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Nogueira, Tuany Aquino, Liara Dias da Silva, and Maysa Luchesi Cera. "Phonetic-phonological performance of typical younger and aged adults from Brazil’s capital city." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 14, no. 3 (September 2020): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-030012.
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ABSTRACT. Given the sociodemographic diversity in Brazil, it is fundamental to understand the speech performance of a sample from the Brazilian capital. The repetition task can assess phonological and motor-phonetic planning. Previous studies found phonological-phonetic performance of speakers to be associated with education, age, and other demographic factors. Objectives: To compare the phonetic-phonological performance for speech of younger and aged adults in the capital of Brazil, Federal District (FD); to compare FD performance against national normative means based on São Paulo; to determine the association of phonetic-phonological agility with sociodemographic, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric variables for the sample. Methods: Cross-sectional study. A total of 60 volunteers from the FD, comprising 30 older adults and 30 younger ones, were stratified by education into two subgroups: 2‒7 years and ≥8 years of education. Data on age, educational level, and socioeconomic status were collected. The Verbal Agility subtest of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination was applied to assess phonetic-phonological performance. Results: No statistically significant difference in performance for verbal agility was found between aged and younger adults from the FD. There was a statistically significant difference in the phonetic-phonological performance of the FD sample compared with the Brazilian normative mean values. Cognitive and socioeconomic variables were associated with verbal agility. Conclusions: In the capital of Brazil, economic status, age, education, and cognitive variables were associated with verbal agility performance, despite there being no difference in phonetic-phonological performance between younger and aged adult groups. Regional differences in phonetic-phonological performance were also evident.
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Lancaster, Alia, and Kira Gor. "Abstraction of phonological representations in adult nonnative speakers." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 1 (June 12, 2016): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v1i0.3725.
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Perception of nonnative contrasts by adult second language (L2) learners is affected by native language phonology. The current study contrasted predictions from two models of L2 phonological acquisition that focus on different representational levels as the origin of native language transfer: the abstract categorization level from the Perceptual Assimilation Model for L2 learners (PAM-L2; Best & Tyler, 2007) and the phonetic level from the Automatic Selective Perception model (ASP; Strange, 2011). The target phonemes were pairs of Arabic consonants that were equally similar on the abstract categorization level but unequally similar on the phonetic level—voiced and voiceless pharyngeal fricatives /ʕ/, /ħ/ and uvular fricatives /χ/, /ʁ/. Twenty intermediate-level English-speaking Arabic L2 learners and 10 Arabic native speakers (NS) completed auditory identification and discrimination tasks. We first conducted a discriminant analysis (DA) to quantify ASP predictions based on phonetic variables. L2 learners were generally more accurate when perceiving the pharyngeal consonants compared to the uvulars and when perceiving the voiced phonemes compared to the voiceless. These findings, and L2 learners’ perceptual variation across contexts, predicted by the DA, suggest that L2 speakers were able to track phonetic cues during L2 perception and thus favor the ASP. These results support the interpretation that L2 learners attend to the phonetic detail in nonnative segments; however, they do not build nativelike phonological representations for the segments with weaker phonetic cues. This ability to process low-level phonetic cues opens the possibility for learners to create more robust phonological representations.
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Cho, Taehong, Dong Jin Kim, and Sahyang Kim. "Prosodic strengthening in reference to the lexical pitch accent system in South Kyungsang Korean." Linguistic Review 36, no. 1 (February 23, 2019): 85–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2018-2008.
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Abstract Theories of the phonetics-prosody interface suggest that prosodic strengthening that arises with prosodic structuring is not simply a low-level phonetic phenomenon, but it serves as a phonetic hallmark of a higher-order prosodic structure in reference to linguistic (phonological) contrast. The present study builds on this theoretical premise by examining acoustic realization of the phonological tonal contrast in the lexical pitch accent system of South Kyungsang (SK) Korean. Results showed that phonetic realization of F0 and the degree of glottalization (as reflected in spectral tilt measures such as H1-A1c and H1-A3c) of vowels in vowel-initial words were systematically modulated by the higher-order prosodic structure, and that the prosodic-structural modulation gave rise to distinct prosodic strengthening effects as a function of the source of prosodic strengthening. In particular, the prominence-induced strengthening (due to focus) entailed a phonetic polarizing effect on the F0 contrast in a way that enhances the phonological High vs. Low tone contrast. The boundary-induced strengthening effect, on the other hand, could be better understood as enhancing the phonetic clarity of prosodic junctures. The distinct prosodic strengthening effects were further evident in the way that glottalization was fine-tuned according to prosodic structure and phonological (tonal) contrast. Prosodic strengthening effects were also found to interact with intrinsic vowel height, implying that the low-level phonetic effect may be under speaker control in reference to higher-order prosodic and phonological contrast systems of the language. Finally, the results informed a theoretical debate regarding whether the Low tone that contrasts with the High tone in word-initial position should be considered lexically specified vs. post-lexical assigned.
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Chen, Chun-Mei. "Phonetic structures of Paiwan." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 34 (January 1, 2004): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.34.2004.201.
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This study focuses upon a detailed description and analysis of the phonetic structures of Paiwan, an aboriginal language spoken in Taiwan, with around 53,000 speakers, Paiwan, a member of the Austronesian language family, is not typologically related to the other languages such as Mandarin and Taiwanese spoken in its geographically contiguous districts, Earlier work on phonological features of Paiwan (Chang, 1999; Tseng, 2003) sought an account in terms of segments and isolated facts about reduplication and stress, without accounting for the possible roles of phrase-level and sentence-Ievel prosodic structures, Government Teaching Material (1993) listed 25 consonants and 4 vowels, without any description of phonetic features and phonological rules, Chang's (2000) reference grammar included 22 consonants and 4 vowels, with a very brief description of 5 phonological rules on single words, Regional diversity and 25 consonants have been mentioned in Pulaluyan's (2002) teaching material; however, no description of phonological rules was found in his material.
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Pouplier, Marianne, Stefania Marin, and Susanne Waltl. "Voice Onset Time in Consonant Cluster Errors: Can Phonetic Accommodation Differentiate Cognitive From Motor Errors?" Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 5 (October 2014): 1577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-12-0412.
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Purpose Phonetic accommodation in speech errors has traditionally been used to identify the processing level at which an error has occurred. Recent studies have challenged the view that noncanonical productions may solely be due to phonetic, not phonological, processing irregularities, as previously assumed. The authors of the present study investigated the relationship between phonological and phonetic planning processes on the basis of voice onset time (VOT) behavior in consonant cluster errors. Method Acoustic data from 22 German speakers were recorded while eliciting errors on sibilant-stop clusters. Analyses consider VOT duration as well as intensity and spectral properties of the sibilant. Results Of all incorrect responses, 28% failed to show accommodation. Sibilant intensity and spectral properties differed from correct responses irrespective of whether VOT was accommodated. Conclusions The data overall do not allow using (a lack of) accommodation as a diagnostic as to the processing level at which an error has occurred. The data support speech production models that allow for an integrated view of phonological and phonetic processing.
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van de Vijver, Ruben, and Fabian Tomaschek. "Special Issue: Phonological and phonetic variation in spoken morphology." Morphology 31, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11525-021-09376-8.
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AbstractIn recent years, more and more evidence is accumulating that there is a great deal of variation as a result of morphological complexity, both at the level of phonology and at the level of phonetics. Such findings challenge established linguistic models in which morphological information is lost in comprehension or production. The present Special Issue presents five studies that investigate the phenomenon in more detail, centered around the following questions: How do morphological relations affect articulatory and phonological properties of complex words? How do articulatory and phonological properties of complex words reflect their morphological relations? What do these two questions imply about theories that address morphological relatedness at the level of sounds?
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Fretheim, Thorstein. "Phonetically Low Tone–Phonologically High Tone, and Vice Versa." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 10, no. 1 (June 1987): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001566.
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The phonological Highs and Lows of prosodic feet in East Norwegian utterances do not always coincide temporally with the phonetic Highs and Lows associated with the pitch contours characteristic of Accent 1 and Accent 2. This paper accounts for two distinct types of discrepancy between actual pitch level and perceived pitch level, i.e. phonological pitch level, in certain prosodically well-defined cases where pitch peaks appear to occur “too late”. In order to determine what is phonologically High or Low in a given prosodic foot, you often have to consider phonetic aspects of the pitch contours of the immediately preceding or the immediately following foot.
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Gordon, Matthew. "A Phonological and Phonetic Study of Word‐Level Stress in Chickasaw." International Journal of American Linguistics 70, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/422264.
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Nadeu, Marianna. "Phonetic and phonological vowel reduction in Central Catalan." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 46, no. 1 (December 7, 2015): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002510031500016x.
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In Central Catalan, phonological vowel reduction causes the stressed seven-vowel system to reduce in number in unstressed position, where only the three reduced vowels [iəu] can occur. Exceptionally, full vowels (typically expected in a stressed syllable only) can appear in unstressed syllables in certain contexts. This study explores the acoustic characteristics of phonologically unreduced vowels found exceptionally in unstressed position in Central Catalan and compares them to stressed full vowels and corresponding unstressed (phonologically reduced) vowels. Results show that, contrary to traditional descriptions, presumably phonologically unreduced vowels in verb + noun compounds sporadically undergo phonological vowel reduction. When they do not, they are shorter than stressed vowels and more centralized in the F1*F2 vowel space. In addition, stressed full vowels do not differ in accented vs. unaccented contexts in duration or vowel quality, indicating that vowels are hyperarticulated under lexical stress, but not when they receive intonational pitch accent. The findings contribute to a body of cross-linguistic research dealing with the influence of prosody at the segmental level.
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Dancetovic, Nikola. "Analysis of phonetic/phonological perception of the English monophthongs at tertiary level." Зборник радова Филозофског факултета у Приштини, no. 47-4 (2017): 339–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp47-13395.
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Lagutina, Anna, and Tat'yana Lalova. "Phonological peculiarities (segmental level) of the French language in Pondicherry (India)." Филология: научные исследования, no. 5 (May 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2021.5.35603.
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This article is dedicated to examination of phonological peculiarities of segmental level of the French language in Pondicherry, one of the regions of the Republic of India. This region is a former trading post of the Fifth Republic, and currently is part of the preserved so-called “French India”. The goal of this research consists in determination of phonetic peculiarities of the French language of the population of Pondicherry in comparison with the central norm of pronunciation in France. The authors conducted an auditory analysis of the text recorded by the broadcasters, as well as thoroughly analyzed its results. In the course of research, the authors examined the level of realization of phonological oppositions within the system of vowels; as well as peculiarities of pronunciation of consonants, preservation or non-preservation of the phenomenon of “binding”, along with the instances pronunciation or fall out of [ə] caduc. The main conclusion consists in confirmation of the assumption on the causes of certain difficulties in realization of the French norm of pronunciation among the residents of Pondicherry. The differences in phonological systems of the French and Tamil languages (native to the population of Pondicherry) are the cause of the emergence distortions or replacements of certain French phonetic sounds. The conducted determined the pronunciation characteristics of French language of the population of Pondicherry, which were affected by their native Tamil language.
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Al-Rubaat, Atalah Mohammad, and Hammad Ali Alshammari. "Analysis of Phonetic and Phonological Constraints of Saudi EFL Learners." English Language Teaching 13, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n1p63.
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This study explores the pronunciation difficulties experienced by Saudi EFL learners at Jouf University (JU) in the north of Saudi Arabia. To achieve this purpose, two main instruments were implemented: an experiment of pronunciation sensitivity response and two interview formats. The sample of this study was selected randomly and consisted of (n=20) students studying English major in their sixth level at JU, and (n=10) English language instructors from the same institution. A mixed-method approach was employed to find out the phonetic and phonological difficulties that participants encountered during the implementation of the experiment of pronunciation sensitivity response, and to interpret participant's responses to the interview formats. The findings revealed that EFL learners experienced six phonetic and phonological problematic patterns related to mispronunciation of: initial consonant cluster, final consonant cluster, multi-syllabic words, unfamiliar sounds, vowels, and voiced or voiceless phonemes. It was also found that EFL learners and instructors had different views regarding these phonetic and phonological issues. The limited time for practice, the lack of authentic materials and tasks, and the need for immersion classes, and effective instruction and learning were all found to be responsible about the phonetic and phonological problems EFL learners encountered and at the same time they were found to be the motives for overcoming these issues. It is believed that the implications and recommendations included in this study would improve the performance of Saudi EFL speaking abilities once they are incorporated effectively in their English learning settings.
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Xie, Xin, and Emily Myers. "Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus Sensitivity to Phonetic Competition in Receptive Language Processing: A Comparison of Clear and Conversational Speech." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 3 (March 2018): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01208.
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The speech signal is rife with variations in phonetic ambiguity. For instance, when talkers speak in a conversational register, they demonstrate less articulatory precision, leading to greater potential for confusability at the phonetic level compared with a clear speech register. Current psycholinguistic models assume that ambiguous speech sounds activate more than one phonological category and that competition at prelexical levels cascades to lexical levels of processing. Imaging studies have shown that the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) is modulated by phonetic competition between simultaneously activated categories, with increases in activation for more ambiguous tokens. Yet, these studies have often used artificially manipulated speech and/or metalinguistic tasks, which arguably may recruit neural regions that are not critical for natural speech recognition. Indeed, a prominent model of speech processing, the dual-stream model, posits that the LIFG is not involved in prelexical processing in receptive language processing. In the current study, we exploited natural variation in phonetic competition in the speech signal to investigate the neural systems sensitive to phonetic competition as listeners engage in a receptive language task. Participants heard nonsense sentences spoken in either a clear or conversational register as neural activity was monitored using fMRI. Conversational sentences contained greater phonetic competition, as estimated by measures of vowel confusability, and these sentences also elicited greater activation in a region in the LIFG. Sentence-level phonetic competition metrics uniquely correlated with LIFG activity as well. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the LIFG responds to competition at multiple levels of language processing and that recruitment of this region does not require an explicit phonological judgment.
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Ridouane, Rachid. "Words without vowels: phonetic and phonological evidence from Tashlhiyt Berber." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 28 (January 1, 2002): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.28.2002.161.
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This article deals with the Tashlhiyt dialect of Berber (henceforth TB) spoken in the southern part of Morocco. In TB, words may consist entirely of consonants without vowels and sometimes of only voiceless obstruents, e.g. tft#tstt "you rolled it (fem)". In this study we have carried out acoustic, video-endoscopic and phonological analyses to answer the following question: is schwa, which may function as syllabic, a segment at the level of phonetic representations in TB? Video-endoscopic films were made of one male native speaker of TB, producing a list of forms consisting entirely of voiceless obstruents. The same list was produced by 7 male native speakers of TB for the acoustic analysis. The phonological analysis is based on the behaviour of vowels with respect to the phonological rule of assibilation. This study shows the absence of schwa vowels in forms consisting of voiceless obstruents.
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Heydarova, Maya. "Compiling of Phonetic Database Structure." Path of Science 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 4001. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.69-6.
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The voice corpus of language is the essential part of the linguistic resources, and it contains the phonetic database. A phonetic database is a structured collection of software-delivered speech fragments. Nowadays, phonetic database or voice corpus became like a new element in speech technologies, and much investigation has taken place according to this event. The investigators' interest in voice corpus is related to the development of a speech recognition system. Today it is enough to experience in preparation of a phonetic database. Equipped with unique information on the preparation and usage of everyday speech corpus, the development level of speech technologies and the increasing power of computer technologies allow for the investigation of various language materials, largescale, and statistical phonetic research. These developed directions of linguistics were investigated in this article. Speech corpora are a valuable source of information for phonological research and the study of sound patterns. The study of speech corpora is in its infancy compared to other field studies in linguistics. Existing speech corpora form the part of the world's languages and do not fully represent all the dialects and speech forms by phonological aspect. The article analyses the history, structure, and importance of developing speech corpses, a branch of corpus linguistics and has developed in recent years. The article also lists the main features to be considered in the design of the speech corpus.
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Maddieson, Ian. "Phonetics in the Field." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 28, no. 1 (August 14, 2002): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v28i1.3855.
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it seems generally the case that little detail on specifically phonetic matters is provided in a typical grammar, nor is there much use of phonetic techniques to provide insights on other matters, such as adding precision to observations of phonological alternations or testing whether supposed syntactic ambiguities are actually disambiguated at the phonetic level. While syntactic patterns are documented with example sentences, often from natural discourse or texts, the phonetic facts are rarely if ever documented by the presentation of hard evidence. In order to see if this impression was justified a survey of twenty grammars published or submitted as doctoral dissertations in the period of a dozen years from 1989 to 2000 was conducted.
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Grakholskaya, Marina. "Phonetic Characteristics of the Verbal Vocabulary in the Dystopian Novel «Fahrenheit 451» by R. Bradbury." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 2(50) (July 2, 2020): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-50-2-103-112.
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The interaction of multi-aspect and multi-level features as well as their relationshas been the subject of a number of studies in the field of quantitative linguistics. However, these studies were conducted mainly on language material. It is interesting to apply a similar analysis aimed at establishing the ratio of the
parameters characterizing one of the linguistic levels to the speech. For example, this article discusses the phonetic features of the verbs used in the novel «Fahrenheit 451» by Ray Bradbury. Each of the verbs is assigned a number of phonetic characteristics (syllabic, accent, phonological ones). The relations of
the declared parameters at the phonetic level are revealed due to the application of statistical methods, viz. Cole’scorrelation coefficient and Jaccard’ssimilarity coefficient. The obtained data are compared with the corresponding
parameters of high-frequency verbal vocabulary. As a result, it is
noted that the verbs appearing in the novel, have their own characteristics in the space of phonetic features and it also shows their level of similarity with highfrequency lexical units in connection with the ratio of phonetic characteristics.
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Solé, Maria-Josep. "New Ways of Analyzing Sound Change." Sound Change 9 (January 1, 1994): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.9.03sol.
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Abstract. Synchronic and diachronic sound change may involve (1) the phonologization of an effect of phonetic implementation, or (2) the lexicalization of phonetic or phonogical processes. This paper seeks to determine the phonologization and lexicalization of phonetic and phonological effects on the basis of their behaviour across different speaking rates. To illustrate the phonologization of phonetic effects, cross-linguistic data on aspiration and vowel nasalization across different speech rates are presented. The data show that phonological effects adjust to variations in speech rate, so as to keep a constant perceptual distance across rates, whereas phonetic effects, which originate at a lower level, remain constant across rates or present rate-correlated changes which can be accounted for by the general principles of speech motor control. Speech rate might also allow us to distinguish between phonetic effects which do not involve a change in the underlying representation, and effects which have been lexicalized. Connected speech processes, such as assimilation, are known to depend on factors such as speaking rate and speaking style. Consequently, low level assimilatory processes are expected to show continuous variation with changes in rate, as a result of increased gestural overlap. On the contrary, if assimilatory processes have been lexicalized as a distinct lexical representation or as an alternative style-dependent form, then the lexicalized form will exhibit a rate-invariant pattern. A variety of experimental data which provide support for this new way of analyzing sound change is presented. It is argued that part of the synchronic variation in present-day speakers is due to sound change, i.e. a discrete, categorical change in the speaker's grammar.
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Schwartz, Geoffrey, Anna Balas, and Arkadiusz Rojczyk. "Phonological Factors Affecting L1 Phonetic Realization of Proficient Polish Users of English." Research in Language 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 180–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2015-0014.
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Acoustic phonetic studies examine the L1 of Polish speakers with professional level proficiency in English. The studies include two tasks, a production task carried out entirely in Polish and a phonetic code-switching task in which speakers insert target Polish words or phrases into an English carrier. Additionally, two phonetic parameters are studied: the oft-investigated VOT, as well as glottalization vs. sandhi linking of wordinitial vowels. In monolingual Polish mode, L2 interference was observed for the VOT parameter, but not for sandhi linking. It is suggested that this discrepancy may be related to the differing phonological status of the two phonetic parameters. In the code-switching tasks, VOTs were on the whole more English-like than in monolingual mode, but this appeared to be a matter of individual performance. An increase in the rate of sandhi linking in the code-switches, except for the case of one speaker, appeared to be a function of accelerated production of L1 target items.
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BULLOCK, BARBARA E., and CHIP GERFEN. "The preservation of schwa in the converging phonological system of Frenchville (PA) French." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 8, no. 2 (July 14, 2005): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728905002178.
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The phonological system of the French of Frenchville, Pennsylvania (USA) demonstrates a dramatic case of transfer in the latest (and last) generation of bilingual French–English speakers: the mid front round vowels, [œ] and [ø], have often been replaced by the English rhoticized schwa as found in the word sir. However, French schwa, which is arguably phonetically non-distinct from the mid front round vowels, does not participate fully in this merger. This result is unexpected given both the phonetic identity of schwa and [ø], and the fact that our speakers are not literate in French and, as such, have no access to the differential orthographic representations manifest between schwa and the mid front round vowels. The data argue strongly that schwa is, in some sense, “real” for these speakers. Based on a phonetic analysis of the vowels under consideration, we argue that transfer between two sound systems cannot be perceived as a simple case of phonetic replacement. Instead, transfer or convergence with English must be viewed as a systemic process that preserves contrast in unexpected ways. In the case at hand, the data suggest that the traditional separation between the phonetic and phonological levels of grammar cannot be maintained as each level contributes to both provoking merger and maintaining contrast in bilingual speech.
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James, Allan R. "Prosodic structure in phonological acquisition." Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 3, no. 2 (December 1987): 118–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765838700300203.
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This article discusses the acquisition of the prosodic characteristics of a second language in the light of the development of a target language phonological grammar. Prosodic characteristics are conventionally taken to refer to the intonation and accent patterns in a phonological system. However, nonlinear theories of phonology view the pitch and stress values of a language as defining a separate representation or component in a phonological grammar, i.e. the prosodic structure. A 'metrical' type model of prosodic structure is presented, in which the structural layers of a phonological hierarchy are characterized by the occurrence of particular contrastive (paradigmatic) features and particular phonetic (syntagmatic) effects at each unit-level. The course of acquisition of the prosodic structure of a second language is then shown to be describable in terms of the gradual development of target language values per unit-level of the hierarchy. Data from the L2 English of two L 1 Dutch speakers are examined by way of illustrating some of the claims of the model.
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GRIFFITHS, YVONNE M., and MARGARET J. SNOWLING. "Auditory word identification and phonological skills in dyslexic and average readers." Applied Psycholinguistics 22, no. 3 (September 2001): 419–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716401003071.
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Despite the evidence for a core phonological deficit in dyslexia, the nature of this deficit at the level of the phonological representation is not well understood. In this study, the auditory word gating paradigm was used to examine the quality of the underlying phonological representations in dyslexic and average readers. Although the dyslexic children showed age-related nonword and rapid naming deficits, they did not differ from the age-matched controls in the amount of acoustic–phonetic input required to identify sets of words that varied in word frequency and phonological neighborhood density. These results indicate that input phonological processing, as tapped by the gating task, is normal in this group of dyslexic children, whereas their deficits on the RAN tasks suggest that there are problems with phonological retrieval. The implications of these results are considered in relation to the phonological representations hypothesis of dyslexia; the evidence suggests that what is impaired in dyslexia are the retrieval processes that operate on phonological representations.
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Kent, Ray D., Giuliana Miolo, and Suzi Bloedel. "The Intelligibility of Children’s Speech." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 3, no. 2 (May 1994): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0302.81.
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Summary descriptions are included for 19 procedures that have been, or could be, used to assess the intelligibility of pediatric subjects. Most procedures can be placed in one of the following categories, depending on the emphasis of the analysis: phonetic contrast analysis, phonological process analysis, word identification tests, phonetic indices derived from continuous speech scoring, scaling of continuous speech, and traditional word-level analysis of continuous speech. The general discussion includes an examination of the major issues to be considered in intelligibility testing and a set of criteria to be applied in test selection.
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Stokes, Stephanie F., Thomas Klee, Cecyle Perry Carson, and David Carson. "A Phonemic Implicational Feature Hierarchy of Phonological Contrasts for English-Speaking Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 48, no. 4 (August 2005): 817–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2005/057).
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Contrastive feature hierarchies have been developed and used for some time in depicting typical phonological development and in guiding therapy decisions. Previous descriptions of feature use have been based on independent analyses and usually phonetic inventories. However, recent trends in phonology include a relational analysis of phonemic inventories (D. Ingram & K. D. Ingram, 2001). The current investigation was a relational analysis of the phonemic inventories of 40 typically developing 2-year-old American-English-speaking children. Consonant inventories were derived from spontaneous speech samples using the Logical International Phonetics Programs computer software (D. K. Oller & R. E. Delgado, 1999). Cluster analysis was used to determine the grouping of contrastive features. Four levels emerged. Level I included [consonant], [sonorant], and [coronal], Level II included [voice], Level III included [anterior], [continuant], and [nasal], and Level IV included [lateral] and [strident]. Results suggested that the resulting 4-level phonemic feature hierarchy might be used to classify the phonological systems of children with phonological disorders.
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Gerhold, Kayla, Catherine Torrington Eaton, Rochelle S. Newman, and Nan Bernstein Ratner. "Early Phonological Predictors of Toddler Language Outcomes." Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 72, no. 6 (October 22, 2019): 442–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000503230.
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<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Several studies have explored relationships between children’s early phonological development and later language performance. This literature has included a more recent focus on the potential for early phonological profiles to predict later language outcomes. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The present study longitudinally examined the nature of phonetic inventories and syllable structure patterns of 48 typically developing children at 7, 11, and 18 months, and related them to expressive language outcomes at 2 years of age. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Findings provide evidence that as early as 11 months, phonetic inventory and mean syllable structure level are related to 24-month expressive language outcomes, including mean length of utterance and vocabulary diversity in spontaneous language samples, and parent-reported vocabulary scores. Consonant inventories in particular differed at 11 and 18 months for 2-year-olds with lower versus higher language skills. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Limited inventories and syllable repertoires may add to risk profiles for later language delays.
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Rouch, Megan, and Anya Lunden. "The status of word-final phonetic phenomena." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4730.
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The right edge of the word is a known domain for processes like phonological devoicing. This has been argued to be the effect of analogy from higher prosodic domains, rather than an in situ motivated change (Hock 1999, Hualde and Eager 2016). Phonetic word-level phenomena of final lengthening and final devoicing have been found to occur natively word-finally (Lunden 2006, 2017, Nakai et al. 2009) despite claims that they have no natural phonetic pressure originating in this position (Hock 1999). We present the results of artificial language learning studies that seek to answer the question of whether phonetic-level cues to the word-final position can aid in language parsing. If they do, it provides evidence that listeners can make use of word-level phonetic phenomena, which, together with studies that have found them to be present, speaks to their inherent presence at the word level. We find that adult listeners are better able to recognize the words they heard in a speech stream, and better able to reject words that they did not hear, when final lengthening was present at the right edge of the word. Final devoicing was not found to give the same boost to parsing.
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Kazanskaya, Natalia V. "General problems of teaching phonetics of the Russian language to Northwest Caucasian students: Overcoming and eliminating phonetic interference in the bilingual education conditions." Rhema, no. 3, 2018 (2018): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2953-2018-3-136-151.
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The subject of the present article is overcoming phonetic interference. The main goal of the paper is to analyze and illustrate how the phonological systems of Russian and Northwest Caucasian languages distinguish, and then develop the strategy of lessening and avoiding mother tongue interference in pronunciation of Russian sounds. The paper examines approaches that help the teacher make the process of teaching and learning Russian as a second language (RSL) more productive and efficient for L2 students. This review focuses on using general language teaching methods and techniques based on innovations, such as visual means of learning that allow the elimination of interference on phonological level.
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Perea, Manuel, Joana Acha, and Manuel Carreiras. "Short article: Eye movements when reading text messaging (txt msgng)." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 8 (August 2009): 1560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210902783653.
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The growing popularity of mobile-phone technology has led to changes in the way people—particularly younger people—communicate. A clear example of this is the advent of Short Message Service (SMS) language, which includes orthographic abbreviations (e.g., omitting vowels, as in wk, week) and phonetic respelling (e.g., using u instead of you). In the present study, we examined the pattern of eye movements during reading of SMS sentences (e.g., my hols wr gr8), relative to normally written sentences, in a sample of skilled “texters”. SMS sentences were created by using (mostly) orthographic or phonological abbreviations. Results showed that there is a reading cost—both at a local level and at a global level—for individuals who are highly expert in SMS language. Furthermore, phonological abbreviations resulted in a greater cost than orthographic abbreviations.
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Nittrouer, Susan. "The Duality of Patterning in Language and Its Relationship to Reading in Children With Hearing Loss." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 5, no. 6 (December 17, 2020): 1400–1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_persp-20-00029.
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Purpose Duality of patterning has long been recognized as a unique design feature of human language and refers to the distinct bilevel structure in which words comprise one level (semantic) and word-internal, phonetic elements comprise the other level (phonological). This report describes this design feature and offers a perspective on why and how it should help shape reading interventions for children with hearing loss. Method Three components comprise this report. The first main section offers an overview of duality of patterning. The second main section reviews results from a longitudinal study illustrating how children with and without hearing loss acquire each level of linguistic structure and how each level contributes to reading acquisition for each group differently. The third main section of this report provides suggestions for how to incorporate this information into interventions for children with hearing loss. Results Outcomes presented illustrate that semantic structure begins to take form first, with phonological structure following. Semantic structure is related to reading comprehension, and phonological structure is related to word recognition, at least for alphabetic orthographies. Children with hearing loss acquire a less differentiated linguistic system, with structure at the phonological level only partly or coarsely acquired and with a lack of clear distinction from the semantic level of structure. Consequently, the roles of each level of structure in reading acquisition are less clearly defined for children with hearing loss. Conclusion For children with normal hearing, learning to read is compartmentalized: Emerging sensitivity to phonological structure supports development of word recognition, and semantic-level skills support reading comprehension. Hearing loss diminishes language skills overall, but especially phonological sensitivity. Children with hearing loss, especially those with cochlear implants, must rely on all language skills to learn to read, including both word recognition and reading comprehension, which creates a highly inefficient processing strategy.
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Amrulloh, Muhammad Afif, and Haliyatul Hasanah. "Analisis Kesalahan Fonologis Membaca Teks Bahasa Arab Siswa Madrasah Tsanawiyah Lampung Selatan." Arabiyatuna : Jurnal Bahasa Arab 3, no. 2 (November 13, 2019): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/jba.v3i2.815.
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This study aims to find and reduce the location of errors in learning Arabic in the aspect of reciting Arabic letters (makhorijul letters) with the error analysis method. Focus more specifically on the phonetic aspect, namely on letters that sound like sounds. In addition, this study also aims to determine the forms of errors in reading Arabic texts in the phonological level (phonetic / makhroj aspects). This type of research is a qualitative study, conducted at MTs. Raudlatul Jannah Natar, South Lampung. Understanding the study of how to pronounce or sound Arabic letters is very important in learning Arabic to avoid pronunciation errors, so it does not hamper the learning process. The results of this study indicate that the forms of phonological errors that often occur when reading Arabic text activities are errors in sound in terms of articulation factors including among them: 1) apico-dental-alveolar sound. 2) Inter-dental sound. 3) Foronto-palatal sounds. 4) Dorso-uvular sound. 5) Dorso-velar sound. 6) Sound of avico-alveolars. 7) The sound of root-pharyngeals. The sound error in terms of aspects of articulation that is in: 1) fricative sound. 2) pop sound.
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McMahon, April, Paul Foulkes, and Laura Tollfree. "Gestural representation and Lexical Phonology." Phonology 11, no. 2 (August 1994): 277–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001974.
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Recent work on Articulatory Phonology (Browman & Goldstein 1986, 1989, 1991, 1992a, b) raises a number of questions, specifically involving the phonetics–phonology ‘interface’. One advantage of using Articulatory Phonology (henceforth ArtP), with its basic units of abstract gestures based on articulatory movements, is its ability to link phenomena previously seen as phonological to those which are conventionally described as allophonic, or even lower-level phonetic effects, since ‘gestures are... useful primitives for characterising phonological patterns as well as for analysing the activity of the vocal tract articulators’ (Browman & Goldstein 1991: 313). If both phonetics and phonology could ultimately be cast entirely in gestural terms, the phonetics–phonology interface might effectively cease to exist, at least in terms of units of analysis.
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CUTLER, ANNE. "Representation of second language phonology." Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no. 1 (January 2015): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716414000459.
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ABSTRACTOrthographies encode phonological information only at the level of words (chiefly, the information encoded concerns phonetic segments; in some cases, tonal information or default stress may be encoded). Of primary interest to second language (L2) learners is whether orthography can assist in clarifying L2 phonological distinctions that are particularly difficult to perceive (e.g., where one native-language phonemic category captures two L2 categories). A review of spoken-word recognition evidence suggests that orthographic information can install knowledge of such a distinction in lexical representations but that this does not affect learners’ ability to perceive the phonemic distinction in speech. Words containing the difficult phonemes become even harder for L2 listeners to recognize, because perception maps less accurately to lexical content.
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Koporova, K. "PHONEMES AND THEIR PRONUNCIATION VARIATIONS IN STANDARD RUSIN LANGUAGE IN SLOVAKIA (CONSONANTS)." Rusin, no. 60 (2020): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/60/11.
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Standard Rusin language in Slovakia (codified in 1995) provides space for greater linguistic research within individual levels of language; namely the phonetic and phonological level, as in this article. The study presents pronunciation variations of selected consonants in standard Rusin in Slovakia in their individual phonological realisations. The author draws on her original research into the culture of contemporary Rusin spoken in Slovakia, as well as the results by linguists who dealt with Rusin dialects in the past (Olaf Broch, Ivan Paňkevič, Georgij Gerovskij, and others), primarily the research by the phonetician and phonologist Vasi Latta, and the codifier of standard Rusin in Slovakia Vasi Jabur. The study is part of the forthcoming orthoepic norm of standard Rusin in Slovakia.
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Chan, Ricky KW, and Janny HC Leung. "WHY ARE LEXICAL TONES DIFFICULT TO LEARN?" Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263119000482.
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AbstractL2 sounds present different kinds of challenges to learners at the phonetic, phonological, and lexical levels, but previous studies on L2 tone learning mostly focused on the phonetic and lexical levels. The present study employs an innovative technique to examine the role of prior tonal experience and musical training on forming novel abstract syllable-level tone categories. Eighty Cantonese and English musicians and nonmusicians completed two tasks: (a) AX tone discrimination and (b) incidental learning of artificial tone-segment connections (e.g., words beginning with an aspirated stop always carry a rising tone) with synthesized stimuli modeled on Thai. Although the four participant groups distinguished the target tones similarly well, Cantonese speakers showed abstract and implicit knowledge of the target tone-segment mappings after training but English speakers did not, regardless of their musical experience. This suggests that tone language experience, but not musical experience, is crucial for forming novel abstract syllable-level tone categories.
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Jones, Noel K. "Development of morphophonemic segments in children’s mental representations of words." Applied Psycholinguistics 12, no. 2 (June 1991): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009152.
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ABSTRACTThis study explores the development in children of dual-level phonological processing. Evidence suggesting that 6-year-olds form underlying representations composed of morphophonemic segments was obtained by asking children to imitate complex words, omit specified portions, and discuss the meaning of the resulting word parts. Trial items represent a variety of instances in which phonetic forms differ from underlying representations. Although language-advanced first graders produced stronger evidence suggesting morphophonemic segments than language-delayed age-mates, and young adults supplied stronger evidence than either first-grade group; strength of evidence leads to the interpretation that even language-delayed 6-year-olds form morphophonemic segments. Differences in performance between groups probably derive from differences in metalinguistic abilities and linguistic experience rather than from differences in units of phonological processing.
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Kharlamov, Viktor, Kenneth Campbell, and Nina Kazanina. "Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence for Early and Automatic Detection of Phonological Equivalence in Variable Speech Inputs." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 11 (November 2011): 3331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2011.21606.
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Speech sounds are not always perceived in accordance with their acoustic–phonetic content. For example, an early and automatic process of perceptual repair, which ensures conformity of speech inputs to the listener's native language phonology, applies to individual input segments that do not exist in the native inventory or to sound sequences that are illicit according to the native phonotactic restrictions on sound co-occurrences. The present study with Russian and Canadian English speakers shows that listeners may perceive phonetically distinct and licit sound sequences as equivalent when the native language system provides robust evidence for mapping multiple phonetic forms onto a single phonological representation. In Russian, due to an optional but productive t-deletion process that affects /stn/ clusters, the surface forms [sn] and [stn] may be phonologically equivalent and map to a single phonological form /stn/. In contrast, [sn] and [stn] clusters are usually phonologically distinct in (Canadian) English. Behavioral data from identification and discrimination tasks indicated that [sn] and [stn] clusters were more confusable for Russian than for English speakers. The EEG experiment employed an oddball paradigm with nonwords [asna] and [astna] used as the standard and deviant stimuli. A reliable mismatch negativity response was elicited approximately 100 msec postchange in the English group but not in the Russian group. These findings point to a perceptual repair mechanism that is engaged automatically at a prelexical level to ensure immediate encoding of speech inputs in phonological terms, which in turn enables efficient access to the meaning of a spoken utterance.
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Kraska-Szlenk,, Iwona, and Marzena Żygis,. "Phonetic and lexical gradience in Polish prefixed words." Cognitive Linguistics 23, no. 2 (May 25, 2012): 317–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2012-0010.
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AbstractThe article focuses on the gradient phonetic effects occurring at the prefix-stem boundary in Polish and their phonological interpretation. The environment of a consonant-final prefix followed by a vowel-initial stem exhibits remarkable variation as to the presence of specific phonetic cues, ranging from their being completely absent or very weak to the presence of strong ones, such as the occurrence of a glottal stop combined with partial devoicing of the prefix-final consonant and full glottalization of the stem-initial vowel. A significant correlation is observed between the number of the phonetic cues marking the morphological boundary and the lexical frequency, as well as certain other factors. The gradient character of the prefix-stem juncture in Polish is independently motivated by the speakers' attitudes as revealed in a psycholinguistic test, which demonstrates that the low-level phonetic features contribute to the mental representation of language grammar. The discussion of the data is conducted in the larger context of Polish sandhi, phonotactics and neighbourhood density effects, providing a functional explanation of the analysed problem and of certain prefix-suffix asymmetries. All the evidence in the article points to the importance of language usage criteria in shaping a language grammar and to the necessity of recognizing this fact in linguistic analysis.
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Murashkina, O. V. "To the Issue of Communicative Teaching Foreign Languages." Язык и текст 7, no. 2 (2020): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2020070206.
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The article deals with the issue of teaching foreign languages with the usage of methods communicative. Communicative approach and communicative method are two interrelated concepts. Language competence developed in social context is the basis for successful communication in the target language. The article deals with the problem of the formation of phonological hearing in the process of teaching Spanish as a foreign language. The problem of learning the correct pronunciation is key in learning Spanish at the initial stage due to the diverse dialectal variability of the Spanish language. The main difficulty in mastering Spanish phonetics is the variety of national variants and dialects, which at the level of sounding speech represent a motley allophonic picture. In this regard, the task of forming phonological hearing in the process of teaching Spanish as a foreign language is a priority. The difference between phonetic systems and phonological structures of the native and the studied foreign languages is the main reason for linguistic interferences, therefore it is important to determine the allophonic picture when teaching the phonetics of the Spanish language.
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Robles-Puente, Sergio. "Sociopragmatic factors and melodic patterns: Spanish vocatives and imperatives compared." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 12, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 179–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2019-2005.
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AbstractDue to their addressing nature, vocatives and imperatives have been said in multiple occasions to have the same function and similar phonological characteristics. The aim of this paper is to examine the intonational link between these two kinds of sentences in Peninsular Spanish considering sociopragmatic and situational factors like the level of formality and the degree of insistence. In order to do so, twenty-eight native speakers of Peninsular Spanish produced isolated names and verbs in formal and informal settings followed by insistent productions. The phonetic and phonological analyses of 1232 one-word productions indicate that both speech acts share multiple contours; namely L* H%, L + H* HL%, L + H* !H%, L + H* L%, L + H* H%, L + H* LH%. Nevertheless, L + H* L% was the most used contour for both speech acts regardless of the sociopragmatic and situational factors. Interestingly, speakers modified the phonetic properties of intensity and F0 depending on the situation since informal and insistent productions had a higher F0, wider pitch excursions and more intensity than their formal and non-insistent counterparts. As alternatives, L* L% contours were attested in formal imperatives while L + H* LH% and L + H* HL% were more common in informal ones. After L + H* L% contours, L + H* HL% and L* H% were the preferred options in formal vocatives but the latter was hardly attested in informal ones.
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Kawahara, Shigeto, and Aaron Braver. "Durational properties of emphatically lengthened consonants in Japanese." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 44, no. 3 (November 25, 2014): 237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100314000085.
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Languages can make use of phonetic duration to signal two kinds of meanings. The first is a lexical, phonological contrast. For example, in Japanese [kata] with a short [t] means ‘frame’ and [katta] with a long [tt] means ‘bought’. This sort of contrast is usually limited to a binary distinction, and its phonetic properties have been well studied for many diverse languages. The other use of phonetic duration is to express pragmatic emphasis. Speakers of some languages can use lengthening to express emphasis, as in the English exampleThank you sooooooo much. This lengthening can employ multiple degrees of duration, beyond the more standard binary contrast. This second use of duration has been understudied, and this paper attempts to fill that gap. To that end, this paper reports the first experimental documentation of the consonant lengthening pattern in Japanese, which expresses pragmatic emphasis. The results show that at least some speakers show six levels of durational distinctions, while other speakers show less clear-cut distinctions among different levels of emphatically lengthened consonants. Nevertheless, all but one speaker showed a linear correlation between duration and level of emphasis.
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Mel’nik, Yuliya A. "Foreign Language Accent in Russian Speech of the Mongols As a Result of Interference of Language Systems." Review of Omsk State Pedagogical University. Humanitarian research, no. 30 (2021): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36809/2309-9380-2021-30-72-76.
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The article analyses the most typical phonetic and intonational mistakes that arise in the speech of the Mongols when mastering the Russian language. Such mistakes create a specific foreign accent, and can be an obstacle to successful communication. Phonetic and intonational differences in the speech of the Russian-speaking Mongols are due to the influence of the phonological system of their native language, as well as the diverse structure of the compared languages (consonant and vocal), the discrepancy of articulation bases, and the peculiarities of the organization of the super-segment level. The practice shows that Mongol students experience significant difficulties in mastering the phonetics and intonation of the Russian language; the formed accent is very stable and difficult to correct, so it is important to work on pronunciation at the initial stages of language learning. The most effective, according to the author, is a comparative methodology based on a comparative description. The given material can be useful for practicing teachers working in a Mongolian-speaking audience, who are interested in correct pronunciation, who want to get an idea of the phonetic systems of the compared languages to prevent typical mistakes and correct them.
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Blazhevich, Yuliya. "Phonetic Peculiarities of the French Language of Cameroon." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 4 (December 2019): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.4.17.
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Phonetic peculiarities of the territorial variant of the French language in Cameroon have been considered in the article. Audio- and video recordings of French-speaking Cameroonians have been used for the study. Significant divergences between the phonetic systems of the French language of the former metropolis and its Cameroonian version have been detected in the systems of vowels and consonants as well as on the prosodic level. The analysis proves that local Cameroonian languages being L1 of the speakers interfere with the French language of Cameroon as articulation habits of mother tongues are transferred into their speech in the French language. In the vowel system we have detected the following phonological phenomena: substitution of French sounds by the L1 ones, denasalization, diphthongization of vowels, change of sound length and use of epenthesis. In the consonant system such phenomena as substitution, devoicing, voicing, palatalization, sound opposition attenuation and consonant cluster simplification have been detected. Alterations are also observed on the prosodic level where L1 interference manifests in the form of excess tone marking transferred into French which is characteristic of most indigenous African languages. Four groups of accents spoken in Cameroon are also singled out and their main characteristics are described in the article.
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Khasawneh, Mohamad A., Firas A. Al Ahmad, and Mohamad A. Al Khawaldeh. "the Effects of Training Program based on Auditory Perception Skills in Enhancing Phonological Awareness among Learning Disability Students in Aseer Region." Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS] 12, no. 3 (July 29, 2018): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jeps.vol12iss3pp591-604.
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This study aimed to explore the effect of a training program based on auditory perception skills in enhancing phonological awareness among learning disability students in the Aseer region. The sample of the study consisted of forty students from grades 3, 4, 5 and 6 in the Aseer directorate of education. Students were diagnosed by the resources room teacher as learning disability students. The researchers used the semi-experimental design which consists of experimental and control groups. Results showed mean significant difference in the phonetic sequential-memorization skill between the experimental and control groups on the post-test, in favor of the experimental group. There was no significant difference in the auditory perception skills that could be attributed to grade level. The results showed a continuous effect for the phonological awareness development program in developing auditory perception skills among learning disability students in the Aseer area.
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Glushchenko, Volodymyr. "PAVLO ZHYTETSKYI AND THE TYPOLOGY OF THE SLAVONIC LANGUAGES." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2021, no. 32 (2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2021-32-3.
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P. H. Zhytetskyi’sbook «Очерк звуковой истории малорусского наречия» became a valuable contribution into Ukrainian and Slavonic studies. Zhytetskyi is credited with posing the problem of the relationship between vocalism and consonantism in the history of the Ukrainian language, and thus in the history of the Slavonic languages in general. Zhytetskyi’s thesis about «the poor» vocalism combining with «the rich» consonantism and vice versa in the Slavonic languages and in their history set the grounds of the historical typology of the Slavonic languages (on the phonological level) and proved to be really effective in the XXth ct. linguistics. It provided the principles of the Slavonic languages division into two types – a vocal and a consonant ones, which were interpreted both synchronically and diachronically (A. V. Isachenko, K. V. Horshkova, V. V. Ivanov, V. V. Kolesov). Zhytetskyi reconstructed the systems of archytypes and the systems of phonetic rules with the similar mechanism (united by a common cause). This resulted in Zhytetskyi’s understanding of the Ukrainian phonetic system history as a chain of causally related phonetic processes on the level of the subsystems (vocalism and consonantism) and the sound categories (strong and weak, voiced and unvoiced, hard and soft consonants). Therefore, Zhytetskyi’s concept of the relationship between vocalism and consonantism in the history of the Ukrainian language has retained its relevance in comparative and typological linguistiscs of the XX-th ct. – early XXIst ct.
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Alfano, Iolanda. "Intonation, information structure and syntax in yes-no questions in the Spanish of Barcelona." Loquens 3, no. 1 (November 28, 2016): 027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2016.027.
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The aim of this work is to study the intonation of yes-no questions in Spanish of Barcelona, analysing the interface with informative and morphosyntactic structure. To this purpose, we present new data to describe this kind of utterances and we examine the state-of-the-art and controversial issues. Even if experimental phonetic and phonological research has paid particular attention to yes-no questions, there still exist some open problems. We use a transcription system which is closely linked to the phonetic realization of the intonation contour, running it in a semiautomatic mode by a program that provides a stylization algorithm and an annotation process. Our findings provide empirical evidence which shows that information structure and morphosyntactic level do affect prosodic realizations of utterances. We can definitely conclude that even if it presents various theoretical and methodological problems, the study of linguistic interfaces is very useful and it allows a deeper and a better description compared to the separated analysis of the same linguistic levels.
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Doszhan, Gulzhan, and Gulzhan Gauriyeva. "Problems of vitality of the Turkic languages in the age of globalisation." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 5 (September 30, 2019): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v6i5.4378.
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In recent years, there is an apparent increase in interest of linguists to do comparative studies on lexicology over the genetic and typologically related languages. This paper has sought to critically research the role of mutual lexical enrichment of kindred languages and assimilation of loanwords, in particular, anglicisms to the vitality, maintenance and revitalisation of Turkic languages in the age of globalisation. The most important reasons for penetration and use of words and terms borrowed from English in modern Turkic languages have extra linguistic nature. However, intra linguistic factors are not an exception. Owing to distinctions of graphic bases of the alphabets and pronunciation norms of Turkic languages, the level of phonetic, grammatical and semantic assimilation of loanwords and terms in these languages are not identical. Because of incomplete phonological and graphic adaptation of loanwords, it becomes clear that in the Turkic languages national colouring, phonetic and orthographic norms of these languages are partly changed.
Keywords: Vitality, lexical system, Turkic languages, globalisation, anglicisms.
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López, Verónica González. "Spanish and English word-initial voiceless stop production in code-switched vs. monolingual structures." Second Language Research 28, no. 2 (April 2012): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658312439821.
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The present study examines the production outcomes of late second language (L2) learners in order to determine if the mechanisms that allow the creation of phonetic categories remains available during the lifespan, as the Speech Language Model (SLM) claims. In addition, the study focuses on the type of interaction that exists between the first language (L1) and L2 phonological subsystems. Given the participants’ proficiency level, L1 influence on the L2 is expected, while a bidirectional L1–L2 interaction is unlikely. The main tool used to examine language interaction and category development is VOT (voice onset time) production in monolingual and code-switched (CS) sentences. Participants, then, serve as their own control against which production in CS sentences is compared. The results confirm the availability of L2 phonetic category formation for late L2 learners, while different patterns of L1–L2 uni- and bidirectional interaction indicate that different places of articulation may pose various levels of difficulty in terms of ease and pace of acquisition.
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Saito, Kazuya, and Xianghua Wu. "COMMUNICATIVE FOCUS ON FORM AND SECOND LANGUAGE SUPRASEGMENTAL LEARNING." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 36, no. 4 (May 23, 2014): 647–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263114000114.
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The current study examined how form-focused instruction (FFI) with and without corrective feedback (CF) as output enhancement facilitated second language (L2) perception of Mandarin tones at both the phonetic and phonological levels by 41 Cantonese learners of Mandarin. Two experimental groups, FFI only and FFI-CF, received a 90-min FFI treatment designed to encourage them to notice and practice the categorical distinctions of Mandarin tones through a range of communicative input and output activities. During these activities, the instructors provided CF only to students in the FFI-CF group by recasting and pushing them to repair their mispronunciations of the target features (i.e., output enhancement). The control group received comparable meaning-oriented instruction without any FFI. The effectiveness of FFI was assessed via a forced-choice identification task with both trained and untrained items for a variety of tonal contrasts in Mandarin (high-level Tone 1 vs. mid-rising Tone 2 vs. high-falling Tone 4). According to statistical comparisons, the FFI-only group attained significant improvement in all lexical and tonal contexts, and such effectiveness was evident particularly in the acquisition of Tone 1 and Tone 4—supposedly the most difficult instances due to their identical phonological status in the learners’ first language, Cantonese. The FFI-CF group, however, demonstrated marginally significant gains only under the trained lexical conditions. The results suggest that FFI promotes learners’ attentional shift from vocabulary to sound learning (generalizable gains in trained and untrained items) and facilitates their access to new phonetic and phonological categories. Yet the relative advantage of adding CF to FFI as output enhancement remains unclear, especially with respect to the less experienced L2 learners in the current study.
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Kochetov, Alexei, and Yoonjung Kang. "Supralaryngeal implementation of length and laryngeal contrasts in Japanese and Korean." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 62, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 18–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2016.39.
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AbstractThis article investigates supralaryngeal characteristics of Japanese and Korean length and laryngeal contrasts in stops and affricates. Electropalatography data collected from five Japanese and five Korean speakers revealed similar differences among the consonants in the degree of linguopalatal contact and duration of the closure. Japanese (voiceless) geminate and Korean fortis obstruents were most constricted and had the longest duration (although considerably longer in Japanese). Japanese voiced and Korean lenis obstruents were least constricted and had the shortest duration. Japanese voiceless (singleton) and Korean aspirated obstruents showed intermediate degree of contact and duration. Both stops and affricates showed a positive correlation between degree of contact and duration. The results show that the two very different sets of phonological contrasts are implemented similarly at the supralaryngeal level. These cross-language similarities and cross-category differences are proposed to result from the application of independently-motivated phonetic enhancement rules to distinct phonological representations of laryngeal/length contrasts in the two languages.
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Neumann, Farrah, and Matthew Kanwit. "New Perspectives On Automatic And Morphophonological Alternations: Harmonic Processes In Two Peninsular Varieties Of Spanish." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 7, no. 1 (May 18, 2018): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.7.1.4150.
Full textAbstract:
The present study investigated vowel harmony (VH) in two varieties of Peninsular Spanish - Eastern Andalusian and Montañes. Despite both varieties exhibiting VH, the triggers and targets for each variety result in metaphonic alternations that are quite distinct. Although previous research has extensively documented the VH of Andalusia and Montañes, no study has yet systematically compared the two using a singular metric for determining automatic (i.e., phonological) and morphophonological alternations.To address these questions, VH in each variety is described in detail and then classified as either an automatic or morphophonological alternation according to the following eight criteria indicated in Haspelmath and Sims (2010): phonological versus morphological or lexical conditioning, phonetic coherency, phonetic distance, restriction to derived environments, extension to loanwords, sensitivity to speech-style, creation of new segments, and restriction to the word level. In order to gain a more compete understanding of the morphology-phonology interface in Spanish, we explore similarities and differences in the VH of Eastern Andalusia and of the north of Spain. We seek to determine if VH in each region is more characteristic of automatic or morphophonological alternations.An in-depth analysis of the VH in each variety is revealed that a binary classification was less appropriate than viewing these alternations on a continuum. The nuanced representation of these alternations on a continuum is a unique contribution to the literature on Spanish VH and provides a fresh perspective on the nature of VH alternations in Peninsular Spanish.