Journal articles: 'Phocion'

1

Kyle, Donald G., and Lawrence A. Tritle. "Phocion the Good." Classical World 84, no. 3 (1991): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4350787.

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Alcalde-Martín, Carlos. "Political Vocation and Oratory in the Lives of Phocion, Cato Minor and Cato Maior." Ploutarchos 15 (October 30, 2018): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0258-655x_15_1.

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The pair of biographies Phocion – Cato the Younger begins by establishing, in the Life of Phocion, a comparison between the two protagonists that is illustrated and developed in the internal comparison that Plutarch implicitly traces throughout the two Lives. This can be seen, among other aspects, in their political vocation and in the description of their character and oratory. There is also a close parallel between these biographies and that of Cato the Elder, reinforced by the comparison of their protagonists with Socrates, which evokes the ideal image of the politician inspired by philosophy.

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3

Hamilton, Alexander. "Segunda carta de Foción a los prudentes ciudadanos de Nueva York [Abril de 1784]." Araucaria, no. 43 (2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2020.i43.01.

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4

Saum, Lewis. "Phocion Howard Examines the Northern Pacific Railroad, 1873." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 7, no. 4 (October 2008): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400000852.

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Editor's note: In its October 2004 issue, this journal published a vivid account by Lewis Saum, the well-known historian of the nineteenth-century press, of the dispatches and misadventures of Chicago reporter James “Phocion” Howard during the Black Hills gold rush of 1875. A complete product of an age when news correspondents made no pretence of detachment and no effort to avoid becoming part of their stories, Howard, through what he wrote and what he did, was the sort of reporter who contributed mightily to the image of the post-Civil War era as a Gilded Age. This brief account follows Howard back a little in time, to 1873, when he was noisily bursting illusions along the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad just at the moment when that line's bankruptcy hurled the country into its worst economic collapse in decades.

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5

Petneházi, Gábor. "Megölni az evangéliumot?" Antikvitás & Reneszánsz, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/antikren.2018.2.179-192.

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As paroemium or adagium, the “Evangelia immolare” was invented by Caelius Rhodiginus (Lodovico Ricchieri), who inserted it in his Antiquarum lectionum libri XVI upon Plutarch’s Phocionis vita. Rhodiginus’ monumental collection was in fact faded among Erasmus’ more monumental Adagia, published 8 years earlier as the first edition of Rhodiginus’ Antiquarum lectionum. The peculiar adagium however (translating transitively the verb immolare it’s sense is more than odd) was inserted to the Adagia-collection of Erasmus’ last famulus and pupil, Gilbertus Cognatus, and to that of the Hungarian paroemiographer and historian János Baranyai Decsi. Furthermore, it was reused at the very end of a very specific diplomatic letter of the Polish grand chancellor Jan Zamoyski to the Transylvanian prince Sigismund Báthory in 1593, as a final and encrypted message warning him (like an other Phocion) not to involve into the war against the Turk. Following the way of this particular paroemium (supposedly made up by misreading or misinterpretation) we can detect the linguistic nature of humanism and to measure our boundaries for a genuine comprehension of early modern literary culture in its complexity.

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Saum, Lewis O. "The Gilded Age, Dakota and “Phocion” of the Chicago Times." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 3, no. 4 (October 2004): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400003522.

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Published in 1873, Mark Twain's and Charles Dudley Warner's The Gilded Age went on stage two years later. By the book and the play, Colonel Mulberry Sellers became, at least to some, a dramatic illustration of what was afoot in that era. In March, 1875, the Chicago Times carried an entertainment notice for the opening of that play in that city. This account told that the author of the book and the playwright had envisioned Lawrence Barrett for a role in the play; but it dawned on them that someone with more of a comedic inclination would do better. Perhaps an intimation of that change of tone can be seen in a change of name. The colonel of the novel had a biblical first name, Beriah (Genesis 46–17). That colonel now became Mulberry Sellers, and a humorous actor, John T. Raymond, entered the scene for which Lawrence Barrett had been considered. As this Chicago Times writer put it, the play, with Raymond, had created a “sensation” in New York City, in a run of 120 days. Now Chicago would share the excitement.

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7

Fialho, Maria do Céu. "The interplay of textual references in Plutarch’s life of phocion." Ploutarchos 8 (2010): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0258-655x_8_8.

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8

Knox, Ronald A. "Phocion the Good - Lawrence A. Tritle: Phocion the Good. Pp. xv + 230; 3 diagrams and maps. London, New York and Sydney: Croom Helm, 1988. £27.50." Classical Review 39, no. 1 (April 1989): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00270443.

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9

Hamilton, Alexander. "Carta de Foción a los prudentes ciudadanos de Nueva York-I." Araucaria, no. 42 (2019): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2019.i42.01.

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10

Tutter, Adele. "The Path of Phocion: Disgrace and Disavowal at the Philip Johnson Glass House." American Imago 68, no. 3 (2011): 449–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aim.2011.0031.

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11

Tomlinson, Robert. "Marivaux dans les jardins de Socrate ou l'anti-"Banquet"." Études littéraires 24, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/500955ar.

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On ne s'est jamais interrogé sur la portée de la philosophie d'Hermocrate, le reclus du Triomphe de l'amour , philosophie qui sera remise en cause par l'arrivée d'une jeune princesse dans sa retraite. Nous proposons un rapprochement avec le Banquet de Platon et nous relevons des ressemblances éclairantes entre les deux textes; elles résident essentiellement dans les schémas dramatiques et dans le narcissisme des projets pédagogiques des philosophes, Socrate et Hermocrate. Au contraire d'Alcibiade, dont l'intervention reste inefficace dans le dialogue de Platon, Léonide-Phocion, chez Marivaux, réussit à séduire l'élève du philosophe et rend celui-ci à un monde imparfait marqué des cicatrices du désir.

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12

Mossé, Claude. "Temps de l'histoire et temps de la biographie [ Les "Vies" de Demosthène et de Phocion de Plutarque]." Mètis. Anthropologie des mondes grecs anciens 12, no. 1 (1997): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/metis.1997.1059.

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13

Rule, James P., Justin W. Adams, Felix G. Marx, Alistair R. Evans, Alan J. D. Tennyson, R. Paul Scofield, and Erich M. G. Fitzgerald. "First monk seal from the Southern Hemisphere rewrites the evolutionary history of true seals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1938 (November 11, 2020): 20202318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2318.

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Living true seals (phocids) are the most widely dispersed semi-aquatic marine mammals, and comprise geographically separate northern (phocine) and southern (monachine) groups. Both are thought to have evolved in the North Atlantic, with only two monachine lineages—elephant seals and lobodontins—subsequently crossing the equator. The third and most basal monachine tribe, the monk seals, have hitherto been interpreted as exclusively northern and (sub)tropical throughout their entire history. Here, we describe a new species of extinct monk seal from the Pliocene of New Zealand, the first of its kind from the Southern Hemisphere, based on one of the best-preserved and richest samples of seal fossils worldwide. This unanticipated discovery reveals that all three monachine tribes once coexisted south of the equator, and forces a profound revision of their evolutionary history: rather than primarily diversifying in the North Atlantic, monachines largely evolved in the Southern Hemisphere, and from this southern cradle later reinvaded the north. Our results suggest that true seals crossed the equator over eight times in their history. Overall, they more than double the age of the north–south dichotomy characterizing living true seals and confirms a surprisingly recent major change in southern phocid diversity.

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14

Ackermann, Delphine, and Clément Sarrazanas. "The abolition of the liturgical chorēgia and the creation of the agōnothesia in Athens: new considerations on a debated issue." Journal of Hellenic Studies 140 (November 2020): 34–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075426920000026.

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Abstract:No ancient source indicates when the agōnothesia, attested for the first time in 307/6 BC, was introduced in Athens. Scholars have long attributed its creation, along with the abolition of the liturgical chorēgia, to the government of Demetrius of Phalerum (317–307 BC), motivated by oligarchic ideology and a desire to preserve the wealth of rich citizens. This traditional thesis has recently been challenged, with some scholars attributing the creation of the agōnothesia to the restored democratic government of 307 BC and others to the government of Phocion (322–318 BC). A new look at epigraphical and literary documents hitherto neglected or imperfectly understood (especially from the Attic demes) allows the authors to establish that the liturgical chorēgia disappeared at the beginning of the government of Demetrius of Phalerum, around 316 BC. The institution of the agōnothesia had a precedent (hitherto overlooked) in Lycurgan Athens with the new festival of the Amphiaraia of 331 BC. Both measures were in fact consensual and must not be interpreted as strictly oligarchic in inspiration. The creation of the agōnothesia was above all a pragmatic response on Athens’ part to the major changes that occurred in the agonistic world in the late fourth century.

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15

Lazenby, J. F. "(L. A.) Tritle Phocion the Good. (Croom Helm classical studies.) London etc.: Croom Helm, 1988. Pp. xv + 230, [1] map. £27.50." Journal of Hellenic Studies 109 (November 1989): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/632110.

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16

Holmes, Nigel. "Notes on Lucan." Classical Quarterly 41, no. 1 (May 1991): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800003852.

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‘Phoceus’is ambiguous. It could mean ‘Phocian, of Phocis’, and thus ‘Massilian’. Massilia was founded by refugees from Phocaea; but Latin writers sometimes put instead Phocis, a name which Lucan also used for Massilia. Alternatively it could be a proper name appropriate to a Massilian. It is difficult to decide between the two readings: while no other participant is mentioned simply as a Roman or a Greek, some do appear unnamed. I prefer to see ‘Phoceus’as the swimmer's name. It seems attractive to divide off the four lines describing his life in peacetime (697–700) from ‘pugna fuit unus in ilia’ in 696; and this cannot be done if we must take ‘unus’ with ‘Phoceus’. Secondly, it seems strange of Lucan to give the swimmer four lines of description and Homeric pathos, and then not give him a name.

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17

Stanton, James B., Corrie C. Brown, Steven Poet, Thomas P. Lipscomb, Jeremiah Saliki, and Salvatore Frasca. "RETROSPECTIVE DIFFERENTIATION OF CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS AND PHOCINE DISTEMPER VIRUS IN PHOCIDS." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40, no. 1 (January 2004): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.1.53.

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18

Berta, Annalisa, Morgan Churchill, and Robert W. Boessenecker. "The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 46, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009.

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The oldest definitive pinniped fossils date from approximately 30.6–23 million years ago (Ma) in the North Pacific. Pinniped monophyly is consistently supported; the group shares a common ancestry with arctoid carnivorans, either ursids or musteloids. Crown pinnipeds comprise the Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions), Odobenidae (walruses), and Phocidae (seals), with paraphyletic “enaliarctines” falling outside the crown group. The position of extinct Desmatophocidae is debated; they are considered to be closely related to both otariids and odobenids or, alternatively, to phocids. Both otariids and odobenids are known from the North Pacific, diverging approximately 19 Ma, with phocids originating in the North Atlantic or Paratethys region 19–14 Ma. Our understanding of pinniped paleobiology has been enriched by studies that incorporate anatomical and behavioral data into a phylogenetic framework. There is now evidence for sexual dimorphism in the earliest pinnipeds, heralding polygynous breeding systems, followed by increased body sizes, diving capabilities, and diverse feeding strategies in later-diverging phocid and otarioid lineages.

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Williams, E. E., B. S. Stewart, C. A. Beuchat, G. N. Somero, and J. R. Hazel. "Hydrostatic-pressure and temperature effects on the molecular order of erythrocyte membranes from deep-, shallow-, and non-diving mammals." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-047.

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Little is known about the cellular mechanisms involved in the tolerance of deep-diving marine mammals to hydrostatic pressures that cause serious pathologies when experienced by other mammals. We compared fatty-acid composition, cholesterol content, and the effects of pressure on the molecular order of erythrocyte membranes from deep-, shallow-, and non-diving mammals to determine how these properties may be related to diving performance. Erythrocytes were collected from two deep-diving phocid pinnipeds (northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and harbor seal (Phoca vitulina)), a relatively shallow-diving otariid pinniped (northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus)), and several nondiving terrestrial mammals (dog (Canis familiaris), horse (Equus caballus), and cow (Bos taurus)). Fatty-acid composition clearly distinguished the phocids from the other species. The monoene content of erythrocyte membranes was substantially lower (3 vs.»20%), whereas the lipid unsaturation indices, the ratio of α- to γ-linolenic acids, and the proportions of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were substantially higher in the phocids. The cell-membrane cholesterol content was also significantly lower in erythrocytes from the deep-diving phocids (cholesterol:phospholipid ratios 0.20.3) than from most other mammals (1.0). Membranes from the phocids were more ordered than those from the shallow- and non-divers, and were also more sensitive to changes in pressure and temperature. The physiological significance of these differences in cell-membrane structure, which affect the order and sensitivity of cell membranes to hydrostatic pressure, is unknown, but they may be important adaptations that allow repeated and prolonged exposure to great hydrostatic pressure.

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Fulton, Tara Lynn, and Curtis Strobeck. "Multiple markers and multiple individuals refine true seal phylogeny and bring molecules and morphology back in line." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1684 (November 25, 2009): 1065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1783.

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Despite decades of study, some aspects of Phocidae (Pinnipedia, Carnivora) phylogeny still remain unresolved. Using the largest novel dataset to date, including all extant phocids and comprising 15 nuclear and 13 mitochondrial genes, we illustrate the utility of including multiple individuals per species in resolving rapid radiations, and provide new insight into phocid phylogeny. In line with longstanding morphological views, Pusa is recovered as monophyletic for the first time with genetic data. The data are also used to explore the relationship between genetic distance and taxonomic rank. Intraspecific sampling also highlights the discrepancy between molecular and morphological rates of evolution within Phocidae.

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Kovacs, Kit M., and D. M. Lavigne. "Maternal investment in otariid seals and walruses." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1953–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-265.

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We examined neonatal size, growth rate during lactation, weaning mass, adult body mass, and the degree of polygyny among fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae) and walruses (Odobenidae). Observed patterns of maternal and sexual investment were compared with those reported for true seals (Phocidae) and for other mammals. There was a strong positive interspecific allometric relationship between mass at birth and maternal mass for otariid species (p < 0.001). The slope of this relationship was significantly different from that for phocid species (p < 0.001). All pinniped data were above the regression line for terrestrial mammals. Lactation was longer and growth rates were slower for otariid and odobenid species than for phocid species. The cyclic foraging pattern of lactating otariids allows for more flexibility in the duration of lactation than is possible in phocids. Such flexibility may serve as a buffer when food is scarce. The longer lactation period of otariids and walruses also permits offspring to develop swimming and foraging skills while still depending on their mothers for energy. The relationship of mass at weaning to maternal mass suggests a greater investment in each neonate in otariids and walruses than in phocids. The large body size and advanced state of development at weaning may be an adaptive response to predation pressure on otariids. Adult male otariids and walruses are larger than females and, in both families, the average birth mass, mass at weaning, and growth rate of male pups are greater than those of females. The ratio of body masses of male pups to female pups at birth and at weaning was not correlated with the degree of adult sexual dimorphism within species, despite a positive correlation between the ratio of body masses of adult males to adult females and the degree of polygyny across otariid species.

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Koretsky, I., S. Rahmat, and N. Peters. "Rare Late Miocene Seal Taxa (Carnivora, Phocidae) from the North Sea Basin." Vestnik Zoologii 48, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0050.

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Abstract Rare Late Miocene Seal Taxa (Carnivora, Phocidae) from the North Sea Basin. Koretsky, I., Rahmat, S., Peters, N. - Th e discovery of new late Miocene fossil true seals from the North Sea Basin in Northern Europe provides important information regarding the radiation of monachines and phocines in the Eastern Atlantic. Examination of the first fossil seal remains from the Gram Formation, western Denmark, allowed redescriptions and emended diagnoses of several taxa. Analysis of diagnostic material recovered from western Denmark and Th e Netherlands shows the presence of at least three phocid genera and reveals new information on the taxonomic variability of true seals. Due to the close relationships that exist between these phocid faunas, a correlation was demonstrated between different localities of Northern and Western Europe and provides the opportunity to associate localities of the Western and Central Paratethys with the eastern and western shores of the North Atlantic. Morphological analyses of postcranial material identifi ed three new late Miocene species (Pontophoca jutlandica, Subfamily Monachinae; Gryphoca nordica and Platyphoca danica, both Subfamily Phocinae), suggesting that the maximum evolutionary diversity of mid-Tertiary phocids occurred first in the Paratethys and later in the North Atlantic Basins.

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Zarnke, Randall L., Jeremiah T. Saliki, Alastair P. Macmillan, Simon D. Brew, Claire E. Dawson, Jay M. Ver Hoef, Kathryn J. Frost, and Robert J. Small. "SEROLOGIC SURVEY FOR BRUCELLA SPP., PHOCID HERPESVIRUS-1, PHOCID HERPESVIRUS-2, AND PHOCINE DISTEMPER VIRUS IN HARBOR SEALS FROM ALASKA, 1976–1999." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42, no. 2 (April 2006): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-42.2.290.

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Liggins, Graham C., John T. France, Robert C. Schneider, Bruce S. Knox, and Warren M. Zapol. "Concentrations, metabolic clearance rates, production rates and plasma binding of cortisol in Antarctic phocid seals." Acta Endocrinologica 129, no. 4 (October 1993): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1290356.

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We have reported previously that plasma of the Weddell seal, a member of the phocid family, contains a very high concentration of cortisol. The present study was undertaken to determine whether high cortisol levels were common to seals in the Antarctic environment, or to other phocidae, and to determine the mechanism of the hypercortisolaemia. High levels of cortisol (0.82–2.38 μmol/l) were found in 4 phocidae (Weddell, crabeater, leopard and Southern elephant seals), whereas levels in a member of the otariid family (Antarctic fur seal) were similar to human values. Metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and production rates (PR) of cortisol were determined in the field in Weddell (N = 1), crabeater (N= 3) and leopard (N= 3) seals following bolus injections of [3H] cortisol. The MCR and PR did not differ between the three phocids, but whereas the MCR of 410–590 1/day was twice that of human values, the PR of 460–1180 μmol·m−2·d−1 was up to 40-fold greater. The binding capacity of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) was equal to or greater than the plasma concentrations of cortisol, resulting in relatively low concentrations of free cortisol. We conclude that hypercortisolaemia is maintained in phocid seals mainly by a high production rate—the highest (corrected for surface area) reported in any species. The relatively low cortisol levels in otariid seals studied in the same environment suggest that the high PR in phocidae is unrelated to the harsh climatic conditions, but may be part of their adaptation for diving to extreme depths. The phocid seals and New World primates have similarly high levels of cortisol and a high PR but CBG in the primates has low binding capacity and affinity and cortisol is mainly free.

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Aguilar, A., L. H. Cappozzo, M. Gazo, T. Pastor, J. Forcada, and E. Grau. "Lactation and mother–pup behaviour in the Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus: an unusual pattern for a phocid." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 1 (February 2007): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407056147.

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This paper presents baseline information on maternal behaviour and lactation in the Mediterranean monk seal, with particular focus on the age at which pups are weaned. The study was conducted in the western Saharan population, the only surviving colony of the species. The first moult finished at a mean pup age of 72.3±17 d (N=17) and, in contrast to other taxonomically-related phocids, this process was not associated with weaning. Lactation lasted a mean of 119.4 d (N=9; range: 103–149 d) in the pups that could be monitored until full weaning had taken place. This period almost doubles the maximum lactation length reported in other phocid species. During the first week after birth the mother–pup bond was well developed and mothers always remained with their pups. The time invested in nursing (17%, SD: ±36) and in mother–pup interactions (14%, SD: ±32) was higher during this period than afterwards (8%, SD: ±23 and 4%, SD: ±19, respectively). After the first week, nursing continued but mothers started to leave their pups in order to feed at sea. Weaning occurred gradually. Already since birth, pups were active and mobile, and swam frequently before moulting or weaning occurred. Fostering and milk stealing were common patterns of behaviour for both lactating females and pups. In 26.6% of the suckling episodes observed in mother–pup pairs of known identity, pups suckled from females other than their mothers. Some females nursed more than one pup, at least occasionally, and in some cases a pup was fostered long-term by an alien female. The Mediterranean monk seal exhibits maternal-care characteristics that are more like otarids than phocids. This observation contradicts previous proposals that a short lactation period is a phylogenetic characteristic of phocids. Several of the unusual maternal traits observed may be favoured by year-round access to abundant food supply, availability of breeding sites, and mild climatic conditions. This information should be taken into account when designing conservation strategies for the species and, very particularly, in the implementation of pup rehabilitation programmes.

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Rop, Jeffrey. "The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae." Historia 68, no. 4 (2019): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/historia-2019-0022.

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Skorda, Despina, and Julien Zurbach. "Kirrha (Phocide)." Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 134, no. 2 (2010): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bch.2010.7718.

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Zurbach, Julien, Despina Skorda, Raphaël Orgeolet, Anna Lagia, Ioanna Moutafi, Tobias Krapf, Bastien Simier, Reine-Marie Bérard, Gilles Sintès, and Antoine Chabrol. "Kirrha (Phocide)." Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 136, no. 2 (2012): 569–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bch.2012.7950.

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Randau, Marcela, Daniela Sanfelice, and Anjali Goswami. "Shifts in cranial integration associated with ecological specialization in pinnipeds (Mammalia, Carnivora)." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 3 (March 2019): 190201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190201.

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Patterns of trait integration reflect the underlying genetic and developmental architecture of morphology and significantly influence the direction of evolution. Nevertheless, the relationship between integration and disparity is complex and unlikely to be uniform across large phylogenetic and ecological scales. To date, there are little data comparing patterns of integration across major ecological transitions, limiting understanding of the processes driving changes in trait integration and their consequences. Here, we investigated patterns of cranial integration and disparity across pinnipeds, three closely related carnivoran families that have undergone a secondary adaptation to the aquatic niche with varying levels of ecological differentiation. With a three-dimensional geometric morphometric dataset of 677 specimens spanning 15 species, we compared five models of trait integration, and examined the effects of sexual dimorphism and allometry on model support. Pinnipeds varied greatly in patterns of cranial integration compared to terrestrial carnivorans. Interestingly, this variation is concentrated in phocids, which may reflect the broader range of ecological and life-history specializations across phocid species, and greater independence from the terrestrial habitat observed in that group, relative to otariids. Overall, these results indicate that major ecological transitions, and presumably large changes in selection pressures, may drive changes in phenotypic trait integration.

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Dewaele, Leonard, Olivier Lambert, and Stephen Louwye. "A critical revision of the fossil record, stratigraphy and diversity of the Neogene seal genus Monotherium (Carnivora, Phocidae)." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 5 (May 2018): 171669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171669.

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Historically, Monotherium had been one of the few genera of extinct Phocidae (true seals) that served as a wastebin taxon. Consequently, it did neither aid in understanding phylogenetic relationships of extinct Phocidae, nor in understanding seal diversity in deep time. This urged the reassessment of the genus. Before our review, Monotherium included five different species: Monotherium aberratum , Monotherium affine , and Monotherium delognii from Belgium; Monotherium gaudini from Italy; and Monotherium ? wymani from the east coast USA. In this work we redescribe the fossil record of the genus, retaining the type species M. delognii . Monotherium aberratum and M. affine are reassigned to the new phocine genus Frisiphoca . Monotherium gaudini is renamed and considered a stem-monachine ( Noriphoca gaudini ). The holotype of the monachine M. ? wymani requires further study pending the discovery of new fossil material that could be attributed to the same taxon. Reinvestigating the stratigraphic context reveals that N. gaudini most likely represents one of the two oldest named phocid seals, or even the oldest, dated to the late Oligocene–earliest Miocene. Our results allow questioning the widespread idea that Phocidae originated in the western Atlantic and better appreciate their palaeobiogeography during the late Oligocene–Miocene interval in the North Atlantic realm.

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Shaughnessy, Peter D., Catherine M. Kemper, and John K. Ling. "Records of vagrant phocid seals (family Phocidae) in South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 2 (2012): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am11036.

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Five species of phocid seal of the Southern Ocean and Antarctica come ashore occasionally on the southern Australian coast but do not breed there. We document records (specimens and sightings) of visits to South Australia (SA) by southern phocids from 1883 until August 2011. We used records from the SA Museum, reports from coastal officers of SA Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the DENR fauna database, information from the public, the literature and newspapers. Thirty-six southern elephant seal records included two births, in November 1932 and October 1986. The latter pup suckled for 20 days and then stayed ashore for eight weeks; both are similar to average durations at Macquarie Island. Of 33 dated records, 31 were between August and April, when elephant seals at Macquarie Island (the closest breeding site) are ashore to breed or moult. A recognisable male on Kangaroo Island has been sighted often over 10 years to 2010. Of the ice-breeding species, there were 54 leopard seal records. All of 40 dated records were between June and December, with the maximum (12) in August, similar to the seasonal distribution in Tasmania. There were five records of crabeater seals, one of a Ross seal, and one of a Weddell seal.

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Baillat, Gilbert, Abdelaziz Moqrich, Francis Castets, Agnès Baude, Yannick Bailly, Alexandre Benmerah, and Ariane Monneron. "Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Phocein, a Protein Found from the Golgi Complex to Dendritic Spines." Molecular Biology of the Cell 12, no. 3 (March 2001): 663–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.12.3.663.

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Phocein is a widely expressed, highly conserved intracellular protein of 225 amino acids, the sequence of which has limited homology to the ς subunits from clathrin adaptor complexes and contains an additional stretch bearing a putative SH3-binding domain. This sequence is evolutionarily very conserved (80% identity betweenDrosophila melanogaster and human). Phocein was discovered by a yeast two-hybrid screen using striatin as a bait. Striatin, SG2NA, and zinedin, the three mammalian members of the striatin family, are multimodular, WD-repeat, and calmodulin-binding proteins. The interaction of phocein with striatin, SG2NA, and zinedin was validated in vitro by coimmunoprecipitation and pull-down experiments. Fractionation of brain and HeLa cells showed that phocein is associated with membranes, as well as present in the cytosol where it behaves as a protein complex. The molecular interaction between SG2NA and phocein was confirmed by their in vivo colocalization, as observed in HeLa cells where antibodies directed against either phocein or SG2NA immunostained the Golgi complex. A 2-min brefeldin A treatment of HeLa cells induced the redistribution of both proteins. Immunocytochemical studies of adult rat brain sections showed that phocein reactivity, present in many types of neurons, is strictly somato-dendritic and extends down to spines, just as do striatin and SG2NA.

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Koretsky, I. A., L. G. Barnes, and S. J. Rahmat. "Re-Evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins." Vestnik Zoologii 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 327–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0040.

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Abstract The origin of pinnipeds has been a contentious issue, with opposite sides debating monophyly or diphyly. This review uses evidence from the fossil record, combined with comparative morphology, molecular and cytogenetic investigations to evaluate the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships of living and fossil otarioid and phocoid pinnipeds. Molecular investigations support a monophyletic origin of pinnipeds, but disregard vital morphological data. Likewise, morphological studies support diphyly, but overlook molecular analyses. This review will demonstrate that a monophyletic origin of pinnipeds should not be completely accepted, as is the current ideology, and a diphyletic origin remains viable due to morphological and paleobiological analyses. Critical examination of certain characters, used by supporters of pinniped monophyly, reveals different polarities, variability, or simply convergence. The paleontological record and our morphological analysis of important characters supports a diphyletic origin of pinnipeds, with otarioids likely arising in the North Pacific from large, bear-like animals and phocids arising in the North Atlantic from smaller, otter-like ancestors. Although members of both groups are known by Late Oligocene time, each developed and invaded the aquatic environment separately from their much earlier, common arctoid ancestor. Therefore, we treat the superfamily Otarioidea as being monophyletic, including the families Enaliarctidae, Otariidae (fur seals/sea lions), Desmatophocidae, and Odobenidae (walruses and extinct relatives), and the superfamily Phocoidea as monophyletic, including only the family Phocidae, with four subfamilies (Devinophocinae, Phocinae, Monachinae, and Cystophorinae).

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Hammond, John A., Kimberley A. Bennett, Michael J. Walton, and Ailsa J. Hall. "Molecular cloning and expression of leptin in gray and harbor seal blubber, bone marrow, and lung and its potential role in marine mammal respiratory physiology." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, no. 2 (August 2005): R545—R553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00203.2004.

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Leptin is a multifunctional hormone, produced predominantly in adipocytes. It regulates energy balance through its impact on appetite and fat metabolism, and its concentration indicates the size of body fat reserves. Leptin also plays a vital role in stretch-induced surfactant production during alveolar development in the fetus. The structure, expression pattern, and role of leptin have not previously been explored in marine mammals. Phocid seals undergo cyclical changes in body composition as a result of prolonged fasting and intensive foraging bouts and experience rapid, dramatic, and repeated changes in lung volume during diving. Here, we report the tissue-specific expression pattern of leptin in these animals. This is the first demonstration of leptin expression in the lung tissue of a mature mammal, in addition to its expression in the blubber and bone marrow, in common with other animals. We propose a role for leptin in seal pulmonary surfactant production, in addition to its likely role in long-term energy balance. We identify substitutions in the phocine leptin sequence in regions normally highly conserved between widely distinct vertebrate groups, and, using a purified seal leptin antiserum, we confirm the presence of the leptin protein in gray seal lung and serum fractions. Finally, we report the substantial inadequacies of using heterologous antibodies to measure leptin in unextracted gray seal serum.

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Franchi, Elena. "Genealogies and Politics: Phocus on the Road." Klio 99, no. 1 (January 21, 2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/klio-2017-0001.

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Summary:On usually refers to all the figures named „Phocus“ as one and the same Phocus, the alleged eponymous hero of the Phocians, and wonder why he has so many „Doppelgänger“: one or more Homeric heroes, a son of Aecus, a son of Ornytion, and so on. This paper assumes instead that there are many different heroes whose names are Phocus, and wonders to what extent and why were they linked. Indeed the contradictory stories about Phocus represent an interesting case of the permeability of the heroes' genealogies and of the traditional narratives about them in archaic and classical Greece. A survey of the sources shows that all the figures named „Phocus“ were more than once linked together to express specific needs. These needs reflect different aims and historical events which are ascribable mainly to the archaic and classical periods. Moreover, they are concerned with Phocis as well as with Corinth, Aegina, Locris, Thebes and Thessaly. By reconstructing wherever possible the chronological context of the different layers and overlaps and by linking them to the several traditions concerning heroes named Phocus, it is possible to construct a map which describes some of the relationships, some geopolitical landscapes and, to a certain extent, even some geopolitical lines working in Central Greece and beyond from the archaic to the Roman period.

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Ball, Mark D., Christopher P. Nizzi, Harold C. Furr, James A. Olson, and Olav T. Oftedal. "Fatty-acyl esters of retinol (vitamin A) in the liver of the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica), hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), and California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 70, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o92-123.

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The fatty-acid composition of retinyl esters in the livers of two species of phocid seal, the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica, n = 20) and the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata, n = 15), and one species of otariid seal, the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus, n = 6), was determined. Vitamin A ranged in concentration from 4 to 1024 nmol retinol/g liver for the phocids and from 381 to 979 nmol/g liver for the otariids. In most of the livers, retinyl palmitate was not the principal ester, and the palmitate + stearate + oleate trio of retinyl esters represented less than 50% of the total. In all samples, the retinyl esters contained 20:1, 20:4, 20:5, and 22:6 in unusually large amounts. Retinyl esters tended to be richer than whole-liver lipids in 20:5 + 22:6, whereas whole-liver lipids were richer in 18:0 and 18:2. Therefore, the pool of acyl donors used for the esterification of retinol may be distinct from that used for other lipids. Birth-to-weaning changes were seen only in the harp seals. In the pups, the hepatic vitamin-A concentration increased 454%, while the proportion of 18:0 and 20:1 in the retinyl esters rose and that of 14:0 + 16:1 and 20:4 fell. Concomitantly, in their mothers, the proportion of 20:4 increased but that of 16:0 and 18:0 decreased.Key words: fatty-acid composition, pinniped liver, retinyl esters, vitamin A.

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Elorriaga-Verplancken, Fernando R., Laura Morales-Luna, Gisela Heckel, and Yolanda Schramm. "Foraging ecology of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) from Baja California, Mexico: inferences from stable isotopes in pups." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96, no. 4 (December 22, 2015): 903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315415002143.

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Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) are the only phocid species found in Mexico. There is evidence that harbour seals at other latitudes exhibit non-migratory behaviour; however, there is lack of knowledge regarding this species' movements in Mexico. In contrast, elephant seal migrations to high latitudes are documented. In order to analyse this behaviour in harbour seals, hair samples (N = 19) were collected from weaned, or nearly weaned, pups on Natividad Island, Baja California (BC), during the 2013 breeding season (February). Lanugo samples (N = 20) were also collected from elephant seal pups on the San Benito Archipelago (60 km north of Natividad) during the same season, providing information on maternal foraging during the last 4–5 months before sampling. Of the two species, BC harbour seals had higher isotope values, reflecting their non-migratory behaviour. These differences may be due to the depleted base values in the higher latitude foraging areas used by northern elephant seals relative to the areas around Natividad frequented by harbour seals. A lower trophic position by elephant seals was considered but taken as an unlikely explanation for this variation. Bayesian analysis confirmed the distinction, with a low overlap value (0.4) and different isotopic spaces (Phoca: 0.5, Mirounga: 1.6). Building upon previous studies of the trophic ecology of the two phocids that inhabit the region, we provide new information by comparing the two species during the same season using the same tissue type sampled from individuals of similar age classes.

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Kerdsurivong, Jidapa, Jarasphol Rintra, Karnt Wongsuphasawat, and Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn. "Stress reduction by Phochong chanting indexed by Thai Stress Test." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, no. 5 (August 11, 2019): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v10i5.22461.

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Background: Stress is traditionally defined as either a bodily or mental tension resulting from factors that tend to alter an existent equilibrium or the process of appraising events of assessing potential responses, and of responses which may include not just physiological but also cognitive and behavioural changes. Aims and Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the stress reduction after listening to Phochong chanting. Materials and Methods: Forty participants were participated in this study. They were divided into two groups; the control group who saw a spot on computer screen while listening to Phochong chanting for 10 minutes, and the target group who saw the Buddha image while listening to Phochong chanting for 10 minutes. The Thai Stress Test was used as a tool to examine the stress reduction. Frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used for descriptive data analysis. Paired sample t-test was also used to compare between before and after listening to Phochong chanting. Results: The percentage of participants in the target group who felt ‘excellent mental health’ was 20.0% and only 10% for the control one. The 55.0% in the target group felt ‘normal mental health’ while 45.0% was for the control one. About 25.0% of the target group felt ‘mild stress’ while 45.0% was in the control one. However, no participant showed ‘sever stress (stressful)’ in this study. The Thai Stress Test has adequate reliability, adequate construct validity, and sufficient discriminant power. Conclusion: By listening to Phochong chanting would help the stress level reduction.

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Dakoronia, Fanouria, and Petros Kounouklas. "Locrian and Phocean watch‑towers." Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, no. 143.1 (December 1, 2019): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/bch.767.

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Rigsby, Kent J. "Phocians in Sicily: Thucydides 6.2." Classical Quarterly 37, no. 2 (December 1987): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800030536.

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In the course of his ethnography of Sicily, Thucydides gives this account of the settlement of Eryx and Egesta in the west of the island (6.2.3): Upon the fall of Troy, some of the Trojans, fleeing the Achaeans by ship, came to Sicily and settled as neighbours to the Sicans; as a group they were called Elymi, while their cities were called Eryx and Egesta. There joined with them in the settlement also some Phocians who were carried from Troy on the same occasion first to Africa by a storm, later from there to Sicily.

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Baker, J. R. "The pathology of phocine distemper." Science of The Total Environment 115, no. 1-2 (April 1992): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90027-p.

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Izdebska, Joanna N., Leszek Rolbiecki, Karolina Cierocka, and Iwona Pawliczka. "Demodex phocidi (Acariformes: Demodecidae) from Phoca vitulina (Carnivora: Phocidae) – the second observation in the world and a supplement to the species description." Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 49, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2020-0005.

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AbstractThe present study describes a finding of the demodecid mite Demodex phocidi in the seal Phoca vitulina in the Baltic Sea. This is the first identification in Europe and the second in the world. This is also the first observation of the Demodecidae family in the pinnipeds outside North America. A high density of demodecid mites was observed in the skin of the examined seal, but no symptoms of parasitosis were observed. Our findings also supplement the taxonomic description and morphometry of D. phocidi.

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Franchi, Elena. "The Ambivalent Legacy of the Crisaeans: Athens’ Interstate Relations (and the Phocian Factor) in 4th-Century Public Discourse." Klio 102, no. 2 (November 26, 2020): 509–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/klio-2019-1004.

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SummaryThe First Sacred War was hotly debated in the 4th century. The crimes committed by the Crisaeans in this war were later equated to those committed by the Phocians during the Third Sacred War, or those committed by the Locrians of Amphissa during the Fourth Sacred War. This paper shows how the parallels drawn between the First and Third Sacred Wars (SW1–SW3) and between the First and Fourth Sacred Wars (SW1–SW4) were respectively shaped and used as an argument in two different milieus: in pro-Macedonian intellectual circles in Athens, and in the Athenian forensic and deliberative arena. The main aim of this paper is to understand why ‘SW1–SW3’ is not used as an argument in the latter. In fact, Athens’ most prominent politicians had to cope with the Athenian support for the Phocians in the so-called Third Sacred War. Thus, the Phocians were depicted as guilty, but not to the point that they were compared to the Crisaeans. The legacy of the latter was ambivalent and lent itself to this shift in meaning.

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Schreer, Jason F., and Kit M. Kovacs. "Allometry of diving capacity in air-breathing vertebrates." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-044.

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Maximum diving depths and durations were examined in relation to body mass for birds, marine mammals, and marine turtles. There were strong allometric relationships between these parameters (log10 transformed) among air-breathing vertebrates (r = 0.71, n = 111 for depth; r = 0.84, n = 121 for duration), although there was considerable scatter around the regression lines. Many of the smaller taxonomic groups also had a strong allometric relationship between diving capacity (maximum depth and duration) and body mass. Notable exceptions were mysticete cetaceans and diving/flying birds, which displayed no relationship between maximum diving depth and body mass, and otariid seals, which showed no relationship between maximum diving depth or duration and body mass. Within the diving/flying bird group, only alcids showed a significant relationship (r = 0.81, n = 9 for depth). The diving capacities of penguins had the highest correlations with body mass (r = 0.81, n = 11 for depth; r = 0.93, n = 9 for duration), followed by those of odontocete cetaceans (r = 0.75, n = 21 for depth; r = 0.84, n = 22 for duration) and phocid seals (r = 0.70, n = 15 for depth; r = 0.59, n = 16 for duration). Mysticete cetaceans showed a strong relationship between maximum duration and body mass (r = 0.84, n = 9). Comparisons across the various groups indicated that alcids, penguins, and phocids are all exceptional divers relative to their masses and that mysticete cetaceans dive to shallower depths and for shorter periods than would be predicted from their size. Differences among groups, as well as the lack of relationships within some groups, could often be explained by factors such as the various ecological feeding niches these groups exploit, or by variations in the methods used to record their behavior.

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Jensen, T. "Another Phocine Distemper Outbreak in Europe." Science 297, no. 5579 (July 12, 2002): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1075343.

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Watts, M. "Is Escherichia coli a phocine pathogen?" Veterinary Record 131, no. 12 (September 19, 1992): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.131.12.272-a.

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Müller, Gundi, Peter Wohlsein, Andreas Beineke, Ludwig Haas, Irene Greiser-Wilke, Ursula Siebert, Sonja Fonfara, et al. "Phocine Distemper in German Seals, 2002." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 4 (April 2004): 723–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1004.030591.

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Rijks, Jolianne M., Marco W. G. Van de Bildt, Trine Jensen, Joost D. W. Philippa, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, and Thijs Kuiken. "Phocine Distemper Outbreak, the Netherlands, 2002." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 12 (December 2005): 1945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1112.050596.

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Rousset, Denis, and Photios P. Katzouros. "Une délimitation de frontière en Phocide." Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 116, no. 1 (1992): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bch.1992.1701.

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Seki, Fumio, Kazue Ohishi, Tadashi Maruyama, and Makoto Takeda. "Phocine distemper virus uses phocine and other animal SLAMs as a receptor but not human SLAM." Microbiology and Immunology 64, no. 8 (July 25, 2020): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12788.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Phocion'

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