that was remarkably similar in both fatty acid subtype and proportion. This suggests that the plasma membrane dynamics would be similar for these two dietary groups. Therefore, it is appears that factors other than a change in the fatty acyl- composition of the plasma membrane may be responsible for modifying the physiology of the broiler.
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Baker, Julie Taylor Craig-Schmidt Margaret C. "Interactive effects of fish oil and methylmercury on the fatty acid profile of adult rat forebrain phospholipids." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Fall%20Theses/Baker_Julie_23.pdf.
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Costa, Ana Cláudia Marques Lopes Soares da. "The effect of dietary fatty acid on breast cancer lipidome." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13294.
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Mestrado em BioquímicaBreast cancer is a complex heterogeneous disease and one of the leading causes of death among women. Many studies have tried to determine if saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) have different effects on the development of breast cancer. However, the role of different dietary FAs in lipidome of breast cancer cells is not completely understood. The aim of this work was to establish if lipidome of breast cancer T47-D cell line differs with different dietary FAs and correlate this findings to effects in proliferation and apoptosis. The lipid changes in lipidome induced by the presence of 1 μg/mL oleic acid (OA1) or 1 or 2 μg/mL linoleic (LA1 or LA2, respectively) acid in vitro were study through a lipidomic analysis, based on techniques such as TLC and GC-MS. TLC allowed the separation and quantification of Phospholipid (PL) classes and GC –MS allowed the separation and quantification of FAs. TGs and CHL were quantified. Also, cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated. PL class analysis showed significant alterations in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS) in the medium with LA1 or LA2, respectively and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in the medium with OA1. GC-MS showed an increase of 18:2 in the treatment with LA. Further TG showed a decrease on LA2 treatment and viability and apoptosis assays showed that LA1 and LA2 stimulate cell growth and OA2 stimulated apoptosis, respectively. This work contributes to a better understanding of the influence of dietary FAs on the lipidome of T-47D cells and shows that alterations in cellular lipidome are associated to changes in cell number and apoptosis. These findings may lead to new perspectives in the identification of specific targets that may be helpful to understand the process behind breast cancer growth. However, more studies are necessary to conclude about how different lipid molecules promote these effects.
O cancro da mama é uma doença heterogênea complexa e uma das principais causas de morte entre as mulheres. Muitos estudos têm tentado determinar se ácidos gordos (FA) saturados, monoinsaturados e polinsaturados têm efeitos diferentes sobre o desenvolvimento de cancro da mama. No entanto o papel dos diferentes FAs da dieta no lipidoma de células de cancro da mama não é completamente compreendido. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se o lipidoma da linha celular T-47D de cancro da mama se altera com diferentes FAs da dieta e correlacionar essas alterações com efeitos na proliferação e apoptose celulares. As alterações lipídicas induzidas pela presença de 1 ug / mL de ácido oleico (OA1) ou 1 ou 2 ug / ml de ácido linoleico (LA1 ou LA2, respetivamente) de ácido in vitro foram estudadas através de uma análise lipidómica com base em técnicas tais como TLC, para a separação e quantificação de classes de fosfolípidos (PLs) e GC-MS, para separação e quantificação dos FAs. Os triglicerídeos (TGs) e colesterol (CHL) totais foram quantificados utilizando métodos colorimétricos. Além disso, a viabilidade celular e a apoptose também foram avaliadas. A análise de classes de PL permitiu observar alterações significativas nas classes de fosfatidiletanolamina (PE), fosfatidilserina (PS) nas células suplementadas com LA1 e LA2, respetivamente, e lisofosfatidilcolina (LPC) nas células suplementadas com OA1. Observou-se ainda um aumento do FA 18:2 no tratamento com LA. Além disso, os TGs mostraram uma diminuição no tratamento com LA2. Os ensaios de viabilidade e apoptose mostraram que LA1 e LA2 estimulam o crescimento celular e que OA2 estimula a apoptose. Este trabalho contribui para uma melhor compreensão da influência dos FAs da dieta no lipidoma de células T-47D e mostra que as alterações no lipidoma celular estão associadas a um aumento do metabolismo e crescimento celular nas células suplementadas com LA e a um aumento da apoptose em células suplementadas com OA. Essas descobertas podem levar a novas perspetivas na identificação de estratégias específicas que podem ser úteis para compreender o processo envolvido na progressão do cancro da mama. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para concluir sobre como os diferentes lípidos podem promover estes efeitos.
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Hess, Holly Aline. "Prophylactic enrichment of enterocyte phospholipids with polyunsaturated fatty acids fed to suckling piglets." NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08222006-165814/.
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Infant formula companies began fortifying formulas with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in 2002, including arachidonic acid (AA) at ~ 0.5% of total fatty acids. This study is the first in a series that will examine effects of supra-physiological supplementation of AA on intestinal health. The objective was to determine the time specific effects of dietary AA on fatty acid composition of enterocyte phospholipids and on the mRNA abundance of hepatic ∆6- and ∆5-desaturases. One d old pigs (N=96) were fed a milk-based formula for 4, 8, or 16 d. Diets contained either no PUFA (0%AA, negative control), 0.5%AA, 2.5%AA, 5%AA, or 5% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of total fatty acids. Growth (299 +/- 21 g/d) was unaffected by treatment (P>0.1). By day 16, ileal enterocyte phospholipid concentrations of AA were enriched 176%, 280%, and 355% in pigs fed the 0.5%AA, 2.5%AA, and 5%AA diets, respectively, compared with the 0%AA control (P<0.05). Concentration of AA within enterocytes of the 5% EPA fed group was similar to that of the 0%AA fed pigs, while EPA concentration increased by >8 fold. As pigs aged from birth to 16 d of age, there were no differences in the desaturase mRNA abundance (P>0.1), measured in pigs fed 0.5% or 5%AA. Abundance also was similar among AA-supplemented pigs, but was elevated by 60-80% in the 0%AA-fed pigs compared to those fed 2.5% (P<0.05). These data demonstrate a dose-dependent response in enterocyte AA concentration to dietary AA and show that supra-physiologic supplementation of AA is not detrimental to growth or desaturase gene expression.
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Custer, Jenny Elise. "Phospholipids and Glycolipids of the Oral Bacterium Streptococcus mutans UA159." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1307442038.
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Hughes, S. J. "The control of fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370803.
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Gridley, Shelly M. "The effect of dietary fatty acids on cholesterol/phospholipid ratios and fatty acids in plasma membranes of spontaneous mammary tumors from strain A/ST mice." Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722452.
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It has been suggested that plasma membranes play a role in tumor production. Changes in plasma membrane lipid composition may change membrane fluidity and disrupt cellular communication. These changes in membrane lipid composition appear to be related to the fatty acid content of the animal's diet. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effect of dietary linoleic and stearic acids and tumor size on cholesterol/phospholipid ratios and fatty acids in membranes of mammary adenocarcinomas.Plasma membranes of mammary tumors from Strain A/St mice were isolated by centrifugation and the lipids extracted. Phospholipid content was assayed by the method of Bartlett (102); cholesterol and fatty acids by gas liquid chromatography.Plasma membranes of tumors from mice fed the high linoleic diet (SAFF) were found to have the highest cholesterol/phospholipid ratios (Mean=0.396); mice fed high stearic acid diets produced tumors with the lowest ratios (0.280). Membranes of tumors from mice fed SA-4 and Stock diets had intermediate ratios (0.0.341 and 0.0.346, respectively).Department of Biology
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BURGNELLE-MAYEUR, CAMILLE. "Influence du gene de nanimse (dw) sur le metabolisme lipidique de la poule pondeuse." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077024.
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Crossman, Zoë Maretta. "Investigation of methane oxidising bacteria in soils by ¹³C labelling of phospholipid fatty acids." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271814.
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Bolivar, Gonzalez Juan. "Interaction of fatty acids and phospholipids with multiple binding sites on the potassium channel KcsA." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/334068/.
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The majority of lipids that interact with a transmembrane protein act as a solvent for the protein, forming a shell around it; these lipids are called annular or boundary lipids. However, some lipids interact in a more specific way, binding between transmembrane α-helices or at protein-protein interfaces, and these lipids are referred to as non-annular lipids. The crystal structure of the bacterial potassium channel KcsA shows a non-annular lipid molecule bound at the subunit interfaces in the homotetrameric structure, and binding of this non-annular lipid has been shown to be essential for channel function, making KcsA an ideal candidate for the study of lipid-protein interactions. Recently, a third type of binding site at the hydrophobic inner cavity of the pore of potassium channels has been proposed for fatty acid molecules, where binding was suggested to cause block of ion flux. Fatty acids are known to affect ion channel activity, but it is not yet certain how they act. Here, fluorescence spectroscopy and electron spin resonance (ESR) are combined to analyse the interaction of fatty acids with the annular and non-annular sites, and with the hydrophobic inner cavity of the pore on KcsA. To study fatty acid binding by fluorescence spectroscopy, KcsA was reconstituted in bilayers of phosphatidylcholine (PC) containing brominated fatty acid. Quenching of the Trp fluorescence of wild type KcsA by brominated fatty acids allows an analysis of their interaction with annular sites on the channel and interaction at non-annular sites was studied using a Trp mutant of KcsA. The results shown that fatty acids can bind with an affinity rather similar to that of PC to both annular and non-annular sites, but uncharged fatty acid analogues show limited binding, emphasising the importance of charged interactions in these systems. In ESR studies KcsA was reconstituted in PC membranes containing a small amount of spin labelled fatty acid. Spin labelled lipids in contact with the protein show a different ESR spectrum from those in the bulk lipid due to the different mobilities of their acyl chains. The ESR spectra show that the spin labelled fatty acid bound to KcsA is strongly immobilised and binds with high affinity. It is proposed that the fatty acid binds to the hydrophobic cavity with a dissociation constant of ca. 0.22 μM. The studies show that fatty acids can bind to the channel at a variety of sites, suggesting that ion channel function could be modulated directly by interactions with fatty acids. Other studies here presented focused on the influence of the annular lipids on the aggregation of KcsA. Protein-protein contacts are important for membrane protein association and activity, but little is known about the influence that the lipid bilayer can have on protein-protein association. ESR experiments with spin labelled phospholipids show that at lipid:channel molar ratios of ca. 100:1 or higher, KcsA is solvated by ca. 31 annular phospholipid molecules, as expected from its crystal structure, but that, at lower lipid content, protein-protein contacts become favourable and KcsA aggregates. The ESR data also show that aggregation is reduced in bilayers of anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in comparison to bilayers of zwitterionic PC, as confirmed by quenching experiments where brominated PG was able to quench wild type KcsA more efficiently than brominated PC at the low lipid:channel molar ratios. The results highlight the importance that the lipid bilayer composition can have on membrane protein association.
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Solow, Steven P. "Characterization of A transcriptional Attenuator in The rpmf-Plsx-Fab Operon of Escherichia coli K-12." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30536.
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Fatty acids are an essential component of the phospholipids of the inner and outer membranes of Escherichia coli. The synthesis of both fatty acids and phospholipids is regulated. Synthesis increases when growth rate increases, is inhibited when starvation occurs, and the fatty acid composition of the membrane changes with growth temperature. Several genes encoding enzymes involved in membrane synthesis are located in the rpmF-plsX-fab operon. In this operon, a gene encoding a phospholipid synthetic gene of unknown function, plsX, lies just downstream of the ribosomal protein gene rpmF and upstream of five fatty acid biosynthetic genes, fabH, fabD, fabG, acpP, and fabF. The operon is also complex; transcription is initiated from at least eight promoters. In addition, some transcripts produced by the operon are cleaved by RNases while others terminate at one of three specific points at the 5' end of plsX.
This work demonstrates that a weak transcriptional terminator (an attenuator) lies at the 5' end of plsX. The attenuator was localized to a 200 bp segment. Analysis of the secondary structure of the attenuator mRNA has lead to a model which includes four stem-loop structures. In this model, the plsX start codon lies within the loop of the second stem. Two tandem stems are located directly upstream of the mapped 3' endpoints. Mutational analysis shows that all four stem-loops play a role in attenuator activity. Regulation of the attenuator and the attenuator's mechanism of controlling downstream gene expression were investigated. Ribosome binding to attenuator mRNA, the PlsX protein, ppGpp concentration, and rate of lipid synthesis all appear to have no effect on attenuator activity. Interestingly, growth temperature appears to have an effect on both attenuator activity and the activity of one or more of the promoters upstream of rpmF, P₁, P₂, and P₃. Activity of the three promoters is 4.5-fold higher at 28°C as compared with 42°C. The attenuator also appears to increase expression of downstream genes 2-fold as temperature decreases. Though the attenuator region terminates transcription, growth temperature-regulation of attenuator activity is apparently mediated by a change in stability of the mRNA. These data demonstrate that transcriptional expression of plsX is 9-fold higher at 28°C as compared with 42°C. The striking dependence on temperature of plsX expression suggests a role for PlsX in the temperature modulation of fatty acid incorporation into the membrane phospholipids.Ph. D.
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Jin, Yang. "Time kinetics of fatty acids changes in total lipids and phospholipids of A. franciscana following enrichment and starvation, with a main focus on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-21424.
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HUFA in PL has been considered to be easily digested by marine fish larvae, which will result in better growth, survival and development (e.g., pigmentation, stress resistance and gut maturation). As one of the most commonly used live preys in aquaculture, <i>Artemia</i> sp. contain low amount of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), especially of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) in phospholipids (PL) even after enrichment. The objective of the present thesis is to study time kinetics of change in important HUFA in total lipid (TL), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of <i>A. franciscana</i> nauplii and juveniles following short-term enrichment, subsequent starvation and long-term cultivation, with a main focus on DHA.No DHA was found in PC and PE during the first hour of the short-term enrichment of <i>Artemia</i> nauplii. The content of HUFA did not accumulate in PC and PE during the first hour of enrichment, but significantly (p<0.05) increased in TL. After 1h, the content of HUFA in PC and PE increased gradually and the regression analysis showed that the content of DHA in PC and PE during short-term enrichment and following starvation, respectively, increased and decreased significant slower than that in TL. Moreover, relatively low content of DHA in TL was found during long-term cultivation of juvenile <i>Artemia</i> when compared with nauplii, whereas the content of DHA in PC and PE was similar. The contents of EPA and ARA in TL, PC and PE increased steadily during short-term enrichment, following starvation of nauplii, and long-term cultivation of juvenile <i>Artemia</i>. From the results we assumed that the accumulation of HUFA in PL during short-term enrichment of nauplii was probably due to fatty acids retailoring between PL and TAG, and an additional amount of DHA might be incorporated into PL through PL-synthesis pathway during long-term cultivation of juvenile <i>Artemia</i>.
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Bertram, Janet. "Effects of cow urine and its constituents on soil microbial populations and nitrous oxide emissions." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1334.
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New Zealand’s 5.3 million strong dairy herd returns approximately 106 million litres of urine to pasture soils daily. The urea in that urine is rapidly hydrolysed to ammonium (NH₄⁺), which is then nitrified, with denitrification of nitrate (NO₃⁻) ensuing. Nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas (GHG), is produced via nitrification and denitrification, which are enzyme-catalysed processes mediated by soil microbes. Thus microbes are linked intrinsically to urine patch chemistry. However, few previous studies have investigated microbial dynamics in urine patches. Therefore the objective of these four experiments was to investigate the effects on soil microbial communities of cow urine deposition. Methods used included phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses of microbial community structure and microbial stress, dehydrogenase activity (DHA) assays measuring microbial activity, and headspace gas sampling of N₂O, ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes. Experiment 1, a laboratory study, examined the influence of soil moisture and urinary salt content on the microbial community. Both urine application and high soil moisture increased microbial stress, as evidenced by significant changes in PLFA trans/cis and iso/anteiso ratios. Total PLFAs and DHA showed a short-term (< 1 week) stimulatory effect on microbes after urine application. Mean cumulative N₂O-N fluxes were 2.75% and 0.05% of the nitrogen (N) applied, from the wet (70% WFPS) and dry (35% WFPS) soils, respectively. Experiment 2, a field trial, investigated nutrient dynamics and microbial stress with plants present. Concentrations of the micronutrients, copper, iron and molybdenum, increased up to 20-fold after urine application, while soil phosphorus (P) concentrations decreased from 0.87 mg kg ⁻¹ to 0.48 mg kg⁻¹. Plant P was also lower in urine patches, but total PLFAs were higher, suggesting that microbes had utilised the available nutrients. Microbial stress again resulted from urine application but, in contrast to experiment 1, the fungal biomass recovered after its initial inhibition. Studies published during the course of this thesis reported that hippuric acid (HA) and its hydrolysis product benzoic acid (BA) significantly reduced N₂O-N emissions from synthetic cow urine, thus experiment 3 investigated this effect using real cow urine. Cumulative N₂O-N fluxes were 16.8, 5.9 and 4.7% of N applied for urine (U) alone, U+HA and U+BA, respectively. Since NH₃-N volatilisation remained unchanged, net gaseous N emissions were reduced. Trends in total PLFAs and microbial stress were comparable to experiment 1 results. Experiment 4 studied HA effects at different temperatures and found no inhibition of N₂O-N fluxes from HA-amended urine. However, mean cumulative N₂O-N fluxes were reduced from 7.6% of N applied at 15–20°C to 0.2% at 5–10°C. Total cumulative N emissions (N₂O-N + NH₃-N) were highest at 20°C (17.5% of N applied) and lowest at 10°C (9.8% of N applied). Microbial activity, measured as potential DHA, increased with increasing temperature. This work has clearly shown that the stimulation and inhibition of the soil microbial community by urine application are closely linked to soil chemistry and have significant impacts not only on soil nutrient dynamics but also on N₂O-N emissions and their possible mitigation.
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Garcia, Cyrielle. "Molécules bioactives du lait maternel, relation à l'alimentation et application à la prise en charge du nouveau-né prématuré." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20732.
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Le lait maternel est considéré comme l’aliment de référence pour le développement des nouveau-nés. Cependant dans le cas des grands prématurés qui ont des besoins nutritionnels particulièrement élevés, le lait maternel ne permet pas toujours d’apporter des quantités optimales pour certaines molécules, en raison de déficiences intrinsèques ou des conditions d’administration.Nous avons étudié les relations entre l’alimentation actuelle des mères et la composition en acides gras polyinsaturés de leur lait. Les laits maternels du Sud de la France et de la région Nord/Ouest présentent un déséquilibre de la composition en défaveur des acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) n-3 du lait, notamment en acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA). Ceci est en relation avec une consommation faible en poissons et produits de la mer, ainsi qu’une consommation importante d’AGPI n-6. Une deuxième partie du travail a porté sur la relation entre certaines molécules bioactives du lait et le développement intestinal des nouveau-nés. Le protocole de prise en charge nutritionnelle des nouveau-nés prématurés conduit à l’administration d’une faible quantité de molécules bioactives (AGPI n-3, phospholipides et plasmalogènes, sCD14, sphingomyélinase acide) ne permettant pas de couvrir les besoins, notamment en DHA, et probablement pas d’assurer une santé intestinale optimale pendant les premières semaines de vie. Un délai nécessaire pour atteindre la maturité digestive plus court est associé à la consommation d’AGPI pendant les deux premières semaines de vie, et de phospholipides (sphingomyéline et plasmalogènes) à partir de la deuxième semaine de vie. La consommation de sCD14 chez les enfants ne consommant que du lait de don est inversement corrélée au délai de maturité digestive. Nous avons constaté que cette molécule influence la réponse inflammatoire de cellules intestinales fœtales à une stimulation bactérienne chronique.Nous avons aussi étudié certaines propriétés physico-chimiques de laits d’espèces animales potentiellement intéressantes pour l’amélioration de la qualité des substituts ou des suppléments de lait et il apparait que le lait de chamelle présente des teneurs en sphingomyéline et plasmalogènes comparables à celles du lait humain. L’utilisation des traitements technologiques, comme la pasteurisation et l’homogénéisation, altère les propriétés du lait au niveau des teneurs en molécules bioactives (sCD14, sphingomyélinase acide) ainsi qu’au niveau de la structure du globule lipidique.En conclusion, ce travail ouvre la voie à une réflexion sur la formulation de nouveaux substituts et de suppléments de lait maternel à élaborer pour une meilleure prise en charge des nouveau-nésHuman milk is considered as the gold standard to newborn development. However, in case of very preterm infants who have particularly high nutrients needs, it does not always provide optimal quantities of several bioactive molecules, due to composition or supply conditions.We investigated the relationship between current maternal nutrition and polyunsatured fatty acids (PUFA) composition of human milk. Human milk from mothers of South and North-West of France had imbalance PUFA composition to the detriment of n-3 PUFA, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This was linked to low consumption of fish and seafood products, and to an important n-6 PUFA intake.A second part of our work was focused on bioactive compounds of human milk and newborn intestinal development. Nutritional care of preterm infants leads to low intake of bioactive compounds (PUFA n-3, phospholipids and plasmalogens, sCD14, acid sphingomylinase), insufficient to cover the needs of HAD and to ensure optimal intestinal health during the first weeks of life. A shorter time to reach digestive maturity was associated with PUFA consumption during the first two weeks of life, and with phospholipids (sphingomyelin and plasmalogens) from the second week. sCD14 intake by preterm fed only with donor human milk was inversely correlated with digestive maturity time. This molecule influences the inflammatory response of fœtal intestinal cells to chronic bacterial stimulation.We had also investigated the physicochemical properties of milk from different animal species potentially interesting for improving infant formula or milk fortifier. Camel milk showed sphingomyelin and plasmalogen contents close to human milk. Technological treatments, such as pasteurisation or homogenisation, lead to alteration of milk properties, either in bioactive molecules content (sCD14, acid sphingomyelinase) or in fat globule structure.In conclusion, this work provides new possibilities for the conception of infant formula and fortifier to improve newborn care
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Andersson, Agneta. "Fatty Acid Composition in Skeletal Muscle : Influence of Physical Activity and Dietary Fat Quality." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2001. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5078-4/.
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