Academic literature on the topic 'Phonon squeezé'

An electron related squeezed phonon transformation is employed to investigate the ground state properties of the strongly coupled electron–phonon system in one dimension. It has been shown that the binding energy of the polaron and the interaction between the polarons are renormalized together with the energy reducement of the electron subsystem resulted from the squeeze state of the phonon subsystem. Some relevance with the earlier variational treatments has been discussed as well.

Changes in the physical properties such as the ground state properties, charge density wave ordering, binding energy and energy bandwidth of polaron and quantum fluctuation, and minimum uncertainty relation of phonons and nonadiabatically coupled electron–phonon systems with spin-1/2 have been investigated by our new state ansatz which can account for correlation among the phononic displacement, squeezing and polaron effects using variational method in one-dimensional Holstein model. The investigation here shows that the squeezing–antisqueezing effect (correlated) results in a decrease of the ground state energy, an increase of the binding energy of polarons, the reduction of the uncertainty and quantum fluctuation of the phonons, a decrease of polaron narrowing of electron bandwidth, an increase of tunneling effect of the polarons and an increase of CDW ordering and phonon staggered ordering when compared with the uncorrelated case. Therefore, this shows that the ground state determined by the new state ansatz is the most stable. The new ansatz which include the squeezing–antisqueezing (correlated) effect is very relevant for the coupled electron–phonon systems, especially in strongly coupled and highly squeezed cases.

In the Schrödinger picture, we find explicit solutions for two models of degenerate parametric oscillators in the case of multi-parameter squeezed input photons. The corresponding photon statistics and Wigner's function are also derived in coordinate representation. Their time evolution is investigated in detail. The unitary transformation and an extension of the squeeze/evolution operator are briefly discussed.

The molecular crystal model of electrons coupled to Einstein phonons is studied as a function of the two parameters: the coupling constant A and the ratio of the electron-phonon coupling energy to the phonon energy, denoted by α. Both the one-electron and the many-electron models are studied, starting (for the former) from the adiabatic limit and (for the latter) from the anti-adiabatic one. In the “multiphonon” regime α>1, the sharp crossover between quasi-free electrons (λ≪1) and small polarons (λ≫1) is investigated, emphasizing the anomalous lattice fluctuations which occur in the intermediate regime (λ≈1). These fluctuations are due to the band motion of the electrons strongly coupled to the lattice and are shown in turn to weaken the electron mass renormalization inherent to self-trapping. In a relevant part of the intermediate region the effective electron mass slowly increases with λ, due to a competition between the phonon dressing effect and the reduction of lattice momentum fluctuations. This reduction is reminiscent of squeezing phenomena occurring in quantum optics. In a gaussian approximation squeezed phonon states imply a dynamical phonon softening.

The single-electron energy and static charge-lattice deformation correlations have been calculated for the first excited state of a two-site Holstein model within perturbative expansions using different standard phonon bases obtained through Lang–Firsov (LF) transformation, LF with squeezed phonon states, modified LF, modified LF transformation with squeezed phonon states, and also within weak-coupling perturbation approach. Comparisons of the convergence of the perturbative expansions for different phonon bases reveal that modified LF approach works much better than other approaches for major range of the coupling strength.

Some of the properties of nonlinear squeezed vacuum states associated with trapped ions are considered, especially the photon number distribution, the phase properties, the Husimi–Kano Q function and the Wigner–Moyal W function of these nonlinear squeezed vacuum states. The structure of these functions is shown to depend on the nonlinearity parameter, its functional dependence and the squeezing parameter. It is shown that increasing the nonlinearity parameter results in the photon number distribution being squeezed independent.

L'étude de la dynamique hors équilibre des systèmes fortement corrélés, à l'aide de laser femtoseconde, a révélé une variété de phénomènes sans analogue en physique d'équilibre. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions théoriquement la dynamique hors équilibre des degrés de liberté du réseau et leur signature en spectroscopie pompe-sonde. Nous développons une description microscopique des phonons cohérents displacive excité par le laser. La théorie capture la rétroaction de l'excitation des phonons sur le fluide électronique, qui manque dans la formulation phénoménologique actuelle. Nous montrons que cette rétroaction conduit à une oscillation avec une fréquence qui dépend du temps aux temps courts, même si le mouvement des phonons est harmonique. Pour les temps longs, cette rétroaction apparaît comme une phase résiduelle dans le signal oscillatoire. Nous appliquons la théorie au BaFe2As2, nous expliquons l'origine de la phase du signal oscillatoire rapporté dans des expériences récentes, et nous prédisons que le système oscille avec une fréquence décalé vers le rouge pour les grandes fluences. Notre théorie ouvre également la possibilité d'extraire des informations d'équilibre à partir la dynamique des phonons cohérents. Un autre phénomène intéressant qui a été observé en spectroscopie pompe-sonde est l'oscillation des fluctuations du réseau au double de la fréquence d’un phonon du système étudié. Ces oscillations sont interprétées comme une signature d'états de phonons squeezé macroscopique. Dans ce travail, nous identifions d'autres mécanismes d'oscillations à une fréquence double autre que le squeezing. Nous montrons qu'un quench de la température du bain thermique induite par la pompe, à laquelle le phonon est couplé, ou l'excitation d'un phonon cohérent pour lequel l'anharmonicité cubique est permise par symétrie peut également produire de telles oscillations en spectroscopie sans que le phonon soit dans un état squeezé. Nous concluons que, contrairement à ce qui est communément admis, les oscillations à double fréquence phononique en spectroscopie de bruit ne sont pas nécessairement une signature des phonons squeezés. Nous soulignons ce qui peut être un critère fiable pour identifier un phonon squeezé en utilisant la spectroscopie pompe-sonde
The study of the out of equilibrium dynamics of strongly correlated systems, using ultrafast pulses, uncovered a plethora of phenomena with no analog in equilibrium physics. In this thesis, we theoretically investigate the out of equilibrium dynamics of the lattice degrees of freedom and their signature in pump-probe spectroscopy. We develop a Hamiltonian-based microscopic description of laser pump induced displacive coherent phonons. The theory captures the feedback of the phonon excitation upon the electronic fluid, which is missing in the state-of-the-art phenomenological formulation. We show that this feedback leads to chirping at short timescales, even if the phonon motion is harmonic. At long times, this feedback appears as a finite phase in the oscillatory signal. We apply the theory to BaFe2As2, explain the origin of the phase in the oscillatory signal reported in recent experiments, and we predict that the system will exhibit redshifted chirping at larger fluence. Our theory also opens the possibility to extract equilibrium information from coherent phonon dynamics. Another interesting phenomenon that have been reported in pump-probe spectroscopy is the oscillation of the lattice fluctuations at double phonon frequency. These oscillations are invariably interpreted as a signature of macroscopic squeezed phonon states. In this work, we identify other mechanisms of double phonon frequency oscillations that do not involve squeezing. We show that a pump induced temperature quench of the bath, to which the phonon is coupled to, or exciting a coherent phonon for which cubic anharmonicity is allowed by symmetry can also produce such oscillations in noise spectroscopy without squeezing the phonon state. We conclude that, in contrast with what is commonly believed, double phonon frequency oscillations in noise spectroscopy are not necessarily a signature of macroscopic phonon squeezing. We point out what can be a reliable criterion to identify a squeezed phonon using pump-probe spectroscopy

In this work, we theoretically and numerically investigate nonclassical phonon states created in the collective vibration of a Raman medium by the generation of a dual-pumped Raman optical frequency comb in an optical cavity. This frequency comb is generated by cascaded Raman scattering driven by two phase-locked pump lasers that are separated in frequency by three times the Raman phonon frequency. We characterize the variety of conditioned phonon states that are created when the number of photons in all optical frequency modes except the pump modes are measured. Almost all of these conditioned phonon states are extremely well approximated as three-phonon-squeezed states or Schrödinger-cat states, depending on the outcomes of the photon number measurements. We show how the combinations of first-, second-, and third-order Raman scattering that correspond to each set of measured photon numbers determine the fidelity of the conditioned phonon state with model three-phonon-squeezed states and Schrödinger-cat states. All of the conditioned phonon states demonstrate preferential growth of the phonon mode along three directions in phase space. That is, there are three preferred phase values that the phonon state takes on as a result of Raman scattering. We show that the combination of Raman processes that produces a given set of measured photon numbers always produces phonons in multiples of three. In the quantum number-state representation, these multiples of three are responsible for the threefold phase-space symmetry seen in the conditioned phonon states. With a semiclassical model, we show how this three-phase preference can also be understood in light of phase correlations that are known to spontaneously arise in single-pumped Raman frequency combs. Additionally, our semiclassical model predicts that the optical modes also grow preferentially along three phases, suggesting that the dual-pumped Raman optical frequency comb is partially phase-stabilized.

Le déploiement de réseaux de communication quantique représente un défi auquel cette thèse apporte des solutions originales. Deux dispositifs très performants sont construits uniquement autour de composants standards de l'optique intégrée et des télécommunications optiques. Le premier correspond à un schéma de synchronisation tout optique sur longue distance à très haute cadence et de précision inégalée pour la communication sécurisée par cryptographie quantique. Le montage expérimental repose sur une configuration de relais quantique mettant en œuvre deux sources indépendantes de paires de photons intriqués dont il faut synchroniser les temps d'émissions. L’idée principale s’appuie sur l’utilisation d’un unique laser télécom picoseconde cadencé à 2.5 GHz afin de générer l’horloge et de pouvoir la distribuer efficacement aux deux sources. Nous démontrons la synchronisation de notre lien relais pour une distance effective séparant les sources de plus de 100 km. Le second dispositif correspond quant à lui à la réalisation d'une expérience de compression à une longueur d'onde des télécommunications réalisée, pour la première fois, de manière entièrement guidée. La lumière comprimée étant une ressource fondamentale dans bon nombre de protocoles d'information quantique, la réalisation de systèmes expérimentaux facilement reconfigurables et compatibles avec les réseaux télécoms fibrés existants représente une étape cruciale en vue du déploiement de dispositifs de communication quantique en régime de variables continues. Enfin, un traitement quantique des effets de gigue temporelle dans les détecteurs de photons 0N/0FF est proposé. Malgré l'importance des systèmes de détection dans les technologies quantiques photoniques émergentes, aucune modélisation quantique de leurs effets de gigue temporelle n'avait été, à notre connaissance, développé jusqu'à présent
This thesis presents solutions to the challenges of developing quantum communication networks. Two powerful experimental devices have been set up relying only on standard telecom and integrated optical components. The first device corresponds to an all-optical synchronization scheme allowing, with an unprecedented accuracy, quantum key distribution at a high rate over long distances. The experimental scheme relies on two independent entangled photon pair sources that have to be synchronized in their emission time. Our approach is based on using a 2.5 GHz picosecond telecom laser as a master clock to efficiently synchronize the different sources. We demonstrate the synchronization for an effective distance of 100 km between sources. With our second device, we perform a squeezing experiment at telecom wavelengths and this for the first time in a fully guided-wave approach. Squeezed light being a fundamental resource for several quantum information protocols, developing plug-and-play experimental devices that are compatible with already existing telecom fiber networks is of first interest in the perspective of future quantum networks. Finally, we propose a quantum description of timing jitter effects in 0N/0FF detectors. Despite the importance of detection systems in emerging photonic quantum technologies, no quantum description of their timing jitter effects has been proposed so far

Cette thèse étudie l’optique quantique multimode, aussi bien du point de vue de la génération que celui de la détection. Elle s’articule autour de trois volets. Nous étudions la génération de lumière comprimée multimode dans une cavité. Pour cela nous considérons la forme la plus générale de hamiltonien quadratique, permettant entre autres de décrire l’utilisation de plusieurs pompes dans un matériau effectuant du mélange à quatre ondes. Une approche combinant fonctions de Green et décompositions de matrices symplectiques est décrite. Cette théorie générique est appliquée à des cas particuliers. Dans un premier temps, des exemples en basse dimension sont donnés. Ensuite, une configuration d’oscillateur paramétrique optique pompé de manière synchrone (SPOPO) est décrite et étudiée ; les résultats obtenus montrent que ce système a un comportement très différent de celui du SPOPO utilisant une non-linéarité d’ordre 2. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie à la réalisation de peignes de fréquences quantiques avec des micro-résonateurs en anneau gravés sur silicium. Un autre problème examiné est celui de prendre en compte l’information temporelle obtenue lors du clic d’un détecteur de photon unique. Pour cela nous utilisons un formalisme multimodal temporel afin d’expliciter les opérateurs décrivant la mesure. Les principaux défauts des détecteurs réels, dont la gigue temporelle, l’efficacité finie et les coups d’obscurité sont pris en compte. L’utilisation des opérateurs est illustrée par la description d’expériences usuelles de l’optique quantique. Enfin, on montre que la lecture du temps de clic du détecteur permet d’améliorer la qualité de l’état généré par une source de photons annoncés. En troisième partie nous présentons un schéma de génération d’intrication hybride entre variables continues et discrètes, pour laquelle la partie discrète est encodée temporellement. Ce schéma est analysé en détail vis-à-vis de sa résistance aux imperfections expérimentales
This thesis studies multimode quantum optics, from generation to detection of light. It focuses on three main parts. Multimode squeezed states generation within cavity is studied. More specifically, we take into account general quadratic Hamiltonian, which allows describing experiments involving arbitrary number of modes and pumps within a medium performing four-wave mixing. We describe a generic approach combining Green functions and symplectic matrix decomposition. This general theory is illustrated on specific cases. First, low-dimensional examples are given. Then, a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator (SPOPO) is described and studied; it shows a very distinct behavior from that of the SPOPO using second order non-linearity. This work opens way to the realization of quantum frequency combs with ring micro-resonators engraved on silicon. Single-photon detectors are described taking into account temporal degrees of freedom. We give positive-valued measurement operators describing such detectors including realistic imperfections such as timing-jitter, finite efficiency and dark counts. Use of those operators is illustrated on common quantum optics experiments. Finally, we show how time-resolved measurement allows improving the quality of state generated by single-photon heralded source. In the third part we propose a protocol for generating a hybrid state entangling continuous and discrete variables parts, for which the discrete part is time-bin encoded. This scheme is aanalysed in detail with respect to its resilience to experimental imperfections

The primary study of this thesis is spin-nematic squeezing in a spin-1 condensate. The measurement of spin-nematic squeezing builds on the success of previous experiments of spin-mixing together with advances in low noise atom counting. The major contributions of this thesis are linking theoretical models to experimental results and the development of the intuition and tools to address the squeezed subspaces. Understanding how spin-nematic squeezing is generated and how to measure it has required a review of several theoretical models of spin-mixing as well as extending these existing models. This extension reveals that the squeezing is between quadratures of a spin moment and a nematic (quadrapole) moment in abstract subspaces of the SU(3) symmetry group of the spin-1 system. The identification of the subspaces within the SU(3) symmetry allowed the development of techniques using RF and microwave oscillating magnetic fields to manipulate the phase space in order to measure the spin-nematic squeezing. Spin-mixing from a classically meta-stable state, the phase space manipulation, and low noise atom counting form the core of the experiment to measure spin-nematic squeezing. Spin-nematic squeezing is also compared to its quantum optics analogue, two-mode squeezing generated by four-wave mixing. The other experimental study in this thesis is performing spin-dependent photo-association spectroscopy. Spin-mixing is known to depend on the difference of the strengths of the scattering channels of the atoms. Optical Feshbach resonances have been shown to be able to alter these scattering lengths but with prohibitive losses of atoms near the resonance. The possibility of using multiple nearby resonances from different scattering channels has been proposed to overcome this limitation. However there was no spectroscopy in the literature which analyzes for the different scattering channels of atoms for the same initial states. Through analysis of the initial atomic states, this thesis studies how the spin state of the atoms affects what photo-association resonances are available to the colliding atoms based on their scattering channel and how this affects the optical Feshbach resonances. From this analysis a prediction is made for the extent of alteration of spin-mixing achievable as well as the impact on the atom loss rate.

The quantum properties of matter waves, in particular quantum correlations and entanglement are an important frontier in atom optics with applications in quantum metrology and quantum information. In this thesis, we report the first observation of sub-Poissonian fluctuations in the magnetization of a spinor 87Rb condensate. The fluctuations in the magnetization are reduced up to 10 dB below the classical shot noise limit. This relative number squeezing is indicative of the predicted pair-correlations in a spinor condensate and lay the foundation for future experiments involving spin-squeezing and entanglement measurements. We have investigated the limits of the imaging techniques used in our lab, absorption and fluorescence imaging, and have developed the capability to measure atoms numbers with an uncertainly < 10 atoms. Condensates as small as ≈ 10 atoms were imaged and the measured fluctuations agree well with the theoretical predictions. Furthermore, we implement a reliable calibration method of our imaging system based on quantum projection noise measurements. We have resolved the individual lattice sites of a standing-wave potential created by a CO2 laser, which has a lattice spacing of 5.3 µm. Using microwaves, we site-selectively address and manipulate the condensate and therefore demonstrate the ability to perturb the lattice condensate of a local level. Interference between condensates in adjacent lattice sites and lattice sites separated by a lattice site are observed.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.