Academic literature on the topic 'Phonological delay'

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the phonological processing skills between children with phonological delay and phonological disorder compared to those of typically developing children. This study aimed to explore whether children with phonological delay and phonological disorder show general or specific weakness on phonological processing skills and if the phonological processing skills can differentiate children with phonological delay from children with phonological disorder. Methods: The participants were 27 children with speech sound disorders (SSDs) and 20 typically developing children. Children with SSDs consisted of 10 children with phonological delay and 17 children with phonological disorder. The tasks for phonological processing skills involved phonological awareness at the levels of word, syllable, body-coda, and phoneme; phonological memory tests including nonword repetition and sentence repetition; and phonological retrieval through rapid automatized number naming test. Results: Children with phonological disorder showed significantly lower phonological awareness at word level than typically developing children and they also exhibited significantly lower nonword repetition than children with phonological delay as well as typically developing children. Both children with phonological delay and disorder performed less well on rapid automatized naming than typically developing children. Conclusion: This study suggests that children with phonological disorder are at higher risk for deficits in phonological processing, and their weakness in nonword repetition which taps phonological memory is more prominent than in children with normal speech or phonological delay.

While little is known about why children make speech errors, it has been hypothesized that cognitive-linguistic factors may underlie phonological speech sound disorders. This study compared the phonological short-term and phonological working memory abilities (using immediate memory tasks) and receptive vocabulary size of 14 monolingual preschool children with phonological delay with individually matched peers with typical speech development. The immediate memory tasks examined forward recall of familiar words (pointing response), reverse recall of familiar words (pointing response), and reverse recall of digits (spoken response). The results indicated that children with typical speech development had larger receptive vocabularies and performed significantly better than children with phonological delay on all immediate memory tasks. Qualitative error analyses revealed that while the two groups made similar errors on the forward memory task, children with phonological delayed performed differently on reverse recall of spoken digits. These findings suggest a link between immediate memory and delayed phonological development.

Children with expressive phonological delays often possess poor underlying perceptual knowledge of the sound system and show delayed development of segmental organization of that system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the benefits of a perceptual approach to the treatment of expressive phonological delay. Thirty-four preschoolers with moderate or severe expressive phonological delays received 16 treatment sessions in addition to their regular speech-language therapy. The experimental group received training in phonemic perception, letter recognition, letter-sound association, and onset-rime matching. The control group listened to computerized books. The experimental group showed greater improvements in phonemic perception and articulatory accuracy but not in phonological awareness in comparison with the control group.

The growing diversity in schools in the United States resulting from the rising number of English learners (ELs) has put more pressure on both children and teachers. Teachers are faced with the challenge of meeting the educational needs of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) learners, including the unique needs of CLD children with academic delays or disabilities. As early as preschool, many ELs are performing academically lower than their monolingual peers in literacy, and the gap can be even greater for ELs identified as having a delay or disability. However, providing explicit phonological awareness interventions in the child’s native language may help improve English reading outcomes and mediate the negative effects on reading achievement attributed to limited English proficiency. This intervention study looked at how a phonologically based emergent literacy intervention provided in Spanish to four EL preschoolers affected their emergent literacy and phonological awareness outcomes in English and Spanish. All of the children increased their overall emergent literacy and phonological awareness skills in both English and Spanish. The findings indicated that all four children showed some increase in English phonological awareness skills in both syllable segmentation and letter sound knowledge, while sound isolation and sound segmentation demonstrated mixed results across participants.

A case research is a valuable means of providing information about the outcomes of speech and language intervention. The present research aims at documenting phonological development of three subjects who were enrolled in a therapy. This descriptive, cross-sectional research aimed to document the phonological development of speech delayed children whose ages are between 2-4 years. The focus is also to determine the causes and treatment of children with speech delay. The results showed significant changes in two of the subjects’ speech production-the two-year-old H displayed an ability to produce imitative sounds and non-imitative ones; meanwhile, the four-year-old AK also performed perfect imitative sounds, yet she cannot produce nasalized coda. The three-year-old AR, however, could not produce meaningful speech. Evaluation revealed development of the three subjects were affected by the exposure to language at home. A younger age child performed better during the therapy sessions compare to the one in older age whose delay might be caused by early neglect. Speech therapy emphasized on the importance of imitation through a modeling activity in the session, so that the children could imitate the sound first while providing context through pictures.

Purpose This study evaluated the efficacy of an instructive feedback strategy for modeling letter names and sounds during presentation of positive feedback within a small-group phonological awareness intervention for preschoolers. Method Two experiments were conducted using multiple-baseline designs across children and behaviors. Letter name and sound identification and performance on a phonological awareness fluency measure served as the primary outcome variables. Six children completed Experiment 1. A progressive time delay was added to instructive feedback to elicit a response from the 9 children in the second experiment. Results In the first experiment, 6 children demonstrated gains on phonological awareness but not alphabet knowledge. With the addition of progressive time delay in the second experiment, all 9 children demonstrated gains on letter name and sound identification as well as phonological awareness skills. Conclusions Progressive time delay to prompt children's responses appears to bolster the effects of instructive feedback as an efficient strategy for modeling alphabet skills within a broader early literacy curriculum. Modeling alphabet skills did not detract from, and may have enhanced, phonological awareness instruction for preschoolers.

ABSTRACTThe effect of word-level variables on expressive phonology has not been widely studied, although the properties of words likely bear on the emergence of sound structure (Stoel-Gammon, 2011). Eight preschoolers, diagnosed with phonological delay, were assigned to treatment to experimentally induce gains in expressive phonology. Erred sounds were taught using stimulus words that varied orthogonally in neighborhood density and word frequency as the independent variables. Generalization was the dependent variable, defined as production accuracy of treated and untreated (erred) sounds. Blocked comparisons showed that dense neighborhoods triggered greater generalization, but frequency did not have a clear differential effect. Orthogonal comparisons revealed graded effects, with frequent words from dense neighborhoods being optimal for generalization. The results contrast with prior literature, which has reported a sparse neighborhood advantage for children with phonological delay. There is a suggestion that children with phonological delay require greater than usual cue redundancy and convergence to prompt expressive phonological learning.

ABSTRACTThere is a noted advantage of dense neighborhoods in language acquisition, but the learning mechanism that drives the effect is not well understood. Two hypotheses – long-term auditory word priming and phonological working memory – have been advanced in the literature as viable accounts. These were evaluated in two treatment studies enrolling twelve children with phonological delay. Study 1 exposed children to dense neighbors versus non-neighbors before training sound production in evaluation of the priming hypothesis. Study 2 exposed children to the same stimuli after training sound production as a test of the phonological working memory hypothesis. Results showed that neighbors led to greater phonological generalization than non-neighbors, but only when presented prior to training production. There was little generalization and no differential effect of exposure to neighbors or non-neighbors after training production. Priming was thus supported as a possible mechanism of learning behind the dense neighborhood advantage in phonological acquisition.

In some English words is a silent letter in the letter strings, e.g., PSALM, This type of word provides room to manipulate phonological similarity against the words with a nonsilent letter in the corresponding position, e.g., PASTA, to test the phonological recoding hypothesis. Letter strings excluding the silent letter or the sounding letter, e.g., _salm and a phonological condition, _asta as an orthographic condition, were presented. A “psalm-type word” was processed faster than “pasta-type word,” indicating that phonology plays a leading role in word recognition.

This paper studies the effects of an early phonological delay on later metaphonological abilities, a hypothesised link generally neglected by other researchers. It also examines current definitions of metaphonology, and describes a rigorously controlled set of tasks devised to test phonological awareness. The study was limited to three subjects: two with a history of phonological delay, and one a typically developing control. The subjects were given rhyme and alliteration tasks that varied on early patterns of acquisition and the number of phonemes shared by the stimulus and the distractor items. The small number of subjects permitted a comprehensive analysis of results which indicated that residual, but non-overt, phonological processes had an effect on tasks requiring phonological manipulations. A further finding of the study was that several other factors, such as memory, attention, and the nature of the stimuli also affected performance. An analysis of test behaviours and strategies suggested that performance scores may be misleading when assessing ability. Response time, and problem solving strategies employed by subjects are also useful indicators of facility. In addition, subjects may not be performing the type of analysis that is assumed by researchers. Task analysis reveals that there may be more than one way to reach a solution, while subject behaviour suggests that children make use of the largest phonological units available to them to complete a task.
Medicine, Faculty of
Audiology and Speech Sciences, School of
Graduate

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Units of child education represented by preschools can be excellent venues for detecting indicators of learning disabilities precociously through the evaluation of metaphonologial skills and behavioral problems that can afterwards influence negatively the alphabetization, socialization and adaptation processes. Recent scientific studies warn about the need of early identification of metaphonological delays and behavioral alterations in preschoolers, as a way to diminish possible learning disabilities that can prevail during school age in regular education. The present study aimed at identifying metaphonological delays and behavioral alterations in preschoolers. The sample was composed of 41 children of both genders, age range 4-5years old (mean age Child group I = 4,3; mean age Child group II = 5,6), that attend public schools in São Paulo, and their respective parents/caretakers and teachers. The instruments to data collection were: a) questionnaire of socio-economic assessment based of Brazil Criterion of Economic Classification, b) Columbia Mental Maturity Scale CMMS, c) Phonological Awareness Test; d) Child Behavior Checklist CBCL/1 ½-5; e) Caregiver-Teacher Report Form 1½-5 C-TRF. Results show that the best scores in the Phonological Awareness Test, even for children that attended grade I of preschool, were obtained in the syllabic synthesis task. As for the other tasks all children made mistakes in three or all of the itens. It was observed that the older the child, the better are the results in the majority of the tasks of the Phonological Awareness Test. A cluster analysis allowed the formation of three groups composed of 24, 7 and 9 children. The tasks with statistically significant contribution to the formation of groups were Total of Rhymes (p= 0,001), "Total of Alliteration" (p=0,000), "Total of Syllabic Segmentation" (p=0,000) and "Total of Syllabic Manipulation" (p=0,000). The other variables about the stanine data of CMMS and the total scores of CBCL 1½-5 and C-TRF did not distinguish the groups. It was observed that, except for the scales of Attention Problems and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Problems, there were statistically significant differences between the mean total score obtained in the CBCL 1½-5 answered by the parents and the C-TRF answered by the teachers. When compared to teachers, parents identified more behavioral problems in all scales with score differences ranging from 5,31 to 18,8. Although this is a preliminary study, we expect it can help the educational staff from child education units to plan activities that develop metaphonological skills and oral language in these children. The statistical analyses did not show significant correlations between metaphonological skills and behavioral alterations. However, the high rate of behavioral problems reported by the parents indicates the need for further studies to verify associated factors as well as ways to manage them.
As unidades de Educação Infantil, representadas pelas pré-escolas, podem ser excelentes lócus para a detecção precoce de indicadores de problemas de aprendizagem, a partir da avaliação de habilidades metafonológicas e de problemas de comportamento, que, posteriormente, poderão influenciar negativamente no processo de alfabetização, socialização e adaptação da criança. Estudos científicos recentes alertam para a necessidade de identificar atrasos metafonológicos e alterações comportamentais de forma precoce, como maneira de amenizar possíveis transtornos de aprendizagem que podem prevalecer na idade escolar, durante o ensino formal. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar atrasos metafonológicos e alterações comportamentais em crianças pré-escolares. A amostra foi composta por 41 crianças de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 4 a 5 anos (média de idade do grupo Infantil I=4,3 anos; média de idade do grupo Infantil II=5,2 anos; média de idade do grupo Pré-escolar=5,6 anos), que frequentam duas escolas municipais da cidade de São Paulo; seus respectivos pais/cuidadores e os e professores. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram os seguintes: a) Questionário de avaliação socioeconômica baseado no Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil - CCEB; b) Escala de Maturidade Mental COLÚMBIA - CMMS; c) Prova de Consciência Fonológica PCF; d) Inventário de comportamentos para crianças entre 1,5 e 5 anos - CBCL/1½-5 anos; e) Inventário de comportamentos para crianças entre 1,5 e 5 anos/Formulário para Professores - C-TRF. Os resultados mostraram, na PCF, que os melhores escores, inclusive das crianças matriculadas na série Infantil I, foram obtidos no teste de síntese silábica. No restante dos testes, todas as crianças apresentaram erros em três ou na totalidade dos testes para cada tarefa desta prova. Verificou-se que quanto maior é a idade, melhores são os resultados nos escores da maior parte dos testes da PCF. Uma análise de cluster permitiu agrupar a amostra em três grupos, compostos por 24, 7 e 9 crianças. Neste caso, os testes com contribuição estatisticamente significativa para a formação dos grupos foram Total de rimas‟ (p=0,001), Total Aliteração (p=0,000)‟, Total Segmentação Silábica‟ (p=0,000) e Total Manipulação Silábica‟ (p=0,000). As variáveis restantes, referentes aos dados do estanino do teste Columbia, e os escores brutos do CBCL½-5 e do CTRF½-5 não diferenciariam os grupos. Observou-se que, com exceção das escalas de Problemas de Atenção e Problemas de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade, houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os valores médios dos escores brutos obtidos no CBCL/1½-5, respondido pelos pais, e no C-TRF, respondido pelos professores. Se comparados com os professores, os pais identificaram mais problemas de comportamento em todas as escalas, com diferenças entre estes de escores que oscilaram entre 5,31 e 18,8. Embora preliminar, espera-se que o estudo possa auxiliar a equipe educacional das unidades de Educação Infantil para planejar atividades que desenvolvam nas crianças habilidades metafonológicas e a linguagem oral. As análises estatísticas não evidenciaram correlações significativas entre as habilidades metafonológicas e as alterações comportamentais. Entretanto, o elevado número de problemas de comportamento identificados pelos pais das crianças indica a necessidade de outros estudos que investiguem os fatores associados e as formas de manejo adequadas.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, and San Diego State University, 2009.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed May 8, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 244-259).

碩士
國立臺南大學
特殊教育學系碩士班
97
The purposes of this study were first to establish an assessment in phonological awareness that is suitable for pre-schooler, secondly to explore abilities in preschool children with developmental language delay and typical pre-schooler, and compare differences between the two groups ,and thirdly to analyze the relationships among the phonological awareness and listening comprehension and predictive efficiency. The subjects were preschool children with developmental language delay (n=20)and typical pre-schooler (n=20). Descriptive statistics, t-test, multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the collected data. The main findings of this study were stated as follows: 1. Phonological awareness of typical pre-schooler children are better then preschool children with developmental language delay. 2.There were significant differences in phonological awareness among typical pre-schooler children and preschool children with developmental language delay. 3.There were significant differences in reaction time of phonological awareness(initial sounds identification, last sounds identification, phoneme segmentation, phoneme deletion, alliteration substitution, rhymes substitution, phoneme blending) among typical pre-schooler and preschool children with developmental language delay. 4. There were significant relationships among phonological awareness and listening comprehension. 5. Rhymes substitution test and last sounds identification test were the predictable for the listening comprehension and account for 73.9% of the variance .

A presente dissertação tem como principais objectivos verificar se o programa de treino fonológico com incidência nas unidades silábicas criado por Silva (2003) é eficaz no desenvolvimento da consciência silábica de crianças com perturbações de linguagem, nomeadamente, Atraso no desenvolvimento da Linguagem (ADL) e Perturbação Específica no Desenvolvimento da Linguagem (PEDL) e descrever as interacções desenvolvidas entre o experimentador e as crianças durante as sessões do programa Fonológico de forma a compreender o padrão comportamental manifestado pelas mesmas. Foram seleccionados oito participantes entre os 54 meses e os 72 meses de idade com perturbações de linguagem, quatro com ADL e quatro com PEDL. Estas crianças foram sujeitas a uma avaliação da consciência fonológica através da Bateria de Provas Fonológicas, onde foram diagnosticadas com perturbações ao nível da consciência fonológica. As crianças com perturbações de linguagem foram sujeitas à intervenção do programa Silva (2003) de forma a verificar os seus efeitos. Terminada a intervenção, realizou-se uma reavaliação dos níveis de consciência fonológica a cada caso estudado, de forma a verificar se os efeitos do programa utilizado foram benéficos para as crianças em estudo e se existe uma correlação entre as perturbações da linguagem e o desenvolvimento da consciência silábica. Os participantes não evoluíram em nenhuma das tarefas fonológicas testadas excepto ao nível da análise silábica, não se verificando nenhuma correlação significativa nesta tarefa em ambos os grupos. Os resultados indicam que o programa só foi eficaz para o desenvolvimento de uma competência fonológica que já estava adquirida embora com fraco desempenho. O padrão comportamental manifestado entre as crianças com ADL e PEDL foi muito semelhante. Desta forma, foi proposto um programa de intervenção de consciência fonológica para crianças com perturbações de linguagem, ADL e PEDL. Este programa tem como objectivo promover a consciência da palavra, as rimas e a consciência das sílabas. De forma a conseguir total colaboração e entusiasmo por parte das crianças, propõe-se um programa constituído por diferentes jogos de carácter lúdico que impliquem uma maior interacção entre o experimentador e a criança.
The present dissertation has for main purpose to verify whether the phonological training program created by Silva (2003), which focuses on syllabic units, is effective regarding the development of syllabic awareness in children with language problems, such as the delayed development of language (ADL) and specific language development disorders (PEDL), as well as to describe the interaction between the experimenter and the children involved in the phonological program so as to understand the behavioral pattern manifested therein. Eight participants with language problems were selected with ages between 54 and 72 months old; four with ADL and four with PEDL. These children were subject to a phonological awareness evaluation through the phonological battery tests and were diagnosed with phonological awareness problems. The children with the language problems were placed under the program Silva (2003) in order to verify its results. Once the intervention was over a reevaluation of the phonological awareness levels was performed in each of the studied cases in order to check if the program was beneficial for the children and if there is a correlation between development disturbances of language and Syllabic Awareness. The participants did not evolve in any of the phonological tasks that were tested except what concerned syllabic analysis; statically significant differences were observed in both groups. The results show that the program contributed only to the development of a single phonological ability that had already been acquired although with poor performance. The behavioral pattern manifested among the children with ADL and PEDL was noticeably similar. Thus, it was proposed an intervention program of phonological awareness for children with language problems, ADL and PEDL. This program aims to promote word, rime and syllabic awareness. To achieve total collaboration and enthusiasm from the children it was proposed a program consisting of different enjoyable games involving a greater interaction between the experimenter and the child.

Reading is a complex and multifaceted skill, the development of which is the cornerstone of education. Many deaf children show delays in reading achievement compared to their hearing peers. Despite recent advances in technology that might be expected to support deaf children’s literacy development, overall reading levels do not appear to have made commensurate improvement. This chapter explores this issue by examining studies that try to account for the huge individual differences observed in deaf children and adolescents’ reading skills. The roles of vocabulary and phonological skills in reading ability are discussed with reference to theoretical models of reading development. Implications for teachers and practitioners are explored.