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Journal articles on the topic 'Phonology; Tone languages'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Zhang, Hang. "Dissimilation in the second language acquisition of Mandarin Chinese tones." Second Language Research 32, no. 3 (2016): 427–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658316644293.

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This article extends Optimality Theoretic studies to the research on second language tone phonology. Specifically, this work analyses the acquisition of identical tone sequences in Mandarin Chinese by adult speakers of three non-tonal languages: English, Japanese and Korean. This study finds that the learners prefer not to use identical lexical tones on adjacent syllables, especially the contour tone sequences. It is argued that the Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) was playing a role in shaping the second language Chinese tonal phonology even though it was not learned from these speakers’ na

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2

Schuh, Russell G. "Aspects of Avatime phonology." Studies in African Linguistics 24, no. 1 (1995): 32–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v24i1.107410.

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Avatime is one of 14 Central-Togo languages (formerly known as "Togo Remnant Languages") spoken in the Volta Region of Ghana and contiguous areas of Togo. The most striking typological feature of these languages compared to their closest Kwa relatives is the fact that they have active noun class systems. The present paper is a description of Avatime phonology, with emphasis on certain features which have been poorly described and/or are of general linguistic interest. Within the consonant system, Avatime has bilabial fricatives and a full series of labiovelar obstruents, including fricatives.

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Lee, Jackson L. "The Representation of Contour Tones in Cantonese." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 38 (September 25, 2012): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v38i0.3335.

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<p>A central question in tonal phonology is the representation of tone. One of the focal points is the representation of contour tones, especially since Goldsmith (1976) and subsequent works have analyzed contour tones in Bantu languages as sequences of level tones. Cross-linguistically, it is generally well-recognized, following Yip’s (1989) terminology, that contour tones in African languages are typically clusters, which are sequences of level tones and consist of multiple tonal root nodes, and that contour tones in Asian languages are typically tone units, which have only one tonal r

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Gut, Ulrike. "Nigerian English prosody." English World-Wide 26, no. 2 (2005): 153–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.26.2.03gut.

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Nigerian English (NigE) prosody has often been described as strikingly different from Standard English varieties such as British English (BrE) and American English. One possible source for this is the influence of the indigenous tone languages of Nigeria on NigE. This paper investigates the effects of the language contact between the structurally diverse prosodic systems of English and the three major Nigerian languages. Reading passage style and semi-spontaneous speech by speakers of NigE, BrE, Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba were analysed acoustically in terms of speech rhythm, syllable structure and

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5

So, Lydia K. H., and Barbara J. Dodd. "The acquisition of phonology by Cantonese-speaking children." Journal of Child Language 22, no. 3 (1995): 473–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900009922.

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ABSTRACTLittle is known about the acquisition of phonology by children learning Cantonese as their first language. This paper describes the phoneme repertoires and phonological error patterns used by 268 Cantonese-speaking children aged 2;0 to 6;0, as well as a longitudinal study of tone acquisition by four children aged 1;2 to 2;0. Children had mastered the contrastive use of tones and vowels by two years. While the order of acquisition of consonants was similar to that reported for English, the rate of acquisition was more rapid. The developmental error patterns used by more than 10% of chil

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6

Roberts, David, and Stephen L. Walter. "Writing grammar rather than tone." Units of Language – Units of Writing 15, no. 2 (2012): 226–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.15.2.06rob.

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Some orthographies represent tone phonemically by means of diacritics; others favor zero marking. Neither solution is entirely satisfactory. The former leads to graphic overload; the latter to a profusion of homographs; both may reduce fluency. But there is a ‘third way’: to highlight the grammar rather than the tone system itself. To test this approach, we developed two experimental strategies for Kabiye: a grammar orthography and a tone orthography. Both are modifications of the standard orthography that does not mark tone. We tested these in a quantitative experiment involving literate L1 s

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Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages." Diachronica 28, no. 4 (2011): 468–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac.

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Naxi, Na and Laze are three languages whose position within Sino-Tibetan is controversial. We propose that they are descended from a common ancestor (‘Proto-Naish’). Unlike conservative languages of the family, such as Rgyalrong and Tibetan, which have consonant clusters and final consonants, Naxi, Na and Laze share a simple syllabic structure (consonant+glide+vowel+tone) due to phonological erosion. This raises the issue of how the regular phonological correspondences between these three languages should be interpreted, and what phonological structure should be reconstructed for Proto-Naish.

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8

Zwicky, Arnold M., Ellen M. Kaisse, Larry M. Hyman, Francis Katamba, and Livingstone Walusimbi. "Luganda and the strict layer hypothesis." Phonology Yearbook 4, no. 1 (1987): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700000786.

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The ability of a language's syntax to determine the applicationvs. non-application of postlexical phonological rules has by now been firmly established in a number of languages. Such rules, which apply above the word level, have come especially from the prosodic aspects of phonological structure, e.g. effects of syllabification, stress-accent, duration and tone. Much of the interest in this syntax-phonology interaction has centred around two general questions: (i) which specific properties of the syntax are available to affect the application of phonological rules?; (ii) how should these synta

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9

Odden, David. "Tone in the Makonde dialects Chimaraba." Studies in African Linguistics 21, no. 1 (1990): 62–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v21i1.107439.

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This study presents data and an analysis of tone in the Chimaraba dialects of Makonde. It is shown that, as in many Bantu languages of Southern Tanzanian, verbs in Makonde have no lexical tone properties. Verb stems all select a single H tone, which is then mapped to some stem vowel, or is deleted, depending on the tense of the verb. Theoretical issues arise in the course of the investigation. The question of adjacency constraints in phonology is raised: Meeussen's Rule in Makonde requires that the involved tones be in adjacent syllables, although they need not be on adjacent morae. We also fi

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10

Bird, Steven. "Strategies for Representing Tone in African Writing Systems." Written Language and Literacy 2, no. 1 (1999): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.2.1.02bir.

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Tone languages provide some interesting challenges for the designers of new orthographies. One approach is to omit tone marks, just as stress is not marked in English (zero marking). Another approach is to do phonemic tone analysis, and then make heavy use of diacritic symbols to distinguish the "tonemes" (shallow marking). While orthographies based on either system have been successful, this may be thanks to our ability to manage inadequate orthographies, rather than to any intrinsic advantage which is afforded by one or the other approach. In many cases, practical experience with both kinds

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11

Cheng, Lisa, and Nancy C. Kula. "Syntactic and phonological phrasing in Bemba relatives." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43 (January 1, 2006): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.43.2006.284.

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Tone as a distinctive feature used to differentiate not only words but also clause types, is a characteristic feature of Bantu languages. In this paper we show that Bemba relatives can be marked with a low tone in place of a segmental relative marker. This low tone strategy of relativization, which imposes a restrictive reading of relatives, manifests a specific phonological phrasing that can be differentiated from that of non-restrictives. The paper shows that the resultant phonological phrasing favours a head-raising analysis of relativization. In this sense, phonology can be shown to inform

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ENFIELD, N. J., Gérard DIFFLOTH, N. J. ENFIELD, and Gérard DIFFLOTH. "Phonology and sketch grammar of Kri, a Vietic language of Laos." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 38, no. 1 (2009): v—69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1960602809x00063.

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This article presents a first sketch of Kri, a Vietic (Austroasiatic) language spoken in upland Laos. This previously undescribed language is of special interest not only in so far as it adds to the typological sample of the world's languages, but also in so far as its complex phonological system adds to our understanding of the historical development of Vietic and Austroasiatic, and more generally to the process of tonogenesis. Kri syllables are defined both in terms of segments and segmental slots, as well as in terms of register ('heavy' versus 'light') and what we call 'terminance' (voiced

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13

Ham, William H. "Tone Sandhi in Saramaccan." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 14, no. 1 (1999): 45–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.14.1.03ham.

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This paper examines high tone sandhi in Saramaccan, an Atlantic creole spoken in the Surinamese interior, as described by Voorhoeve (1961) and Rountree (1972a). In particular, a comparison is drawn with a similar tonal phenomenon in the Anlo dialect of Ewe (Ghana: Western Gbe) as reported by Clements (1978). Tone sandhi domains in both languages are argued to be delineated by the left edges of maximal projection edges in the syntax. Cross-linguistic work on edge-based mapping relations between syntax and phonology (e.g., Clements, 1978; Selkirk, 1986; Chen, 1987; Odden, 1987) has shown that th

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McWhorter, John. "Tying up loose ends." Diachronica 28, no. 1 (2011): 82–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.28.1.04mcw.

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Since the introduction of the Creole Prototype hypothesis in 1998, much of the controversy it has occasioned has centered on a question as to whether it is scientifically appropriate to reconstruct creoles as born as pidgins, rather than as results of only moderately transformational second-language acquisition or as simply mixtures of ‘features’ from assorted languages coming together. This paper first outlines traits in creoles that reveal their origin in pidgins. Then, the paper refines the characterization of the Creole Prototype’s three features, regarding inflectional morphology, tone, a

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15

Lin, Yen-Hwei. "San Duanmu (2000). The phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xv+300." Phonology 18, no. 3 (2001): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675701004195.

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This new addition to the series on the phonology of the world's languages edited by Jacques Durand is the most comprehensive study of the synchronic phonology of Standard Chinese (or Standard Mandarin) since the publication of Cheng's (1973) monograph. Duanmu provides a detailed description of the phonological facts in Standard Chinese (henceforth SC), some of which are new or little studied before, offers new perspectives on old problems and proposes a theoretical analysis of these facts in current frameworks such as feature geometry, metrical phonology and Optimality Theory. The main innovat

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16

Dodd, Barbara J., and Lydia K. H. So. "The Phonological Abilities of Cantonese-Speaking Children With Hearing Loss." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 37, no. 3 (1994): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3703.671.

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Little is known about the acquisition of phonology by children with hearing loss who learn languages other than English. In this study, the phonological abilities of 12 Cantonese-speaking children (ages 4:2 to 6:11) with prelingual hearing impairment are described. All but 3 children had almost complete syllable-initial consonant repertoires; all but 2 had complete syllable-final consonant and vowel repertoires; and only 1 child failed to produce all nine tones. Children’s perception of single words was assessed using sets of words that included tone, consonant, and semantic distractors. Altho

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Lahiri, Aditi, Allison Wetterlin, and Elisabet Jönsson-Steiner. "Lexical specification of tone in North Germanic." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 28, no. 1 (2005): 61–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586505001320.

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Accent 1 is very much accepted in the literature as the default tonal marker in Scandinavian languages. Consequently, stems and affixes are almost always specified for accent 2. Only rarely in some analyses is accent 1 specified for affixes, but never for stems. We believe that under these conditions, the resulting morphology/phonology interaction is rather complex, having to include special rules of accent marking, floating tones, deaccenting together with inexplicable exceptions. In our analysis of the tonal systems of Swedish and Norwegian, accent 1 is the lexically specified accent and acc

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18

Wnuk, Ewelina, and Niclas Burenhult. "Contact and isolation in hunter-gatherer language dynamics." Studies in Language 38, no. 4 (2014): 956–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.38.4.06wnu.

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Maniq, spoken by 250–300 people in southern Thailand, is an undocumented geographical outlier of the Aslian branch of Austroasiatic. Isolated from other Aslian varieties and exposed only to Southern Thai, this northernmost member of the group has long experienced a contact situation which is unique in the Aslian context. Aslian is otherwise mostly under influence from Malay, and exhibits typological characteristics untypical of other Austroasiatic and Mainland Southeast Asian languages. In this paper we pursue an initial investigation of the contrastive strategies of the Maniq sound system. We

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Idris Olawale, Allison. "Vowel Deletion and Insertion in Úwù." Journal of Language and Education 3, no. 2 (2017): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2411-7390-2017-3-2-19-29.

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Úwù is one of the many endangered languages in Nigeria.The number of its fluent speakers is believed to be less than 2000.The language is spoken in a small community known as Àyèré in Ìjùmú Local Government Area (LGA) of Kogi state. This paper describes the manifestation of vowel deletion and insertion in the language with the view of testing earlier assertions on the nature of vowel deletion and insertion in languages that are genetically related to Úwù. Apart from this, the paper is also an attempt to document these phonological phenomena (i.e. vowel deletion and insertion) before

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Idris Olawale, Allison. "Vowel Deletion and Insertion in Úwù." Journal of Language and Education 3, no. 2 (2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2411-7390-2017-3-2-19-38.

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Úwù is one of the many endangered languages in Nigeria.The number of its fluent speakers is believed to be less than 2000.The language is spoken in a small community known as Àyèré in Ìjùmú Local Government Area (LGA) of Kogi state. This paper describes the manifestation of vowel deletion and insertion in the language with the view of testing earlier assertions on the nature of vowel deletion and insertion in languages that are genetically related to Úwù. Apart from this, the paper is also an attempt to document these phonological phenomena (i.e. vowel deletion and insertion) before

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21

Benson, Peace. "A Description of Dzә (Jenjo) Nouns and Noun Phrases, an Adamawa Language of Northeastern Nigeria". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 12, № 4 (2020): 490–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2020.402.

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Dzə [jen] is an Adamawa language spoken in some parts of Taraba, Adamawa and Gombe states in Northeastern Nigeria. The study presented in the article syntactically describes nouns and noun phrases in Dzə. In an attempt to document Dzə and taking into consideration that Dzə is an under-investigated and under-documented language, the result will provide important data to typological research and to linguists working on Adamawa languages. The study adopts a descriptive research design in collecting, describing and analyzing the data. The data was obtained from fieldwork in December 2014, personal

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Shapiro, Roman. "Chinese Pidgin Russian." Pidgins and Creoles in Asian Contexts 25, no. 1 (2010): 5–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.25.1.02sha.

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The much-understudied Chinese Pidgin Russian (CPR) has existed at the Chinese–Russian border since at least the 18th century. Unlike many Western-based pidgins, it was formed in a territory where the lexifying language (Russian) was dominant. It also uses a typical inflecting language as its lexifier and an isolating language (Chinese) as its substrate. This paper considers the influence of both ‘parent’ languages at all CPR levels. The sources of CPR include: pidgin records and descriptions; ‘Russian’ textbooks compiled for the Chinese going to Russia; and works of literature depicting contac

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Phylis Bartoo, Nancy Chebet;. "An Interrogation of the Phonological Similarities between Somor and Aror Sub-Dialects of the Tugen Dialect in Kenya." Editon Consortium Journal of Literature and Linguistic Studies 1, no. 2 (2019): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/ecjlls.v1i2.63.

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The paper sets out to find the extent of the phonological similarities of Somor and Aror sub-dialects of the Tugen dialect. Phonological and semantic structures are many and varied and cannot be studied within such a limited time. Thus the study focused on tone and length in Tugen sub-dialects. The selected structures were epenthesis, vowel deletion, fusion, demonstratives, negation, possessives and definiteness. In semantics, the study focused on meaning in general. Stratified and random sampling procedures were used to get samples of Somor and Aror speakers from the population of those who p

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Borràs-Comes, Joan, Maria del Mar Vanrell, and Pilar Prieto. "The role of pitch range in establishing intonational contrasts." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 44, no. 1 (2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100313000303.

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One of the unresolved issues in the field of intonational phonology is whether pitch accent range differences are used by languages to express discrete linguistic distinctions. In Catalan, as in some other Romance languages, a rising-falling nuclear pitch contour – i.e. a rising pitch accent associated with the utterance-final stressed syllable followed by a Low boundary tone – can be used to convey three different pragmatic meanings depending on its pitch range properties: information focus statements (IFSs), corrective focus statements (CFSs), and counter-expectational questions (CEQs). In o

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Dresher, B. Elan. "The arch not the stones: Universal feature theory without universal features." Nordlyd 41, no. 2 (2015): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.3412.

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There is a growing consensus that phonological features are not innate, but rather emerge in the course of acquisition. If features are emergent, we need to explain why they are required at all, and what principles account for the way they function in the phonology. I propose that the learners’ task is to arrive at a set of features that account for the contrasts and the phonological activity in their language. For the content of the features, learners use the available materials relevant to the modality (spoken or signed). Formally, contrasts are governed by an ordered feature hierarchy. The

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Chan, Marjorie K. M. "Prelinked and Floating Glottal Stops In Fuzhou Chinese." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 35, no. 4 (1990): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310001392x.

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Numerous interesting problems in the phonology of different dialects of Chinese tend to be buried in Chinese-language sources, or have not yet gained the attention of phonologists in general. One such case is the final glottal stop in modern Fuzhou, with respect to its behaviour synchronically and its historical origins. The final glottal stop came from two earlier sources, *-k and *-?. While *-k has completely merged with *-? in stressed syllables, evidences of the earlier contrast can still be found in the modern dialect — in how it behaves in more weakly stressed syllables in tone sandhi sp

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Jun, Sun-Ah, and Xiannu Jiang. "Differences in prosodic phrasing in marking syntax vs. focus: Data from Yanbian Korean." Linguistic Review 36, no. 1 (2019): 117–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2018-2009.

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Abstract In studying the effect of syntax and focus on prosodic phrasing, the main issue of investigation has been to explain and predict the location of a prosodic boundary, and not much attention has been given to the nature of prosodic phrasing. In this paper, we offer evidence from intonation patterns of utterances that prosodic phrasing can be formed differently phonologically and phonetically due to its function of marking syntactic structure vs. focus (prominence) in Yanbian Korean, a lexical pitch accent dialect of Korean spoken in the northeastern part of China, just above North Korea

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Tranel, Bernard. "Tone Sandhi and vowel deletion in Margi." Studies in African Linguistics 23, no. 2 (1993): 111–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v23i2.107415.

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Within the theoretical framework of nonlinear phonology, this paper proposes an account of tone sandhi and vowel deletion in Margi, a Chadic language spoken in Northern Nigeria. The database is Hoffman's Grammar of the Margi Language. Language-specific tonal processes in Margi are shown to originate in tone trapping, i.e., the impossibility for a tone to anchor to a skeletal slot by a universal mechanism. The paper identifies the circumstances leading to tone trapping (e.g., Vowel Elision) and formalizes the various tone-rescue processes available both word-internally and across words. Whereas

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Zhang, Hang, and Yirui Xie. "Coarticulation effects of contour tones in second language Chinese." Chinese as a Second Language Research 9, no. 1 (2020): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2020-0001.

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AbstractThis study tests for evidence of tonal coarticulation effects, especially anticipatory effects, in production of non-native Chinese contour tones. Eighty second language learners of Chinese and ten native speakers participated in a main experiment and two supplementary experiments in which they produced both real and pseudo disyllabic words. Findings indicate that anticipatory coarticulation is relevant in L2 contour tone production. L2 speakers’ Tone 2 and to some extent Tone 4 tend to be less intelligible to native listeners when followed by tones starting with a high onset (Tone 1 o

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Korol, Tatiana. "A sketch of Ngen phonology." Language in Africa 2, no. 2 (2021): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2686-8946-2021-2-2-105-116.

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The paper provides a preliminary description of the phonology of Ngen, a South Mande language spoken in Ivory Coast. Ngen has a system of oral and nasal vowels. The consonant inventory is characterised by a complementary distribution between [b] and [m], [l] and [n], [y] and [ɲ]. There are 3 level tones. Tone melodies on disyllabic feet exhibit all possible combinations except LH. The majority of nonderived words have CV, CVCV, and CVŋ structures.

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Jardine, Adam. "Computationally, tone is different." Phonology 33, no. 2 (2016): 247–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675716000129.

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This paper establishes that unbounded circumambient processes, phonological processes for which crucial information in the environment may appear unboundedly far away on both sides of a target, are common in tonal phonology, but rare in segmental phonology. It then argues that this typological asymmetry is best characterised by positing that tone is more computationally complex than segmental phonology. The evidence for the asymmetry is based around attestations of unbounded tonal plateauing, but it is also shown how the ‘sour-grapes’ harmony pathology is unbounded circumambient. The paper arg

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Yao, Yao, Angel Chan, Roxana Fung, et al. "Cantonese tone production in pre-school Urdu–Cantonese bilingual minority children." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 4 (2019): 767–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006919884659.

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Aim: In this study, we examine the production of Cantonese tones by preschool Urdu–Cantonese children living in Hong Kong. Methodology: 21 first language Urdu second language Cantonese children (ages 4–6) and 20 age-matched first language Cantonese children participated in a picture-naming experiment with 86 words (109 syllables in total). Data and Analysis: Acoustic analysis was carried out for perceptually correct and incorrect tone productions of each tone. Comparisons were also made across speaker groups regarding accuracy rates and error patterns. Findings: Overall, first-language Urdu pa

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Sun, Jackson T. S. "The synchronic and diachronic phonology of Va." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 41, no. 2 (2018): 133–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.18010.sun.

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Abstract Va, an obscure language of Southwestern Yunnan, belongs to the Wa-Lawa cluster under the Waic subgroup of Palaungic in the Austroasiatic language family. This article presents an overview of Va synchronic phonology and an account of its evolution from the Proto-Wa-Lawa sound system reconstructed by Gérard Diffloth. Modern Va phonology is characterized by fully monosyllabic word structure, reduced syllable canon, and a robust three-tone system. Its atypical phonological profile from an Austroasiatic perspective and its tonogenesis may be directly attributed to the sociolinguistic ambie

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Paster, Mary. "Floating tones in Ga." Studies in African Linguistics 32, no. 1 (2003): 18–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v32i1.107345.

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This paper provides robust empirical evidence for floating tones in Ga, a Kwa language of Ghana. As will be shown, floating tones are crucial to an analysis of verbal tense/aspect/mood distinctions. I begin by describing two tonal processes, the HL rule and Plateauing. While these are regular processes of the language, both are blocked in the perfective. I show that the blockage is the result of a floating low tone that marks the perfective, and that the floating tone marker explains other anomalous tonal effects in the perfective. I then give an analysis of floating tone prefixes that mark ce

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UCHIHARA, HIROTO, and GREGORIO TIBURCIO CANO. "A phonological account of Tlapanec (Mè’phàà) tonal alternation." Journal of Linguistics 56, no. 4 (2019): 807–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222671900032x.

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Tlapanec (Mè’phàà) is known for its enigmatic tonal alternation in verb forms according to person and aspect-mode categories, in addition to suppletion and other segmental alternations. In this paper, we argue that the tonal alternations observed in Tlapanec regular agentive verbs can be straightforwardly accounted for by phonology, without resorting to any extreme abstractness: the lexical tones of the prefixes and the verb stems, with underspecification and floating tones, and cross-linguistically common tone processes such as tone spreading and floating tone docking. Such a phonological (or

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Shih, Stephanie S., and Sharon Inkelas. "Autosegmental Aims in Surface-Optimizing Phonology." Linguistic Inquiry 50, no. 1 (2019): 137–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00304.

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We develop a novel optimization approach to tone. Its grammatical component consists of the similarity- and proximity-based correspondence constraint framework of Agreement by Correspondence theory (ABC). Its representational component, Q Theory, decomposes segments ( Q) into temporally ordered, quantized subsegments ( q), which comprise unitary sets of distinctive features, including tone. ABC+Q unites phonological alternations and static lexical patterns, as we illustrate with a programmatic survey of core tonal phenomena: assimilation, dissimilation, lexical tone melodies, and consonant-ton

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Beavon-Ham, Virginia. "Phonological tone. (Key topics in phonology)." Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 41, no. 1 (2020): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jall-2020-2006.

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Kubozono, Haruo. "Secondary High Tones in Koshikijima Japanese." Linguistic Review 36, no. 1 (2019): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2018-2006.

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Abstract This paper examines the nature and behavior of secondary H(igh) tones in Koshikijima Japanese, a highly endangered dialect spoken on three small, remote islands in the south of Japan. This dialect generally has a mora-counting prosodic system with two distinctive accent types/classes (Type A and Type B), and displays two H tones, primary and secondary, in words of three or more moras: The primary H tone appears on the penultimate and final moras in Type A and Type B, respectively, whereas the secondary H tone occurs at the beginning of the word redundantly. Koshikijima Japanese displa

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Hyman, Larry M., and Armindo Ngunga. "On the non-universality of tonal association ‘conventions’: evidence from Ciyao." Phonology 11, no. 1 (1994): 25–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001834.

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One of the major aims of linguistic theory is to determine what is universal vs. language-specific within grammatical systems. In phonology, for example, a number of universals have been proposed and incorporated into the various subtheories that deal with segmental and prosodic aspects of sound systems. In his original autosegmental theory, for instance, Goldsmith (1976) provided a formalism and a set of principles embodying a number of universal claims about how different tiers may link to each other. Most of the support for this theory came from the study of tone: tones (Ts) were said to re

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Chang, Charles, and Yao Yao. "Toward an Understanding of Heritage Prosody." Heritage Language Journal 13, no. 2 (2016): 134–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.13.2.4.

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In previous work examining heritage language phonology, heritage speakers have often patterned differently from native speakers and late-onset second language (L2) learners with respect to overall accent and segmentals. The current study extended this line of inquiry to suprasegmentals, comparing the properties of lexical tones produced by heritage, native, and L2 speakers of Mandarin living in the U.S. We hypothesized that heritage speakers would approximate native norms for Mandarin tones more closely than L2 speakers, yet diverge from these norms in one or more ways. We further hypothesized

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Odden, David. "Floating tones and contour tones in Kenyang." Studies in African Linguistics 19, no. 1 (1988): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v19i1.107467.

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Tonal alternations in the Bantu language Kenyang appear on first consideration to be rather complicated but yield to analysis into a small number of rules, which reveal interesting properties of floating tones, contour tones, and the tone-bearing unit in the language. This study focuses on the following problems. First, there is a phonetic contrast, found only at the end of the utterance, between the downgliding L of eket and the unreleased L of basemo. Unreleased L will be shown to derive from rising tone. Second, I argue that syllable final consonants may be tone-bearing, a claim supported b

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Andersen, Torben. "Jumjum phonology." Studies in African Linguistics 33, no. 2 (2004): 133–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v33i2.107333.

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This article describes the basic aspects of the phonology of Jumjum, a littleknown Western Nilotic language. The treatment includes syllable structure and word shapes, vowels and vowel harmony, consonants and consonant assimilation, and tones and tonal processes.

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Mooney, Kate, and Chiara Repetti-Ludlow. "Sonority and syllable structure: The case of Burmese tone." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.4900.

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The relationship between tone and sonority has been a recurrent theme in the literature over recent years, raising questions of how supraseg- mental features like tone interact with segmental or prosodic qualities, such as vowel quality, sonority, and duration (de Lacy 2006; Gordon 2001). In this paper, we present an original phonetic study that investigates the relationship between tone, vowel quality, and sonority in Burmese. These are not simple to disentangle in Burmese, since the language has a unique vowel alternation system where certain vowels can only combine with certain tones or cod

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Coupe, Alexander R. "Northern Sangtam phonetics, phonology and word list." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 43, no. 1 (2020): 147–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.19014.cou.

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Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive phonetic and phonological description of Northern Sangtam, an essentially undescribed Tibeto-Burman language of central Nagaland belonging to the Aoic subgroup. It is a noteworthy language from a number of phonological perspectives, not least because its phoneme inventory contains two of the world’s rarest phonemes: a pre-stopped bilabial trill, and a doubly-articulated labial-coronal nasal. These unique segments are described in detail, and an attempt is made to determine how they might have developed their phonemic status. The tone system is also

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Snow, David. "Prosodic Markers of Syntactic Boundaries in the Speech of 4-Year-Old Children With Normal and Disordered Language Development." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41, no. 5 (1998): 1158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4105.1158.

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This study focuses on the potential role of prosodic "boundary features" in developmental disorders of morphosyntax. As exemplified melodically by the final portion of the falling tone and rhythmically by final syllable lengthening, boundary features mark the right edge of major constituent units in speech and thus phonetically reflect syntactic structure on the level of clauses and sentences. To resolve conflicting findings about the development of boundary features in children with specific language impairment (SLI), this study describes the falling tone and final syllable lengthening in the

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De Voogt, Alex. "A sketch of Afitti phonology." Studies in African Linguistics 38, no. 1 (2009): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v38i1.107293.

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Political conflict in the Sudan and the spread of Arabic are threatening Afitti, a North Eastern Sudanic language that has received relatively little scholarly attention. In addition to presenting original data on the language, this paper shows that Afitti is markedly different from Nyimang, its nearest linguistic neighbor, in respect to the absence of a third tone, the lack of a contrast between dentals and alveolars, the absence of distinctive vowel length, and its limited labialization.

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Rose, Phil. "Acoustics and Phonology of Complex Tone Sandhi." Phonetica 47, no. 1-2 (1990): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000261850.

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Andersen, Torben. "Kurmuk phonology." Studies in African Linguistics 36, no. 1 (2007): 30–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v36i1.107305.

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This article describes the basic aspects of the phonology of Kurmuk, a previously undescribed language belonging to the Northern Burun subbranch of the Western Nilotic family. After a morpho syntactic overview, the treatment of the phonology includes syllable structure and word shapes, vowels and vowel alternation, consonants and consonant alternation, and tones and tonal processes.

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Dehé, Nicole. "An intonational grammar for Icelandic." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 32, no. 1 (2009): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586509002029.

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The aim of this paper is to shed new light on the tonal grammar of Icelandic and to complement the tone inventory as previously described in the literature (Árnason 1998). Specifically, types of pitch accents and edge tones and their combinations in neutral declaratives and questions, and in utterances containing narrow focus are addressed. Two pitch accent types (H* and L*) and two edge tones (H- and L-) are identified, for which evidence has not been found in previous research. Moreover, the paper shows for declaratives, that along with downstep, Icelandic has upstep across Intonational Phra

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Harrison, Phil. "Acquiring the phonology of lexical tone in infancy." Lingua 110, no. 8 (2000): 581–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3841(00)00003-6.

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