Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Philosophie de la nature – Moyen âge'
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Zambiasi, Roberto. "'Minima sensibilia'. The Medieval Latin Debate (ca. 1250-ca. 1350) and Its Roots." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLP006.
Full textThe thesis focuses on one of the least studied topics in Medieval Latin Aristotelian natural philosophy (ca. 1250-ca. 1350), i.e., the so-called topic of "minima sensibilia". If, as claimed most notably in "Physics" VI, magnitudes are (potentially) infinitely divisible, a dilemma arises with respect to the limits of the divisibility of sensible qualities through the division of the matter (considered as an extended magnitude) with which they are united. Either sensible qualities are also (potentially) infinitely divisible (but this implies that the senses should have an infinite power in order to perceive them, against a fundamental Aristotelian assumption concerning the limits of every power existing in nature), or they are not (potentially) infinitely divisible (in this case, however, there would be portions of matter that can neither be cognised by the senses nor, evidently, by the intellect, and, what is worse, sensible entities would be ultimately composed of them, something entirely unacceptable in the Aristotelian worldview). To solve the dilemma, Aristotle, in Chapter 6 of the "De sensu et sensato" (445b3-446a20), makes use of the distinction between act and potency, affirming that sensible qualities are infinitely divisible in potency as part of the whole to which they belong, but there are minimal quantities of matter that can exist in act on their own endowed with their sensible qualities. The thesis investigates the reflection conducted by Medieval Latin commentators of the "De sensu et sensato" (always read in connection with their Greek and Islamic sources) on the subject of "minima sensibilia", using it as a privileged gateway to study from a new and original point of view the Medieval Latin conception of the ontology and of the epistemology of sensible qualities. Indeed, through a close scrutiny of the debate (which is accompanied by a thorough reconstruction of the complex manuscript tradition of Medieval Latin "De sensu" commentaries, that have hitherto been largely neglected by scholars) it is demonstrated that Medieval Latin commentators progressively developed a conception according to which sensible qualities can exist on their own in the natural world without being perceptible in act due to the smallness of the matter with which they are united. Such sensible qualities (that are sometimes called "insensibilia propter parvitatem") can, nevertheless, become perceptible in act by uniting with each other. Thanks to this fundamental development, not only sensible qualities started to be understood mostly in autonomy from their role in perception, but the sensible world became suddenly much more extended than the world that can be perceived by the senses, with the consequence that the confidence in the human ability to cognise its ultimate structure began to crumble
Soreau, Véronique. "« La médecine par les plantes et les étoiles entre le quinzième et le seizième siècle en Angleterre. Édition inédite d'une sélection de textes en moyen-anglais de quatre manuscrits situés à Trinity College Library, Cambridge : MSS O.1.13, O.5.26, R.14.32, R.14.51, et commentaires. Deux volumes. »." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT5023.
Full textIt is through an original edition of exceptional selected texts in Middle English from four manuscripts of Trinity College Library in Cambridge : MSS O.1.13, O.5.26, R.14.32, R.14.51 that Middle English medical recipes, charms, medical and astrological treatises, medical poems and poems on the virtues of plants can now be given a new lease of life. These medical treasures belong to an ancestral traditional culture and science : medicine or natural philosophy, which was inherited fron Egyptian, Greek, Latin and Arabic authors and translators. This intention to bring to light these natural herb remedies and the influence of stars on medieval people's health constitues the heart of this thesis. It is first provided with a general introduction developing the historical context of medieval medicine. A second introduction to the edition firstly presents a complete and detailed codicological description of the four manuscripts, and secondly the editorial principles. The texts edited here in the main and third part, all written in Middle English, have been chosen for their originality, and sometimes, on the contrary, for their conformity with medieval medicine practised by scholars and other skilled praticians. Two volumes contain the texts edited from the four manuscripts of Trinity College Library, gathered according to major themes such as theoretical, astrological, and practical medicine. Seven categories present the different texts : Of the humoral theory, Astrological meddicine, Practical use of medicine and the means for diagnosis, The remedies : blood letting and how to cure by the help of nature, Two panaceas : rosemary and betony, The gathering of plants : auspicious moments, The remedies based on the waters of plants. Each section presenting the texts is introduced by a contextual analysis of the theme, and focuses on its origins and its sources. Each text is also followed by its own glossary. Lastly, the annex, following the conclusion and the bibliography, offers the reader a look behind the scene of the work of the transcriber and editor. It is composed of the analysis and edition of a poem on the vertues of plants edited in this thesis and selected from manuscripts R.14.32 and O.1.13. One is composed of verses, the other is a prose text which badly preserved pages represent the longest version of the famous poem, the Lytil boke on the vertuys of rosemaryn. There is no doubt that such Middle English medical texts present a fundamental interest for the editorial, linguistic and literary fields of research on the Middle Ages. Such sources may also aouse the curiosity of scientists and botanists, as the study of the plants, the stars and their influence on man's health, still under study, has already been proved
Brochier, Emmanuel. "Thomas d’Aquin Physicien. Étude du Commentaire thomasien sur la Physique et de ses sources rushdienne et albertinienne." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040132.
Full textFollowing the works by F. Del Punta, S. Donati and C. Trifogli on the unpublished comments of Physics in the thirteenth century, this study puts forward a revaluation of Aquinas’s comment. By placing it in the exegetic tradition dominated by Averroes’s great comment and Albert’s paraphrase, Thomas’s rather puzzling intention becomes less theo-centred, and in a way, more physical, but also more paradoxical
Lamy, Alice. "Substance et quantité à la fin du XIIIe à et au début du XIVe siècle, l'exemple de Gautier Burley." Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR2025.
Full textWalter Burley firmly maintened against Wilhelm of Ockham that quantity was an aristotelician category and a principe of corporeity wich were really distinct of substance. The disposition and localisation of differents parts fall within quantity, therefore, substance is a body and a material composite. The discussion about substance and quantity chaired by Burley show how aristotelician philosophy, theology and natural philosophy are closely mixed at XIVth century. The origin of the opposition of the two theologians is firmly rooted in the discussions about eucharisty theology and the debate between Peter of Jean Olivi and Richard of Mediavilla. And yet, Burley against Ockham, chaired the discussion in an original way since he integrated it in very important questions of natural philosophy, like existence and place of indivisibles in continuity, or partibility of matter and continuity of natural magnitudes
Lugt, Maaike Van Der. "Le ver, le démon et la vierge : les théories médiévales de la génération extraordinaire (vers 1100-vers 1350) : une étude sur les rapports entre théologie, philosophie naturelle et médecine." Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHES0039.
Full textAntunes, Gabriela. "An der Schwelle des Menschlichen : Darstellung unf Fonktion des Andersartigen in mittelhochdeutscher Literatur." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA1095.
Full textThis thesis aims to analyze a series of monstrous creatures in three Middle High German texts : the Alexander of Strasbourg, the Herzog Ernst B and Wirnt von Grafenberg's Wigalois, written between 1180 and 1220. It focuses on the research of the concepts of monster and monstrosity in the Middle Ages through the study of a corpus of so-called monstrous representations, of peoples and individuals similar tu huaman beings with whom the heroes maintain a contact along a journey. This research has allowed us to understand the value of this concept in the germanic literature of the chosen period, as well as to know the lexical field used to describe it. The plurality of words corresponds therefore to the variety of functions assumed by these creatures in literature, but also to their variety of forms. As representations of the Other, they help to define the limits of the Self by both the hero and the reader. Their physical difference does not establish a barrier that disallows a friendly contact with the Other. However, an absolute integration between the Self and the Other, in terms of a process of inclusion, remains problematic - this will finally depend of the form they assume. Conclusively, as expressions of the untouchable, the monsters slip out of normality and remain the face of the intangible
Lanavère, Jean-Rémi. "La dimension politique de la loi naturelle chez saint Thomas d'Aquin." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0079.
Full textWhen natural law is taken into consideration by contemporary moral and legal theories, it is often with the objective to provide a foundation to the assertion that « lex injusta non est lex ». Leo Strauss offers a genesis of this depoliticized interpretation of natural law, thus contrasting with what he calls « the essentially political character of the classic natural right doctrine », especially in Aristotle. For him, this depoliticization dates back to stokism, but also and mainly to christianism : with the intervention of a provident and legislator God, the classic natural right teaching has tumed into a natural law doctrine, and so it would have lost its political dimension, such as it vvould be the case in Saint Thomas Aquinas' teaching of natural law. Our aim is to show, on the contrary, the essentially political dimension of the natural law thomistical doctrine, in its double aspect : at first Thomas Aquinas uses some paradigms out of Aristote's political philosophy in order to formulate his natural law doctrine as a participation, within the human being, to the divine providence, thus making such human being « sibi ipsi et aliis providens » : further, Thomas Aquinas does not think of natural law without its necessary complement which is political law. This renewed thought on natural law in the light of politics allows us to better understand the necessity and yet insufficiency of lex naturalis for practical rationality because of its generality, and also, according to Thomas Aquinas, the dignity of the legislative and political activity, as such activity is in charge of applying natural law to the particulars, and therefore to make it politically effective
Trifilio, Sylvain. "Esprit mathématique et pensée économique dans l'Antiquité et au Moyen-âge." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32031.
Full textThe “marginal revolution” is often described as the event that gave birth to mathematical economics. Nevertheless, a few authors are known for having proposed, long before the 1870’s, mathematical analysis of economic issues. When was mathematics, then, first introduced into the field of economic reflection ? Some historians of economic thought have gone back to Antiquity to discover thinkers supposed to have developed a mathematical approach to economic problems. Aristotle, in particuler, is considered as the first to have applied mathematics to economics, by using Pythagorean and Platonic mathematism. But, in reality, there is no slightest trace of mathematical economics in Antiquity, or even in the Middle Ages. There is no global enterprise of mathematization during these periods. And if we can detect a certain “mathematical mind” in some authors, issues of economic or social nature stayed outside its range
Arnould, Colette. "Un aspect de la superstition dans la France médiévale : le Diable et la sorcière (XIIe-XVe siècles)." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010559.
Full textThe devil was to be the central figure responsible for all forms of superstition between the 12 th and the 15 th century. The internal conflicts within the church caused it to be seen everywhere, be held responsible for all forms of heresy and, as any nonconformist act was judged heretical, the result led to "heresy-witchoraft". The inquisition thus took on a new dimension and waged a ruthless war on nonconformity with the help of authorities motivated by personal gain. If magic and witchoraft were to develop in an increasingly troubled period by the end of the midle ages, nothing, at first indicated the role played by the witch. It was only the gradual depreciation of women, associated with original sin, sexuality and ancestral dread, that would make of women "witches" bound body and soul to Satan. The inquisitor's speeches henceforth reflected a society living in fear and, far from discouraging superstition, the church, having lost its consoling role, gave the way to the most unreasonable acts while the need for scape-goats was to give birth to the witch-hunts a century later. Though the midle ages preceded era of stake-burnings, it had already created the basic behaviour codes accounting for their very existence
Quitman, Nathalie. "La Trinité, omniprésente et familière : polémique religieuse, connaissance de Dieu et dévotion en Espagne du XIIe au XVe siècle." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0025.
Full textIn the middle ages, the Trinity of god is usually regarded as a théological subject. In Spain, in the context of coexistence of christians with jews and muslims, the Trinity was omnipresent and familiar to the laity. First, we show how the Trinity was inseparable with the themes of reconquista, conversion, proselytism. Then we analyse the part of the clergy in the promotion of Trinity as a polemic problem since wisigothic period. The last chapter insists on the role of the kings of Castille in the defense of the dogma and the ideological use of Trinity as an attribute of their image and power. The second part insists on the philosophical polemics. The spanish christians have mainly used philosophy of nature to convince the jews. The themes of cosmos, nature, divine attributes, natural generation in the trinitarian demonstrations give to Spain an intellectual originality in the west. The verses of the Old Testament, the exegese of Talmud, the verses of Coran, foundation of the polemis elsewhere, are used in Spain only in the mirror of philosophy. The last part tries to explain why and how in the XVth century Trinity became also a subject of individual devotion. The redemption of souls, visionnary litterature, devotion to the Virgen were inseparable with Trinity
Mitalaité, Kristina. "La philosophie et la théologie de l'image artificielle dans les "Libri Carolini"." Paris, EPHE, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EPHE5028.
Full textAugusto, Luis M. "Idéalisme médiéval : l'idéalisme épistémologique des XIIIe et XIVe siècles." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040048.
Full textAgainst a long established opinion in the history of Western philosophy, I show both that there indeed was idealism in the 13th and 14th centuries (an epistemological idealism, in this case) and that it was a specifically medieval form of the stance. Dietrich of Freiberg and Eckhart of Hochheim used the most fundamental concepts of scholastic thought to elaborate epistemological doctrines that are idealist through and through: the act of knowing “gives” both the essence and the existence to things and this act of constitution of the object of knowledge is the very act of self-constitution of consciousness. They thus grounded the whole of reality on the intellect, the subject, and reason, and consequently reclaim a place among those philosophers uncontroversially seen as idealists
Zinélabidine, Mohamed. "Contribution à l'étude des théories et conceptions esthétiques musicales arabo-musulmanes au Moyen Age (du VIIe s. Au XIIIe s. )." Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040047.
Full textThe question we can ask now is: what we call Arabic music is in fact Arabic or is it an Islamic music ? Having started from an Arabic music which was developed before and after Islam, we are interested in its origins, repertories, and forms. The first part of our work concerns the study of the classical Arabic musical system, its specific elements, its characteristics, and its singing technics until the IXth century. In the second part, we followed the evolution of the Arabic musical scale before Islam until the school of "systematists" (XIIIth century) to appreciate the consequences of these transformations on the Arabic melodical modal systems in the near middle east and the Muslim west. We also specified that the classical music school represented by al-Kindi and al-Mawcili (IXth century) was transmitted by Zyriab (IXth century). With such men the ideas of the east were transmitted to the Muslim west. We then examined the Arabic cultural influence in the middle-aged occident. We looked at how the Arabic culture development in general and the musical one in particular permitted to the middle-aged occident a real will to the knowledge when the need is felt. Finally, in the third part we introduce the arab-muslim musical thinking through the study of the al-Kindi's four-element theory, the al-Farabi's aesthetic feelings, and the al-Ghazali's spiritual music
Hurand, Bérengère. "La philosophie du langage chez Anselme de Canterbury." Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUR2006.
Full textAnselm of Canterbury's work (1033-1109) shows a special conception of language, which renews the Augustinian notion of "verbum" and reflects upon the conditions of the integration of liberal arts in theology. The understanding of faith indeed requires to be clearly aware of what is expressed upon it, and renders necessary a metalinguistic standpoint on what is said about God, knowing that the discursive support of faith cannot reach it but improperly. Observation of language, which is the background of theological analyses, aims at searching the signifying intention whose discourse is the sign, and at thus defining the concept of God generated by faith. Our study is intended to indicate the ideas underlying this conception of language : the status which this conception gives to the language within the ontological order, its function, its capacities, and the modalities of signification it draws from the analysis of its use
Laumonier, Lucie. "Au miroir de l'amour médecine, philosophie et représentations dans l'oeuvre d'Évrart de Conty." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2680.
Full textCordez, Philippe. "Trésor, mémoire, merveilles : les objets des églises au Moyen Age." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0044.
Full textA study of the "objects" in medieval churches should shed new Iight on the "material culture" of the West, which has been deeply influenced by Christianity. This examination concerns the practice of relocating these objects into museums, as well as their role in the process of establishing "objective" historical evidence. Museums, however, neglect the transfer of sacredness that link themselves to churches, and the concept of "source" di verts the attention of the historian from the material and "subjective" aspects of his work. The study of the manifold conceptions of what an “object" is appears to be equally crucial for both the social sciences and for cultural politics. Extant objects are considered along with texts and images that refer to them: these inter-relations reveal what is at stake in the objects. The first part considers the figure of the “treasure”, referring to material objects globally and, at the same time, to immaterial realities, as instrumentalized by, clerics from the fourth to the sixteenth century to define Christian society and the institution of the Church. The second part questions the memorial dimension of objects, exploring the function of writing and narrative in the constitution, management and mediation of relies, sometimes in the form of collections, and the role of chess figures in symbolizing relations between churches and certain actors of feudal society. The third deals with the phenomenon of wondering studying objects of explicitly "natural" origin, from their introduction around 1200 to their scholarly critique and constitution as naturalia in the modern era
Bourgne, Florence. "Écriture et philosophie dans le "Troilus" de Chaucer." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040227.
Full textChaucer's Troilus seethes with allusions to Boethius' Consolatio, translated simultaneously. Contemporaries praised Chaucer's qualities as a translator, and called him a philosopher. This must be set against the backdrop of medieval philosophy, its width and its oral teaching, which promotes figures of authorities whose works are commented upon. The glosses in the Troilus manuscripts are summary notes, dialogical marks or genealogical and mythological notations, inkeeping with school commentaries. Boece's influence on Troilus is mostly structural, yet the interpolating of boethian elements entails a new re-writing mode, to be examined in the light of the nominalist realist debates (Chaucer was friends with a former oxonian logician). This intrusion of philosophy in the realm of writing submits literature to orality, although literature is seeking its independence. The translating technique used by Chaucer in Troilus and his coining policy make him part and parcel of the Tanslatio Studii movement, which upholds vernaculary languages. Chaucer is eager to establish a canon of his works, as were Dante or Machaut. Yet, Troilus' narrator poses as a monk, and references to books are unable to counter orality's supremacy over literacy
Duceppe-Lamarre, François. "L'homme et la nature au Moyen Âge : naissance de l'écologie en Europe occidentale (Xe-XVIe siècles) : étude d'archéologie du paysage des milieux forestiers des comtés médiévaux d'Artois, d'Avesnes, de Flandre et d'Hainaut." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010678.
Full textThough the word of ecology appears with its creator in 1866, man's relations with nature are older than that. It is in this sense that we have to understand the study of the environmental sensibility during the medieval period. Forested environment have been chosen for its biological diversity in the case of a landscape archeological research. Its geographical limits correspond to those of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, along with some inroads in the french region of Somme, Belgium and Netherlands countries, so mainly the medieval countries of Artois, Avesnois, Flandre and Hainaut. Problematic is double. First, it consists to treat the forested environment under the point of view of landscape archeology, but renewed by ecological considerations. After a valuation of its archeological characteristics, and only after, could be treated the question of management diversity, so, the plausibility of the birth of a medieval ecology. This one grows at the end of the medieval deforestation movement, elaborates itself mainly during the 13th and 14th centuries, through a succession of reflexions and managements of the abiotic and biotic components of the forested environment. Answering accurate situations, and so varying. With the time factor, medieval empirical ecology comes to light clearly at this moment for the cultural and natural heritage of Western Europe
Brahmi, Abdelaziz. "Rencontres et interférences dans la pensée juive et musulmane : Al-Ghazali et Maïmonide." Paris 8, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA083665.
Full textIn this work, we tried to pose some fundamental problems linked to Jewish and Muslim philosophies in the middle Age, in particular the philosophical systems of al-Ghazali (1058-1111) and Maimonides (1135/38-1204). To develop the theme under study, we limited the studied period to the one between the 9th and the 12th centuries. We depicted the converging and the diverging points between the two thinkers and how each one of them deals with essential problems and particularly metaphysical ones : for example, God, its existence, its attributes, the creation of the world, divine providence, prophecy etc. We have followed up a thematic approach : a brief historical survey of the course of the two philosophers that introduces us to the whole intellectual life of Muslim Spain. The aim being to better shed light on some points relative to history as well as to prove the existance of a dialectical relation between the two philosophies which resulted in the quality and the richness of the Judeo-Arabic culture. Our research is proceeded along in seven chapters : their reflexions on God are the subject of the first four chapters, while their opposing discursive interpretations on God are examined in the last three ones. Our analysis does not reach an exhaustive conclusion on convergences or divergences between the two thinkers, but it has served, at least, to clarify their philosophical positions, thus permitting us to come over as many as converging and diverging points between them
Van, Haelen Eliette. "La coexistence des trois religions monothéistes en Andalousie aux IXe et Xe siècle." Lyon 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO3A005.
Full textLévy, Jacqueline. "Le Meshiv Devarîm Nekhohîm, Livre de la Réponse Adéquate de Jacob ben Sheshet de Gérone : controverse kabbalistique anti-maïmonidienne." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040013.
Full textMeshiv Devarîm Nekhohîm, The Book of Correct Answer is has been written by Rabbi Yacov ben Sheshet who lived in Spain, in Gerona, Catalunia probably in 1245. The work deals with theosophical kabbalah but it is principally a controversy against Samuel Ibn Tibbon's Ma'âmar Yiqawû ha-Mayîm : Discourse Concerning the Drawing together of the Waters (Genesis, 1, 9), which has been complieted in the year 1221. Samuel Ibn Tibbon lived in southern France, in Languedoc; he was a philosopher who translated Maïmonides' Guide of the Perplexed from Arab to Hebrew. Yacov ben Sheshet's book is a controversy against rationalism, opposing faith to reason. The kabbalist states that God created the universe de novo, ex- nihilo. The divine Providence acts in the sub-lunar and in the celestial world as well. God himself gave to Israel, His people the precepts of His law, the Torah. Ibn Tibbon is charged with thinking that the world is eternal ; the divine Providence is too far from it to exert any influence. The precepts are mere social laws; they are necessary for human health, good deeds and morality. Prayer is spiritual meditation and not – according to the kabbalist - a dialogue with God, praise and request for what is needed in every day life. God created everything by Himself. Man stands as a microcosm, the celestial world being the macrocosm. God is transcendent and He is perceived through His manifestation in the universe, thanks to the ten sefirot which are God's substance. The terrestrial universe is destroyed after seven millenaries (theory of apocatastasis). Human soul transmigrates from human to human body: metensomatosis. Deads resurrect with their own body. Man is able to approach God closely in the debeqût. Israel destiny is not related to the stars, but only to divine Will, prayer, learning and repentance. The Book of Correct Answer is a work of theosophic kabbalah, it also includes gnostic ideas from the Book of Clarity and notions about the part played by Hebraic letters in the world creation and also neo-platonic and Aristotelian ideas inherited from Arab philosophy
Charles-Dominique, Luc. "Musiques de Dieu, musiques du diable : anthropologie de l'esthétique musicale française : du Moyen-Age à l'âge baroque." Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0098.
Full textBonelli, Lucrezia. "Images de l'Autre : Représentation du Juif dans la Littérature italienne du XIIIe au XVIe siècle." Chambéry, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CHAML009.
Full textThe @Juewish presence in Italy has always been small but ancient, dating from before the Diaspora (70 B. C. ), but never altogether disappearing. Starting in the 13th century, Christian society began excluding Jews and this tendency culminated in the 16th century with the introduction of the ghetto. Throughout these four centuries Jews appear only rarely in Italian literature, but when they do they are always seen as Other. Their different religious faith makes them "other" than Christians, indeed enemies of Christians and as such to be rejected or converted. They are also "other" than Christians due to mental and physical characteritics that catholic-inspired, anti-Semitic negative attitudes project onto them. Authors rework this image according to their lights but time does not erase it. Ot often becomes as literary device in its own right in the hands of writers who use Jews as characters against which to compare and contrast the failings and wrongdoings of their Christian characters. Thus Italian literature reworks, expands and fixes the stereotypes particular to any epoch, thereby contributing to the creation of images of the Jew
Berard, Emilie. "L’armure du XIIIe au XVIIe siècle en Europe : une approche matérielle. Production, nature et circulation du métal." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CERG0986.
Full textThe project focuses on a specific object: armor. Between the 13th and early 17th centuries, war practices have undergone major changes, both on the technological level, as well as the organizational one. Accordingly, defensives arms were adapted to the new needs in order to protect their owners. Armor was also in some cases a mark of social distinction. Thus, at the end of the Middle Ages, armor was both an object for everyday military use, massively produced, and a luxury attire. Its fabrication was dominated by several prestigious European centers of production like Milan and Nuremberg and required specific technical skills to shape the metal.In order to shed light on some of the techniques and ancient skills, along with the circulation and exchanges in the European space, this project addresses the study of armor through its materiality, by implementing an archeometallurgical approach. A specific corpus of over a hundred artefacts was collected, characteristic of the evolution of the defensive equipment of the fighters but also of the great European centers of production. Physicochemical analysis of the metal can decipher its nature and reveal the technical skills of the craftsmen. Non metallic phases analysis has allowed to test hypotheses on the provenance of the materials employed.Overall, the results showed the use of alloys of varying nature, sometimes highly heterogeneous, to realize the plates of armor. However, on average the metal employed has a hardness close to a homogeneous steel with 0.4-0.5% carbon. Hardened alloys of high hardness remain very minor in the studied corpus. Specificities were nevertheless noted, such as the use of a specific material, combining several sheets of metal with different properties that could offer better defensive properties. The information acquired also allowed to study the workshop practices implemented by the armorers, whether for the manufacture of a complete set of armor, the mass production of "serial" pieces, or those originating from the same workshop. The results relating to the nature and hammering of the metal have led us to question the exact nature of the intervention of the master armorer who signed the artefact and the significance of the signature of a workshop
Mimoun, Hervé-Dov. "Foi, éthique et piétisme chez Abraham Maïmonide (1185-1237) : étude suivie d'une traduction de son Compendium du dévot." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040186.
Full textIn the medieval jewish landscape, Abraham Maïmonide holds a unique and paradoxical position. Succeeding Moses Maimonides, he was offered the honorary title of Raîs al-Yahûd (head of theocentrism, he was the theoretician of an ascetic brotherhood that attempted a synthesis between muslim. In our research, we tried to reconstruct the spiritual environment where such a singular project emerged, and we looked to identify the doctrinal " borrowings " from islamic theology, sufism, rationalism and traditionnal rabbinism. Combining Maimonidean intellectualism with an ascetical programm and a requirement of intuitive consciousness, Rabbi Abraham Maimonides guides the reader, through an intensive spiritual journey, toward adhesion to God. Aspiring to become a God-Servant, the devout will have to go through a path involving nihilation of the self. This work testifies to a courageous theological project inside the annals of Judaism, and even within the history of religions ; when incorporating multiple sufi notions, our author, indeed, claims to take back primordial hebrew traditions, lost during the jewish tribulations, which are then re-actualized by spiritual masters of Islam
Cerveux, Alexandre. "La place de la musique dans l'enseignement juif médiéval : analyse du discours sur la musique dans les textes hébreux provençaux et espagnols (1167-1505)." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL027.
Full textMusic appears to be an overlooked subject in recent monographs focusing on medieval Jewish sciences. Medieval Jewish scholars are indebted to Arab-Muslim scholars : the former received the philosophical method and the branches of knowledge that the latter conceived. However, music was part of the Arab philosophical education. For instance, it appears in classifications of sciences ; scholars compiled treatises on that matter. Judging by medieval Hebrew texts that have been handed down to us, Arabic texts that circulated have influenced the way Jewish scholars speak about music. The corpus of texts upon which this study is based is constituted of texts or excerpts that can be related to music. They all constitute what will be called « discourse on music ». These Hebrew texts all account for the influence of Judaeo-Spanish culture on Provençal Judaism between the 12th and the 15th centuries. Some of them are original texts ; others are translations or adaptations from texts originally written in Arabic or, to a lesser extent, in other romance languages. These texts are essentially pedagogical and belong to various textual types. The first aim of this study is to trace musical ideas and concepts that are found in Jewish texts ; the second aim is to determine the reasons why Jewish scholars rely upon musical ideas and concepts in texts that are not devoted to the subject. This thesis shall prove that music, a subject that Jewish scholars considered alternatively in a rational, psychological, or ethical way, turns out to be one of the medieval Jewish sciences, and one of the unifying principles of the various bodies of Jewish medieval knowledge
Kalman, Schiebur Anat. "La cosmologie de Jean Pic de la Mirandole." Paris 4, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA040130.
Full textThe divine immanence is the main topic in the philosophy of Pico della Mirandola. His cosmology can only be looked at as ontology. The principal affirmation is that the "one" god, immanent. The universe in its magnitude is inspired by god. The cosmos presented by Pico della Mirandola is structured by the divine immanence. The divine being identical with the divine essence traverses the different emanations, the different "skies" up to the materialistic existences. It is our task starting with the concept of "being" to show the structure of his cosmology. We analyse the various emanations, the various levels of existence by at the same time showing the various relations of concepts all necessary for a cosmology containing the various philosophies and theologies
Faivre, Delphine. "Le héros de la liberté : Les aventures philosophiques de Caton au Moyen Âge latin, de Paul Diacre à Dante." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040161.
Full textThe study examines the medieval reception of the character of Cato of Utica, a Stoic philosopher and Roman citizen engaged in defending the institutions of the Roman Republic during the second civil war, who committed suicide after the Julius Caesar's victory (46 B.C.E.). The thesis starts by focusing on the Catone dantesco, and in particular on Cato as the warden of the Purgatorio of the Commedia, and then works backwards in analyzing the potential sources of Dante’s (1265-1321) portrayal. This undertaking leads to a reevaluation of the image of Cato in antique authors (1st century B.C.E.-7th century C.E.), and then to uncovering the outlines of the portrayals of medieval authors (8th century C.E. - 1320). This massive undertaking is organized around four questions concerning medieval thought : what role does the notion of exemplarity play in the discussion? What place is given to Rome and to the Romans? How are the questions of liberty and suicide treated? How do the authors discuss the problem of salvation for pagans of Antiquity?
Calma, Monica, and Pierre d' Ailly. "Evidences, doute et tromperie divine : édition critique du Livre I, Question I des Sentences de Pierre d'Ailly." Paris, EPHE, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EPHE5015.
Full textThis work presents, on the one hand, a critical edition of the prologue of the Sentences of Pierre d'Ailly (1350-1420) carried out on the collation of the three manuscripts Paris, Mazarine 934, 935; Sorbonne 194. Furthermore, it contains a philosophical interpretation of this text on the subject of degrees of evidence] Pierre d’Ailly attests to the existence of an absolute evidence, namely the evidence of the principle of non-contradiction, the evidence of contingent propositions such as ego cogito, ego vivo, and the existence of a relative evidence (secundum quid), manifest in the case of sensitive knowledge. Evidence is also defined as opposition to error. The main cause of deception is, according to Pierre d'Ailly, God's intervention in the process of our knowledge. To understand the position of Pierre d'Ailly the author undertakes an investigation into the problem of evidence in Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Crathorn, Walter Chatton, Adam Wodeham, Jean Buridan and Jean Mirecourt. Also under examination here is Pierre d'Auriol's doctrine of intuition of the non-existent object as a source for Pierre d’Ailly's conception of evidentia secundum quid. This study demonstrates that much of the thinking of Pierre d'Ailly is ensured by arguments copied verbatim from Jean Mirecourt, and his plagiarism is classified into three categories: plagiarism of expression, polemical plagiarism and plagiarism simpliciter
Larre, David. "Les Conceptions philosophiques de l'altérité de Boèce à Nicolas de Cues." Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR2015.
Full textThe notions of otherness, which is rare in mediaeval philosophy in the latin language, is paradoxically central to some important metaphysical issues : Boethius used it to transfer Aristotelian categories into theological realities (translatio in divinis), in the context of the trinitarian and creational theologies. In the various commentaries to the Opuscula sacra by Boethius, it had mixed fate : it was either included in reflections on divine realities, or considered as being external to God and used to characterize his creatures only. This two-fold use has its origin in a tension between two metaphysical trends that are present in Boethian texts and their commentaries : an ontology of relation that has an Aristotelian origin and a henology of assimilation which is borrowed from the neo-Platonists. Nicholas of Cusa, the main author in our study, was instrumental in developing the second tendency : he invented the expression "not-other" (non-aliud) to call God, thus making him the principle of being and knowledge which assimilates everything to himself. This metaphysical and conceptual innovation hat great consequences on how creation was conceived : the creatures' otherness was a contingent and ambivalent fact, which referred not so much to the originality and autonomy of the individual as to his dependence on his principle, divine unity
Krygier, Rivon. "Le problème de l'omniscience et du libre arbitre chez les philosophes juifs du Moyen Age." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040046.
Full textWithin the scope of this thesis, we propose essentially to analyse and compare the attempts on the part of Jewish philosophers, with particular reference to three of the most eminent Jewish thinkers of the mediaeval period - maimonides, gersonides and crescas - to accept the challenge posed by a fundamental theological contradiction : what can be the meaning of free will if, in fact, choice as exercized by man is always, and necessarily, that anticipated by g-d? And if one assumes that human decisions are by their nature unpredictable, what, in that case, is determined by divine knowledge? The implications which arise from attempts at conciliation touch on the essential areas of theology : providence, divine attributes, determinism etc. The comparison of systems of thought, studied in the light of their context and chronology enables the drawing up of four kinds of solution : namely, (para) logical; metalogical; radicalistic; harmonizing. Yet this same comparison also enables an outlining of the historical evolution of Jewish thought and to reveal the intellectual assumptions and impressions made by the philosophical and theological concepts of contemporary thought from outside the Jewish frame of reference. The epilogue contains an outline of the new perspectives of post-modern Jewish thinking
Crialesi, Clelia Vittoria. "L’aritmetismo teologico dei secoli X e XI : Abbone di Fleury e l’Explanatio in Calculo Victorii." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP002.
Full textThis thesis deals with the arithmetical commentary by Abbo of Fleury on the series of multiplication tables ascribed to Victorius of Aquitaine (fl. 450): the Explanatio in Calculo Victorii. My research aims to shed light on the history of medieval Neopythagoreanism between the 10th and 11th centuries, in which Abbo’s work stands as a peculiar testimony of what my work indicates as “theological arithmetism”. The organization of my thesis follows this overall structure. In the first two chapters Abbo’s life and works are presented with a special emphasis on his educational training and learning. Then, the main topics of his “mathematism” are presented, starting with Abbo’s interpretation of the Biblical passage on God who created everything in number, wheight and measure (Wisd. 11, 21), which is discussed at chapter 3, also by illustrating its philosophical background. Then, I present Abbo’s “henology”, namely his consideration of Unity, with regard to both divine and created unity (chapter 4); moving next to his conception of ontological and material compositeness, which Abbo ascribed to creatures (chapter 5) and finally to his arithmetical and computistical knowledge grounded on Boethius’ number theory and his methods of reckoning (chapter 6). To this overall exposition of Abbo’s Neopythagoreanism, it follows a section devoted to Peripatetic approach to the analysis of the natural phenomena (chapter 7). The methodology applied to my research intends to place Abbo’s thought in its cultural context: the renewal of the liberal studies and particularly of the quadrivium, which was stimulated by a progressive rediscovery of Boethius’ De arithmetica together with the introduction of new calculation tools in the Latin West. If this is the general background from which Abbo’s peculiar “Pythagorism” emerges, the philological analysis of his commentary confirms how Fleury was an outstanding centre for high-level mathematical studies. The manuscript tradition of both Abbo’s Explanatio and Victorius’ Calculus, let us envisage two possible paths through which the latter reached Fleury Abbey. A final goal of my work is also to consider Abbo’s commentary within the history of theoretical arithmetics during the first Millennium. Tracking Abbo’s philosophical sources and showing his distinctive comprehension and harmonization of different Platonic accounts, namely those spelt out in Mamertus’ De statu animae, Calcidius’ Commentary on Timaeus, Macrobius’ Commentary on the Dream of Scipio and Saturnalia and Boethius’ De arithmetica and De institutione musica, has been a stimulating research and a confirmation of Abbo’s outstanding role in the not yet sufficiently explored history of high medieval “mathematical” approach to theology and world vision
Rukriglová, Dita. "Le médecin du corps et de l'âme : Maïmonide, l'aristotélicien juif." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0026.
Full textThe dissertation focuses on two themes of mamonides'philosophy : on the universal law present in every creature and on the aristotelian theory of mean interpreted by the jewish author. The 1st part describes the hierarchic, material and spiritual, structure of the universe according to astronomical and philosophical theories inherited from his greek and arabic predecessors. There than follows analysis of the constitutional elements of the human body and the faculties of the soul. The 2nd part presents the theoretical fundaments of maimonides' medical practice, which is essentially allopathhic. The end of the dissertation concentrates on the application of the medical principles in the ethical field. The notion of the mean is analyzed in its "horizontal" aspect as a necessary condition of human subsequent development
Borde, Hubert. "Gérard de Bologne, O. Carm. (+1317) : sa conception de la théologie et la puissance de Dieu." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040222.
Full textGerard of Bologna—Prior General of the Carmelite order during twenty-one years at the beginning of the 14th century—is the first Parisian theologian of his order (1295). His intellectual personality still remains relatively unknown. The goal of this study is to present the figure of Gerard of Bologna, as well as his conception of the doctrina sacra and of the power of God, and to propose a critical edition of some of his major texts treating the potentia Dei. The proposed methodology is that of rereading within context some of the questions raised by Gerard of Bologna, especially in light of the connection between philosophy and theology. This connection is, in fact, representative of the transformations of medieval thought in the first two decades of the 14th century, the epoch in which Gerard taught and wrote. The conception of the sacra doctrina and the doctrine of the potentia Dei are two excellent view points from which to identify the tensions between theology and philosophical rationality at the beginning of the 14th century. Following a century of historiography, of research and of editions, this study also proposes an evaluation and a renewed and updated monograph of the Carmelite theologian, author of Quodlibeta defended in Paris and in Avignon between 1309 and 1312, as well as a Summa theologiae, written between 1313 and 1317. Relegated to the status of a “history of the states of reason” (Paul Vignaux), the thought of Gerard of Bologna represents an original form of rationality, which does not depend simply upon natural reason, a theological rationality which insists upon the relation to the light of faith and to Revelation
Chanoir, Yohann. "Châteaux médiévaux au cinéma : entre imaginaire et historicité. Des lendemains d'Hastings à la Diète de Worms." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0194.
Full textMedieval castles in the cinema: between imagination and historicity. From the aftermath of Hastings to the Diet of Worms, proposes to study the ways in which cinema has staged medieval fortresses. This research is based on a corpus of four hundred and twenty-three titles, made between 1895 and 2018 and whose diegesis is between 1066 (after the Battle of Hastings) and 1521 (Diet of Worms). It is not a question of tracking down the anachronisms of filmic representations, but of highlighting the narrative dimension of these images as well as their origins. The analysis is therefore based on a filmography that is open from 1895, a period of time necessary to study the ruptures and continuities but also to highlight the modeling forms inspired by other media and the survivals from the Middle Ages. The reflection is thus part of both Medieval History and Cultural History. This questioning of the discourse carried by the images has made it possible to show that the representations of medieval castles by the cinema obeyed conventions, sometimes ancient, which circulate and which reduce the initial complexity of these buildings to a series of stereotyped scenes and spaces, where the Middle Ages is sometimes more a pretext than a context, an imaginary from which Medievalism can take advantage
Humphrey, Illo, and Boèce. "De institutione arithmetica et De institutione musica de Boèce : dans l'enseignement scientifique et philosophique du Haut Moyen âge en Neustrie : édition d'un manuscrit du IXe siècle (Paris, BNF, latin 14064), textes et gloses." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100020.
Full textDufossé, Colette. "Théories et vocabulaire de la vision dans les mondes grec et latin du IVe au XIIe siècle." Paris, EPHE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EPHE4024.
Full textDuring the late Antiquity, the theories of Plato and Aristotle about the solar or ocular light's movements are the basis of the theory of vision. The neoplatonic approach of the greek commentators to Aristotle, influenced by geometry and physiology, has been passed on to the Latin Occident, which was actually closer to Platon's Timaeus – available in traduction, unlike Aristotle's workIn order to explain the formation of the image in the observer's soul, the Greeks combine elements of Aristotle and Galen. The Occident focuses on the subject's interiority: the Augustinian theory enlarge the visual theory to create a thought's one. Then it's redefined during the twelth century under the influence of Boece's classification of the soul's forces. The propagation of light is a crucial element of vision. From the God-light's metapher, the Greek fathers developp a metaphysical speech influenced by Aristotle's physic. John Scotus Eriugena passes it on to the Latin world, where it comforts the Augustinian theory of vision. During the twelth century, this metaphysics changes to physics (optics) by means of the Timaeus' studies. Whereas in greek there is a continuity with the antique vocabulary, a specialised lexicon tends to appear in latin, through the greek and an autonomous thought, respectively. This lexicon, testimonial of the powerfull reflexion on optic during the early Middle Ages, is used in the twelth century's translations, which renew the knowing of this discipline in Occident
Teleanu, Constantin. "Art du Signe. La réfutation des Averroïstes de Paris chez Raymond Lulle." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040200.
Full textThis investigation seeks to understand what philosophical spring begins the last phase of Ramon Lull’s incursion in the Faculties of Paris to discuss against the faction of the philosophers supposed be called catholic Averroists. The system of the Art of Ramon Lull knows a prodigious polemical dimension, because it resounds finally in the loud echoes of Ramon Lull’s confrontation with the Averroists encountered in the Faculties of Paris, but its could be reestablished by means of treaties drafted between November 1309-September 1311, few years before the decline of his prolific spirit. It is about the refutation of the errors attributed by Lull to the philosophers of Paris that are called catholic Averroists only in December 1310 after an intrepid quest of the epithet of the philosophers of Paris by which Lull apostrophe out well their errors itemized in various lists. The contact of Lull with many scholars of the Faculties of Paris often arouses the doctrinal controversy without compromising any attempt of dialogue. Therefore, Lull bequeathed in the historiography of the Lullism or the Averroism a singular fresco of what the philosophy becomes in the Faculties of Paris at the beginning of the XIVth Century, even if he defends the true philosophy of any averroist skid. He renews the refutation of Averroists of Paris, because it does not derive of either censures or authorities of positive theology, but of the dialectical tools of its Art of necessary reasons
Portes, Francois-Marie. "Parler de "la Femme" au Moyen-Age. Comparaison épistémologique entre corpus d'auteurs universitaires du XIIIe et XVIème siècle." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL150.
Full textHow can we speak about « woman »? Indeed, many discourses refer to this subject without belonging to the same scientific field and without sharing the same methodology. Which science should be selected to determine the hierarchy of the discourse about sexual difference? What part did philosophy play in this subject among the manifold fields of knowledge of the 13th century? In the academical corpus of Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure, Giles of Rome and many others, the study of woman looks epistemologically cohesive. Authoritative voices such as those of Aristotle, Galen, Avicenna and Averroes are confronted with those of Augustine, P. Lombard, Paul, and with the “Holy Scriptures”. Is it hence up to the Book of Revelation to provide the principles underpinning the discourses on “woman”, or up to medical authorities to distinguish between or prove the moral and political theses on sexual difference? Each author’s answer to this question seems to testify to his underlying epistemology and it is the scientific consistency which characterizes the talk about the gender, and ultimately about the woman, which is targeted by these Late Middle Ages authors
Hellemans, Babette Sophie. "La forme et l'objet du livre : une lecture dynamique des bibles moralisées du XIIIe siècle." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0149.
Full textThe four 13th century Bibles Moralisées are the fundament of this study. These books were on no account 'ordinary picture bibles' -they show us a highly sophisticated program of overall planning that is dynamic and very complex including an overwhelming number of interconnected images and texts, divided in a biblical paraphrase, systematically accompanied with a short commentary. Being a Bible, the diegetic reality of this work of art is to be found outside the object itself, somehow similar to a semiotic analysis of a motion picture: the Bible as an object is an open complex. While analysing the characteristic of its materiality, the present study observes how time (as readings in rhythm), is represented In these codices. In other words, through the particular lay-out of these Bibles, the presence of the Word III time and space is questioned, in a comparable way prescolastic scholars have questioned the presence of Christ during the celebration of the Eucharist
Carry, Renaud Elisabeth. "L'homme et la forêt dans la Haute-Vallée du Doubs à la fin du Moyen âge : modalités et paradoxes d'une anthropisation tardive." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839115.
Full textDittmar, Pierre-Olivier. "Naissance de la bestialité : une anthropologie du rapport homme-animal dans les années 1300." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0117.
Full textThe medieval Christian approach to the animal was paradoxical. For the first time, the animal was largely excluded from official ritual: animal sacrifice was a thing of the pagan past, and Jewish dietary restrictions limited the consumption of certain creatures. But the animal figured prominently in medieval art and literature, and by the advent of the XIV th century, the animal's symbolic exploitation, along with its use as a source of food and material, followed the model of man's domination over the natural world, established by the Biblical precedence of Adam naming the animals. During the 1300s the conception of the animal underwent a profound change. Since Augustine, the animal world was structured by an opposition between 'pecus' and 'bestia', between grazing herbivores in the service of mankind and wild carnivores. While the former were considered edible, the consumption of the latter was informally forbidden. But with the emergence of literature in the vernacular and the rediscovery of Aristotle, this division gave way to a new conception of the animal that grouped together ail animate creatures -with the notable exception of man. Thus was born the modern sense of the term 'animal'. The invention of the animal profoundly changed how the individual was conceived, giving birth to the concept of 'bestialité', which gradually came to include any human behaviour deemed irrational. Images (i. E. The representations of hybrids, half-men, half-beasts) played a crucial role in the conceptual development of man's beastliness : they did not merely illustrate, but anticipate the work of theoreticians in shaping the concept of man's animality
Lévy, René. "Les doctrines de la providence d'après Maïmonide." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040226.
Full textThe subject of providence and its treatment by Maimonides are the term of the Guide of the Perplexed, in the two senses of the word : the end and the aim of the entire work. Chapters 16 and 17 of Book III, the laying out of the problem and the review of doctrines on providence, form the axis of our study, which is divided into two parts : the first part, a work on doctrinal history, is devoted to examining Maimonides reviews of previous doctrines (Epicure, Aristotle, Kalam theologians and Judaism) ; the second, as a philosophical exegesis, takes the providential doctrine of Maimonides as its specific object. This second part goes back to the premises of the problem of providence : the question of evil, or theodicy. It also covers the additional — albeit essential — topics of divine causality and science. It then points out the close link between the concepts of tutelary providence, intelligeance and uniqueness defined as the ultimate perfection of man beyond its perishable individuality, reached by dint of intelligeance and thanks to which “he is with God and God is with him”
Sato, Masato. "La formation du concept de nature chez Descartes jusqu’au Discours de la méthode." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040120.
Full textThe keen interest of Descartes constantly found in the concept of nature manifests itself in his frequent use of the term with all its semantic complexity. Nature means to him first of all the physics, on which he works particularly in the 1630s. Then, it is the essence and what makes possible our essential disposition by instituting us, and this use is frequently found in Meditationes. But the Cartesian concept of nature does not exhaust all its appearances in the uses of the explicit term, because it also appears implicitly in a dyadic link of the research of the young Descartes. On one hand, he recognizes from the beginning of his career the intrinsic existence of truths in our spirit, among which are found seeds of truths and naturae simplices as a culmination of this concept. On the other hand, the main purpose of the young philosopher is to elucidate natural faculties of ingenium with the epistemological method that can be drawn from it naturally. "Natural(-ly)" concerns not only the mechanism of knowledge, but also the question of what makes it natural, namely its foundations. The concept of nature refers thus, for Descartes until the Discourse on Method, less to the essence than to the natural structure to know the truths naturally existing in mind, and his physics is an applied science of these truths to the natural phenomena. This elucidation of the epistemic naturality is a prerequisite for his next research on the ontological naturality by the search of reasons of certainty, namely the research of nature in the sense of essence which will be carried out in Meditationes
Tisserand, Axel. "Logique et théologique dans les traités théologiques de Boèce." Paris, EPHE, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EPHE5010.
Full textLabban, Rima. "Les figures mythiques dans la culture arabo-islamique médiévale : l'exemple des "Mille et Une nuits"." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040058.
Full textThe study of the mythical figures of king Salomon and the calife Haroun al-Rachid in the Arab-Islamic medieval culture, through The Thousand and One Nights, amounts, firstly, to questioning the making and animation of the imaginary representations in a society governed by religious interdictions to express its deepest desires. It consists, secondly, on examining the mechanisms and the mode of productions of the fancy, its instruments, and, the moments and places of its irruption. The study of these two figures is then situated at the center of the medieval fancy and at the same time at the intersection of the historical, political and social domains. To understand how a historical personality transforms into a politico-heroic myth, in other words, to answer the question of how figures become mythical, one should, at the same time, call upon the historical method and the literary analysis, from a narrative and semiotic point of view. The answers to these interrogations should lead to a definition of the mythical figure in the medieval Arab-Islamic culture and to a definition of the status of the tale in this culture
Cordonier, Valérie. "Les formes de l'auctoritas : lieux d'émergences d'un "averroïsme théologique" dans la lecture thomasienne de Maïmonide, d'Avicenne et d'Averroès sur la science du premier moteur." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040011.
Full textThis study gives a detailed analysis of the various forms adopted by the authorities of Aristotle, Avicenna, Averroes and Maimonides in the work of Thomas Aquinas. A particularly interesting topic for such an analysis is that of the divine science. So, as starting point of my study, i compile a full list of texts related to this question. On this basis, i proceed to analyse these passages, comparing them with its implicit or explicit sources by the Greek, Arabic and Jewish predecessors of Thomas in the aristotelian tradition. The particular treatment imposed on these texts displays significant differences in various phases of Aquinas' career, that i try to compare with the very different approach of such authorities by Albertus Magnus. In this way, this study will establish an evolution in the thomasian attitude toward these thinkers, and try to relate it to the intellectual context of this time, particularly to the articles in the condemnations of 1270 and 1277 concerning divine science, providence and knowledge of the future contingents
Piché, David. "Le problème des universaux dans l'Isagogè de Porphyre selon quelques commentateurs latins du XIIIe siècle (Pseudo-Robertus Anglicus, Jean le Page, Nicolas de Paris et Robert Kilwardby) : édition critique sélective, traduction française, analyses structurelle et formelle et étude historico-philosophique." Paris, EPHE, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EPHE5014.
Full textIn the history of the porphyrian problem of universals, nothing is known about the way this problem was treated by the philosophers of the Paris University between 1230 and 1260. Our thesis attempts to fill in this lack of knowledge, following a three steps development : first, we offer a critical edition of a substantial part of the hitherto unedited Pseudo-Robertus Anglicus' commentary on Porphyry's Isagoge, along with a French translation ; secondly, we carry out a survey of the internal architecture of this commentary and some other similar texts written by contemporary philosophers, namely Jean le Page, Nicolas de Paris and Robert Kilwardby ; finaly, through a comparative and historical study of these unedited documents, we bring out and discuss the philosophical content of the Pseudo-Robertus Anglicus' porphyrian commentary
Fiamma, Andrea. "Nicola Cusano a colonia : la dottrina dell'intelletto di nicola cusano nel contesto delle sue possibili fonti albertine e renane." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0077.
Full textIn this research, we present the hypothesis that the Albertist tradition in Cologne played a significant role in how young Cusanus acquired his philosophical education, in the years from 1424 to 1431, and that the mediator was Heymericus de Campo. We claim that some traces of this albertist influence can be seen above all in Cusanus' gnoseological works, particularly in De coniecturis and in the Idiota collection. Contrary to the historiographical perspective that maintained the hypothesis that Cusanus’ neo-Platonism derived from Byzantine thought, we should like to sustain here that it originated in the school of Cologne and Rhenish philosophy. We are further convinced that this methodological approach provides an efficient tool for interpreting and capturing Cusanus’ thought within its contexts, both historical ( from “1430 to 1464”) and geographical (“from Cologne to Rome”). Moreover, finding traces of Albertism in Cusanus’s education and works offers a new key to interpreting and clarifying his relationship with modern philosophy. The Cusanus-Renaissance in the first half of the twentieth century saw in Cusanus the first modern philosopher because, unlike those of the Scholastic tradition, he was thought to have placed human knowledge at the core of his works, thus paving the way for the modern, subjectivist revolution. From this standpoint, Albert the Great and his “school” seem be be forerunners of the modern tradition, so much so that it was described as “Enlightenment in the Middle Ages
Babey, Emmanuel. "Penser par exemple." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040140.
Full textIn the De constancia sapientis, Seneca portrays a wise man as unaffected by injustice and outrage. For Robert Holkot (O.P., †1349), writing in his Commentary on the Book of Wisdom, this conceptual description defines the notion of wisdom present in the Biblical book of the same name. Thus, in the years 1336-1338, the Stoic wise man appears in a work of Biblical exegesis as the very example of wisdom. This thesis takes as its point of departure the portrayal of the wise man in the prologue to the Commentary on the Book of Wisdom. It then analyses what is at stake: the assertion of a Christian model of life inspired by role models from ancient philosophy. Plato becomes a figure of crucial importance. Finally, the last part of this work consists in a criticism of philosophy as a model way of life. In fact, both the ancient and medieval use of exempla and the definition of philosophy as way of life depend on a conception of moral action as the imitation of a hero (saint, wise person, and so on), a conception dismissed by Immanuel Kant