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Journal articles on the topic 'Phobic imagery'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Watts, Fraser N., Robert Sharrock, and Lorna Trezise. "Detail and Elaboration in Phobic Imagery." Behavioural Psychotherapy 14, no. 2 (April 1986): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300014543.

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It is hypothesized that phobics have cognitive representations of phobic stimuli that are relatively lacking in detail and elaboration, and that this is reflected in imagery relating to them. In a study of verbal imagery for coping with a spider, the accounts of phobics were found to be briefer and to include fewer stages. In a study of stimulus imagery, vividness was separated into its two components of (a) awareness of the image and (b) degree of detail, following a similar distinction proposed by Klinger. Awareness, but not detail, was found to be greater in phobics, though the hypothesis of less detail in phobics was not confirmed. It is suggested that a lack of elaboration of phobic imagery is likely to impede anxiety reduction in imaginal desensitization, and to reduce the effectiveness of imaginal representations of coping behaviour.

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2

Sacco, Giuseppe, and Vezio Ruggieri. "Mental Imagery and Symptom Patterns." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 17, no. 4 (June 1998): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/r84d-0ca3-v319-yl9w.

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This research is intended to begin a study into the relationships between imagery and some symptom patterns. In particular, we have considered the relationships between image vividness and four most important patterns. These patterns are: depressive, obsessive, eating disorders, and phobic. The relationships between the four patterns and the tendency to somatize have also been investigated. Among the results of interest obtained during research is the existence of a general inhibition of vividness in the depressive group and a marked tendency to produce vivid images (excluding kinesthetic images) in the phobic group. The obsessive group had least difficulty in producing vivid mental images, followed by the group of participants with eating disorders. These results could have important clinical repercussion and applications. These are briefly discussed.

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3

Robinson, Andrew, and Clive Reading. "Imagery in phobic subjects: A psychophysiological study." Behaviour Research and Therapy 23, no. 3 (1985): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(85)90002-6.

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4

Hu, Senqi, Tasha R. Bostow, Daniel A. Lipman, Shawna K. Bell, and Scott Klein. "Positive Thinking Reduces Heart Rate and Fear Responses to Speech-Phobic Imagery." Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, no. 3_suppl (December 1992): 1067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.3f.1067.

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30 speech-anxious subjects imagined a phobic speech scene 10 times. The experimental conditions varied according to whether the subjects engaged in positive, neutral, or negative thinking prior to each scene presentation. Heart rate and self-reports of fear were measured during the imagery periods. Positive thinking just before visualization of the phobic images reduced both subjective anxiety about speech and cardiovascular responses.

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5

Robinson, Andrew, and Clive Reading. "A psychophysiological study of imagery in phobic subjects." Biological Psychology 20, no. 3 (May 1985): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(85)90086-9.

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6

Hoppe, Johanna M., Emily A. Holmes, and Thomas Agren. "Exploring the neural basis of fear produced by mental imagery: imaginal exposure in individuals fearful of spiders." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1817 (December 14, 2020): 20190690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0690.

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Imaginal exposure, i.e. reducing fear using exposure to mental imagery, is a widely used psychological treatment technique for dysfunctional fears. Yet, little is known about its underlying neural mechanisms. The present study examines the neural basis of imaginal exposure using a novel experimental procedure consisting of repeated exposure to flashpoint mental imagery of phobic (spiders) and neutral (gloves) stimuli. Whether the 10 min long imaginal exposure procedure could reduce fear responses was examined one week later. Thirty participants fearful of spiders underwent the experimental procedure. Neural activity was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (session 1). Subjective fear and skin conductance responses were measured throughout the study (sessions 1 and 2). Imaginal exposure evoked intense fear and heightened skin conductance responses, and indicated robust activation in several brain regions, including amygdala, midcingulate cortex and insula. Findings demonstrate that neural activity in fear-processing brain areas can be elicited solely by generating a mental image of a phobic stimulus, that is, in the absence of the percept. Relevant for treatment development, results reveal that a single 10 min session of brief exposures to flashpoint mental imagery can lead to lasting reductions in phobic fear at both the subjective and physiological levels. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation'.

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7

Jacobs, Judith Bula. "Extended mutual imagery in work with anxious and phobic clients." Clinical Social Work Journal 18, no. 2 (June 1990): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00756478.

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8

Borkovec, T. D., and Senqi Hu. "The effect of worry on cardiovascular response to phobic imagery." Behaviour Research and Therapy 28, no. 1 (1990): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90056-o.

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9

Moodley, Prevan, and Schvaughn Sandrine Lesage. "A discourse analysis of Ebola in South African newspapers (2014–2015)." South African Journal of Psychology 50, no. 2 (August 13, 2019): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246319868656.

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The 2014 Ebola outbreak in three African states transformed the virus into a social reality in which media representations contributed to globalised hysteria and had rhetorical effects. This study investigated representations of the Ebola virus/disease in South African news reports (March 2014–June 2015). Four discourses were found to operate within the globalised social context: threat to humanity, predation, invasion, and conspiracy. The South African reportage framed Ebola as a predator and criminal rather than using stock warfare imagery. Representations indicated alignment with phobic high-income countries and colonial hegemony.

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10

Wells, Adrian, David M. Clark, and Sameena Ahmad. "How do I look with my minds eye: perspective taking in social phobic imagery." Behaviour Research and Therapy 36, no. 6 (June 1998): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00037-0.

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11

Borkovec, T. D., James D. Lyonfields, Susan L. Wiser, and Laura Deihl. "The role of worrisome thinking in the suppression of cardiovascular response to phobic imagery." Behaviour Research and Therapy 31, no. 3 (March 1993): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(93)90031-o.

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12

Kamboj, Sunjeev K., Christine Langhoff, Rosanna Pajak, Alex Zhu, Agnes Chevalier, and Sue Watson. "Bowel and Bladder-Control Anxiety: A Preliminary Description of a Viscerally-Centred Phobic Syndrome." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 43, no. 2 (August 19, 2013): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465813000726.

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Background: People with anxiety disorders occasionally report fears about losing control of basic bodily functions in public. These anxieties often occur in the absence of physical disorder and have previously been recognized as “obsessive” anxieties reflecting a preoccupation with loss of bowel/bladder control. Motivated by our observations of the non-trivial occurrence of such anxieties in our clinical practice we sought to fill a gap in the current understanding of “bowel/bladder-control anxieties”. Method: Eligible participants completed an internet survey. Results: Bowel/bladder-control anxieties (n = 140) tended to emerge in the mid to late 20s and were associated with high levels of avoidance and functional impairment. There was a high prevalence of panic attacks (78%); these were especially prevalent among those with bowel-control anxiety. Of those with panic attacks, 62% indicated that their main concern was being incontinent during a panic attack. Significantly, a proportion of respondents (~16%) reported actually being incontinent during a panic attack. Seventy percent of participants reported intrusive imagery related to loss of bowel/bladder control. Intrusion-related distress was correlated with agoraphobic avoidance and general role impairment. Some differences were noted between those with predominantly bowel-, predominantly bladder- and those with both bowel and bladder-control anxieties. Conclusion: This preliminary characterization indicates that even in a non-treatment seeking community sample, bowel/bladder-control anxieties are associated with high levels of distress and impairment. Further careful characterization of these anxieties will clarify their phenomenology and help us develop or modify treatment protocols in a way that takes account of any special characteristics of such viscerally-centred phobic syndromes.

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13

Rushall, Brent S. "Covert Modeling as a Procedure for Altering an Elite Athlete’s Psychological State." Sport Psychologist 2, no. 2 (June 1988): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2.2.131.

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This paper describes the steps taken to use covert modeling as a procedure to alter a problematic loss of confidence in an elite wrestler. The traditional steps of the procedure were modified to suit the client and situation. The then world champion was determined to be a phobic stimulus, as the client could not imagine himself performing successfully with the champion. The covert model at first incorporated the champion and a fictional model. After the determination of detailed appropriate behaviors for a high level of wrestling performance, the athlete modeled their occurrence. After familiarity with the procedure had been established, the wrestler was gradually substituted for the fictional character. He reported practicing modeling outside of consultation sessions and deemed the imagery successful after he had substituted himself as the model. Both the wrestler and his coach considered the procedure to be successful. Performances were markedly improved after the intervention. Covert modeling was proposed as being a viable method for eliminating fear, a loss of confidence, and negative self-appraisals in athletes.

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LIVINGSTONE, DAVID N. "Text, talk and testimony: geographical reflections on scientific habits. An afterword." British Journal for the History of Science 38, no. 1 (March 2005): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000708740400648x.

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A surge of spatial imagery is sweeping across wide stretches of the academy. Spheres of scholarly endeavour hitherto seemingly immune to matters of space and place have been exploiting the geographical lexicon and appending to it ever more imaginative adjectives. Thus literary critics, cultural historians, psychologists, poets and many others have been uncovering geographies that are variously depicted as ‘tender’, ‘neural’, ‘fabulous’, ‘romantic’ and ‘distracted’. Geographers too have added to this adjectival efflorescence with their staging of ‘hybrid’, ‘malevolent’, ‘phobic’ and ‘sensuous’ geographies – to name but a very few. The analytic power of geographical readings has thus been felt across a broad terrain. Thomas Kaufmann, for instance, has recently developed a ‘historical geography of art’ – or what he calls a ‘geohistory of art’ – in which he mobilizes geographical motifs to explore artistic identity, diffusion, circulation and transculturation. Steven Harris, Peter Burke and many others now routinely speak of the ‘geography of knowledge’. And in her recent account of nineteenth-century American expansionism along the western frontier, Amy DeRogatis has found inspiration in the idea of ‘moral geography’ to throw light on the means by which New England ways of life were transferred to the Western Reserve.

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15

Veale, David. "Cognitive behaviour therapy for a specific phobia of vomiting." Cognitive Behaviour Therapist 2, no. 4 (October 22, 2009): 272–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1754470x09990080.

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AbstractThis article summarizes the current knowledge and treatment for a specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV). It is relatively uncommon compared to other specific phobias but may have been misdiagnosed in catchment-area surveys. The differential diagnosis of SPOV includes obsessive–compulsive disorder, hypochondriacal disorder and anorexia nervosa. I discuss the following: a model that is linked to past aversive experiences of vomiting; conducting a clinical assessment; making a formulation; psycho-education, engagement and therapy. The strategies employed depend on the formulation but are likely to include: exposure in vivo to cues of vomiting, exposure in imagination and role-plays of vomiting, imagery re-scripting, behavioural experiments; and dropping of safety-seeking behaviours.

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16

Glicksohn, Joseph. "Photic Driving and Altered States of Consciousness: An Exploratory Study." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 6, no. 2 (October 1986): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5k21-ddwl-e66b-2cxe.

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The use of photic driving to induce an altered state of consciousness (ASC) is investigated and discussed in this exploratory study. Four male subjects were exposed to photic stimulation at the frequencies of 18, 10, and 6 c/s, and were required to provide a verbal report regarding their mentation at the end of each block of photic stimulation. Individual differences were apparent at both cognitive and electrophysiological levels. Two subjects experienced ASCs, reported visual imagery induced by the photic stimulation, and exhibited a driving response to the stimulation at 10 c/s. It was tentatively concluded that the successful induction of a driving response at 10 c/s is conducive both to visual imagery and to the induction of an ASC.

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17

Rowa, Karen, Martin M. Antony, and Richard P. Swinson. "Cognitive Features of Social Phobia." CNS Spectrums 4, no. 11 (November 1999): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900012487.

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AbstractNew cognitive models of social phobia have been developed based, in part, on a growing number of studies suggesting that people with social phobia process information related to social threat differently than people who are not socially anxious and, in some cases, differently than individuals with other anxiety disorders. In addition to providing an overview of recent models of social phobia, this paper reviews the research literature to date on the following aspects of cognition in social phobia: attention, memory, attributions and appraisals, imagery and perspective, and perfectionism.

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18

Cornwall, Elizabeth, Susan H. Spence, and David Schotte. "The Effectiveness of Emotive Imagery in the Treatment of Darkness Phobia in Children." Behaviour Change 13, no. 4 (December 1996): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900004824.

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This study examined the effectiveness of emotive imagery as a treatment for clinically significant darkness phobia in 7- to 10-year-old children. Twenty-four clinically diagnosed children were randomly assigned to either emotive imagery treatment or a waiting-list control condition. Emotive imagery was conducted over six sessions, one per week. The results demonstrated that the emotive imagery group showed significantly greater reductions in darkness fears and anxiety according to child and parent reports and a behavioural darkness probe task, in comparison to the waiting-list group. The waiting-list children showed minimal reductions in fearfulness over the 20-week waiting-list period. The improvements of the emotive imagery group were maintained at the 3-month follow-up.

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19

Wells, Adrian, and Costas Papageorgiou. "The observer perspective: biased imagery in social phobia, agoraphobia, and blood/injury phobia." Behaviour Research and Therapy 37, no. 7 (July 1999): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00150-8.

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20

Veale, David. "Treatment of social phobia." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 9, no. 4 (July 2003): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.9.4.258.

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Social phobia (or social anxiety disorder) manifests as a marked and persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations. The epidemiology, diagnosis and psychopathology are reviewed, including clinical presentation, cultural aspects and the differences between agoraphobia and social phobia. Behavioural treatments, including graded self-exposure and cognitive restructuring, are considered. A cognitive model of the maintenance of social phobia is discussed. It is hypothesised that attentional shifting towards imagery, safety behaviours and ‘post-mortem’ analyses play a key role in symptom maintenance. The implications of this for treatment are described, and guidelines for pharmacological treatment are summarised.

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21

Williamson, Ann. "A case of driving phobia treated with dissociative imagery." Contemporary Hypnosis 21, no. 2 (June 2004): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ch.294.

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22

Merckelbach, Harald, Peter de Jong, and Arnoud Arntz. "Imagery ability and exposure in vivo in spider phobia." Behaviour Research and Therapy 29, no. 2 (1991): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(91)90049-9.

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23

Wild, Jennifer, and David M. Clark. "Imagery Rescripting of Early Traumatic Memories in Social Phobia." Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 18, no. 4 (November 2011): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.03.002.

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24

Maier, A., C. Schaitz, J. Kröner, B. Connemann, and Z. Sosic-Vasic. "Imagery Rescripting in der Behandlung von Angststörungen." Nervenheilkunde 37, no. 12 (December 2018): 880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1677360.

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ZusammenfassungMentale Bilder, sogenannte Imaginationen, sind durch ähnliche Merkmale und Effekte auf menschliche Reaktionen gekennzeichnet, wie über das sensorische System wahrgenommene, reale Stimuli. Besonders bei Angststörungen spielen die inneren Bilder eine Rolle bei der Aufrechterhaltung der Erkrankung. Daher werden sie in jüngster Zeit vermehrt als Behandlungselement in die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie integriert. Dabei hat sich die Technik des Imagery Rescriptings, bei der aversive Bilder imaginativ verändert werden, bewährt. Durch diese positive Modifikation der Imaginationen können Symptome der sozialen und spezifischen Phobie sowie der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung reduziert werden. Weniger erforschte, aber dennoch aussichtsreiche Felder zum Einsatz des Imagery Rescriptings sind die Panikstörung/Agoraphobie sowie die generalisierte Angststörung. Eine erste vielversprechende These zur Wirkweise ist die Beeinflussung des Angstgedächtnisses durch Imagery Rescripting.

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Ng, Ashlen S., and Maree J. Abbott. "The Impact of Self-Imagery on Affective, Cognitive, and Attentional Processes in Social Phobia: A Comprehensive Literature Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature." Behaviour Change 31, no. 3 (August 13, 2014): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2014.12.

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Social Phobia (SP) is a psychological disorder characterised by an excessive and persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations that interferes with daily functioning. Cognitive models of SP (Clark & Wells, 1995; Hofmann, 2007; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997) emphasise the role of negative images of the self as an important factor in the maintenance of SP. While empirical research has demonstrated the link between negative self-imagery and social anxiety, many aspects of this cognitive factor are yet to be understood. Currently, there is limited research investigating the impact of different types of self-imagery and their effects on social anxiety and performance. Further research assessing the relationships between self-imagery and other maintaining processes proposed in cognitive models is also warranted. This review assesses the literature focusing on self-imagery in social anxiety, including qualitative, empirical, and preliminary treatment studies to date. Recommendations for future research and the use of imagery-based rescripting methods in the treatment of SP are also discussed.

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26

McNeil, Daniel W., Scott R. Vrana, Barbara G. Melamed, Bruce N. Cuthbert, and Peter J. Lang. "Emotional imagery in simple and social phobia: Fear versus anxiety." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102, no. 2 (1993): 212–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.102.2.212.

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27

Price, Katy, David Veale, and Chris R. Brewin. "Intrusive imagery in people with a specific phobia of vomiting." Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 43, no. 1 (March 2012): 672–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.007.

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28

McTeague, Lisa M., Peter J. Lang, Marie-Claude Laplante, Bruce N. Cuthbert, Cyd C. Strauss, and Margaret M. Bradley. "Fearful Imagery in Social Phobia: Generalization, Comorbidity, and Physiological Reactivity." Biological Psychiatry 65, no. 5 (March 2009): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.023.

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29

King, Neville J., Geoffrey N. Molloy, David Heyne, Gregory C. Murphy, and Thomas H. Ollendick. "EMOTIVE IMAGERY TREATMENT FOR CHILDHOOD PHOBIAS: A CREDIBLE AND EMPIRICALLY VALIDATED INTERVENTION?" Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 26, no. 2 (April 1998): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465898000125.

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Childhood phobias are complexly determined but responsive to behavioral interventions. This review focuses on emotive imagery, a variant of systematic desensitization developed specifically for use in treatment of children’s excessive fears. Although emotive imagery appears to be a useful treatment procedure, further research is needed before it could be considered as having “well-established” empirical status. Several other important methodological and theoretical issues are emphasized.

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King, Neville J., Thomas H. Ollendick, and Eleonora Gullone. "Desensitisation of Childhood Fears and Phobias: Psychophysiological Analyses." Behaviour Change 7, no. 2 (June 1990): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900007245.

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Compared to the study of adult fears, childhood fears have not been extensively investigated in terms of their psychophysiological bases. However, limited findings suggest that children exhibit psychophysiological reactivity to fear-eliciting stimuli. Other data suggest that fear imagery produces psychophysiological arousal and that youngsters may be trained in fear imagery. Psychophysiological measures have also been used in the evaluation of desensitisation as seen in a limited number of case studies, single-subject experimental analyses and group outcome comparisons. In general, psychophysiological changes have been reported that are suggestive of reduced autonomic arousal. Methodological and theoretical issues are discussed including the selection of psychophysiological measures and the desynchrony between measures of fear.

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31

Hirsch, Colette R., David M. Clark, and Andrew Mathews. "Imagery and Interpretations in Social Phobia: Support for the Combined Cognitive Biases Hypothesis." Behavior Therapy 37, no. 3 (September 2006): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.02.001.

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32

Lee, Seung Won, and Jung-Hye Kwon. "The efficacy of Imagery Rescripting (IR) for social phobia: A randomized controlled trial." Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 44, no. 4 (December 2013): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.03.001.

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33

Lockett, S. Helen, Judith Hatton, Ruth Turner, Claire Stubbins, Joanne Hodgekins, and David Fowler. "Using a Semi-Structured Interview to Explore Imagery Experienced During Social Anxiety for Clients with a Diagnosis of Psychosis: An Exploratory Study Conducted Within an Early Intervention for Psychosis Service." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 40, no. 1 (July 5, 2011): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465811000439.

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Background: Social phobia frequently occurs as a comorbid condition, with high rates reported among people with psychosis. Little is known about the nature of social anxiety in this population or whether current psychological theories apply. Aims: This paper aims to develop and pilot a suitable measure to explore imagery experienced by participants with comorbid psychosis and social anxiety and to provide preliminary indications as to its nature. Method: A semi-structured interview exploring imagery was used with seven participants (adapted from Hackmann, Surawy and Clark, 1998) and the results were analysed using qualitative template analysis. Results: Initial indications from this sample suggest that some participants experience typical social anxiety images, as identified by Hackmann et al. (1998). However, some experience images that appear more threatening, and may be related to residual psychotic paranoia. Image perspective was also explored: typical social anxiety images tended to be seen from an observer perspective, while those that may have been more related to psychosis tended to be seen from a field perspective. Conclusions: This exploratory study has facilitated the careful adaptation and development of an imagery interview for use in this population and has suggested areas for further research and raised questions around clinical implications.

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34

Sawchuk, Craig N., Jeffrey M. Lohr, Thomas C. Lee, and David F. Tolin. "Exposure to disgust-evoking imagery and information processing biases in blood-injection-injury phobia." Behaviour Research and Therapy 37, no. 3 (March 1999): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00127-2.

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35

CYNA, ALLAN M., DAVID TOMKINS, TODD MADDOCK, and DAVID BARKER. "Brief hypnosis for severe needle phobia using switch--wire imagery in a 5-year old." Pediatric Anesthesia 17, no. 8 (August 2007): 800–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2007.02224.x.

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36

Dethier, Vincent, Nicolas Bruneau, and Pierre Philippot. "Attentional focus during exposure in spider phobia: The role of schematic versus non-schematic imagery." Behaviour Research and Therapy 65 (February 2015): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.016.

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37

Frets, Petra G., Ciska Kevenaar, and Colin van der Heiden. "Imagery rescripting as a stand-alone treatment for patients with social phobia: A case series." Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 45, no. 1 (March 2014): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.09.006.

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38

Kröner, J., H. Graf, Z. Sosic-Vasic, and C. Schaitz. "Zum Einsatz und Nutzen mentaler Bilder oder Imaginationen in der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie." Nervenheilkunde 36, no. 09 (2017): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1627517.

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ZusammenfassungDa mentale Bilder und Imagination tatsächlichen sensorischen Erfahrungen ähneln, beeinflussen sie menschliches Lernen und Verhalten und können im Vergleich zu verbaler Verarbeitung Emotionen besser aktivieren und verändern. Zudem sind aversive mentale Bilder in Form von Intrusionen an der Ätiologie und Psychopathologie vieler psychischer Störungen beteiligt, weshalb sie in der modernen Verhaltenstherapie als Behandlungsmethode vielfach eingesetzt werden. Dabei hat sich insbesondere die Methode des Imagery Rescripting (ImR) als effektive Behandlungsmethode für die posttraumatische Belastungsstörung, Angststörungen wie die soziale und spezifische Phobie, affektive Störungen sowie zur Therapie von Persönlichkeitsstörungen hervorgetan und ihre Wirksamkeit anhand randomisiert kontrollierter Studien bewiesen. Da beim ImR aversiv erlebte mentale Bilder, die den verschiedenen Störungen zugrunde liegt, in angenehmere mentale Vorstellungen umschreiben werden, wird eine Reduktion der mit der Störung assoziierten Beschwerden und Symptome ermöglicht.

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Richardson, Alan, and Fiona McAndrew. "The effects of photic stimulation and private self-consciousness on the complexity of visual imagination imagery." British Journal of Psychology 81, no. 3 (August 1990): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02368.x.

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40

Hirsch, Colette R., and David M. Clark. "Imagery special issue: Underestimation of auditory performance in social phobia and the use of audio feedback." Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 38, no. 4 (December 2007): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.08.004.

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Alfano, Candice A., Deborah C. Beidel, and Samuel M. Turner. "Negative Self-Imagery Among Adolescents with Social Phobia: A Test of an Adult Model of the Disorder." Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 37, no. 2 (April 16, 2008): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374410801955870.

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Anyanwu, E. "Mental imagery of photic stimulation provokes paroxysmal EEG activity in a photosensitive patient who self-induces seizures." Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences 18, no. 2 (April 1997): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01999569.

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Ganekal, Sunil. "Retinal functional imager (RFI): Non-invasive functional imaging of the retina." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 5, no. 2 (September 25, 2013): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i2.8738.

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Retinal functional imager (RFI) is a unique non-invasive functional imaging system with novel capabilities for visualizing the retina. The objective of this review was to show the utility of non-invasive functional imaging in various disorders. Electronic literature search was carried out using the websites www.pubmed.gov and www.google.com. The search words were retinal functional imager and non-invasive retinal imaging used in combination. The articles published or translated into English were studied. The RFI directly measures hemodynamic parameters such as retinal blood-flow velocity, oximetric state, metabolic responses to photic activation and generates capillary perfusion maps (CPM) that provides retinal vasculature detail similar to flourescein angiography. All of these parameters stand in a direct relationship to the function and therefore the health of the retina, and are known to be degraded in the course of retinal diseases. Detecting changes in retinal function aid early diagnosis and treatment as functional changes often precede structural changes in many retinal disorders. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(10): 250-257 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i2.8738

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Mohammad Roose, Aina Razlin. "Conquering Pedaphobia: A Case Study of Counselling Interventions." Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.188.2015.

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This paper presents a case study of a 22-year-old female client who came for counselling sessions for the purpose of overcoming her pedaphobia. Symptoms, such as, dizziness, nausea, arousal, sweating palm and body shaking were noticed to be visible not only by the presence of a real child, but also by pictures, stories and imaginations of infants. Systematic desensitization technique, a form of Exposure Therapy, was applied to treat the client. It involved relaxation and breathing techniques, and supported by the application of live modelling guided participation. Along with the interventions, Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy techniques were also applied, such as, thought recording, irrational thoughts identification and disputation, Rational Emotive Imagery (REI), coping self-statement, and forceful self-statement. By the end of the therapy, the client reported to have experienced a decline in the occurrences of symptoms and demonstrated the ability to overcome her phobia.Keywords: phobia; pedaphobia; systematic desensitization; counselling intervention; rational emotive behaviour therapy

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Lau, Karen Chi-Kwan, and Oliver Sündermann. "“Being Unfilial Condemns You to Hell”: Integrative Treatment for Social Anxiety Shaped by Domestic Abuse, Confucian Values, and Taoist Beliefs." Clinical Case Studies 18, no. 2 (December 22, 2018): 128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534650118819854.

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Social anxiety is a common and treatable condition but less is known about how to adapt evidence-based approaches in a culture-sensitive way to Asian clients. We present the case of “Sally,” a 25-year-old Chinese Singaporean female who suffered from severe and long-standing social anxiety disorder (SAD), and secondary low mood. Contributing factors included a history of domestic abuse, as well as culturally influenced authoritarian parenting emphasizing the Confucian value of filial piety and reinforced by Taoist beliefs of karmic retribution and supernatural punishment. Treatment was based on Clark and Wells’s cognitive model of SAD with a focus on behavioral experiments, and was enhanced using a schema mode formulation and imagery rescripting to address relevant early memories that were at the origin of the social anxiety. Sally received a total of 42 sessions over the course of 21 weeks, during which she made steady progress toward recovery. Her self-reported depression and social phobia fell from the “severe clinical” range pretreatment to the “non-clinical” range posttreatment; these gains were maintained at 6 months follow-up. Sally’s functioning fully recovered, and she returned to work and school. While behavioral experiments for dropping safety behaviors were useful for overcoming the social anxiety, schema formulation was important for providing Sally with insight to her thought process, and imagery rescripting was crucial for weakening her self-criticism and internalized black and white thinking on filial piety. The significance of culture and religion in SAD, and the potential of adapting cognitive therapy in a culture-sensitive way is discussed.

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Raghunath, Bindiya Lakshmi, Claudio Mulatti, Michelle Jin-Yee Neoh, Marc H. Bornstein, and Gianluca Esposito. "The Associations between Imageability of Positive and Negative Valence Words and Fear Reactivity." Psychiatry International 2, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint2010003.

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This study investigated the associations of imageability with fear reactivity. Imageability ratings of four word classes: positive and negative (i) emotional and (ii) propriosensitive, neutral and negative (iii) theoretical and (iv) neutral concrete filler, and fear reactivity scores—degree of fearfulness towards different situations (Total Fear (TF) score) and total number of extreme fears and phobias (Extreme Fear (EF) score), were obtained from 171 participants. Correlations between imageability, TF and EF scores were tested to analyze how word categories and their valence were associated with fear reactivity. Imageability ratings were submitted to recursive partitioning. Participants with high TF and EF scores had higher imageability for negative emotional and negative theoretical words. The correlations between imageability of negative emotional words and negative theoretical words for EF score were significant. Males showed stronger correlations for imageability of negative emotional words for EF and TF scores. High imageability for positive emotional words was associated with lower fear reactivity in females. These findings were discussed with regard to negative attentional bias theory of anxiety, influence on emotional systems, and gender-specific coping styles. This study provides insight into cognitive functions involved in mental imagery, semantic competence for mental imagery in relation to fear reactivity, and a potential psycholinguistic instrument assessing fear reactivity.

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Thomas, N., D. T. Britt, K. E. Herkenhoff, S. L. Murchie, B. Semenov, H. U. Keller, and P. H. Smith. "Observations of Phobos, Deimos, and bright stars with the Imager for Mars Pathfinder." Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 104, E4 (April 1, 1999): 9055–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98je02555.

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King, Neville J., David Heyne, Eleonora Gullone, and Geoffrey N. Molloy. "Usefulness of emotive imagery in the treatment of childhood phobias: Clinical guidelines, case examples and issues." Counselling Psychology Quarterly 14, no. 2 (June 2001): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515070126328.

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Ranta, Klaus, Martti T. Tuomisto, Riittakerttu Kaltiala-Heino, Päivi Rantanen, and Mauri Marttunen. "Cognition, Imagery and Coping among Adolescents with Social Anxiety and Phobia: Testing the Clark and Wells Model in the Population." Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 21, no. 3 (January 24, 2013): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1833.

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McDougal Miller, Dawn. "Healing from the Core: Music and Imagery in the Cancer Journey." Music and Medicine 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47513/mmd.v8i2.487.

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This case study describes the healing journey of “Rebecca,” a woman with breast cancer. Although Rebecca was not cured of her cancer, she was healed on many levels. Rebecca’s music therapy sessions were a catalyst within her multidimensional healing process, which impacted her on mental, emotional, spiritual, physical, and relational levels.Rebecca had 5 series of music therapy sessions over a 9-year period throughout the trajectory of her cancer, from diagnosis until her death. The following methods and techniques were included within the 35 music therapy sessions: Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM), various levels of supportive and re-educative music and imagery, directed imaging, music assisted relaxation, and improvisation. The variety of methods and techniques were important to support Rebecca’s changing condition over 9 years as she moved through various phases of the cancer trajectory, including: active treatment, survivorship, recurrence, maintenance, palliative, and hospice. Music therapy sessions enhanced symptom management of fatigue, pain, anxiety, panic attacks, and needle phobia. Rebecca’s family members were involved in some of the sessions, including a significant co-imaging Bonny Method of Guided Imagery session with her sister, which brought about core level healing of Rebecca’s needle phobia. Keywords: music therapy in oncology, palliative and hospice care, Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM)GermanSeelenheilung: eine onkologische Reise mit Music and Imagery.Dawn McDougal MillerAbstractDiese Fallstudie beschreibt die heilende Reise von “Rebecca”, einer Frau mit Brustkrebs. Obwohl nicht von ihrem Krebs befreit, wurde Rebecca doch auf vielen Ebenen geheilt. Rebeccas Musiktherapiesitzungen waren ein Katalysator während ihres multidimensionalen Heilungsprozesses, der sie auf der mentalen, emotionalen, spirituellen, physischen und auf der Beziehungsebene beeinflusste.Rebecca erhielt 5 Serien von Musiktherapiesitzungen über einen Zeitrahmen von 9 Jahrenwährend des Verlaufs ihrer Krebserkrankung, von der Diagnose bis zu ihrem Tod. Die folgenden Methoden und Techniken wurden während der 35 Musiktherapiesitzungen einbezogen: die Bonny Methode der Guided Imagery and Music (GIM), verschiedene Ebenen unterstützender und re-edukativer Musik und Imagination, geführtes Imaging, mit Musik unterstützte Entspannung und Improvisation. Die Vielzahl von Methoden und Techniken waren wichtig, um Rebeccas wechselnde Konditionen über die 9 Jahre hinweg zu unterstützen, in denen sie verschiedene Phasen des Krebsverlaufes durchlebte: aktive Behandlung, Phasen des Überlebenwollens, der Rückfälle, der Stabilität, der palliativ- und Hospizzeit.Die Musiktherapiesitzungen steigerten ihre Fähigkeit, mit Symptomen wie Müdigkeit, Schmerz, Angst, Panikattacken und Nadelphobie umzugehen. Rebeccas Familienangehörige waren in einige der Sitzungen einbezogen, inklusive einer co-imaging Sitzung von GIM mit ihrer Schwester, die bewirkte, dass Rebeccas Nadelphobie in der Seele geheilt wurde.Keywords: Musiktherapie in der Onkologie, palliativ- und Hospizbetreuung, die Bonny Methode der Guided Imagery and Music (GIM)Japaneseコアからの治癒: ガン闘病における音楽とイメージ要旨この事例研究では、乳がんの女性レベッカの癒しの旅を記述している。レベッカはガンを克服していなかったが、多くのレベルにおいて癒された。レベッカの音楽療法セッションは、彼女の中での多次元の癒しの過程を促進するものだった。レベッカは、ガンと診断されて亡くなるまで間、9年以上に渡り5回の連続した音楽療法セッションを受けた。以下のメソッドと技法が35回の音楽療法の中に含まれていた：ボニー式GIM、様々なレベルでの支援的かつ再教育的な音楽とイメージ、イメージ化の導き、音楽によって促進されるリラクゼーション、即興。彼女がガンとの軌跡の諸相をたどる中、様々なメソッドとテクニックが変化するレベッカの状態を9年以上に渡って支援する上で重要だった。その軌跡には以下が含まれる：積極的治療、サバイバーシップ、再発、持続、緩和、ホスピス。音楽療法セッションは、疲労、苦痛、不安、パニック障害、そして針恐怖症の症状管理を向上させた。レベッカの家族はいくつかのセッションに参加し、その中には、コアレベルでの針恐怖症の癒しとなった、ボニー式GIMにおける姉（もしくは妹）との重要なコイメージ化が含まれる。キーワード：腫瘍学における音楽療法、緩和ケアとホスピス、ボニー式GIM Chinese本篇個案研究描述一位乳癌患者麗貝卡的治療歷程。雖然沒有治好她的癌症，麗貝卡在許多層面上都獲得了療癒。而音樂治療在多方面催化了麗貝卡的治療歷程，影響所及包括她的心裡、情緒、精神、生理與人際關係等各層面。麗貝卡的五輪音樂治療過程貫穿她從罹癌診斷開始到過世這九年間的軌跡。在三十五次的音樂治療療程中包含了以下的技巧與方法：邦尼式引導想像音樂治療法(GIM)、不同程度的支持性與再教育性的音樂與意象、引導想像、音樂輔助放鬆以及即興。這些多元的方法與技巧在九年間支持著麗貝卡度過狀況變化不斷的各個癌症階段，包括積極治療、存活、復發、維持、安寧療護與臨終關懷。音樂治療療程提升了她對疲勞、疼痛、焦慮、恐慌發作與針頭恐懼等症狀的掌握。麗貝卡的家人也參與了一些療程，其中包含一次重要的邦尼式引導想像療程，她與姊妹的共同想像對她的針頭恐懼症帶來核心層次的療癒效果。Korean근본적인 치유: 암 치료 여정에서의 음악과 심상 기법(Music & Imagery:MI)Dawn McDougal Miller초록본 사례 연구는 유방암 환자인 Rebecca의 치료 과정을 설명한다. 비록 Rebecca의 암이 치료되지는 못했지만 그녀는 여러 측면에서 치유 되었다. Rebecca의 음악치료 세션은 그녀의 다각적인 치료 과정에서 촉매제가 되었으며, 그녀에게 정신적, 정서적, 영적, 신체적, 관계적 측면에서 긍정적 영향을 미쳤다. Rebecca는 암 진단부터 임종까지 암을 투병한 9년 동안 일련의 세션들을 다섯 차례에 걸쳐 받았다. 이를 통해 총 35회기의 세션을 받았고 여기에 Bonny의 유도된 심상과 음악 기법(GIM), 다양한 수준의 지지 및 재교육적 음악과 심상 기법(MI), 제시된 심상, 음악을 통한 이완 및 즉흥연주가 포함되었다. Rebecca는 적극적 치료, 생존, 재발, 유지, 완화치료 및 호스피스 등의 여러 암 치료 단계를 거쳤는데, 이 때문에 9년 동안 그녀의 변화하는 상태에 세부적으로 개입하는 다양한 방법과 기술들의 활용이 중요했다. 음악 치료 세션들은 피로, 고통, 불안, 공황발작, 주사 공포증 같은 증상 관리에 효과적이었다. Rebecca의 가족들은 일부 세션에 동참했는데, 그녀의 여동생이 Bonny의 유도된 심상과 음악기법(GIM)에 함께 참여하며 공유한 심상은Rebecca의 주사 공포증에 대한 근본적 치유를 가능하게 했다.키워드: 혈액종양 내과 음악 치료, 완화 및 호스피스 치료, Bonny의 유도된 심상과 음악기법 (GIM)

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