Relevant bibliographies by topics / Phosphine Complex

Academic literature on the topic 'Phosphine Complex'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Phosphine Complex"

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Jiao, Yunzhe, William W. Brennessel, and William D. Jones. "A tris(pyrazolyl)borate rhodium phosphite complex that undergoes an Arbusov-like rearrangement." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 69, no. 9 (August 3, 2013): 939–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270113015953.

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Tp′Rh[P(OMe)3](Me)H, loses methane in pentane solution containing CH2F2to give the scorpionate complex bis(μ-dimethyl phosphito)-κ2P:O;κ2O:P-bis{methyl[tris(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]rhodium(III)}, [Rh2(CH3)2(C2H6O3P)2(C15H22BN6)2], in which the phosphine O—Me bond is cleaved. The product is dimeric and resembles the Arbusov-type rearrangement product known to form from trimethyl phosphite.
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Zhang, Jie, Jiarui Chang, Ting Liu, Bula Cao, Yazhou Ding, and Xuenian Chen. "Application of POCOP Pincer Nickel Complexes to the Catalytic Hydroboration of Carbon Dioxide." Catalysts 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8110508.

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The reduction of CO2 is of great importance. In this paper, different types of bis(phosphinite) (POCOP) pincer nickel complexes, [2,6-(R2PO)2C6H3]NiX (R = tBu, iPr, Ph; X = SH, N3, NCS), were applied to the catalytic hydroboration of CO2 with catecholborane (HBcat). It was found that pincer complexes with tBu2P or iPr2P phosphine arms are active catalysts for this reaction in which CO2 was successfully reduced to a methanol derivative (CH3OBcat) with a maximum turnover frequency of 1908 h−1 at room temperature under an atmospheric pressure of CO2. However, complexes with phenyl-substituted phosphine arms failed to catalyze this reaction—the catalysts decomposed under the catalytic conditions. Complexes with iPr2P phosphine arms are more active catalysts compared with the corresponding complexes with tBu2P phosphine arms. For complexes with the same phosphine arms, the catalytic activity follows the series of mercapto complex (X = SH) ≈ azido complex (X = N3) >> isothiocyanato complex (X = NCS). It is believed that all of these catalytic active complexes are catalyst precursors which generate the nickel hydride complex [2,6-(R2PO)2C6H3]NiH in situ, and the nickel hydride complex is the active species to catalyze this reaction.
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Itazaki, Masumi, Shinya Katsube, Masahiro Kamitani, and Hiroshi Nakazawa. "Synthesis of vinylphosphines and unsymmetric diphosphines: iron-catalyzed selective hydrophosphination reaction of alkynes and vinylphosphines with secondary phosphines." Chemical Communications 52, no. 15 (2016): 3163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc10185a.

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Schaefer, W. P., D. K. Lyon, J. A. Labinger, and J. E. Bercaw. "A platinum chloro (fluoroaryl)phosphine complex." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 48, no. 9 (September 15, 1992): 1582–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270192001008.

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Almenara, N., J. I. Miranda, A. Rodríguez-Diéguez, M. A. Garralda, and M. A. Huertos. "A phosphine-stabilized silylene rhodium complex." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 46 (2019): 17179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt04071d.

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Lozano González, Mariana, Laura Bousquet, Sophie Hameury, Cecilio Alvarez Toledano, Nathalie Saffon-Merceron, Vicenç Branchadell, Eddy Maerten, and Antoine Baceiredo. "Phosphine/Sulfoxide-Supported Carbon(0) Complex." Chemistry - A European Journal 24, no. 11 (January 31, 2018): 2570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201705557.

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Duczmal, Wojciech, Bogdan Marciniec, and Elżbieta Śliwinska. "Substitution of phosphine in the complex [RhCl(cyclooctadiene)(phosphine)] by 1-hexene." Transition Metal Chemistry 14, no. 2 (April 1989): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01040601.

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ITO, Jun, Norio TERAMAE, Masahide NOJI, and Hiroki HARAGUCHI. "FT-Raman spectroscopy of platinum phosphine complex." Bunseki kagaku 41, no. 11 (1992): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.41.11_551.

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Laneman, Scott A. "ChemInform Abstract: The Ubiquitous Phosphine-Borane Complex." ChemInform 41, no. 24 (June 15, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201024251.

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Bradford, Arleen M., Michael C. Jennings, and Richard J. Puddephatt. "Fluxionality of phosphine and phosphite ligands on a coordinatively unsaturated platinum cluster complex." Organometallics 7, no. 3 (March 1988): 792–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om00093a042.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phosphine Complex"

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Larkin, Scott A. "Synthesis and Supermolecular Chemistry of Biphenylthioatogold(I)Phosphine Complexes." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/LarkinSA2007.pdf.

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Lugan, Noël. "Clusters du ruthenium a ligands assembleurs : stabilite, reactivite." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30156.

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Etude de la reactivite d'agregats derives de ru::(3)(co)::(12) stabilises par des coordinats polydentes phosphores et/ou azotes, en vue d'application en catalyse homogene. Les coordinats assembleurs sont appm et diphenylpyridylphosphine. On etudie egalement la reactivite des complexes a coordinats acyle ru::(3)(co)::(9)(c(o) (c::(6)h::(5))) (p(c::(6)h::(5)) (c::(5)h::(4)n))
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Sinha, Pankaj. "Phosphorescent Emissions of Coinage Metal-Phosphine Complexes: Theory and Photophysics." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12200/.

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The major topics discussed are all relevant to the bright phosphorescent emissions of coinage metal complexes (Cu(I), Ag(I) and Au(I)) with an explanation of the theoretical background, computational results and ongoing work on the application in materials and optoelectronic devices. Density functional computations have been performed on the majority of the discussed complexes and determined that the most significant distortion that occurs in Au(I)-phosphine complexes is a near and beyond a T-shape within the P-Au-P angle when the complexes are photoexcited to the lowest phosphorescent excited state. The large distortion is experimentally qualified with the large Stokes' shift that occurs between the excitation and emission spectra and can be as large as 18 000 cm-1 for the neutral Au(I) complexes. The excited state distortion has been thoroughly investigated and it is determined that not only is it pertinent to the efficient luminescence but also for the tunability in the emission. The factors that affect tunability have been determined to be electronics, sterics, rigidity of solution and temperature. The luminescent shifts determined from varying these parameters have been described systematically and have revealed emission colors that span the entire visible spectrum. These astounding features that have been discovered within studies of coinage metal phosphorescent complexes are an asset to applications ranging from materials development to electronics.
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Sinha, Pankaj Omary Mohammad A. "Phosphorescent emissions of coinage metal-phosphine complexes theory and photophysics /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12200.

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Ries, Michel. "Synthese et reactivite de clusters heterometalliques contenant le ligand assembleur ph : :(2)pch::(2)pph::(2)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13208.

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BLUM, THIERRY. "Synthese et reactivite de complexes heterometalliques a ligand (s) phosphure (s)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR13078.

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Delavaux, Béatrice. "Complexes heterobimetalliques hydrures (ru-m) (m=rh,ir,cu) a ligands bisdiphenylphosphinomethane : synthese et reactivite." Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30078.

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Synthese de complexes hydruro a coordinat dppm : ph::(2) pch::(2) pph::(2). L'etude de la reactivite de certains complexes comme rurhh::(2)cl(cod) (dppm)::(2), conduit a la preparation de nouveaux hydrures dont on etudie les structures
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Gomes, de Lima Bernardes Miriam. "Réactivité de complexes organométalliques mono- et dinucléaires : synthèse de thiolato-composés du molybdène, du tungstène et du cobalt : étude de la formation de liaisons c-c dans la sphère de coordination du métal." Brest, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BRES2008.

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Caracterisation des complexes ((c::(5)h::(5))(co)::(2) lwc(cf::(3)) = c(cf::(3))h) et (c::(5)h::(5))(co) lwc(o)c(cf::(3)) = c(cf::(3))h) (l=co,pr::(3),p(or)::(3)) synthese de complexes dinucleaires de mo et w. L'addition oxydante de dialkylsulfure a des derives biportes de mo(ii) et w(ii) a donne lieu a la formation de complexes thiolato triportes ((c::(5)h::(5))(co)m(mu -sr)::(3)m(co)(c::(5)h::(5)))tx**(-)
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Ratcliffe, Shane. "Cocrystals of urea, complex chemistry of thioureas with group 15 halides and halogen adducts of tertiary phosphine selenides." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.706079.

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Amawi, Rema Mouawya Klausmeyer Kevin Kenneth. "Synthesis and characterization of silver(I) salts with amino methyl pyridines containing phosphines novel complex formation upon ratio, anion, or ligand changes /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5180.

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Books on the topic "Phosphine Complex"

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Sellow, Khaled Ahmed F. Studies of the reactions of metal carbonyl complexes with phosphorus and nitrogen-containing ligands. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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Phosphorus: An outline of its chemistry, biochemistry, and technology. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1985.

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Corbridge, D. E. C. Phosphorus: An outline of its chemistry, biochemistry, and uses. 5th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995.

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Corbridge, D. E. C. Phosphorus: An outline of its chemistry, biochemistry, and technology. 4th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990.

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Phosphorus: An outline of its chemistry, biochemistry and technology. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific, 1985.

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Kunz, Roland W., and Paul S. Pregosin. 31P and 13C NMR of Transition Metal Phosphine Complexes. Springer, 2012.

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Kunz, Roland W., and Paul S. Pregosin. 31P and 13C N.M.R. of Transition Metal Phosphine Complexes. Springer, 2012.

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Murer, Heini, Jürg Biber, and Carsten A. Wagner. Phosphate homeostasis. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0025.

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Inorganic phosphate ions (H2PO4−/ HPO42−) (abbreviated as Pi) are involved in formation of bone and generation of high-energy bonds (e.g. ATP), metabolic pathways, and regulation of cellular functions. In addition, Pi is a component of biological membranes and nucleic acids. Only about 1% of total body Pi content is present in extracellular fluids, at a plasma concentration in adults within the range 0.8–1.4 mMol/L (at pH 7.4 mostly as HPO42−), with diurnal variations of approximately 0.2 mM. A small amount of plasma Pi is bound to proteins or forms complexes with calcium. Under normal, balanced conditions, absorption of dietary Pi along the small intestine equals the output of Pi via kidney and faeces. Renal excretion of Pi represents the key determinant for the adjustment of normal Pi plasma concentrations. Renal reabsorption of Pi occurs along the proximal tubules by sodium-dependent Pi cotransporters that are strictly localized at the apical brush border membrane. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and FGF23 are key regulators amongst a myriad of factors controlling excretion of Pi in urine, mostly by changes of the apical abundance of Na/Pi cotransporters. Hypophosphataemia may result in osteomalacia, rickets, muscle weakness, and haemolysis. Hyperphosphataemia can lead to hyperparathyroidism and severe calcifications in different tissues.
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Gu, Wei. The gene encoding imidazole acetol phosphate aminotransferase in Zymomonas mobilis: A member of a complex operon? 1993.

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Corbridge, D. E. C. Phosphorus: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology, Sixth Edition. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Phosphine Complex"

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Neyhart, Gregory A., Kevin Seward, and B. Patrick Sullivan. "A Rhenium(I) Dinitrogen Complex Containing a Tertiary Phosphine." In Inorganic Syntheses, 262–67. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132623.ch43.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of dirhenium(II) phosphine complex containing dioxygen ligand." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 17–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53971-2_3.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of manganese(II) chloro complex with triethyl-phosphine oxide." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 645. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54228-6_358.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of manganese(II) bromo complex with triethyl-phosphine oxide." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 646. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54228-6_359.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of manganese(II) iodo complex with triethyl-phosphine oxide." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 647. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54228-6_360.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of manganese(II) chloro complex with tripropyl-phosphine oxide." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 648. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54228-6_361.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of manganese(II) bromo complex with tripropyl-phosphine oxide." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 649. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54228-6_362.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of manganese(II) iodo complex with tripropyl-phosphine oxide." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 650. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54228-6_363.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of manganese(II) bromo complex with tributyl-phosphine oxide." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 651. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54228-6_364.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of manganese(II) iodo complex with tributyl-phosphine oxide." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 652. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54228-6_365.

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Conference papers on the topic "Phosphine Complex"

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Murtaza, Zakir, Henryk M. Malak, and Joseph R. Lakowicz. "DNA dynamics by using highly luminescent phosphine complex of osmium (II)." In BiOS '99 International Biomedical Optics Symposium, edited by Joseph R. Lakowicz, Steven A. Soper, and Richard B. Thompson. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.347550.

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Murata, Ken-ichiro, Rei Kurita, Hajime Tanaka, Michio Tokuyama, Irwin Oppenheim, and Hideya Nishiyama. "Dynamic Nature of the Liquid-Liquid Transition of Triphenyl Phosphite Studied by Simultaneous Measurements of Dielectric and Morphological Evolution." In COMPLEX SYSTEMS: 5th International Workshop on Complex Systems. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2897782.

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Bar Sadan, Maya. "Complex ternary phosphides as catalysts." In Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MAT-SUS). València: FUNDACIO DE LA COMUNITAT VALENCIANA SCITO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2022.006.

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Reigosa Chamorro, Francisco, Adolfo Fernández-Figueiras, Fátima Lucio, José Manuel Vila, María Teresa Pereira, Pablo Frieiro, and Paula Munín. "Reactivity of functionalized thiosemicarbazone complexes towards phosphines." In The 21st International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-21-04744.

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Babych, B., Y. Yakymenko, M. Rodionov, O. Machulianskyi, and V. Seker. "Infrared Spectra of Metal-Dielectric Nanostructured Phosphate Class Complexes." In 2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elnano.2019.8783693.

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Zahn, Jeffrey D., and Dorian Liepmann. "Complex Biological Fluid Flow Through Microfabricated Polysilicon Microneedles." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1158.

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Abstract Microneedles can be used for sample extraction or injection for biomedical applications. It is important to understand how complex biological fluids behave within the needles because non-newtonian effects are associated with fluid flow of concentrated biological solutions. Different concentrations of sheep blood diluted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were investigated in different planar needle geometries. Only slight shear thinning behavior was observed, and only slight changes in apparent viscosity were recorded even at higher hematocrit levels. This is hypothesized to be a result of the Fahraeus effect in which cells are excluded from the wall regions in small channels. Microneedles with complex features clogged easily whereas needles with larger hydraulic radii allowed higher concentrations of blood to flow through them. However, at higher hematocrit levels (>25%) even the lower resistance needle clogged. Further investigations are needed to correlate how geometry affects flow of complex cellular suspensions.
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Vranješ, Borjana, Branislava Mitrović, Velibor Andrić, Jelena Ajtić, and Mila Vranješ. "RADIOACTIVITY IN MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE AND COMPLETE FEED MIXTURES FOR PIGS." In RAD Conference. RAD Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21175/radproc.2017.25.

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Crosby, G. A., G. R. Gamble, and K. J. Jordan. "Electronic Excited States Of Copper(I) Substituted-1,10-Phenanthroline And Substituted-Phosphine Mixed-Ligand Complexes." In OE/LASE '89, edited by E. R. Menzel. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.951561.

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Bogojevic, Oliver, Carl Arevang, and Zheng Guo. "Synthesis of complex phospholipid species." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/rlyh7861.

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Phospholipids are essential for the preservation of life on the planet and carry numerous critical roles and functions, including being the main constituents of the cell-membranes in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, providing (more bioavailable) energy, and maintaining chemical and electrical processes in the body. The structural characteristics of phospholipids can vary greatly among species, however, commonly consist of a hydrophilic region (phosphate-containing head-group) and a hydrophobic region (fatty acids, €œtails€), providing the amphiphilic features and unique functions. The countless number of possible configurations enables the continuous synthesis of novel phospholipid species. The synthesis of specific phospholipids, so-called €œdesigner-phospholipids€, is commonly carried out through modifications of more common and easily accessible phospholipid species, catalyzed by the use of either non-specific chemical catalysts or specific enzymes. Enzymatic methods, being most prominent, are often using biphasic reaction systems, allowing for the easy reuse of enzymes and separation of polar compounds, offering more environmentally friendly approaches'. The synthesis of complex phospholipids such as cardiolipins (CLs) and bis(mono/di-acylglycero)phopshates (BMPs/BDPs) have significant value as they carry the unique ability to contain multiple fatty acids, which in turn can be linked to a range of positive health effects. The positive health effects of fish oils (EPA/DHA) are today a hot topic, which in combination with complex phospholipids present great potential for future applications. Additionally, new phospholipid species are continuously under development utilizing completely new synthetic systems with environmentally friendly approaches' in focus. Modern methods centralized on the combinatorial use of ionic liquids and enzymes for the production of novel phospholipids species reduce the use of organic solvents, allowing for the incorporation of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) into phospholipids. The science behind the synthesis of phospholipids is continuously developing for an increased amount of different applications.
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Paviet-Hartmann, Patricia, Amber Wright, Edward Mausolf, Keri Campbell, and Frederic Poineau. "Application of Formohydroxamic Acid in Nuclear Processing: Synthesis and Complexation With Technetium-99." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29028.

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Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) is an organic ligand planned for use in the Uranium Extraction (UREX) process. It reduces neptunium and plutonium, and the resultant hydrophilic complexes are separated from uranium by extraction with tributyl phosphate (TBP) in a hydrocarbon diluent. AHA undergoes hydrolysis to acetic acid which will impede the recycling of nitric acid. During recent discussions of the UREX process, it has been proposed to replace AHA by formohydroxamic acid (FHA). FHA will undergo hydrolysis to formic acid which is volatile, thus allowing the recycling of nitric acid. The reported reduction potentials of AHA and pertechnetate (TcO4−) indicated that it may be possible for AHA to reduce technetium, altering its fate in the fuel cycle. At UNLV, it has been demonstrated that TcO4− undergoes reductive nitrosylation by AHA under a variety of conditions. The resulting divalent technetium is complexed by AHA to form the pseudo-octahedral trans-aquonitrosyl (diacetohydroxamic)-technetium(II) complex ([TcII(NO)(AHA)2H2O]+). In this paper, we are reporting the synthesis of FHA and its complex formation with technetium along with the characterization of FHA crystals achieved by NMR and IR spectroscopy. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the complexation of FHA with Tc and the results were compared with previous data on AHA. The first experiment involved the elution of Tc from a Reillex HP anion exchange resin, and the second one monitored the complexation of technetium with FHA by UV-visible spectrophotometry.
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Reports on the topic "Phosphine Complex"

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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.
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2

Jander, Georg, and Daniel Chamovitz. Investigation of growth regulation by maize benzoxazinoid breakdown products. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600031.bard.

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Introduction Previous research had suggested that benzoxazinoids, a class of defensive metabolites found in maize, wheat, rye, and wild barley, are not only direct insect deterrents, but also influence other areas of plant metabolism. In particular, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxa- zin-3(4H)- one (DIMBOA) was implicated in: (i) altering plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling, and (ii) leading to the induction of gene expression changes and secondary plant defense responses. The overall goal of this proposal was to identify mechanisms by which benzoxazinoids influence other aspects of plant growth and defense. Specifically, the following hypotheses were proposed to be tested as part of an approved BARD proposal: Benzoxazinoid breakdown products directly interfere with auxin perception Global changes in maize and barley gene expression are induced by benzoxazinoid activation. There is natural variation in the maize photomorphogenic response to benzoxazinoids. Although the initial proposal included experiments with both maize and barley, there were some technical difficulties with the proposed transgenic barley experiments and most of the experimental results were generated with maize. Summary of major findings Previous research by other labs, involving both maize and other plant species, had suggested that DIMBOA alters plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling. However, experiments conducted in both the Chamovitz and the Jander labs using Arabidopsis and maize, respectively, were unable to confirm previously published reports of exogenously added DIMBOA effects on auxin signaling. Nevertheless, analysis of bx1 and bx2 maize mutant lines, which have almost no detectable benzoxazinoids, showed altered responses to blue light signaling. Transcriptomic analysis of maize mutant lines, variation in inbred lines, and responses to exogenously added DIMBOA showed alteration in the transcription of a blue light receptor, which is required for plant growth responses. This finding provides a novel mechanistic explanation of the trade-off between growth and defense that is often observed in plants. Experiments by the Jander lab and others had demonstrated that DIMBOA not only has direct toxicity against insect pests and microbial pathogens, but also induces the formation of callose in both maize and wheat. In the current project, non-targeted metabolomic assays of wildtype maize and mutants with defects in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis were used to identify unrelated metabolites that are regulated in a benzoxazinoid-dependent manner. Further investigation identified a subset of these DIMBOA-responsive compounds as catechol, as well as its glycosylated and acetylated derivatives. Analysis of co-expression data identified indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) as a possible regulator of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in maize. In the current project, enzymatic activity of three predicted maize IGPS genes was confirmed by heterologous expression. Transposon knockout mutations confirmed the function of the maize genes in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Sub-cellular localization studies showed that the three maize IGPS proteins are co-localized in the plastids, together with BX1 and BX2, two previously known enzymes of the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Implications Benzoxazinoids are among the most abundant and effective defensive metabolites in maize, wheat, and rye. Although there is considerable with-in species variation in benzoxazinoid content, very little is known about the regulation of this variation and the specific effects on plant growth and defense. The results of this research provide further insight into the complex functions of maize benzoxazinoids, which are not only toxic to pests and pathogens, but also regulate plant growth and other defense responses. Knowledge gained through the current project will make it possible to engineer benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in a more targeted manner to produce pest-tolerant crops without negative effects on growth and yield.
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3

Granot, David, Richard Amasino, and Avner Silber. Mutual effects of hexose phosphorylation enzymes and phosphorous on plant development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587223.bard.

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Research objectives 1) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in tomato and Arabidopsis plants 2) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in pho1 and pho2 Arabidopsis mutants 3) Clone and analyze the PHO2 gene 4) Select Arabidopsis mutants resistant to high and low P 5) Analyze the Arabidopsis mutants and clone the corresponding genes 6) Survey wild tomato species for growth characteristics at various P levels Background to the topic Hexose phosphorylating enzymes, the first enzymes of sugar metabolism, regulate key processes in plants such as photosynthesis, growth, senescence and vascular transport. We have previously discovered that hexose phosphorylating enzymes might regulate these processes as a function of phosphorous (P) concentration, and might accelerate acquisition of P, one of the most limiting nutrients in the soil. These discoveries have opened new avenues to gain fundamental knowledge about the relationship between P, sugar phosphorylation and plant development. Since both hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P levels affect plant development, their interaction is of major importance for agriculture. Due to the acceleration of senescence caused by the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P concentration, traits affecting P uptake may have been lost in the course of cultivation in which fertilization with relatively high P (30 mg/L) are commonly used. We therefore intended to survey wild tomato species for high P-acquisition at low P soil levels. Genetic resources with high P-acquisition will serve not only to generate a segregating population to map the trait and clone the gene, but will also provide a means to follow the trait in classical breeding programs. This approach could potentially be applicable for other crops as well. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements Our results confirm the mutual effect of hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P level on plant development. Two major aspects of this mutual effect arose. One is related to P toxicity in which HXK seems to play a major role, and the second is related to the effect of HXK on P concentration in the plant. Using tomato plants we demonstrated that high HXK activity increased leaf P concentration, and induced P toxicity when leaf P concentration increases above a certain high level. These results further support our prediction that the desired trait of high-P acquisition might have been lost in the course of cultivation and might exist in wild species. Indeed, in a survey of wild species we identified tomato species that acquired P and performed better at low P (in the irrigation water) compared to the cultivated Lycopersicon esculentum species. The connection between hexose phosphorylation and P toxicity has also been shown with the P sensitive species VerticordiaplumosaL . in which P toxicity is manifested by accelerated senescence (Silber et al., 2003). In a previous work we uncovered the phenomenon of sugar induced cell death (SICD) in yeast cells. Subsequently we showed that SICD is dependent on the rate of hexose phosphorylation as determined by Arabidopsis thaliana hexokinase. In this study we have shown that hexokinase dependent SICD has many characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD) (Granot et al., 2003). High hexokinase activity accelerates senescence (a PCD process) of tomato plants, which is further enhanced by high P. Hence, hexokinase mediated PCD might be a general phenomena. Botrytis cinerea is a non-specific, necrotrophic pathogen that attacks many plant species, including tomato. Senescing leaves are particularly susceptible to B. cinerea infection and delaying leaf senescence might reduce this susceptibility. It has been suggested that B. cinerea’s mode of action may be based on induction of precocious senescence. Using tomato plants developed in the course of the preceding BARD grant (IS 2894-97) and characterized throughout this research (Swartzberg et al., 2006), we have shown that B. cinerea indeed induces senescence and is inhibited by autoregulated production of cytokinin (Swartzberg et al., submitted). To further determine how hexokinase mediates sugar effects we have analyzed tomato plants that express Arabidopsis HXK1 (AtHXK1) grown at different P levels in the irrigation water. We found that Arabidopsis hexokinase mediates sugar signalling in tomato plants independently of hexose phosphate (Kandel-Kfir et al., submitted). To study which hexokinase is involved in sugar sensing we searched and identified two additional HXK genes in tomato plants (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006). Tomato plants have two different hexose phosphorylating enzymes; hexokinases (HXKs) that can phosphorylate either glucose or fructose, and fructokinases (FRKs) that specifically phosphorylate fructose. To complete the search for genes encoding hexose phosphorylating enzymes we identified a forth fructokinase gene (FRK) (German et al., 2004). The intracellular localization of the four tomato HXK and four FRK enzymes has been determined using GFP fusion analysis in tobacco protoplasts (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006; Hilla-Weissler et al., 2006). One of the HXK isozymes and one of the FRK isozymes are located within plastids. The other three HXK isozymes are associated with the mitochondria while the other three FRK isozymes are dispersed in the cytosol. We concluded that HXK and FRK are spatially separated in plant cytoplasm and accordingly might play different metabolic and perhaps signalling roles. We have started to analyze the role of the various HXK and FRK genes in plant development. So far we found that LeFRK2 is required for xylem development (German et al., 2003). Irrigation with different P levels had no effect on the phenotype of LeFRK2 antisense plants. In the course of this research we developed a rapid method for the analysis of zygosity in transgenic plants (German et al., 2003).
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