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1

Gunnarsson, Logi. "The Philosopher as Pathogenic Agent, Patient, and Therapist: The Case of William James." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 66 (April 9, 2010): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246109990300.

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One way to understand philosophy as a form of therapy is this: it involves a philosopher who is trying to cure himself. He has been drawn into a certain philosophical frame of mind—the ‘disease’—and has thus infected himself with this illness. Now he is sick and trying to employ philosophy to cure himself. So philosophy is both: the ailment and the cure. And the philosopher is all three: pathogenic agent, patient, and therapist.
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2

Vithoulkas, G. "Health and disease in homoeopathic philosophy." British Homeopathic Journal 84, no. 03 (July 1995): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-0785(05)80087-0.

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3

Sim, Franklin H. "METASTATIC BONE DISEASE: PHILOSOPHY OF TREATMENT." Orthopedics 15, no. 5 (May 1992): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-19920501-03.

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4

Guryanov, Ilya G. "Platonic tradition and Early Modern theory of epidemics." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 15, no. 2 (2021): 745–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2021-15-2-745-771.

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Most of the studies on the history of medicine, pay special attention to how the plague epidemics in 14th–16th centuries had changed the medical theory and practice. In the medical discourse, those epidemics helped to shape the “epistemology of particulars (particularia)” which contrast with the scholastic epistemology dealing with the search of universal causes. Marsilio Ficino, one of the most influential natural philosophers of the Renaissance, combines scholastic medicine and philosophy of ancient authors in order to develop his theory of epidemics in the treatises Consilio contra la pestilentia and De vita. He identifies the external and internal causes of plague and describes ways to combat the disease. The external cause is the constellations of planets which cause putrid exhalation in certain territories that is an example of conventional scholastic epistemology dealing with mass diseases. The internal cause is identified with the inability of the body to resist the disease “from within”. The main focus of my paper is the argument that, according to Ficino, philosophers have a special ability to resist disease “from within”. The figure of Socrates and his ability to withstand the Plague of Athens allows Ficino to formulate a new take on epidemics which falls within the scope of “epistemology of particulars”. From the historical point of view, the novelty of my approach comes from the fact that I trace the source of Ficino’s knowledge about Socrates’ disease resistance ability to Noct. Att. 2.1. of Aulus Gellius. Ficino’s natural philosophy suggests that a philosopher from their very birth is “by nature” predisposed to philosophical contemplation, therefore the realization of their vital destination through multiple sympathetic connections affects all levels of the universe. Ficino’s doctrine has a social and political dimension since a philosopher (i.e. a platonist), attracting positive astral influences, levels the effect of negative “heavenly” causes of mass diseases and thus benefits all people around him. Thus, the practice of philosophy (i.e. Platonism in Ficino’s interpretation) during epidemics is not simply a form of leisure time or private activity for a philosopher but a form of concern for public health. The paper also offers a commented Russian translation of chapters 1–2, with the Proem, of Ficino’s treatise Consilio contra la pestilentia.
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5

Berrios, GE. "‘Brain Disorders’, by Henry Calderwood (1879)." History of Psychiatry 29, no. 2 (May 18, 2018): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x17745435.

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Henry Calderwood, a nineteenth-century Scottish philosopher interested in madness, published in 1879 an important work on the interaction between philosophy of mind, the nascent neurosciences and mental disease. Holding a spiritual view of the mind, he considered the phrase ‘mental disease’ (as Feuchtersleben had in 1845) to be but a misleading metaphor. His analysis of the research work of Ferrier, Clouston, Crichton-Browne, Maudsley, Tuke, Sankey, etc., is detailed, and his views are correct on the very limited explanatory power that their findings had for the understanding of madness. Calderwood’s conceptual contribution deserves to be added to the growing list of nineteenth-century writers who started the construction of a veritable ‘philosophy of alienism’ (now called ‘philosophy of psychiatry’).
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6

Rogler, Gerhard. "The History and Philosophy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease." Digestive Diseases 31, no. 3-4 (2013): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000354676.

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7

Scadding, J. G. "Health and disease: what can medicine do for philosophy?" Journal of Medical Ethics 14, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.14.3.118.

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8

Kingma, Elselijn. "What is Philosophy of Medicine?" PARADIGMI, no. 1 (April 2011): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/para2011-001002.

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Philosophy of Medicine is considered a new and emerging discipline. This paper presents an overview of philosophy of medicine, discusses its relation to bioethics and to other areas of philosophy, and introduces three potential topics for research in the philosophy of medicine: concepts of health and disease, the relationship between medicine and psychiatry, and the problems of medical knowledge and evidence.
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9

Simon, Jeremy R. "Benjamin Smart: Concepts and causes in the philosophy of disease." Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 39, no. 4 (August 2018): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11017-018-9450-3.

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10

FERRE, Lola. "El alma en las obras médicas de Maimónides." Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 12 (October 1, 2005): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v12i.8538.

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This article focuses on Maimonides’s references to the soul in his medical writings. The soul was a frequent topic in medical texts because of both its faculties, essencials for life, as well as its disease. Nevertheless, the way Maimonides dealt with the subject is not conventional. He was not only a physician but also a philosopher as well as being religious and he expressed his personal philosophy in his scientific writings.
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11

NELSON, JAMES LINDEMANN. "ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND SOCIALLY EXTENDED MENTATION." Metaphilosophy 40, no. 3-4 (July 2009): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9973.2009.01597.x.

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12

Illari, Phyllis, and Federica Russo. "Information Channels and Biomarkers of Disease." Topoi 35, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-013-9228-1.

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13

Araújo, Fabíola Menezes, and Micael Silva. "A Doença de Sócrates, ou a Doença Sócrates? Nietzsche entre Instinto e Razão." Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 77, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 297–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/rpf/2021_77_1_0297.

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“Socratism despises instinct and, with it, art. It denies wisdom just where it is in its most proper reign”. With this quote from The Dionysian world’s view Nietzsche shows up how he takes the philosophy’s most emblematic figure since the phylosophy’s birth in a duel. Nietzsche starred a duel with Socrates, or rather with what his represents in the course of Western thought. Nietzsche will regard Socrates as a kind of philosopher-antipode that will be present in early Nietzschean’s writings to the later works. The term ‘socratism’ encompasses a number of consequences not exactly to Socrates’s philosophy, but to the way within the German philosopher considers the master of Plato legacy’s as a cultural degeneration to what is here called Socrates’s sickness, other the sickness that is Socrates. Our intention here is to put in question this legacy. To overcome the metaphysics where the socratism as a disease takes place, our author calls the tragic.
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14

Wermuth, Camille G. "Multitargeted drugs: the end of the ‘one-target-one-disease’ philosophy?" Drug Discovery Today 9, no. 19 (October 2004): 826–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(04)03213-1.

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15

Siris, E. S. "Paget’s disease of bone: treatment philosophy for the twenty-first century." Bone 24, no. 5 (May 1999): 55S—56S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(99)00059-9.

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16

Hamlin, Christopher. "Finding a Function for Public Health: Disease Theory or Political Philosophy?" Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 20, no. 4 (1995): 1025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-20-4-1025.

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17

Butler, Matthew. "David Hume and the ‘Disease of the Learned’ – psychiatry in philosophy." British Journal of Psychiatry 217, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.76.

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18

Witter, R. L., B. W. Calnek, C. Buscaglia, I. M. Gimeno, and K. A. Schat. "Classification of Marek's disease viruses according to pathotype: philosophy and methodology." Avian Pathology 34, no. 2 (April 2005): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079450500059255.

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19

Benn, Piers. "Disease, Addiction and the Freedom to Resist." Philosophical Papers 36, no. 3 (November 2007): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05568640709485210.

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20

Glackin, Shane N. "Three Aristotelian Accounts of Disease and Disability." Journal of Applied Philosophy 33, no. 3 (March 17, 2015): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/japp.12114.

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21

Dean-Jones, Lesley. "In the Grip of Disease." Ancient Philosophy 27, no. 1 (2007): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ancientphil200727140.

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22

Wilkinson, T. M. "Contagious Disease and Self-Defence." Res Publica 13, no. 4 (March 13, 2007): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11158-007-9024-0.

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23

Friedrich, O., and J. H. Heinrichs. "Research and psychiatric disease." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72462-2.

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Research with psychiatric patients raises frequently discussed, ethical questions, one of which is: Can psychiatric patients give consent to participation in research at all? To answer this and similar questions adequately, it is - according to our thesis - necessary to analyze first, which theoretical assumptions are made in established practice.To solve the question after the possibility of consent, compatible understandings of ‘disease’, ‘illness’ and ‘autonomy’ are crucial, but there is no consensual use of these terms in philosophy. Therefore we first are going to explain different concepts of ‘autonomy’ and ‘disease’. Subsequent to this we will test how the different conceptualizations of ‘autonomy’ and ‘disease’ can be related to each other and how the reasonable combinations shape possible answers to the opening question. It will become apparent that an adequate analysis of ‘autonomy’ and ‘disease’ raises ethical dilemma in psychiatry, for which we shall suggest possible solutions.
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24

Khamidulin, Artem. "Philosophy of History of N.A. Berdyaev: The Existential End of History or an Apocalipsis Interiorized." Logos et Praxis, no. 1 (December 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2020.1.4.

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The article analyzes the philosophy of history of N. A. Berdyaev. The starting point of the article is the thesis about the relationship between the problematics of time and historical science. It is noted that for Berdyaev, the philosophy of time is one of the main themes of his philosophy of history. Attention is drawn to the feeling of dissatisfaction experienced by Berdyaev with the fluidity and mobility of time. The perception of the philosopher of time as solicitude and, to a large extent, as an evil or a disease that must be overcome is explicated. The reality of the past and future times equal to the present is revealed. The author demonstrates the bliss inspired by actual experience and philosophy of time. Concept of psychological time of Augustine, which justifies the reality of the past, present and future. Teaching about the instantaneity of the present as a point of interaction between time (historical and cosmic) and eternity (celestial time) of Berdyaev is considered. The possibility of experiencing this kind of moment is considered by Berdyaev on the basis of the existential dimension of time that flows in the depths of the human spirit. The author notes the influence of the teaching about the moment by Danish philosopher Sшren Kierkegaard on Berdyaev. A parallel is drawn between teaching on the meaning of the moment by Berdyaev and the concept of "kairos" of German theologian Paul Tillich. The article analyzes eschatology of Berdyaev, which determines his belonging to the traditions of the Russian religious philosophy of history. Two possible ways to overcome time are revealed: in an instant, i.e. repeatedly during human life, and as a result of the total end of history, which, according to Berdyaev, is also to a large extent a phenomenon of the existential sphere of being. According to Berdyaev, this kind of exit from time gives the opportunity to learn the meaning of history, on the one hand, and to free oneself from the enslaving power of time, on the other. It is concluded that Berdyaev understood the end of history existentially as a special spiritual experience that allows us to overcome time and look at history in terms of eternity.
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25

Schoeman, Ferdinand, and Herbert Fingarette. "Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease." Philosophical Review 100, no. 3 (July 1991): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2185080.

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26

Cooper, Rachel. "Aristotelian Accounts of Disease—What are they good for?" Philosophical Papers 36, no. 3 (November 2007): 427–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05568640709485208.

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27

Shogry, Simon. "Psychological disease and action-guiding impressions in early Stoicism." British Journal for the History of Philosophy 29, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 784–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09608788.2021.1911784.

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28

Turenko, Vitalii. "EPIMENIDES VS EMPEDOCLES: how early greek philosophers fought еpidemics." Filosofska dumka (Philosophical Thought) -, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fd2020.04.039.

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The article attempts to highlight the development of the unity of medicine and philosophy in the context of combating epidemics of two early Greek thinkers Epimenides and Empedocles. The idea that Epimenides adheres to the divine origin of the disease is justified, but at the same time, in the process of ritual purification from the plague, it attracts elements of the Pythagorean view of healing, as well as close to Indo-Iranian traditions of the time. It is proved that in the course of the development of ancient thought, the view of the disease also evolves “from myth to logos”, which leads to the understanding of this phenomenon in Empedocles as an ontological problem. Accordingly, it has been established that, for the Sicilian philosopher, mass diseases (epidemics) are caused primarily by the fact that he is more prevalent in the world. If the society is engulfed by hatred and malice, then diseases will inevitably emerge and increase. Instead, overcoming and disappearing of epidemics are possible because peace and harmony between people will prevail. The author substantiates the thesis that helping residents to overcome epidemics in various ancient cities, testifies to the great importance of the early Greek thinkers, who combined not only reflection but also praxis.
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29

Vargas, M. L. "Exact psychiatry: Six axioms." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.269.

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Psychiatry is a clinical technological practice where the rational fundaments, methods and knowledge “corpus” have a scientific nature. The science philosopher Mario Bunge proposes that philosophy, as well as science, may tend to be exact. Philosophy of science is the rational setting where any scientific discipline can ascribe sense to its theoretical models and factual sentences. Axiomatization is the method to exactify a discipline. By axiomatization, we can exactify psychiatry as “medicine of the soma”, therefore avoiding fallacies in the theoretical models we use.ObjectiveTo describe six axioms for the definition of “exact psychiatry” as “medicine of the soma”. Six axioms will be defined and explained. They are ordered attending to hierarchical and historical priority:–axiom of the cultural universal of social cohesion: since the antiquity all cultures have cultural universals which promote social cohesion;–axiom of healing as a form of “isonomia”: health-related cultural constructs are related with help receiving due to body vulnerability. It appears with Hippocratic medicine;–axiom of nosological realism: diseases really exist. They are biological regularities that accelerate death. It appears in the 17th century;–axiom of illness subjectivity: the personal impact of disease is subjective. There exist diseases in patients. It appears in the 20th century;–axiom of the unification of neuroscience: psychiatry and neurology have the same ontological reference, brain diseases. It consolidates in the 21st century;–axiom of clinical phenomenology as the epistemological specificity of psychiatry: clinical phenomenology characterizes “soma” as the referring of psychiatry. The future.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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30

Sidorkin, Alexander M. "Baumol’s Cost Disease and the Trinitarian Pedagogy." Studies in Philosophy and Education 38, no. 6 (February 7, 2019): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11217-019-09648-1.

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31

Langley, G. E. "Serjeant Musgrave's disease." Medical Humanities 30, no. 2 (December 1, 2004): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmh.2004.000180.

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32

Cannon, Braden. "The Canadian Disease." Journal of Information Ethics 22, no. 2 (September 1, 2013): 66–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3172/jie.22.2.66.

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33

Kingma, Elselijn. "Situation-Specific Disease and Dispositional Function." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axu041.

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34

Griffiths, Paul E., and John Matthewson. "Evolution, Dysfunction, and Disease: A Reappraisal." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 69, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 301–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axw021.

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35

Darden, Lindley. "How Scientists Explain Disease. Paul Thagard." Philosophy of Science 67, no. 2 (June 2000): 352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/392784.

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36

Walmsley, Jonathan. "Morbus-Locke's Early Essay On Disease." Early Science and Medicine 5, no. 4 (2000): 367–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338200x00353.

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AbstractJohn Locke engaged in a systematic study of medicine from the late 1650's. In this period he acquainted himself with the three main competing natural philosophical theories of the time-Galenism, Paracelsianism and Mechanism. He was particularly interested in the work of Sennert, Helmont and Boyle. In 1666, just after the publication of Boyle's The Origine of Formes and Qualities, Locke wrote a short paper entitled Morbus. This paper gave Locke's own view of the nature of disease. Locke went out of his way to criticise Boyle's attempts to give mechanical explanations for biological phenomena. He endorsed Helmont's theory that disease was caused by "ferments" and "Archei" and re-introduced Galenic temperaments as factors of susceptibility in seminal diseases. Locke did not endorse a mechanical corpuscularianism at this stage in his career, when his contact with Boyle was most frequent. Consequently, Locke's espousal of the corpuscular philosophy in the Essay cannot be attributed to Locke's association with Boyle at this time.
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37

Ng, Ethan, John Rong Hao Tay, and Marianne Meng Ann Ong. "Minimally Invasive Periodontology: A Treatment Philosophy and Suggested Approach." International Journal of Dentistry 2021 (June 22, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2810264.

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Severe periodontitis is a highly prevalent dental disease. With the advent of implant dentistry, teeth are often extracted and replaced. Periodontal surgery, where indicated, could also result in increased trauma to the patient. This literature review discusses different treatment modalities for periodontitis and proposes a treatment approach emphasizing maximum preservation of teeth while minimizing morbidity to the patient. Scientific articles were retrieved from the MEDLINE/PubMed database up to January 2021 to identify appropriate articles that addressed the objectives of this review. This was supplemented with hand searching using reference lists from relevant articles. As tooth prognostication does not have a high predictive value, a more conservative approach in extracting teeth should be abided by. This may involve repeated rounds of nonsurgical periodontal therapy, and adjuncts such as locally delivered statin gels and subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline appear to be effective. Periodontal surgery should not be carried out at an early phase in therapy as improvements in nonsurgical therapy may be observed up to 12 months from initial treatment. Periodontal surgery, where indicated, should also be minimally invasive, with periodontal regeneration being shown to be effective over 20 years of follow-up. Biomarkers provide an opportunity for early detection of disease activity and personalised treatment. Quality of life is proposed as an alternative end point to the traditional biomedical paradigm focused on the disease state and clinical outcomes. In summary, minimally invasive therapy aims to preserve health and function of the natural dentition, thus improving the quality of life for patients with periodontitis.
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38

Hanisch, Shauna L., Shawn J. Riley, and Michael P. Nelson. "Promoting wildlife health or fighting wildlife disease: Insights from History, Philosophy, and Science." Wildlife Society Bulletin 36, no. 3 (July 25, 2012): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.163.

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39

Favaretti Camposampiero, Matteo. "Christian Wolff’s Philosophy of Medicine: An Early Functional Analysis of Health and Disease." Quaestio 16 (January 2016): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.quaestio.5.112336.

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40

Kouloumentas, Stavros. "The Body and the Polis: Alcmaeon on Health and Disease." British Journal for the History of Philosophy 22, no. 5 (September 3, 2014): 867–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09608788.2014.982507.

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41

HERFEL, WILLIAM, DIANAH RODRIGUES, and YIN GAO. "CHINESE MEDICINE AND THE DYNAMIC CONCEPTIONS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 34 (December 18, 2007): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6253.2007.00453.x.

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42

Herfel, William, Dianah Rodrigues, and Yin Gao. "Chinese Medicine and the Dynamic Conceptions of Health and Disease." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 34, no. 5 (February 19, 2007): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-03405006.

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43

Geraint James, D. "Paget's Disease." Journal of Medical Biography 17, no. 4 (November 2009): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2009.009043.

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James, D. Geraint. "Alzheimer's disease." Journal of Medical Biography 18, no. 3 (August 2010): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2009.009082.

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45

James, D. Geraint. "Behçet's disease." Journal of Medical Biography 18, no. 3 (August 2010): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2009.009083.

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46

Henríquez Garrido, Ruy J. "The Ontological Concept of Disease and the Clinical Empiricism of Thomas Sydenham." Kairos. Journal of Philosophy & Science 22, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kjps-2019-0013.

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Abstract The clinical empiricism of Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689) and his definition of especie morbosae represented a substantial turn in the medicine of his time. This turn supposed the shift towards an ontological conception of diseases, from a qualitative to quantitative interpretation. Sydenham’s clinical proposal had a great influence on empiricism philosophical thinking, particularly in John Locke and his delimitation of knowledge. The dialogue between medicine and philosophy, set out by Sydenham-Locke, reactivates the problem of the clinical and theoretical foundations of medical thought, as well as the limits of scientific knowledge. Similar to problem exposed in the Hippocratic treatise On ancient medicine, seventeenth-century medicine seeks its epistemological foundations and the solution to its difficulties in clinical experience, probability and analogy. The aim of this work is to show the Sydenham’s contribution to one of the great controversies between medicine and philosophy.
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Dreisbach, Sandra, and Daniel Guevara. "The Asian Disease Problem and the Ethical Implications Of Prospect Theory." Noûs 53, no. 3 (September 27, 2017): 613–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nous.12227.

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48

Green, Jeffrey E. "Apathy: the democratic disease." Philosophy & Social Criticism 30, no. 5-6 (September 2004): 745–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453704045763.

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49

Mellor, P. "Disease transmission by insects." Endeavour 17, no. 4 (January 1993): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(93)90077-g.

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50

Kumar, Surendra, Nitish Raj, Sujeet Kumar, and Shyam Sundar Sharma. "A REVIEW ON SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY OF AMAVATA: LOGICS BEHIND THE SYMPTOMS." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 11, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.1106188.

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In today’s world, Ayurveda gives more hope for the suffering humanity where no complete solution for commonest inflammatory disease like Rheumatoid Arthritis is available. Rheumatoid Arthritis can be considered similar to Amavata as per Ayurvedic texts. The symptoms of Amavata are similar to Rheumatoid arthritis - where pain, swelling and stiffness of joints are present. It can cause debility, joints deformities, crippling etc in chronic condition. The disease was first mentioned by Madhava Acharya in 25th chapter of Madhava nidana while scriptures like Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridya and Ashtanga Sangraha mentioned only about Ama and Amavrita vata. Afterwards Vangasena, Bhaishajya Ratnavali etc has elaborated the management of Amavata. Ayurveda focuses on nidana, samprapti, rupa etc of the disease. So, in the treatment, Nidana Parivarjana plays an important role. After gaining the knowledge of these, a physician can provide proper treatment. This study has been designed to find out Science and Philosophy behind the symptoms of Amavata according to Ayurvedic classics.
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