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Journal articles on the topic 'Philosophy and town planning'

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Published: 1 June 2024

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1

Yao, Ping. "The Utilization of the Contrary Space Sequence Analytic Method in Modern Villages and Towns Planning Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.475.

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The combination of the Contrary Space Sequence is the rule of the composition of landscape space which the majority historical towns followed. the charm of several hundred years’ ancient town space is just as before, all these are related to the ingenious composition of landscape space and long-term harmonious sustainable. The ancients have utilized the philosophy which integrated by Chinese traditional garden and the ideal condition, situation and the conditions of the object form calligraphy and painting in the construction of towns, Therefore in the modern town space is still deducting the scenery drawing of harmony between humans and landscape as before. The research of the contrary space sequence inherits this town landscape space building method, Carries forward the sustainable development idea of the traditional town construction, and applied to some present small towns and new rural planning, design and construction properly, to provide valuable reference for build a town or a new village with the true harmony between humans and natural world and a beautiful natural environment.

2

Shaduntc, Elena. "The Middle Ages in the Landscape of the Present-Day Pereslavl-Zalessky." ISTORIYA 12, no. 9 (107) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017120-1.

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Among ancient Russian towns, Pereslavl-Zalessky stands out for the rare preservation of its historical town-planning structure. The basis for such estimation is provided by the evidence of sources on the town’s history during the 12th — 17th centuries and a comparative analysis of cartographical documents of the early modern time. The views on the formation of Old Russian towns and assessment of the factors affecting the town-planning have recently undergone considerable changes. The comparison of historical and archival as well as archaeological evidence with the present-day topography of Pereslavl allows us to trace the modification of the planning structure that has retained not only separate architectural objects of the 12th — 17th centuries but also parcels of the medieval town layout. The article presents examples of the ‘exceptions to the rule’ during the execution of a regular plan at the end of the 18th century that, together with historical evidence on the composition and occupations of the trading quarter’s population, permit to more precisely determine the historical peculiarity of Pereslavl.

3

Luithlen, L. "Landownership in Britain and the Quest for Town Planning." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 8 (August 1997): 1399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a291399.

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In this paper I endeavour to show that town planning in Britain, although placed within the ‘public domain’, is largely operating in accordance with the principles of private law. I also argue that town planning is an integral part of the land and property market which itself is conditioned by the definition of the rights in land and property. These rights are shown to be grounded in the traditions of the private land law as evolved over centuries from the feudal system of land and property relations. I therefore begin with an examination of development under the leasehold system in London during the 18th and 19th centuries and find that landowners, in their efforts of maintaining the value of their estate, conducted a form of environmental control very similar to what planners do nowadays as part of their activities in development control. It is then shown how the old system was unable to cope with the pressures of industrialisation and rapidly expanding urban areas. Politicians, royal commissions, and expert committees sought to adapt the leasehold system and to reform existing property rights to accommodate a newly emerging property market. These efforts finally culminated in the 1925 Property Statutes. At the same time governments pursued efforts of devising new structures of urban governance. However, these measures generally were piecemeal and their implementation was fraught with difficulties. A new approach, recognising the interdependence between market processes, market regulation, and ‘public improvement’, were championed by the radical Liberals towards the end of the 19th century. This philosophy is reflected in the enactment of the first planning statutes of 1909 and 1919. Both Acts made provisions for the retainment of development value for reasons of social justice and the funding of urban infrastructure. Subsequent enactments have tended to isolate town planning not only from housing but also from the land market and the issue of betterment, and thus from urban governance. The reason, it is argued, is that property as well as planning legislation are still hemmed in the strait-jacket of the private land law. I conclude that the isolation of town planning within a fragmented ‘public domain’ bodes ill for the future of our cities.

4

Wagemans, Mathieu C. H. "Analysis of the role of information in planning: The case of town and country planning." Knowledge, Technology and Policy 3, no. 4 (December 1990): 72–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02736656.

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5

Rentetzi, Maria. "Configuring Identities Through Industrial Architecture and Urban Planning." Science & Technology Studies 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55234.

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In the late nineteenth century the city of Kavala, a town by the sea in northern Greece, was developed to one of the most important tobacco processing centers in the Balkan area. Powerful tobacco merchants mainly from the Hapsburg and Ottoman empires built a considerable number of tobacco warehouses thus redefining the center of the city, its character, as well as its borders. I argue that the architecture of those warehouses deeply configured the identities of tobacco workers and provided the means to tobacco merchants to publicly present themselves and their achievements. At the same time those early industrial buildings subverted the boundaries between the city and the factory, shedding light on the work culture and every day lives of Greece’s tobacco workers.

6

CALISI, MARINELLA. "L'ORIGINE DELLE COLLEZIONI SCIENTIFICHE DEL MUSEO ASTRONOMICO E COPERNICANO IN ROMA ALLA FINE DEL XIX SECOLO." Nuncius 4, no. 2 (1989): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539189x00941.

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Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title In the years following 1820, when the town became part of the Kingdom of Italy, Rome was seeking to forge its new identity. The scientific culture of the town is a little known feature of this process, and yet it offers important insights into the economic planning and the cultural policy of those years. These features are also at the basis of today's roman scientific museums. In 1873, on the occasion of the celebration of the fourth centenary of Copernicus' birth, it was proposed to establish a Museo Astronomico e Copernicano. The original proposal for a museum devoted to collecting documents and memorabilia of Copernicus' italian period, soon became the project for a more ambitious Museum.

7

Li, Wenqi, Li Zhang, Inhee Lee, and Menelaos Gkartzios. "Overview of Social Policies for Town and Village Development in Response to Rural Shrinkage in East Asia: The Cases of Japan, South Korea and China." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (July 10, 2023): 10781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151410781.

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Globally speaking, Asian countries, especially East Asian countries, are facing acute national depopulation situation and severe rural shrinkage development. Based on the continuous surveys of town and village development in Japan, South Korea, and China, this study aims to provide an overview of social policies that have been implemented in the past or more recently in these three countries in response to rural shrinkage, and to outline the core philosophy of these practices to cope with the repercussions. In this paper, we analyze the overall process of rural depopulation and the present features of town and village development in three countries. We subsequently present the social policies over the last few decades and summarize them into four major groups. Furthermore, we highlight that the focus of social policies is not to seek possible ways to reestablish growth but to provide positive support and effective reform to adjust and satisfy the changing needs of towns and villages under the circumstances of shrinking development, including the optimization of public resource allocation, exploring institutional innovation to valorize abandoned assets, and developing endogenous potentials for future sustainable development. Qualitative methods from a combination of literature review, policy review, and field surveys have mainly been adopted in this research. The study of East Asian practices may be instructive for other Asia-Pacific countries, as well as European countries that have been experiencing or will eventually face the challenges of rural shrinkage.

8

Bergenheim, Sophy. "From Barracks to Garden Cities." Science & Technology Studies 33, no. 2 (May 14, 2020): 120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.60807.

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This article examines how Väestöliitto, the Finnish Population and Family Welfare League, developed into a housing policy expert during the 1940s and 1950s. Through frame analysis, I outline how Väestöliitto constructed urbanisation and ‘barrack cities’, i.e. an urban, tenement-based environment, as a social problem and how, respectively, it framed ‘garden cities’ as a solution. In the 1940s, Väestöliitto promoted a national body for centralised housing policy and national planning. When the ARAVA laws (1949) turned out to be a mere financing system, Väestöliitto harnessed its expertise into more concrete action. In 1951, together with five other NGOs, Väestöliitto founded the Housing Foundation and embarked on a project for constructing a model city. This garden city became the residential suburb Tapiola. This marked a paradigm shift in Finnish town planning and housing policy, which had until then lacked a holistic and systematic approach. Along the 1940s–1950s, Väestöliitto thus constructed and developed its expertise from an influential interest organisation to a concrete housing policy actor.

9

Hartnell, Roy. "Art and civic culture in Birmingham in the late nineteenth century." Urban History 22, no. 2 (August 1995): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800000493.

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This paper looks at Joseph Chamberlain's Birmingham and claims that George Dawson's famous ‘civic gospel’ which laid the ground for the municipal reforms was permeated by a consensus view of the moral and civic role of art. It suggests that it was this combination of philosophy in action through art which created the special Birmingham context for a vibrant civic culture which led to the political and artistic achievements of the 1870s and 1880s. For a few brief years, this combination enabled Birmingham to stand above other British cities and lay claim to the titles of ‘the best-governed city in the world’ and ‘perhaps the most artistic town in England’.

10

Hillier, Jean, and Jonathan Metzger. "Towns within Towns: From Incompossibility to Inclusive Disjunction in Urban Spatial Planning." Deleuze and Guattari Studies 15, no. 1 (February 2021): 40–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/dlgs.2021.0428.

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We contemplate Deleuze and Guattari's discussion of in/compossibility through engagement with practices of spatial planning and development at the urban fringe in Australia. In such sites of ecosystem transformation, the presence of wildlife, such as mosquitoes, is often deemed incompossible with felicitous human habitation. We suggest that regarding worlds like those of mosquitoes and humans as divergent, rather than incompossible, opens up opportunities for inclusive disjunctive syntheses which affirm the disjoined terms without excluding one from the other. Relating inclusive disjunction to intensive milieu, we call for development of a more milieu-based approach to planning to facilitate more-than-human coexistence differently.

11

Rigby, Kate. "On the Ecopoetics of Temporal Discernment." Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 26, no. 3 (October 19, 2022): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685357-tat00003.

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Abstract In this short article, I explore the ways in which literary studies, and in particular, the study of ecopoetry and ecopoetics, can contribute to current engagements with the temporal horizon of ‘deep’, geological, time. Drawing on the concept of ‘temporal discernment’ advanced by environmental philosopher, James Hatley, I argue for the cultivation of an appreciation for plural temporalities (including the historical, ethical, immemorial, creaturely, contemplative and prophetic, alongside the geological and evolutionary), the lineaments of which I trace here in Diane Pacitti’s poetry collection, Dark Angelic Mills centred around the multi-layered history of the post-industrial, multi-cultural Cathedral town of Bradford in England.

12

Tampu, Stelian, and Tibor Babos. "NGOs for Global Security (The Human Security and Health Security Role of the Hungarian Charity Service of the Order of Malta in the International Field)." Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues 13, no. 1 (June 28, 2023): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.47459/jssi.2023.13.10.

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Humanitarian NGOs work on social security and health security at local, regional and global levels. Natural and artificial disasters have increased worldwide in the past, and our future will not be immune. The role of civil society organizations (CSOs) is seen in mixed light, as local, regional and global CSOs exist and operate worldwide. The local group includes those active and valuable only in a single city or town; the regional group consists of those with a national or continental presence; and the global group includes those active locally, regionally and visibly on several continents. One such international organization is the Hungarian Charity Service of the Order of Malta. Understanding the NGOs activity management philosophy and the existence of humanitarian NGOs in the global security arena, and understanding the global activity management of the Order of Malta’s Organisation, The Hungarian Charity Service of the Order of Malta, requires an analysis of international security, the structure of European security and the security issues in Hungary, and the interconnections between them.

13

VOLOGDINA, Nataliya N., and Mikhail A. VOLODIN. "GARDEN AND PARK ENSEMBLES IN THE TOWNS’ HISTORY." Urban construction and architecture 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2021.03.15.

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The narrative motive of the study is the fact of the infl uence of the garden and park ensembles’ construction on the development of cities. The historical periods of the highest fl owering of culture, philosophy, aesthetic ideas, and the development of construction skills have been selected for the work. The authors of the article draw att ention to the theoretical works of the 20th century in Western civilization, considering the city as a natural system. Their connection with the concepts of the 16th- 19th centuries in England, France, Italy, and France is affi rmed. The idea of the city as a natural system is revealed through images and metaphors, which help to understand the place of public landscapes in the history of civilization. The article presents the garden-park complexes, the creation of which changed the urban planning paradigm, initiated the construction of new cities, promoted the replacement of obsolete or lost elements of urban structure. The author suggests the classifi cation of landscape complexes according to their role in the development of urban planning and their infl uence on the artistic culture, architecture and morphology of the city.

14

Tsonkov, Nikolay, and Kamen Petrov. "Possibilities for the construction of a parallel route of the European transport corridor No 9 through Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1297, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1297/1/012018.

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Abstract The Bulgarian state is significantly behind in the development of its strategic road infrastructure. This circumstance is complemented by the deteriorated state of the already-built infrastructure in the Bulgarian state. There is a need to change the policy philosophy for managing and maintaining the strategic infrastructure in Bulgaria. It is necessary to strongly link this policy with the regional development policy, due to the similar objectives they must achieve. They are aimed at bringing Bulgarian regions closer together, and their economic and regional development based on improved connectivity between them. Achieving all this, however, is hampered by a significant deficit in the system. There is a lack of connectivity and development of the transport axes in the North-South direction. In this regard, the authors set as their main objective to analyze and assess the possibilities for the construction of a parallel route of the European transport corridor No. 9 through Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece, which includes the construction of a tunnel between the town of Troyan and the village of Karnare in the central part of the Balkan Mountains. The implementation of this project will bring economic, social, transport, and financial benefits to the Bulgarian state. The construction of the project ensures connectivity between the Balkan countries, the formation of a single European market, stimulating the development of Northern Bulgaria, and a targeted impact on the North and South-Central planning regions.

15

Darmanto, Eko. "PERANCANGAN MONUMEN IDENTITAS KOTA JEPARA BERBASIS UKIR TRADISI MENGGUNAKAN METODE BLACK BOX." CORAK 8, no. 2 (August 3, 2019): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/corak.v8i2.2973.

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The monument is an identity that undoubtedly provides an informative understanding of a region, not only is the memorial memorial, Jepara is a small town with a vast cultural culture among the most prominent cultures is carving. Carving in Jepara gradually began to erode with the flow of industrialization so as to provide a discourse to the government of Jepara district to formulate policies so that carving remains the identity of society as the largest cultural culture of society. The research was conducted in Jepara Regency in collaboration with the City Planning Department of Jepara Regency. Research using black box method with focus of research on visual masterpiece and philosophy of Jepara city monument. The results of the research are (1). Criteria and concept of a monument that has a local cultural identity, (2). The work of designing a monument with an element of carving identity as part of the most prominent cultural culture. Keywords: Identity, monument, traditional carving Monumen merupakan sebuah identitas yang tak pelak memberikan pemahaman informatif terhadap sebuah wilayah, tidak hanya itu monumen bersifat memorial, Jepara merupakan kota kecil dengan kultur budaya yang luas diantara budaya yang paling menonjol adalah ukir. Ukir di jepara lambat laun mulai tergerus dengan arus industrialisasi sehingga memberikan wacana terhadap pemerintah kabupaten jepara untuk merumuskan kebijakan supaya ukir tetap menjadi identitas masyarakat sebagai bagian terbesar kultur budaya masyarakatnya. Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Jepara dengan berkerja sama dengan Dinas Tata Kota Kbupaten Jepara. Penelitian menggunakan metode black box dengan fokus penelitian terhadap karya visual dan filosofi monumen kota jepara. Hasil penelitian berupa (1). Kriteria dan konsep monumen yang memiliki identitas budaya lokal, (2). Karya perancangan monumen dengan unsur identitas ukir sebagai bagian kulturasi budaya yang paling menonjol. Kata kunci: Identitas, monumen, ukir tradisi

16

Sharma, Utpal, and Bhavesh Metha. "ARANYA TOWNSHIP, INDORE: INDIA-AN EXPERIMENT ON SUSTAINABLE HUMAN HABITAT." Journal of Research in Architecture & Planning 06, no. 01 (December 30, 2007): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53700/jrap0612007_2.

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Urbanization in India and south Asia has generated one of the horrifying pictures of poverty in the form of Slum. It has been a very difficult task of dealing with this settlement form which has been the part of many of the growing urban centres of the country with almost 47% population of cities as slums. Aranya project represent a new paradigm in urban planning to resolve the growing issue and discuss one of the critical aspect of urban design and town planning approach with the economically weaker section of the urban population. What makes it special is – the idea of ‘Planning and Urban Design framework of the settlement where people build themselves’. The framework was evolved through understanding the needs of the people. An attempt was made to address the issues of identity and sense of community which is often missing in conventional projects. The site and services approach to planning and design for the 65,000 population in the Indore city is a new philosophy for handling the urban crisis of slum settlements. The project is the synthesis of the cultural, social and economic needs of the slum population and the more mundane aspect of cost effective site and services, creating one of the richest fabric for ideal habitation of the poor people. The concept for the project is defined by the broad goals of a good habitat – vitality, imageability, equity, efficiency, flexibility and feasibility. The Aranya project demonstrates the vital aspects of urban design in its design of appropriate typology, hierarchy of streets and open space, housing cluster with human scale, flexibility in addition and growth of built form and an efficient sites and services layout integrated with the architecture of the township. The indigenous character of built form provides a setting for the continuation of fundamental values of society. As per the traditional Indian towns, the level of publicness and the degree of privacy is maintained through a spatial order. The clarity of spatial hierarchy enhances the imageability of the settlement. This was arrived at through a rigorous research of the Indian traditional settlement forms. The Aranya plan uses these universal principles of hierarchy in urban design by creating the centre with public amenities and major urban space moving outwards with series of streets and clusters of houses in hierarchy creating more private residential public realms. The street is also seen as an urban space with human activities and multiplicity. The emphasis on developing a cost efficient layout for services has brought down the cost of the project significantly and hence an important ingredient of the design of the settlement. Aranya has become the model not only in the professional and the academic world, but also with administration and the implementing agencies. It has been the case study for many of the similar projects. The project has looked at the implementation process as a vital aspect in such a project for the poor. It defines construction of the minimum, so as to allow people to add and develop the house as per their requirements and affordability in the future. This inbuilt into the project, the aspect of sense of belonging and identity, which is a strong social issue for the habitation of the poor. The efficient site planning, a fresh approach to infrastructure and using the strong traditional urban design principles of the country with a hope to provide the most ideal environment for living to the poor has produced the example of great urban design in the context of rapid urbanization. It has not only been accepted by the people but been a case study for further research in the field. Keywords: Low-cost housing, Innovative sites and services projects, land-use efficiency, affordability, socio-cultural responsive architecture, innovative infrastructure.

17

Zagroba, Marek, Katarzyna Pawlewicz, and Adam Senetra. "Analysis and Evaluation of the Spatial Structure of Cittaslow Towns on the Example of Selected Regions in Central Italy and North-Eastern Poland." Land 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2021): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080780.

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Cittaslow International promotes harmonious development of small towns based on sustainable relationships between economic growth, protection of local traditions, cultural heritage and the environment, and an improvement in the quality of local life. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the differences and similarities in the spatial structure of Cittaslow towns in the Italian regions of Tuscany and Umbria and the Polish region of Warmia and Mazury. The study examined historical towns which are situated in different parts of Europe and have evolved in different cultural and natural environments. The presented research attempts to determine whether the spatial structure of historical towns established in different European regions promotes the dissemination of the Cittaslow philosophy and the adoption of sustainable development principles. The urban design, architectural features and the composition of urban and architectural factors which are largely responsible for perceptions of multi-dimensional space were evaluated. These goals were achieved with the use of a self-designed research method which supported a subjective evaluation of spatial structure defined by historical urban planning and architectural solutions. The study demonstrated that Medieval urban layouts can be successfully incorporated into the modern urban fabric to promote sustainable development and slow living.

18

Laurence, Ray. "R. E. L. B. De Kind: Houses in Herculaneum. A New View on the Town Planning and the Building of Insulae III and IV. Pp. vi + 332, 27 plans. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben, 1988. Cased, Hfl. 145. ISBN: 90-5063-517-2." Classical Review 50, no. 1 (April 2000): 371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00146025.

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Hebbert, Michael. "Town planning versusurbanismo." Planning Perspectives 21, no. 3 (July 2006): 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665430600731153.

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MITCHELL, E. R. "TOWN PLANNING CONSULTANT." Australian Planner 23, no. 2 (June 1985): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.1985.9657252.

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Powell, Tony. "Real Town Planning." Urban Policy and Research 21, no. 1 (March 2003): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0811114032000062173.

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22

Earnest, James. "Managing projects in war-torn societies." Journal of Management History 25, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 585–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-02-2019-0007.

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PurposePlanning and implementing reconstruction projects in areas that are affected by conflict has proven to be far more challenging than expected and has often been considered to be inappropriate response from practitioners, aid agencies and government. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore reconstruction and development projects in Kosovo given its history of non-sovereign state under United Nations administration and analyse how they were planned and executed that would more likely yield progressive outcomes for the society.Design/methodology/approachThe study was designed to explore how projects are planned and implemented, as well as help in understanding the phenomena in the historical, social, cultural and governance context within the project implementation practices of multilateral agencies in Kosovo. Applying action research principles and using a detailed case study approach to the interviews, the study identified programme strengths, weaknesses and implications of project management practice and theory and differences of opinion within the project team in project planning and implementation in their wider sense.FindingsThere is evidence that both aid organisations’ constructed project management processes and international aid agencies practices do not work effectively in a community service delivery setting. The study showed that there continue to be challenges in project processes, implementation, stakeholder coordination, communication, cost, quality, procurement and risk management.Practical implicationsForward looking and grounded in traditions, the study indicated a need to promote a better understanding of how reconstruction and development projects are undertaken at all levels of the organisation and to describe processes, procedures and tools used for the actual application of projects in war-torn societies.Originality/valueThe study is among the first academic research worldwide to examine traditional practices of project management which are wildly applied and to explore if the same processes can be applied in post-conflict settings. This study is timely and beneficial in fulfilling its responsibility to post-conflict communities.

23

Lefèvre, Wolfgang. "Charles van den Heuvel. “De Huysbou”: A Reconstruction of an Unfinished Treatise on Architecture, Town Planning, and Civil Engineering by Simon Stevin. (History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands, 7.) x + 544 pp., illus., figs., bibl., index. Amsterdam: Edita, 2005. €89 (cloth)." Isis 98, no. 1 (March 2007): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/519099.

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Rudenko, L. H., A. I. Bochkovska, and O. M. Leyberiuk. "CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE CITY NETWORK OF UKRAINE." Ukrainian geographical journal 2022, no. 2 (October 2022): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ugz2022.02.032.

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This research aims to present the results of the Ukraine urban network’s historical changes study. It aims to show the results regards its impact on the regional development of Ukraine starting from 1897 and up to 2021. During the period mentioned, essential changes in a number of the cities have occurred. It was 207 settlements in 1897 with a population of 4,043,527 persons in total and 461 settlements with a population of 27,014,238 persons in 2021. Research is based on 1897, 1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, and 2001 censuses and statistical data of urban network changes’ analysis. Studying Ukraine’s urban network’s formation history occurs in different spheres of science. These are history, geography, economy, demography, sociology, architecture, town planning, etc. This article presents studying directed to find spatial patterns and specialties of urban settlements’ formation according to their development and transformation’s pace and directions. According to the urban network formation indicators, Ukraine belongs to states with ancient traditions of urban development. Even before the formal origination of the first state on the territory of modern Ukraine-Rus, there were many cities here. The first cities’ prototypes were discovered in the excavations of Trypillian culture. The first urban settlements of the western type of that time were founded as a result of Greco-Roman colonization of the southern and south-eastern coasts of Crimea and in the northern (continental) Black Sea region. In Europe, Rus was called the state of “cities.” There is evidence that at the time of the unification of Slavic tribes in the state there were up to 250 settlements. They partially and according to modern criteria correspond to the status of the city. Of course, consolidated reliable data on the territory, population, and other demographic characteristics of these settlements do not exist or have not yet been found. Therefore, researchers use evaluative indicators.

25

Clark, Michael, and Clara Greed. "Implementing Town Planning: The Role of Town Planning in the Development Process." Geographical Journal 163, no. 1 (March 1997): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3059704.

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Тsymbal, Tetiana. "UKRAINIANS IN St. PETERSBURG IN SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC ACTIVITY OF TETIANA LEBEDYNSKA." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 28 (2021): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2021.28.18.

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The article presents the results of a study of scientific, educational and ascetic activities of one of the brightest representatives of the modern Ukrainian diaspora in Russia - Tetiana Lebedynska, a daughter of Ukrainian writer Mykola Shpak. T.M. Lebedynska is PhD in Philosophy, translator, writer, member of the Ukrainian Union of Writers, author of exhibitions dedicated to Ukrainian St. Petersburg, holder of the Order of Princess Olga III degree. The multifaceted scientific and educational activity of Tetiana Mykolajivna is considered. It is emphasized that she initiated and organized the International Scientific Seminar «St. Petersburg – Ukraine», which resulted in the publication of twenty collections of articles from 2000 to 2020. T.M. Lebedynska is the author of more than 200 scientific works, including unique publications: «Shevchenko's places of St. Petersburg», «St. Petersburg and Ukraine», «M.P. Hrebinka - town-planning of St. Petersburg», «Ukrainian necropolis of St. Petersburg», «I. Mazepa - Commander of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called», dictionary»Outstanding figures of science and culture of Russia who came from Ukraine», etc.. T.M. Lebedynska was published in Western Europe, the United States, and Arab countries. It is noted that the heroine of our intelligence pays most attention to the study of the life and work of the Great Kobzar, who had many life events in St. Petersburg: here he studied and worked, gained freedom and communicated with many prominent cultural figures, wrote poems and paintings and became an academician of arts. It was Tetiana Mykolajivna who was one of the initiators of the installation in St. Petersburg of the monument to Taras Shevchenko by Canadian sculptor Leo Mol (Leonid Molodozhanin), she collected signatures against the relocation of the site from the city center near the university to the outskirts, also she initiated and participated in the installation of a memorial to Kobzar at the Smolensk cemetery. Among other things Tetiana Lebedynska‟s ascetic activity is represented, by a study of the Ukrainian necropolis of St. Petersburg, as most graves and tombstones are in a state of destruction and may disappear for the future without restoration. And with them the memory of our compatriots who found eternal peace in the land of North Palmira will be destroyed. The article states that today, when Crimea is annexed and the Russian occupation of Donbass continues, it is very important to study the experience of our contemporaries - Ukrainians in Russia, who do not lose their identity in conditions of strong informational, ideological and linguistic pressure.

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Eisenschitz, Aram. "Town Planning, Planning Theory and Social Reform." International Planning Studies 13, no. 2 (May 2008): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563470802292000.

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Olanrewaju, Samson Olaitan. "Planning: The town planners perspective." Journal of Geography and Regional Planning 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jgrp2016.0616.

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SAWADA, TOSHIAKI. "To establish subjective town planning." ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 22 (1994): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proer1988.22.342.

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NISHI, Shotaro, and Shin AIBA. "TOWN PLANNING WORKSHOP USING MINECRAFT." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 28, no. 68 (February 20, 2022): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.28.430.

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31

Jangir, Gourve. "Review Paper on Town Planning." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 20, 2021): 1827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36759.

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Town making plans is regularly visible as an tool of social reform. It is argued right here that this becomes now no longer the case beneathneath social democracy, and with the aid of using implication neo-liberalism and globalization do now no longer always act as brakes upon reform. Planning need to be interpreted in magnificence terms, as a method of stabilization and legitimation thereby supporting to make sure boom. It fragments social truth if you want to include the political actions that city troubles may want to generate. This view of making plans can also additionally provide an explanation for why social reform isn't excessive on making plans's agenda. But social reform is viable however handiest at instances of excessive conflict. For making plans to take gain of such temporary opportunities, making plans concept desires development. The puper concludes with the aid of using growing a version of social reform and searching at a number of the flashpoints that might cause it.citites and metropolis ten to develop in an unplannned way with passage of time while and insial plan has been accepted. the awareness of sports has accumulated in and round big and medium sattelment the metropolis are extra then the municipal limits,they have got extanded to the agglomeration as a result the real limt of the metropolis have extra then doubled if you want to manage unplanned boom og cities.there for it required regular become over every and each assume associated with scheme. the artical address publical isssue of metropolis making plans layout of agricultural cluster in a huge metropolis as an intigeral a part of designning mathodology for sustainable devlopment of toen making plans.the precept of intigrating land scape agro-land scape and housing devlopment ,the precept of bio effective layout of buldins and complexes,

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Cahill, Nicholas. "Olynthus and Greek Town Planning." Classical World 93, no. 5 (2000): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4352442.

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Thomas, David, and K. G. Willis. "Contemporary Issues in Town Planning." Geographical Journal 153, no. 3 (November 1987): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/633693.

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Huxley, Margo. "Book Review: Social town planning." Progress in Human Geography 24, no. 4 (December 2000): 685–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913250002400423.

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Jarvis, Bob. "The Arts of Town Planning." Planning Practice & Research 10, no. 2 (May 1995): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02697459550036658.

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WERTZ, E. "ERASMUS Programme: Architecture-Town Planning." European Journal of Engineering Education 14, no. 3 (January 1989): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03043798908903363.

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Steiner, Frederick. "The small town planning handbook." Journal of Rural Studies 5, no. 1 (January 1989): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(89)90035-1.

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Powell, Tony. "Return to real town planning." Australian Planner 43, no. 1 (March 2006): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2006.9982459.

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DUDER, BRUCE. "Local Authority and Town Planning." New Zealand Journal of Geography 82, no. 1 (May 15, 2008): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1987.tb00234.x.

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40

Salzano, E. "The future of town planning." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 23, no. 3 (May 1999): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0198-9715(99)00020-4.

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Home, Robert. "British town and country planning." Cities 6, no. 1 (February 1989): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-2751(89)90010-3.

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Ward, Stephen V. "Garden cities and town planning." Cities 12, no. 2 (April 1995): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-2751(95)90071-3.

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43

Meng, Lee Lik. "Town planning law in Malaysia." Habitat International 15, no. 4 (January 1991): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(91)90049-q.

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Voskresenskaya, Elena, Nikolay Zhilskiy, Nicolay Golovanov, and Natalya Pisareva. "Civil law regulation of town planning." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016404009.

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The present research article contains the legal analysis of prescription of the procedure and levels of law making in the field of civil and town planning legislation. The authors have explored their nature and origin, which will help fill the gaps in legislation and eliminate the existing conflicts of law. The current town planning legislation is of complex nature, so it cannot be applied without taking into account civil law, which directly influences town planning relations. It is worth mentioning that both town planning and civil law relations depend on the set of other constitutional principles related to the right of ownership, right of undertaking entrepreneurial or other economic activities, intellectual property right, etc. Interrelation and differentiation of regulations of town planning and civil legislation are currently essential. Civil legislation is manifested mainly by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which regulates property and some non-property yet associated relations that concern town planning activities. For the last years, the Russian legislation has paid much attention to statutory regulation of town planning relations, passing the way from federal laws to codification. The present paper focuses on the social and economic role of town planning and its place in current times.

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HASHIMOTO, Masahiro. "Town Planning Utilizing NAVYA ARMA in Sakai Town, Ibaraki Prefecture." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 27, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 7_22–7_26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.27.7_22.

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Thakur, Mr Harshal Rajendra. "Sustainable Green Town." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4027–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35974.

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Aim of this research paper is to design and implement the sustainable term for the town planning with low resources and high output, as well there benefit to environment. Town planning in ancient India of Indus towns have demonstrated the most ancient town planning in the world among the most common and universal types of town planning (Mohenjo-Daro). Increase in population, Development or innovation leads to great use of natural resources, which may disturb the environmental cycle. Though green resources are not sufficient but they are long lasting and environmental friendly. Energy sources from Sun, wind and water are clean sources which are future, with proper use. To find various sources (types such as minor and major sources) of energy and implement with exigency, for sustainable strategic planning.

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Romanova, O. A. "Subjects and Objects of Town-Planning Legal Relations." Actual Problems of Russian Law 1, no. 12 (January 20, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.109.12.053-061.

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The article substantiates the relevance of scientific analysis of the composition of town-planning relations for further development of legal regulation of town-planning and increase in efficiency of law enforcement activities in the field of urban planning. Based on the study of scientific sources, the author concludes that there is insufficient legal research in the field of legal regulation of urban planning. The paper shows the legal and scientific significance of studying the composition and specifics of town-planning relations for the further development of town-planning legislation and the formation of town-planning law. On the basis of the system analysis of the current town-planning and related legislation, the author provides for the legal characteristics of subjects and objects of town-planning legal relations taking into account the specifics of urban planning activity depending on their particular type, their features, problems of definition and identification, differentiation from related legal relations. The author proposes a possible classification of subjects and objects of town-planning relations depending on the type of town-planning activity and their nature.

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Mityagin, Sergey D. "Technological Optimization of Town-Planning Activity." Scientific journal “ACADEMIA. ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION”, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2077-9038-2018-1-67-72.

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The town-planning code of the Russian Federation allows to prepare the documents regulating design and planning activity independently by each subject of the town-planning relations. At the same time violations in the form of mismatch of information contents between separate town-planning documents are possible. These defects of a legal design can be eliminated by special federal instructive-methodological document preparation which is constructed on the basis of optimization of technological model of town-planning design activity which assumes in particular:1) strict execution of functional priorities establishment tasks of the Russian Federation Town-planning code in territories assignment at the Russian Federation territorial planning schemes level functional zones (land categories) dislocation definition in territorial planning schemes of the territorial subjects of the Russian Federation municipal districts and also in city district master plan drafts city and rural settlements2) town-planning zoning works reference to the level of territory planning documents preparation where the territorial zones of placement of capital construction projects would be established in the borders of planning structure elements of the settlement3) land plots surveying in the borders of territorial zones perform on the basis of the complex of conciliation procedures and public hearings of volume spatial decisions (sketches) of building undergoneThe offered town-planning design actions organization technological model is directed to planning solutions consecutive specification from different level territorial planning schemes, including city district master plans, city and rural settlements to theland plot planning organization schemes of the capital construction projects, i.e. from an investment plan to project realization.

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TAMAKI, Shingo. "STUDY ON THE TOWN PLANNING FOR THE TRADESMAN CLASS AREA IN ECHIZEN OHNO CASTLE TOWN : Study on the town planning method of the castle town (Part3)." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 63, no. 504 (1998): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.63.203_2.

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Romanova, O. A. "The proceedings connected with legal town-planning relations." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 11 (January 14, 2021): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.75.11.166-173.

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In the article specifi cities of lawyer’s work during the proceedings arising from violation of citizens’ rights and rights of legal entities in the course of various town-planning activity are considered. Vigorously developing of town-planning activity in the Russian Federation gives rise to real estate, environmental and natural resource use disputes, settlement of the which is difficult in the case law. The situation is resulted from either insufficient knowledge and lack of features of the legal regulation of town-planning relations, the legal nature of town-planning documentation, its legal significance, or the complexity of the existing town-planning legislation, the permanent amendment of the legislation, the availability of outstanding issues. In the article the specific nature of spatial planning and town planning zoning documentation and their influence on land and property and adjacent legal relationship are shown, types of potential violations of lawful rights and interests of citizens and legal entities are considered. Based on the analysis of the case law, the most salient category of cases related to town-planning activity are devote and main mistakes of lawyer’s work on such cases are reviewed by the author.